1) The document describes the design and fabrication of a 1KVA, single-phase shell type transformer with an automatic cooling system. It discusses the core and winding designs based on specifications like voltage and power ratings.
2) A temperature sensor circuit with a thermistor is used to sense the temperature. When the temperature increases above a preset level, a DC fan is automatically switched on to cool the transformer. It is switched off once the temperature decreases.
3) The transformer is designed to output two voltages - 115V and 120V from an input of 230V, without any tapping. This is achieved through appropriate winding designs based on design calculations.
The document provides an overview of power transformer design principles, including:
1. The main components of transformers are the magnetic core, electric windings, tank (for liquid transformers), and accessories.
2. Sizing criteria includes considerations like core induction level, current density, and power rating.
3. Magnetic core design focuses on reducing losses and sound levels through choices of material, induction value, core type (single or three phase), section shape, interwoven methods, and packaging/locking.
The document summarizes the 24 step process to design a 250VA isolation transformer with specifications including an input voltage of 115V, output voltage of 115V, output power of 250W, frequency of 50Hz, and efficiency of 95%. The steps include calculating the core geometry, selecting a core, determining the number of primary and secondary turns, selecting wire gauges, and calculating losses to ensure the designed transformer meets specifications within temperature rise limits while utilizing the window area effectively.
IRJET- Evolution of a 1250-kVa Superconducting Transformer and its Exhibition...IRJET Journal
1) A three-phase 1250-kVA high temperature superconducting transformer operating at 10.5-kV and 0.4-kV has been designed and manufactured.
2) The windings are made of Bi2223 high temperature superconductor tape and the core is made of domain-refined high-induction silicon steel.
3) Testing showed the no-load loss was 2319.2 W, short-circuit impedance was 5.6% of rated value, and average load loss was 249.6 W, meeting grid requirements.
The document describes the design of a 250V, 2.565A single-phase AC inductor. It involves calculating the required inductance, selecting a suitable core, determining the number of turns, calculating losses, and ensuring design constraints are met. The key steps are:
1) Calculating inductance and selecting a core that meets the area product requirement
2) Determining the number of turns needed to achieve the required inductance
3) Ensuring operating flux density and losses meet specifications by calculating copper, core, and gap losses.
Dual Bridge Rectifier for PMSG Variable Speed Wind Energy Conversion SystemsIRJET Journal
This document proposes a dual bridge rectifier topology for variable speed permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) wind energy conversion systems. The rectifier consists of two three-phase diode bridges connected in series or parallel using thyristors. This allows the output voltage to be doubled at half the wind speed compared to a single bridge rectifier. Simulation results show the rectifier provides adjustable output voltage through thyristor firing control. The dual bridge rectifier has advantages of low cost, low switching losses, and simple control compared to other rectifier topologies.
The document describes the components and operation of a constant voltage transformer (CVT). A CVT uses a ferroresonant circuit including an inductor, capacitor, and saturable transformer to regulate the output voltage against variations in input voltage, frequency, and load. It provides a constant output voltage through the saturating and limiting action of the saturable transformer. The output is a square wave suitable for rectifier applications. Design equations provided calculate component values, winding turns and sizes, losses, and other parameters for a CVT given specific voltage, power, and frequency specifications.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses transformer efficiency, regulation, and temperature rise. It states that efficiency is maximized when copper losses equal iron losses. Voltage regulation is defined as copper losses divided by output power. Temperature rise in a transformer is determined by the power dissipated per unit surface area of the transformer core, with higher power densities leading to greater temperature increases. The required surface area for heat dissipation is calculated based on total transformer losses.
The document provides an overview of power transformer design principles, including:
1. The main components of transformers are the magnetic core, electric windings, tank (for liquid transformers), and accessories.
2. Sizing criteria includes considerations like core induction level, current density, and power rating.
3. Magnetic core design focuses on reducing losses and sound levels through choices of material, induction value, core type (single or three phase), section shape, interwoven methods, and packaging/locking.
The document summarizes the 24 step process to design a 250VA isolation transformer with specifications including an input voltage of 115V, output voltage of 115V, output power of 250W, frequency of 50Hz, and efficiency of 95%. The steps include calculating the core geometry, selecting a core, determining the number of primary and secondary turns, selecting wire gauges, and calculating losses to ensure the designed transformer meets specifications within temperature rise limits while utilizing the window area effectively.
IRJET- Evolution of a 1250-kVa Superconducting Transformer and its Exhibition...IRJET Journal
1) A three-phase 1250-kVA high temperature superconducting transformer operating at 10.5-kV and 0.4-kV has been designed and manufactured.
2) The windings are made of Bi2223 high temperature superconductor tape and the core is made of domain-refined high-induction silicon steel.
3) Testing showed the no-load loss was 2319.2 W, short-circuit impedance was 5.6% of rated value, and average load loss was 249.6 W, meeting grid requirements.
The document describes the design of a 250V, 2.565A single-phase AC inductor. It involves calculating the required inductance, selecting a suitable core, determining the number of turns, calculating losses, and ensuring design constraints are met. The key steps are:
1) Calculating inductance and selecting a core that meets the area product requirement
2) Determining the number of turns needed to achieve the required inductance
3) Ensuring operating flux density and losses meet specifications by calculating copper, core, and gap losses.
Dual Bridge Rectifier for PMSG Variable Speed Wind Energy Conversion SystemsIRJET Journal
This document proposes a dual bridge rectifier topology for variable speed permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) wind energy conversion systems. The rectifier consists of two three-phase diode bridges connected in series or parallel using thyristors. This allows the output voltage to be doubled at half the wind speed compared to a single bridge rectifier. Simulation results show the rectifier provides adjustable output voltage through thyristor firing control. The dual bridge rectifier has advantages of low cost, low switching losses, and simple control compared to other rectifier topologies.
