This document describes procedures for determining the Los Angeles abrasion value of aggregates. The test involves placing aggregate samples and steel balls into a rotating steel cylinder. The rotation causes the balls to abrade the aggregate particles. The percentage weight loss of the aggregates after a specified number of rotations is the Los Angeles abrasion value, which indicates the resistance of the aggregates to wear. The test is important because aggregates used in road surfaces need to withstand abrasion from vehicle traffic. The document provides details on the required apparatus, test samples, and step-by-step procedure.
This document outlines test methods for assessing the particle size and shape of aggregates used in concrete from an Indian Standard published in 1963. It includes procedures for sieve analysis to determine particle size distribution, and tests for materials finer than 75 microns, flakiness index, elongation index, and angularity number. The goal is to assist in evaluating the quality of aggregates used in concrete construction in India by testing relevant properties. Maximum sample weights and sieve sizes are provided for different tests.
Experiment no 03 Determination of the flakiness and the elongation index for ...Sayed Sajid H.Zidani
This document describes procedures to determine the flakiness and elongation indices of an aggregate sample. The flakiness index is the percentage of particles thinner than 60% of their mean thickness, while elongation index is the percentage longer than 180% of mean length. Test involves sieving samples, measuring with gauges, and calculating indices based on weights. High flakiness or elongation is undesirable for construction as it causes weakness. The sample tested had a flakiness index of 25.88% and elongation index of 27.25%.
This manual consists of the Experiments based on Aggregates and Bitumens as both of these are essential materials for the road pavement structure.
The complete prepared by considering the Latest curriculum (2019-2020) of DBATU, Lonere and which will be helpful for the academicians learning in Civil Engineering.
The document discusses the properties of aggregates used in road construction. It describes the types of aggregates derived from igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. Several tests are used to evaluate aggregates including crushing value, impact value, Los Angeles abrasion and shape tests. The results of these tests are used to determine whether aggregates meet requirements for sub-base, base or surfacing layers. Requirements include maximum values for impact value, flakiness index and water absorption.
The document discusses various properties that are important for aggregates used in roads, railways, and concrete including strength, hardness, absorption, porosity, permeability, shape, adhesion to bitumen, durability, freedom from deleterious particles, and aggregate voids. It describes tests used to evaluate aggregates including the Los Angeles abrasion test for hardness, the crushing test, the soundness test, and gradation testing.
Fineness of fine aggregates perfect (1)Dave Madhav
This document outlines a procedure to determine the particle size distribution of fine aggregates through sieving. The test aims to classify fine aggregates according to grading zones based on percentages retained on various sieve sizes. Fine aggregates are sieved through a series of sieves ranging from 4.75mm to 75μm. The weights retained on each sieve are recorded to calculate the cumulative percentage retained and fineness modulus. The results of this test can be used to inform concrete mix design based on the gradation characteristics of the fine aggregates.
This document outlines test methods for assessing the particle size and shape of aggregates used in concrete from an Indian Standard published in 1963. It includes procedures for sieve analysis to determine particle size distribution, and tests for materials finer than 75 microns, flakiness index, elongation index, and angularity number. The goal is to assist in evaluating the quality of aggregates used in concrete construction in India by testing relevant properties. Maximum sample weights and sieve sizes are provided for different tests.
Experiment no 03 Determination of the flakiness and the elongation index for ...Sayed Sajid H.Zidani
This document describes procedures to determine the flakiness and elongation indices of an aggregate sample. The flakiness index is the percentage of particles thinner than 60% of their mean thickness, while elongation index is the percentage longer than 180% of mean length. Test involves sieving samples, measuring with gauges, and calculating indices based on weights. High flakiness or elongation is undesirable for construction as it causes weakness. The sample tested had a flakiness index of 25.88% and elongation index of 27.25%.
This manual consists of the Experiments based on Aggregates and Bitumens as both of these are essential materials for the road pavement structure.
The complete prepared by considering the Latest curriculum (2019-2020) of DBATU, Lonere and which will be helpful for the academicians learning in Civil Engineering.
The document discusses the properties of aggregates used in road construction. It describes the types of aggregates derived from igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. Several tests are used to evaluate aggregates including crushing value, impact value, Los Angeles abrasion and shape tests. The results of these tests are used to determine whether aggregates meet requirements for sub-base, base or surfacing layers. Requirements include maximum values for impact value, flakiness index and water absorption.
The document discusses various properties that are important for aggregates used in roads, railways, and concrete including strength, hardness, absorption, porosity, permeability, shape, adhesion to bitumen, durability, freedom from deleterious particles, and aggregate voids. It describes tests used to evaluate aggregates including the Los Angeles abrasion test for hardness, the crushing test, the soundness test, and gradation testing.
Fineness of fine aggregates perfect (1)Dave Madhav
This document outlines a procedure to determine the particle size distribution of fine aggregates through sieving. The test aims to classify fine aggregates according to grading zones based on percentages retained on various sieve sizes. Fine aggregates are sieved through a series of sieves ranging from 4.75mm to 75μm. The weights retained on each sieve are recorded to calculate the cumulative percentage retained and fineness modulus. The results of this test can be used to inform concrete mix design based on the gradation characteristics of the fine aggregates.
This document summarizes a sieve test experiment conducted on fine aggregate to determine its grain size distribution. The experiment involved sieving 500g of dry fine aggregate through various sized sieves, weighing the material retained on each sieve, and calculating the percentage passing and retained. The results were plotted on a grading curve and compared to BS standards to evaluate the quality of the aggregate sample. In conclusion, the experiment was successfully performed and the fineness modulus calculated. The aggregate sample fell within the acceptable range specified by standards.
This report describes an experiment to determine the flakiness index of an aggregate sample. The sample was sieved into different size fractions and particles that passed through thickness gauge slots less than 0.6 times their mean sieve size were considered flaky. Based on the mass of flaky particles measured, the flakiness index of the sample was calculated to be 5.6%, which meets the maximum 20% required by JKR standards. While some experimental error occurred, the conclusion is that the sample's flakiness level is acceptable for highway construction if proper compaction is performed to limit voids.
This report describes an experiment to determine the elongation index of an aggregate sample. The experiment involved sieving the sample into different size fractions and measuring the mass of particles that were able to pass through an elongation gauge, which was 1.8 times the size of each fraction. The elongation index was calculated as the percentage of elongated particles, which was found to be 9.18% for this sample. While conducting the experiment, some errors may have occurred during sieving and weighing. The conclusion is that the sample contained flaky and elongated particles, making it unsuitable for certain construction applications without additional compaction.
This document provides the standard test method for determining the splitting tensile strength of cylindrical concrete specimens. It describes the procedure which involves applying a diametral compressive force along the length of a concrete cylinder at a controlled rate until failure. The maximum load sustained is used to calculate the splitting tensile strength in psi. Proper specimen preparation, loading rate, and calculations are specified to provide consistent results.
The document provides information on Indian Standard IS 5816:1999 which outlines the procedure for determining the splitting tensile strength of concrete cubes and cylinders. It describes the test specimens, apparatus, procedure, calculations, and reporting requirements. Key points include:
- The standard covers testing of concrete cubes and cylinders to determine splitting tensile strength.
- Specimens must be at least 150mm in size and cured for 24 hours before testing.
- A compression testing machine is used to apply a continuous, increasing load to the center of the specimen until failure.
- Splitting tensile strength is calculated based on the maximum load at failure and dimensions of the specimen.
- Test results should include specimen details, age,
This document provides information on various tests conducted on pavement materials, including aggregate crushing value, impact value, elongation and flakiness index, Los Angeles abrasion, soundness, and sand equivalent tests. It describes the testing procedures and specifications for each test. The aggregate crushing value test indicates an aggregate's ability to resist crushing, with lower values indicating stronger aggregates. The impact value test evaluates an aggregate's resistance to impact loads from traffic. Specifications are provided for what values indicate strong, satisfactory, or weak aggregates for different tests.