The document describes the components and operation of a constant voltage transformer (CVT). A CVT uses a ferroresonant circuit including an inductor, capacitor, and saturable transformer to regulate the output voltage against variations in input voltage, frequency, and load. It provides a constant output voltage through the saturating and limiting action of the saturable transformer. The output is a square wave suitable for rectifier applications. Design equations provided calculate component values, winding turns and sizes, losses, and other parameters for a CVT given specific voltage, power, and frequency specifications.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses transformer efficiency, regulation, and temperature rise. It states that efficiency is maximized when copper losses equal iron losses. Voltage regulation is defined as copper losses divided by output power. Temperature rise in a transformer is determined by the power dissipated per unit surface area of the transformer core, with higher power densities leading to greater temperature increases. The required surface area for heat dissipation is calculated based on total transformer losses.
Pocket book on energy efficiency in elec systemsSuresh Kumar
This document discusses energy efficiency in electrical systems, focusing on transformers and motors. It provides information on transformer types, ratings, losses and efficiency optimization. Key points covered include:
1. Transformers are inherently very efficient but efficiency depends on load percentage, with maximum efficiency occurring between 40-60% for distribution transformers and 60-80% for power transformers.
2. Motor and transformer loads can be optimized through proper sizing and power factor correction techniques like capacitors to reduce losses and improve efficiency.
3. Harmonics from non-linear loads increase equipment losses and temperatures, potentially causing premature failure, so proper filtering is required. Standards help regulate harmonics levels.
A Three Phase AC-AC ZCS Resonant Converter for Induction HeatingIJMTST Journal
Generally, domestic induction-heating technology requires a high output power levels with less number of
components in a compact size. To satisfy these requirements, the basic circuit configurations are considered
based on the combination of a rectifier and a inverter. The main disadvantage of this method has low-efficient
and economic problems. This paper proposes a new concept unlike previous method, i.e the direct conversion
of ac–ac converter for reducing the component count, reduce cost, improve reliability, and also efficiency.
Generally, the proposed converter is a voltage-source based series-resonant converter used for controlling
output power, and minimizing the control complexity. This paper also proposes a concept of AC-AC converter
based three phase Induction Heating applications.
Transmission and distribution line design finalBhanu Poudyal
Transmission Line designed on basis of data available for a given Hydropower system.
Looking this document you can yourself design the Transmission Line system.
This document discusses transformer design and design parameters. It covers topics such as transformer ratings, core design, insulation coordination, voltages, impedance, forces, losses, temperature limits, and cooling. Standards from organizations like IEEE, ANSI, and NEMA are also referenced. Transformer design involves selecting appropriate ratings and parameters to meet requirements while considering factors like performance, reliability, insulation, cooling, and costs.
IRJET- FPGA Controlled Three Level Diode Clamped Multilevel Inverter for Sola...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a three-level diode clamped multilevel inverter controlled by an FPGA for a solar PV system. It begins with an abstract that outlines the working principle and simulation of the FPGA-controlled three-level inverter fed by a solar PV DC bus. It then discusses the principles of two-level and multilevel inverters, focusing on the diode clamped topology. The document introduces the proposed three-level diode clamped inverter with FPGA control and discusses its advantages like fast switching speeds and low cost. It then shows simulations of the system in MATLAB Simulink and Xilinx, including waveforms that demonstrate the stepped output waveform and reduced harmonics.
Series Voltage Compensator Modeling and Design for Reduction of Grid-Tie Sola...IRJET Journal
This document describes a grid-tie solar inverter system with a series voltage compensator connected to the DC link to reduce the required capacitance of the DC-link capacitor. The voltage compensator generates an AC voltage that counters the ripple voltage on the output of the boost converter, keeping a stable DC voltage at the input of the grid-tie inverter. This allows the use of smaller, more reliable capacitors for the DC link or extends the lifetime of electrolytic capacitors. Mathematical analysis is presented on the static and dynamic behavior of the system. Experimental results from a 2kW prototype validate the theoretical predictions. The performance and cost of the system using electrolytic capacitors with and without the compensator are compared.
This guide presents a methodology based on standard PN-IEC 60354 to check overloading capacity of transformers. Main changes versus standard PN-71/E-81000 are discussed and step by step examples are given. An essential advantage of the recommended methods of verification of overloading capacity of transformers is that the size and cooling modes of transformers are considered.
This document provides an overview of designing rural electrification projects using transmission and distribution systems. It discusses surveying the area to determine appropriate routes and equipment needs. Key aspects covered include designing the overhead line or underground cable system, selecting the proper voltage level, and estimating costs. Construction involves installing poles, conductors, transformers, and other components. Software like AutoCAD and Excel can aid in the design process. Maintaining a proper design, using quality materials, and following construction best practices are essential to providing reliable electricity through rural electrification.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document proposes a novel integrated AC/DC/AC converter for direct drive permanent magnet wind power generation systems. The converter aims to reduce switching losses and minimize circulating currents present in typical power converters. It uses a three-switch Vienna rectifier for rectification to reduce switching losses and improve power factor. For inversion, it uses a nine-switch Ultra Sparse Matrix Converter (USMC) to minimize circulating currents. Experimental results show the proposed converter achieves high performance by reducing losses and improving efficiency compared to conventional converters.
The document presents a comparative analysis of transformer-based and transformer-less variable DC power supplies. It discusses the design methodology for both types of power supplies, which involves protection, transformation, rectification, filtration, and regulation stages. The transformer-based supply provides robust output current and isolation from the supply voltage, making it suitable for high-current applications. However, it is larger, heavier, and more expensive. The transformer-less supply is smaller, lighter, and cheaper, making it suitable for miniaturizing electronics, but it is limited to low-current devices and lacks proper isolation. The document evaluates both supply types through software simulation and analysis of the different design stages.
Modeling and performance analysis of a small scale direct driven pmsg based w...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article that models and analyzes the performance of a small-scale direct-driven wind energy conversion system using a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) connected directly to the grid through a power electronic interface. It presents the modeling of the system components, including the wind turbine, PMSG, and power conditioning system consisting of a rectifier, boost chopper, and inverter. The power flow is analyzed for different wind velocities and the effect of duty ratio and modulation index on maximum power extraction is studied through MATLAB/SIMULINK simulations.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
This document provides information about transformers, including power and distribution transformers. It discusses core types, windings, cooling systems, installation locations, voltage ratings, and capacities. The document compares power and distribution transformers and describes their different parts. It also outlines the design process for transformers, listing specifications, calculations, and performance testing according to IEC standards.
Design of bridgeless high-power-factor buck-converter operating in discontinu...IRJET Journal
The document proposes a new bridgeless buck converter operating in discontinuous capacitor voltage mode (DCVM) for power factor correction. Key advantages of the proposed topology include lower conduction losses compared to conventional topologies due to fewer simultaneously conducting semiconductor components. The DCVM operation provides zero-voltage switching for the power switches and zero-voltage turn-on for the output diode, improving efficiency. Simulation results show the converter achieves high power factor and low total harmonic distortion in the input current under different load conditions.
In this work, an accurate formulation and estimation of stray power losses in induction machines are proposed. Stray losses are estimated by derived formulas based on the leakage fluxes from the induction machine windings. These leakage fluxes induce voltage drops in the machine stator and rotor iron cores and eddy currents in the machine windings, causing stray power losses in the machine iron cores and windings. By adding these losses, a completed estimation of stray losses can be obtained and implemented in the equivalent machine circuit. The stray losses are represented by stray loss resistances connected in series with the stator and rotor circuits. Due to the stray loss in the rotor circuit depending largely on the machine slip this may be omitted without influencing the accuracy of stray loss calculations. The obtained formulas of stray loss estimation are practically satisfied. An accurate loss calculation in induction machines is very useful in the energy-saving issue.
Literature Survey on Power Quality Issues Due Lighting Loads.
Standards for Power Quality of Lighting Loads is presented.
Power Factor and THDi impact of Fluorescent Lamps, CFL, and LED lights is presented. Diode Rectifiers, Passive LC Filters and Valley Fill Circuits, Active Filters using Power Factor Control PFC Boost Regulator are compared. Simulated Impact of Lighting Load on the Power System is presented
The document discusses the use of solid state transformers (SST) in wind energy systems. SST can effectively replace conventional transformers and reactive power compensators, increasing the flexibility of wind energy systems. SST integrate rectification, isolation, and inversion stages to provide voltage conversion as well as reactive and active power compensation. The document also describes how SST can be interfaced with wind energy systems to provide benefits such as power factor control, fast isolation during faults, and regulation of both AC and DC loads.
IRJET- Analysis and Design of Toroidal TransformerIRJET Journal
This document describes the analysis and design of a toroidal transformer. It discusses the design principles and calculations to determine the specifications of the transformer such as the number of primary and secondary turns, wire gauge and length for the windings. Finite element method simulations are performed and parameters like flux density and field intensity graphs are analyzed. Finally, the hardware implementation of the toroidal transformer is shown and it is concluded that the toroidal design provides advantages over traditional transformers like higher efficiency and compact size.
This document describes the design of a non-ideal buck converter circuit. Key aspects include:
- The buck converter steps down the voltage from a 350V LiPo battery to 48V for a lead acid battery.
- Components are selected to handle non-idealities like resistance and voltage drops. These include a MOSFET, diode, inductor, and capacitor.
- Calculations are done to determine duty cycle, inductor value, and capacitor value based on specifications like output voltage, current, and power.
- A Pspice simulation is used to validate the circuit design and analyze performance considering component non-idealities.
Presentation Design of Computer aided design of power transformerSMDDTech
The document summarizes the design of a 100 KVA power transformer. It includes the design calculations for the high voltage and low voltage windings, core, tank, and other components. Key specifications calculated include 11,000/433V voltage ratings, 3344 turns for the high voltage winding, 76 turns for the low voltage winding, and a core size of 115mm diameter. Performance metrics like 98.15% efficiency at full load, 3.94% voltage regulation, and total losses of 1561.617W are provided. Dimensions for the transformer tank and cooling system are also listed.
Pocket book on energy efficiency in elec systemsSuresh Kumar
This document discusses energy efficiency in electrical systems, focusing on transformers and motors. It provides information on transformer types, ratings, losses and efficiency optimization. Key points covered include:
1. Transformers are inherently very efficient but efficiency depends on load percentage, with maximum efficiency occurring between 40-60% for distribution transformers and 60-80% for power transformers.
2. Motor and transformer loads can be optimized through proper sizing and power factor correction techniques like capacitors to reduce losses and improve efficiency.
3. Harmonics from non-linear loads increase equipment losses and temperatures, potentially causing premature failure, so proper filtering is required. Standards help regulate harmonics levels.