This document provides information on pavement materials, specifically road aggregates. It discusses aggregate characterization, including maximum aggregate size, gradation, and other properties like toughness, specific gravity, particle shape, durability, and cleanliness. It describes methods for determining aggregate size distributions and developing target gradations. Graphs and equations for 0.45 power gradations are presented. The document also covers testing methods for aggregate properties like crushing value, impact value, Los Angeles abrasion, and soundness. It provides guidance on blending aggregate stockpiles to achieve design gradations.
The document discusses quality control and materials testing procedures. It describes how quality control ensures products meet requirements through inspection and testing to find defects. Materials testing examines how materials withstand stresses and forces they may experience. It then provides details on specific tests for cement, aggregates, and reinforcing steel bars to evaluate their physical and mechanical properties and ensure quality standards are met. These include tests for fineness, setting time, strength, hardness, particle size distribution, density, and tensile strength.
This document describes the procedure for conducting a tensile test to determine the tensile splitting strength of a material according to BS 1881 standards. Specimens are placed between hardboard packing strips and steel loading pieces and loaded continuously in a testing machine until failure. The tensile splitting strength is calculated using the maximum load at failure, specimen dimensions, and material density.
This document discusses the split tensile strength test for concrete. It begins by explaining that the split tensile strength test is an indirect method for determining the tensile strength of concrete using cylindrical specimens. It then describes the procedure for the test, which involves placing a cylinder between loading plates and applying an increasing load until failure. The maximum load at failure is used to calculate the splitting tensile strength of the concrete. The document provides details on specimen preparation, curing, testing apparatus, and calculations.
This document describes a laboratory experiment to determine the standard consistency of cement paste. The standard consistency is the percentage of water by weight needed to create a cement paste that allows a Vicat plunger to penetrate to a depth of 4-7mm after 30 seconds. Through a series of trials mixing cement with different percentages of water, the experiment found that a water content of 28% produced a cement paste with the standard consistency.
DCC3113 DETERMINATION OF AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE.YASMINE HASLAN
This document summarizes a laboratory report on determining the aggregate impact value of samples according to Malaysian Public Works Department (JKR) standards. The experiment involved subjecting aggregate samples to impact blows using a test machine and sieve. The percentage of fines passing through a 2.36mm sieve was calculated to determine the aggregate impact value. Sample 1 had a 17% impact value and Sample 2 was 15%, both below the JKR requirement of 20%, indicating the aggregates have medium toughness and resistance to crushing. The results show the aggregates met the JKR specifications and the experiment was successfully conducted.
This document summarizes a test to determine the compressive strength of concrete cubes. Three concrete samples were created with different water amounts - 1.5kg water, 1.5kg water plus 40g super plasticizer, and 2kg water. The cubes were cured for 7 and 28 days then tested for compressive strength. The sample with water and super plasticizer had the highest strength at 54.8 MPa on average, followed by the sample with only 1.5kg water at 53.5 MPa. The sample with the most water, 2kg, had the lowest strength of 42.2 MPa. In conclusion, the test showed compressive strength decreases with more water but can be increased by using a super
This document describes a test to determine the split tensile strength of concrete cylinders. The test involves placing a concrete cylinder between the platens of a compression testing machine and applying a diametric load until the cylinder splits. The maximum load at failure is used to calculate the splitting tensile strength of the concrete according to the formula provided. The test is conducted according to IS 5816-1970 on cylinders that are 15cm in diameter and 30cm in height after a 28 day curing period.
This document discusses the types and properties of aggregates used in pavement construction. It describes aggregates as being fine (less than 4.75mm) or coarse (greater than 4.75mm) and coming from various natural sources like igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary rock. It also discusses the importance of aggregate properties like strength, hardness, toughness, shape, adhesion to bitumen, and durability. Common tests to evaluate aggregates are described, such as crushing, abrasion, impact, absorption, and adhesion tests.