A Three Phase AC-AC ZCS Resonant Converter for Induction HeatingIJMTST Journal
Generally, domestic induction-heating technology requires a high output power levels with less number of
components in a compact size. To satisfy these requirements, the basic circuit configurations are considered
based on the combination of a rectifier and a inverter. The main disadvantage of this method has low-efficient
and economic problems. This paper proposes a new concept unlike previous method, i.e the direct conversion
of ac–ac converter for reducing the component count, reduce cost, improve reliability, and also efficiency.
Generally, the proposed converter is a voltage-source based series-resonant converter used for controlling
output power, and minimizing the control complexity. This paper also proposes a concept of AC-AC converter
based three phase Induction Heating applications.
Transmission and distribution line design finalBhanu Poudyal
Transmission Line designed on basis of data available for a given Hydropower system.
Looking this document you can yourself design the Transmission Line system.
This document discusses transformer design and design parameters. It covers topics such as transformer ratings, core design, insulation coordination, voltages, impedance, forces, losses, temperature limits, and cooling. Standards from organizations like IEEE, ANSI, and NEMA are also referenced. Transformer design involves selecting appropriate ratings and parameters to meet requirements while considering factors like performance, reliability, insulation, cooling, and costs.
IRJET- FPGA Controlled Three Level Diode Clamped Multilevel Inverter for Sola...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a three-level diode clamped multilevel inverter controlled by an FPGA for a solar PV system. It begins with an abstract that outlines the working principle and simulation of the FPGA-controlled three-level inverter fed by a solar PV DC bus. It then discusses the principles of two-level and multilevel inverters, focusing on the diode clamped topology. The document introduces the proposed three-level diode clamped inverter with FPGA control and discusses its advantages like fast switching speeds and low cost. It then shows simulations of the system in MATLAB Simulink and Xilinx, including waveforms that demonstrate the stepped output waveform and reduced harmonics.
Series Voltage Compensator Modeling and Design for Reduction of Grid-Tie Sola...IRJET Journal
This document describes a grid-tie solar inverter system with a series voltage compensator connected to the DC link to reduce the required capacitance of the DC-link capacitor. The voltage compensator generates an AC voltage that counters the ripple voltage on the output of the boost converter, keeping a stable DC voltage at the input of the grid-tie inverter. This allows the use of smaller, more reliable capacitors for the DC link or extends the lifetime of electrolytic capacitors. Mathematical analysis is presented on the static and dynamic behavior of the system. Experimental results from a 2kW prototype validate the theoretical predictions. The performance and cost of the system using electrolytic capacitors with and without the compensator are compared.
This guide presents a methodology based on standard PN-IEC 60354 to check overloading capacity of transformers. Main changes versus standard PN-71/E-81000 are discussed and step by step examples are given. An essential advantage of the recommended methods of verification of overloading capacity of transformers is that the size and cooling modes of transformers are considered.
This document provides an overview of designing rural electrification projects using transmission and distribution systems. It discusses surveying the area to determine appropriate routes and equipment needs. Key aspects covered include designing the overhead line or underground cable system, selecting the proper voltage level, and estimating costs. Construction involves installing poles, conductors, transformers, and other components. Software like AutoCAD and Excel can aid in the design process. Maintaining a proper design, using quality materials, and following construction best practices are essential to providing reliable electricity through rural electrification.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document proposes a novel integrated AC/DC/AC converter for direct drive permanent magnet wind power generation systems. The converter aims to reduce switching losses and minimize circulating currents present in typical power converters. It uses a three-switch Vienna rectifier for rectification to reduce switching losses and improve power factor. For inversion, it uses a nine-switch Ultra Sparse Matrix Converter (USMC) to minimize circulating currents. Experimental results show the proposed converter achieves high performance by reducing losses and improving efficiency compared to conventional converters.
The document presents a comparative analysis of transformer-based and transformer-less variable DC power supplies. It discusses the design methodology for both types of power supplies, which involves protection, transformation, rectification, filtration, and regulation stages. The transformer-based supply provides robust output current and isolation from the supply voltage, making it suitable for high-current applications. However, it is larger, heavier, and more expensive. The transformer-less supply is smaller, lighter, and cheaper, making it suitable for miniaturizing electronics, but it is limited to low-current devices and lacks proper isolation. The document evaluates both supply types through software simulation and analysis of the different design stages.
Modeling and performance analysis of a small scale direct driven pmsg based w...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article that models and analyzes the performance of a small-scale direct-driven wind energy conversion system using a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) connected directly to the grid through a power electronic interface. It presents the modeling of the system components, including the wind turbine, PMSG, and power conditioning system consisting of a rectifier, boost chopper, and inverter. The power flow is analyzed for different wind velocities and the effect of duty ratio and modulation index on maximum power extraction is studied through MATLAB/SIMULINK simulations.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
This document provides information about transformers, including power and distribution transformers. It discusses core types, windings, cooling systems, installation locations, voltage ratings, and capacities. The document compares power and distribution transformers and describes their different parts. It also outlines the design process for transformers, listing specifications, calculations, and performance testing according to IEC standards.
Design of bridgeless high-power-factor buck-converter operating in discontinu...IRJET Journal
The document proposes a new bridgeless buck converter operating in discontinuous capacitor voltage mode (DCVM) for power factor correction. Key advantages of the proposed topology include lower conduction losses compared to conventional topologies due to fewer simultaneously conducting semiconductor components. The DCVM operation provides zero-voltage switching for the power switches and zero-voltage turn-on for the output diode, improving efficiency. Simulation results show the converter achieves high power factor and low total harmonic distortion in the input current under different load conditions.
In this work, an accurate formulation and estimation of stray power losses in induction machines are proposed. Stray losses are estimated by derived formulas based on the leakage fluxes from the induction machine windings. These leakage fluxes induce voltage drops in the machine stator and rotor iron cores and eddy currents in the machine windings, causing stray power losses in the machine iron cores and windings. By adding these losses, a completed estimation of stray losses can be obtained and implemented in the equivalent machine circuit. The stray losses are represented by stray loss resistances connected in series with the stator and rotor circuits. Due to the stray loss in the rotor circuit depending largely on the machine slip this may be omitted without influencing the accuracy of stray loss calculations. The obtained formulas of stray loss estimation are practically satisfied. An accurate loss calculation in induction machines is very useful in the energy-saving issue.
Literature Survey on Power Quality Issues Due Lighting Loads.
Standards for Power Quality of Lighting Loads is presented.
Power Factor and THDi impact of Fluorescent Lamps, CFL, and LED lights is presented. Diode Rectifiers, Passive LC Filters and Valley Fill Circuits, Active Filters using Power Factor Control PFC Boost Regulator are compared. Simulated Impact of Lighting Load on the Power System is presented
The document discusses the use of solid state transformers (SST) in wind energy systems. SST can effectively replace conventional transformers and reactive power compensators, increasing the flexibility of wind energy systems. SST integrate rectification, isolation, and inversion stages to provide voltage conversion as well as reactive and active power compensation. The document also describes how SST can be interfaced with wind energy systems to provide benefits such as power factor control, fast isolation during faults, and regulation of both AC and DC loads.
IRJET- Analysis and Design of Toroidal TransformerIRJET Journal
This document describes the analysis and design of a toroidal transformer. It discusses the design principles and calculations to determine the specifications of the transformer such as the number of primary and secondary turns, wire gauge and length for the windings. Finite element method simulations are performed and parameters like flux density and field intensity graphs are analyzed. Finally, the hardware implementation of the toroidal transformer is shown and it is concluded that the toroidal design provides advantages over traditional transformers like higher efficiency and compact size.
This document describes the design of a non-ideal buck converter circuit. Key aspects include:
- The buck converter steps down the voltage from a 350V LiPo battery to 48V for a lead acid battery.
- Components are selected to handle non-idealities like resistance and voltage drops. These include a MOSFET, diode, inductor, and capacitor.
- Calculations are done to determine duty cycle, inductor value, and capacitor value based on specifications like output voltage, current, and power.
- A Pspice simulation is used to validate the circuit design and analyze performance considering component non-idealities.
Presentation Design of Computer aided design of power transformerSMDDTech
The document summarizes the design of a 100 KVA power transformer. It includes the design calculations for the high voltage and low voltage windings, core, tank, and other components. Key specifications calculated include 11,000/433V voltage ratings, 3344 turns for the high voltage winding, 76 turns for the low voltage winding, and a core size of 115mm diameter. Performance metrics like 98.15% efficiency at full load, 3.94% voltage regulation, and total losses of 1561.617W are provided. Dimensions for the transformer tank and cooling system are also listed.
A Design Calculation for Single Phase Step Down TransformerIJSRED
This document presents the design calculations for a 10KVA, single phase step-down transformer operating at 50Hz. It describes the design process, including calculating the core dimensions, winding turns and wire sizes. The transformer uses a shell type construction with the primary and secondary windings wound on the central limb. Detailed calculations are shown to determine the core size, window dimensions, winding arrangements and overall transformer dimensions. The design aims to achieve high efficiency to reduce power losses.
Output equation of Induction motor; Main dimensions; Separation of D and L; Choice of Average flux density; length of air gap; Design of Stator core; Rules for selecting rotor slots of squirrel cage machines; Design of rotor bars and slots; Design of end rings; Design of wound rotor; Magnetic leakage calculations; Leakage reactance of polyphase machines; Magnetizing current; Short circuit current; Operating characteristics; Losses and Efficiency.
Design and Simulation of Generation of High DC Voltage using Cockcroft Walton...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and simulation of a high voltage DC power supply using a Cockcroft-Walton voltage multiplier circuit. A 6-stage voltage multiplier circuit is simulated in MATLAB to generate 2kV DC output from a 230V AC input. The effects of changing load capacitance and wave shaping resistor values on the output impulse voltage are analyzed. Simulation results show the output voltage waveform matches the expected 2kV level. In conclusion, the MATLAB model demonstrates the ability of a Cockcroft-Walton circuit to effectively generate high DC voltages through voltage multiplication from a lower AC input.
Lecture 1_Reactive Elements-1 like inductorand capacitor .pdfsuhailcg11
The document discusses the design of inductors and transformers for reactive elements in power electronic systems. It covers key aspects of inductor and transformer design such as material constraints, design relationships, and step-by-step design procedures. Design considerations include selecting the proper wire size, core size and material, number of turns, and ensuring the core does not saturate at peak flux levels. Capacitor types for power electronic applications are also overviewed, including coupling, power, filter and pulse capacitors.
High Frequency Transformer for Multi-Output SMPS ApplicationsKaushik Naik
This document discusses the design of a high frequency transformer for multi-output switched mode power supplies (SMPS). It describes how high frequency transformers operate at frequencies between 20 kHz to over 1 MHz, allowing them to be smaller in size. Key challenges like skin and proximity effects are addressed through using litz wire and ferrite cores. The flyback topology is presented as it provides isolation, multiple outputs, and voltage adjustment through turns ratio. An example design calculates components for a flyback converter with three outputs of 20V, 12V and 5V rated for 22W maximum power.
Output equations; Main Dimensions; kVA output for 1 & 3 phase transformers; Window space factor; Design of core and winding; Overall dimensions; Operating characteristics; No-load current; Temperature rise in Transformers; Design of Tank; Methods of cooling of Transformers.