Soundness of Hydraulic Cement Paste | Jameel AcademyJameel Academy
This report summarizes the results of a test conducted to determine the soundness of a hydraulic cement paste. The Le-Chatelier test and ASTM C 151-05 autoclave test were performed according to standard procedures. For the Le-Chatelier test, the initial and final distances between indicator points were 7mm and 11mm respectively, resulting in an expansion of 4mm. Since the measured expansion was less than the maximum standard of 10mm, the cement paste was determined to have sufficient soundness for construction applications without risk of cracking. In conclusion, the purpose of the soundness test is to evaluate a cement's ability to retain volume after setting and hardening without excessive expansion that could cause structural issues.
Compressive strength and Flexural of Hardened Concrete | Jameel AcademyJameel Academy
This report details tests conducted to determine the compressive and flexural strength of hardened concrete. The compressive strength was tested on concrete cubes with an average result of 32.8 MPa, meeting the design strength of 24 MPa. The flexural strength was tested on concrete prisms and resulted in 6.4 MPa. While lower than compressive strength as expected, this shows the concrete can resist compression and tension loads required for construction projects. In conclusion, the concrete met design specifications and can be used safely in construction.
introduction
Classification Of Aggregates, Good Qualities of an Ideal Aggregate: ,Tests on Aggregate:- , Specıfıc gravıty of Aggregate. , Flakiness & Elongation Index , Fineness Modulus (f.m):
1. The objective of the experiment is to determine the grain size distribution of a soil sample using sieves and comparing the results to BS 410 standards.
2. The procedure involves sieving soil samples through a series of sieves with decreasing pore sizes, weighing the material retained on each sieve, and calculating the percentage retained and passing through each sieve.
3. The results show the weight and percentage retained and passing for each sieve size. A distribution curve is analyzed and compared to grading standards to evaluate the quality of the soil sample.
This document provides procedures for determining various properties of aggregates through laboratory experiments. It describes 15 experiments related to aggregate testing, including procedures to determine grain size distribution, bulk density, crushing value, impact value, and others. The grain size distribution experiment involves sieving samples of fine and coarse aggregates and calculating parameters like effective size and uniformity coefficient. The crushing value and impact value experiments involve compressing aggregate samples and measuring the amount of particles that break off to determine the aggregates' resistance to impact and crushing forces.
Group 3 performed a test to determine the compressive strength of cement mortar cubes with different water-to-cement ratios. They mixed mortar with a 0.4 ratio and formed 3 cubes. After curing for 7 days, the cubes were tested. The average compressive strength was 6,283 PSI, slightly lower than expected likely due to improper tamping technique introducing air bubbles. Compared to other groups' cubes, the 0.4 ratio cubes did not show as high strength as predicted. Estimates for 14 and 28-day strengths were also calculated using standard equations.
This document summarizes a sieve test experiment conducted on fine aggregate to determine its grain size distribution. The experiment involved sieving 500g of dry fine aggregate through various sized sieves, weighing the material retained on each sieve, and calculating the percentage passing and retained. The results were plotted on a grading curve and compared to BS standards to evaluate the quality of the aggregate sample. In conclusion, the experiment was successfully performed and the fineness modulus calculated. The aggregate sample fell within the acceptable range specified by standards.
This report describes an experiment to determine the flakiness index of an aggregate sample. The sample was sieved into different size fractions and particles that passed through thickness gauge slots less than 0.6 times their mean sieve size were considered flaky. Based on the mass of flaky particles measured, the flakiness index of the sample was calculated to be 5.6%, which meets the maximum 20% required by JKR standards. While some experimental error occurred, the conclusion is that the sample's flakiness level is acceptable for highway construction if proper compaction is performed to limit voids.
This report describes an experiment to determine the elongation index of an aggregate sample. The experiment involved sieving the sample into different size fractions and measuring the mass of particles that were able to pass through an elongation gauge, which was 1.8 times the size of each fraction. The elongation index was calculated as the percentage of elongated particles, which was found to be 9.18% for this sample. While conducting the experiment, some errors may have occurred during sieving and weighing. The conclusion is that the sample contained flaky and elongated particles, making it unsuitable for certain construction applications without additional compaction.