Concept of energy transmission & distribution ZunAib Ali
Downlaod is NOW Allowed (08/06/2016)
for more help: email me at zunaib_91@yahoo.com
Purpose of Electrical Transmission System
Main Parts of Power System
One-Line Diagram of Generating Station
Main Parts of Generating Station
Components of a Transmission Line
I am writing this letter to apply for electrical engineering position opening you may have in your company. I am interested in working as an electrical engineer regarding power, control and software development.
Zero-Current-Switching Current-Fed Half-Bridge Isolated DC/DC Converter for F...IRJET Journal
This document presents a dual inductor based current-fed bidirectional isolated DC/DC converter for fuel cell and photovoltaic applications. The proposed converter provides higher voltage conversion and zero voltage switching without a snubber circuit. It eliminates voltage spikes by adding soft-switching features. A mathematical design is discussed for a 300W prototype. Key benefits include reduced component count, lower cost, compact size, and higher efficiency compared to hard-switched converters through zero-current switching. The converter is suitable for applications like fuel cells and electric vehicles due to its bidirectional capability.
The document summarizes key aspects of transmission line design and components. It discusses the methodology for designing transmission lines, including gathering design data, selecting reliability levels, and calculating loads. It also covers the selection and design of various transmission line components such as conductors, insulators, towers, and grounding systems. Design considerations include voltage levels, safety clearances, mechanical requirements, and optimization of costs.
A DC generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy through electromagnetic induction. It produces direct current using a commutator to convert the alternating current induced in the armature coils into pulsating direct current. The key parts of a DC generator are the yoke/frame, armature including coils and commutator, pole cores with field coils, and brushes. The armature rotates in a magnetic field created by the field coils, inducing an electromotive force in the armature coils based on Faraday's law of induction.
Proposed Design Models of Axial-Flux Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator ...abdoyakob
The document proposes an axial-flux permanent magnet synchronous generator design for small-scale hydro power generation. It presents an 11-step linear design process that includes:
1) Defining basic variables like power, speed and voltage requirements
2) Calculating the number of poles and optimal slots/pole configuration
3) Determining permanent magnet specifications based on flux density and operating point
4) Setting magnetic and electric loadings
5) Calculating dimensions based on power, current and geometry
6) Determining winding configuration and conductor specifications
7) Calculating slot dimensions based on current density and flux density limits
8) Computing back iron thickness requirements
9) Estimating losses and efficiency
10) Cal
IRJET- Certain Investigation on Induction Motor Performance with Variable Fre...IRJET Journal
This document describes a thermal analysis and design optimization of steam turbine blades. It analyzes blades made of different materials including titanium, nickel, and aluminum alloys. A finite element analysis is conducted using ANSYS to simulate the thermal performance of blades with varying hole sizes and materials. Results show that a titanium alloy blade with 5 holes of 0.5mm diameter performed best with lower equivalent stress, higher cyclic life, and reduced damage compared to blades without holes. The analysis provides thermal properties like heat flux, temperature distribution and life cycle assessment for optimized steam turbine blade design.
IRJET- Design and Thermal Analysis of Steam Turbine BladeIRJET Journal
This document describes a thermal analysis and design optimization of steam turbine blades. It analyzes blades made of different materials including titanium, nickel, and aluminum alloys. A finite element analysis is conducted using ANSYS to simulate the thermal performance of blades with varying hole sizes and materials. Results show that titanium alloy blades have the most stable thermal performance with lower heat dissipation temperatures compared to other materials. Blades with 5mm holes exhibited lower stresses and increased cyclic life compared to blades without holes. Therefore, designing steam turbine blades with holes can improve thermal performance and reduce stresses.
Similar to IRJET- Design and Fabrication of a Single-Phase 1KVA Transformer with Automatic Cooling System (20)
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the Sungal Tunnel project in Jammu and Kashmir, India, which is being constructed using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM).
2) NATM involves continuous monitoring during construction to adapt to changing ground conditions, and makes extensive use of shotcrete for temporary tunnel support.
3) The methodology section outlines the systematic geotechnical design process for tunnels according to Austrian guidelines, and describes the various steps of NATM tunnel construction including initial and secondary tunnel support.
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTUREIRJET Journal
This study examines the effect of response reduction factors (R factors) on reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures through nonlinear dynamic analysis. Three RC frame models with varying heights (4, 8, and 12 stories) were analyzed in ETABS software under different R factors ranging from 1 to 5. The results showed that displacement increased as the R factor decreased, indicating less linear behavior for lower R factors. Drift also decreased proportionally with increasing R factors from 1 to 5. Shear forces in the frames decreased with higher R factors. In general, R factors of 3 to 5 produced more satisfactory performance with less displacement and drift. The displacement variations between different building heights were consistent at different R factors. This study evaluated how R factors influence
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RCC ELEMENT OF SLAB WITH STARK STEEL (HYSD STEEL) A...IRJET Journal
This study compares the use of Stark Steel and TMT Steel as reinforcement materials in a two-way reinforced concrete slab. Mechanical testing is conducted to determine the tensile strength, yield strength, and other properties of each material. A two-way slab design adhering to codes and standards is executed with both materials. The performance is analyzed in terms of deflection, stability under loads, and displacement. Cost analyses accounting for material, durability, maintenance, and life cycle costs are also conducted. The findings provide insights into the economic and structural implications of each material for reinforcement selection and recommendations on the most suitable material based on the analysis.