This document provides the standard test method for determining the splitting tensile strength of cylindrical concrete specimens. It describes the procedure which involves applying a diametral compressive force along the length of a concrete cylinder at a controlled rate until failure. The maximum load sustained is used to calculate the splitting tensile strength in psi. Proper specimen preparation, loading rate, and calculations are specified to provide consistent results.
The document provides information on Indian Standard IS 5816:1999 which outlines the procedure for determining the splitting tensile strength of concrete cubes and cylinders. It describes the test specimens, apparatus, procedure, calculations, and reporting requirements. Key points include:
- The standard covers testing of concrete cubes and cylinders to determine splitting tensile strength.
- Specimens must be at least 150mm in size and cured for 24 hours before testing.
- A compression testing machine is used to apply a continuous, increasing load to the center of the specimen until failure.
- Splitting tensile strength is calculated based on the maximum load at failure and dimensions of the specimen.
- Test results should include specimen details, age,
This document provides information on various tests conducted on pavement materials, including aggregate crushing value, impact value, elongation and flakiness index, Los Angeles abrasion, soundness, and sand equivalent tests. It describes the testing procedures and specifications for each test. The aggregate crushing value test indicates an aggregate's ability to resist crushing, with lower values indicating stronger aggregates. The impact value test evaluates an aggregate's resistance to impact loads from traffic. Specifications are provided for what values indicate strong, satisfactory, or weak aggregates for different tests.
This document provides information on pavement materials, specifically road aggregates. It discusses aggregate characterization, including maximum aggregate size, gradation, and other properties like toughness, specific gravity, particle shape, durability, and cleanliness. It describes methods for determining aggregate size distributions and developing target gradations. Graphs and equations for 0.45 power gradations are presented. The document also covers testing methods for aggregate properties like crushing value, impact value, Los Angeles abrasion, and soundness. It provides guidance on blending aggregate stockpiles to achieve design gradations.
The document discusses quality control and materials testing procedures. It describes how quality control ensures products meet requirements through inspection and testing to find defects. Materials testing examines how materials withstand stresses and forces they may experience. It then provides details on specific tests for cement, aggregates, and reinforcing steel bars to evaluate their physical and mechanical properties and ensure quality standards are met. These include tests for fineness, setting time, strength, hardness, particle size distribution, density, and tensile strength.
This document describes the procedure for conducting a tensile test to determine the tensile splitting strength of a material according to BS 1881 standards. Specimens are placed between hardboard packing strips and steel loading pieces and loaded continuously in a testing machine until failure. The tensile splitting strength is calculated using the maximum load at failure, specimen dimensions, and material density.
This document discusses the split tensile strength test for concrete. It begins by explaining that the split tensile strength test is an indirect method for determining the tensile strength of concrete using cylindrical specimens. It then describes the procedure for the test, which involves placing a cylinder between loading plates and applying an increasing load until failure. The maximum load at failure is used to calculate the splitting tensile strength of the concrete. The document provides details on specimen preparation, curing, testing apparatus, and calculations.
This document describes a laboratory experiment to determine the standard consistency of cement paste. The standard consistency is the percentage of water by weight needed to create a cement paste that allows a Vicat plunger to penetrate to a depth of 4-7mm after 30 seconds. Through a series of trials mixing cement with different percentages of water, the experiment found that a water content of 28% produced a cement paste with the standard consistency.
DCC3113 DETERMINATION OF AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE.YASMINE HASLAN
This document summarizes a laboratory report on determining the aggregate impact value of samples according to Malaysian Public Works Department (JKR) standards. The experiment involved subjecting aggregate samples to impact blows using a test machine and sieve. The percentage of fines passing through a 2.36mm sieve was calculated to determine the aggregate impact value. Sample 1 had a 17% impact value and Sample 2 was 15%, both below the JKR requirement of 20%, indicating the aggregates have medium toughness and resistance to crushing. The results show the aggregates met the JKR specifications and the experiment was successfully conducted.
This document summarizes a test to determine the compressive strength of concrete cubes. Three concrete samples were created with different water amounts - 1.5kg water, 1.5kg water plus 40g super plasticizer, and 2kg water. The cubes were cured for 7 and 28 days then tested for compressive strength. The sample with water and super plasticizer had the highest strength at 54.8 MPa on average, followed by the sample with only 1.5kg water at 53.5 MPa. The sample with the most water, 2kg, had the lowest strength of 42.2 MPa. In conclusion, the test showed compressive strength decreases with more water but can be increased by using a super
This document describes a test to determine the split tensile strength of concrete cylinders. The test involves placing a concrete cylinder between the platens of a compression testing machine and applying a diametric load until the cylinder splits. The maximum load at failure is used to calculate the splitting tensile strength of the concrete according to the formula provided. The test is conducted according to IS 5816-1970 on cylinders that are 15cm in diameter and 30cm in height after a 28 day curing period.
This document discusses the types and properties of aggregates used in pavement construction. It describes aggregates as being fine (less than 4.75mm) or coarse (greater than 4.75mm) and coming from various natural sources like igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary rock. It also discusses the importance of aggregate properties like strength, hardness, toughness, shape, adhesion to bitumen, and durability. Common tests to evaluate aggregates are described, such as crushing, abrasion, impact, absorption, and adhesion tests.
Soundness of Hydraulic Cement Paste | Jameel AcademyJameel Academy
This report summarizes the results of a test conducted to determine the soundness of a hydraulic cement paste. The Le-Chatelier test and ASTM C 151-05 autoclave test were performed according to standard procedures. For the Le-Chatelier test, the initial and final distances between indicator points were 7mm and 11mm respectively, resulting in an expansion of 4mm. Since the measured expansion was less than the maximum standard of 10mm, the cement paste was determined to have sufficient soundness for construction applications without risk of cracking. In conclusion, the purpose of the soundness test is to evaluate a cement's ability to retain volume after setting and hardening without excessive expansion that could cause structural issues.
Compressive strength and Flexural of Hardened Concrete | Jameel AcademyJameel Academy
This report details tests conducted to determine the compressive and flexural strength of hardened concrete. The compressive strength was tested on concrete cubes with an average result of 32.8 MPa, meeting the design strength of 24 MPa. The flexural strength was tested on concrete prisms and resulted in 6.4 MPa. While lower than compressive strength as expected, this shows the concrete can resist compression and tension loads required for construction projects. In conclusion, the concrete met design specifications and can be used safely in construction.
introduction
Classification Of Aggregates, Good Qualities of an Ideal Aggregate: ,Tests on Aggregate:- , Specıfıc gravıty of Aggregate. , Flakiness & Elongation Index , Fineness Modulus (f.m):
1. The objective of the experiment is to determine the grain size distribution of a soil sample using sieves and comparing the results to BS 410 standards.
2. The procedure involves sieving soil samples through a series of sieves with decreasing pore sizes, weighing the material retained on each sieve, and calculating the percentage retained and passing through each sieve.
3. The results show the weight and percentage retained and passing for each sieve size. A distribution curve is analyzed and compared to grading standards to evaluate the quality of the soil sample.
This document provides procedures for determining various properties of aggregates through laboratory experiments. It describes 15 experiments related to aggregate testing, including procedures to determine grain size distribution, bulk density, crushing value, impact value, and others. The grain size distribution experiment involves sieving samples of fine and coarse aggregates and calculating parameters like effective size and uniformity coefficient. The crushing value and impact value experiments involve compressing aggregate samples and measuring the amount of particles that break off to determine the aggregates' resistance to impact and crushing forces.
Group 3 performed a test to determine the compressive strength of cement mortar cubes with different water-to-cement ratios. They mixed mortar with a 0.4 ratio and formed 3 cubes. After curing for 7 days, the cubes were tested. The average compressive strength was 6,283 PSI, slightly lower than expected likely due to improper tamping technique introducing air bubbles. Compared to other groups' cubes, the 0.4 ratio cubes did not show as high strength as predicted. Estimates for 14 and 28-day strengths were also calculated using standard equations.