Effect of Camber and Angles of Attack on Airfoil CharacteristicsIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study analyzing the effect of camber, position of camber, and angle of attack on the aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils. Sixteen modified asymmetric NACA airfoils were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) by varying the camber, camber position, and angle of attack. The results showed the relationship between these parameters and the lift coefficient, drag coefficient, and lift to drag ratio. This provides insight into how changes in airfoil geometry impact aerodynamic performance.
A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Compos...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the progress and challenges of aluminum-based metal matrix composites (MMCs), focusing on their fabrication processes and applications. It discusses how various aluminum MMCs have been developed using reinforcements like borides, carbides, oxides, and nitrides to improve mechanical and wear properties. These composites have gained prominence for their lightweight, high-strength and corrosion resistance properties. The document also examines recent advancements in fabrication techniques for aluminum MMCs and their growing applications in industries such as aerospace and automotive. However, it notes that challenges remain around issues like improper mixing of reinforcements and reducing reinforcement agglomeration.
Dynamic Urban Transit Optimization: A Graph Neural Network Approach for Real-...IRJET Journal
This document discusses research on using graph neural networks (GNNs) for dynamic optimization of public transportation networks in real-time. GNNs represent transit networks as graphs with nodes as stops and edges as connections. The GNN model aims to optimize networks using real-time data on vehicle locations, arrival times, and passenger loads. This helps increase mobility, decrease traffic, and improve efficiency. The system continuously trains and infers to adapt to changing transit conditions, providing decision support tools. While research has focused on performance, more work is needed on security, socio-economic impacts, contextual generalization of models, continuous learning approaches, and effective real-time visualization.
Structural Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey Symmetric and Asymmetric Shape...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research project that aims to compare the structural performance of conventional slab and grid slab systems in multi-story buildings using ETABS software. The study will analyze both symmetric and asymmetric building models under various loading conditions. Parameters like deflections, moments, shears, and stresses will be examined to evaluate the structural effectiveness of each slab type. The results will provide insights into the comparative behavior of conventional and grid slabs to help engineers and architects select appropriate slab systems based on building layouts and design requirements.
A Review of “Seismic Response of RC Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irreg...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes and reviews a research paper on the seismic response of reinforced concrete (RC) structures with plan and vertical irregularities, with and without infill walls. It discusses how infill walls can improve or reduce the seismic performance of RC buildings, depending on factors like wall layout, height distribution, connection to the frame, and relative stiffness of walls and frames. The reviewed research paper analyzes the behavior of infill walls, effects of vertical irregularities, and seismic performance of high-rise structures under linear static and dynamic analysis. It studies response characteristics like story drift, deflection and shear. The document also provides literature on similar research investigating the effects of infill walls, soft stories, plan irregularities, and different
This document provides a review of machine learning techniques used in Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). It begins with an abstract that summarizes key applications of machine learning in ADAS, including object detection, recognition, and decision-making. The introduction discusses the integration of machine learning in ADAS and how it is transforming vehicle safety. The literature review then examines several research papers on topics like lightweight deep learning models for object detection and lane detection models using image processing. It concludes by discussing challenges and opportunities in the field, such as improving algorithm robustness and adaptability.
Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district,...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes temperature and precipitation trends in Asosa District, Benishangul Gumuz Region, Ethiopia from 1993 to 2022 based on data from the local meteorological station. The results show:
1) The average maximum and minimum annual temperatures have generally decreased over time, with maximum temperatures decreasing by a factor of -0.0341 and minimum by -0.0152.
2) Mann-Kendall tests found the decreasing temperature trends to be statistically significant for annual maximum temperatures but not for annual minimum temperatures.
3) Annual precipitation in Asosa District showed a statistically significant increasing trend.
The conclusions recommend development planners account for rising summer precipitation and declining temperatures in
P.E.B. Framed Structure Design and Analysis Using STAAD ProIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and analysis of pre-engineered building (PEB) framed structures using STAAD Pro software. It provides an overview of PEBs, including that they are designed off-site with building trusses and beams produced in a factory. STAAD Pro is identified as a key tool for modeling, analyzing, and designing PEBs to ensure their performance and safety under various load scenarios. The document outlines modeling structural parts in STAAD Pro, evaluating structural reactions, assigning loads, and following international design codes and standards. In summary, STAAD Pro is used to design and analyze PEB framed structures to ensure safety and code compliance.
A Review on Innovative Fiber Integration for Enhanced Reinforcement of Concre...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on innovative fiber integration methods for reinforcing concrete structures. It discusses studies that have explored using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites with recycled plastic aggregates to develop more sustainable strengthening techniques. It also examines using ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete to improve shear strength in beams. Additional topics covered include the dynamic responses of FRP-strengthened beams under static and impact loads, and the performance of preloaded CFRP-strengthened fiber reinforced concrete beams. The review highlights the potential of fiber composites to enable more sustainable and resilient construction practices.
Survey Paper on Cloud-Based Secured Healthcare SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a survey on securing patient healthcare data in cloud-based systems. It discusses using technologies like facial recognition, smart cards, and cloud computing combined with strong encryption to securely store patient data. The survey found that healthcare professionals believe digitizing patient records and storing them in a centralized cloud system would improve access during emergencies and enable more efficient care compared to paper-based systems. However, ensuring privacy and security of patient data is paramount as healthcare incorporates these digital technologies.
Review on studies and research on widening of existing concrete bridgesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes several studies that have been conducted on widening existing concrete bridges. It describes a study from China that examined load distribution factors for a bridge widened with composite steel-concrete girders. It also outlines challenges and solutions for widening a bridge in the UAE, including replacing bearings and stitching the new and existing structures. Additionally, it discusses two bridge widening projects in New Zealand that involved adding precast beams and stitching to connect structures. Finally, safety measures and challenges for strengthening a historic bridge in Switzerland under live traffic are presented.
React based fullstack edtech web applicationIRJET Journal
The document describes the architecture of an educational technology web application built using the MERN stack. It discusses the frontend developed with ReactJS, backend with NodeJS and ExpressJS, and MongoDB database. The frontend provides dynamic user interfaces, while the backend offers APIs for authentication, course management, and other functions. MongoDB enables flexible data storage. The architecture aims to provide a scalable, responsive platform for online learning.
A Comprehensive Review of Integrating IoT and Blockchain Technologies in the ...IRJET Journal
This paper proposes integrating Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technologies to help implement objectives of India's National Education Policy (NEP) in the education sector. The paper discusses how blockchain could be used for secure student data management, credential verification, and decentralized learning platforms. IoT devices could create smart classrooms, automate attendance tracking, and enable real-time monitoring. Blockchain would ensure integrity of exam processes and resource allocation, while smart contracts automate agreements. The paper argues this integration has potential to revolutionize education by making it more secure, transparent and efficient, in alignment with NEP goals. However, challenges like infrastructure needs, data privacy, and collaborative efforts are also discussed.
A REVIEW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COCONUT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE.IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on the performance of coconut fibre reinforced concrete. It summarizes several studies that tested different volume fractions and lengths of coconut fibres in concrete mixtures with varying compressive strengths. The studies found that coconut fibre improved properties like tensile strength, toughness, crack resistance, and spalling resistance compared to plain concrete. Volume fractions of 2-5% and fibre lengths of 20-50mm produced the best results. The document concludes that using a 4-5% volume fraction of coconut fibres 30-40mm in length with M30-M60 grade concrete would provide benefits based on previous research.
Optimizing Business Management Process Workflows: The Dynamic Influence of Mi...IRJET Journal
The document discusses optimizing business management processes through automation using Microsoft Power Automate and artificial intelligence. It provides an overview of Power Automate's key components and features for automating workflows across various apps and services. The document then presents several scenarios applying automation solutions to common business processes like data entry, monitoring, HR, finance, customer support, and more. It estimates the potential time and cost savings from implementing automation for each scenario. Finally, the conclusion emphasizes the transformative impact of AI and automation tools on business processes and the need for ongoing optimization.
Multistoried and Multi Bay Steel Building Frame by using Seismic DesignIRJET Journal
The document describes the seismic design of a G+5 steel building frame located in Roorkee, India according to Indian codes IS 1893-2002 and IS 800. The frame was analyzed using the equivalent static load method and response spectrum method, and its response in terms of displacements and shear forces were compared. Based on the analysis, the frame was designed as a seismic-resistant steel structure according to IS 800:2007. The software STAAD Pro was used for the analysis and design.
Cost Optimization of Construction Using Plastic Waste as a Sustainable Constr...IRJET Journal
This research paper explores using plastic waste as a sustainable and cost-effective construction material. The study focuses on manufacturing pavers and bricks using recycled plastic and partially replacing concrete with plastic alternatives. Initial results found that pavers and bricks made from recycled plastic demonstrate comparable strength and durability to traditional materials while providing environmental and cost benefits. Additionally, preliminary research indicates incorporating plastic waste as a partial concrete replacement significantly reduces construction costs without compromising structural integrity. The outcomes suggest adopting plastic waste in construction can address plastic pollution while optimizing costs, promoting more sustainable building practices.
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji - Bandi Chor Guru.pdfBalvir Singh
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
• On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
afterwards, Guru Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mogul Emperor
Jahangir.
• Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606. He was barely
eleven years old when he became 6th Guru.
• As ordered by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, he put on two swords, one indicated his spiritual
authority (PIRI) and the other, his temporal authority (MIRI). He thus for the first time
initiated military tradition in the Sikh faith to resist religious persecution, protect
people’s freedom and independence to practice religion by choice. He transformed
Sikhs to be Saints and Soldier.
• He had a long tenure as Guru, lasting 37 years, 9 months and 3 days
Sachpazis_Consolidation Settlement Calculation Program-The Python Code and th...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Consolidation Settlement Calculation Program-The Python Code
By Professor Dr. Costas Sachpazis, Civil Engineer & Geologist
This program calculates the consolidation settlement for a foundation based on soil layer properties and foundation data. It allows users to input multiple soil layers and foundation characteristics to determine the total settlement.
An In-Depth Exploration of Natural Language Processing: Evolution, Applicatio...DharmaBanothu
Natural language processing (NLP) has
recently garnered significant interest for the
computational representation and analysis of human
language. Its applications span multiple domains such
as machine translation, email spam detection,
information extraction, summarization, healthcare,
and question answering. This paper first delineates
four phases by examining various levels of NLP and
components of Natural Language Generation,
followed by a review of the history and progression of
NLP. Subsequently, we delve into the current state of
the art by presenting diverse NLP applications,
contemporary trends, and challenges. Finally, we
discuss some available datasets, models, and
evaluation metrics in NLP.
Data Communication and Computer Networks Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Networking is a telecommunications network that allows computers to exchange data. In
computer networks, networked computing devices pass data to each other along data
connections. Data is transferred in the form of packets. The connections between nodes are
established using either cable media or wireless media.
Cricket management system ptoject report.pdfKamal Acharya
The aim of this project is to provide the complete information of the National and
International statistics. The information is available country wise and player wise. By
entering the data of eachmatch, we can get all type of reports instantly, which will be
useful to call back history of each player. Also the team performance in each match can
be obtained. We can get a report on number of matches, wins and lost.