This document provides information on procedures to determine various properties of aggregates through laboratory experiments. It describes 12 experiments related to grain size distribution, bulk density, voids ratio, porosity, specific gravity, bulking, crushing value, impact value, and compressive strength of aggregates and cement. The summary focuses on Experiment 1 which involves determining the particle size distribution of fine and coarse aggregates through sieve analysis.
This document provides information on procedures to determine properties of aggregates through various laboratory tests. It describes tests to determine the particle size distribution of fine and coarse aggregates through sieve analysis. It also describes tests to determine the bulk density, void ratio, porosity and specific gravity of aggregates in loose and compacted states. Additionally, it provides the procedure to determine the bulking characteristics of sand and how bulking increases with moisture content up to a maximum point. The document contains sections on aim, apparatus, procedure, observations and calculations and results for each test.
The document is a laboratory record from the Department of Civil Engineering at a government college. It contains details of various material testing experiments conducted in the lab, including procedures, observations, calculations, and results for tests like sieve analysis of aggregates, bulk density and specific gravity tests, aggregate crushing value, and aggregate impact value. The document serves to record the work done by students in the materials testing lab.
This document provides an overview of plastic analysis for structural elements. It discusses key concepts like plastic hinges, plastic section modulus, shape factors, and load factors. Plastic analysis is used to determine the ultimate or collapse load of a structure by considering the redistribution of moments that occurs after sections yield. Common failure mechanisms for determinate and indeterminate beams involve the formation of one or more plastic hinges. Methods for plastic analysis include the static/equilibrium method and kinematic/mechanism method. Examples are given for calculating the collapse load of simple structural configurations using these methods.
Sieving or screen analysis is a common technique used to separate particles by size. It involves shaking a sample through a series of sieves with decreasing mesh sizes to separate particles. This document describes conducting a sieve analysis experiment on calcium carbonate over different time intervals. The results show that longer sieving times of 6 minutes produced the best separation of particles into different size fractions compared to 2 and 4 minute intervals. Sieve analysis provides useful information about particle size distribution that is important for understanding properties and performance.
This document describes procedures for sieve analysis of aggregates. Sieve analysis involves passing aggregate samples through a series of sieves to determine the distribution of particle sizes. The key steps are:
1. Obtaining a representative sample and reducing it to the appropriate test size.
2. Separating the sample using sieves into coarse (>10 sieve) and fine (<10 sieve) fractions.
3. Weighing the material retained on each sieve to determine the particle size distribution, expressed as a percentage passing each sieve size.
Calibration of mechanical shakers used in the analysis is also described to ensure an adequate sieving time that retains less than 0.5% of material on any sieve during subsequent hand
Gradation of fine aggregate by sieve analysisMuhammad Saleem
1. This document summarizes a student's laboratory experiment analyzing the gradation of fine aggregate through sieve analysis.
2. Sieve analysis involves separating a dried aggregate sample through a series of sieves to determine the particle size distribution, which is then compared to specifications.
3. The student's results found the fineness modulus of 3.35 for the tested aggregate sample, which is outside the specified range of 2.2-3.2, indicating the aggregate did not meet specifications.
Sieve Analysis of Fine & Coarse Aggregate | Jameel AcademyJameel Academy
This report summarizes the results of a sieve analysis test performed on samples of fine and coarse aggregates. Sieve analysis was used to determine the particle size distribution of each aggregate by separating particles via sieves with decreasing size openings. For the fine aggregate, the average size was found to be 0.6mm. For the coarse aggregate, the maximum size was found to be 13.2mm. While the calculations and procedures appeared to be performed correctly, the results did not fully meet specification limits, indicating the aggregates may not be suitable for the intended construction purpose without further processing or testing.
Here are the steps to solve this example:
1. Given sieve analysis data of fine aggregate:
Sieve size % passing
4.75 mm (No. 4) 95
2.36 mm (No. 8) 80
1.18 mm (No. 16) 50
600 μm (No. 30) 25
300 μm (No. 50) 5
To calculate:
Cum% retained = 100 - % passing
% passing on next sieve size
2. To calculate fineness modulus (FM):
Add cumulative % retained and divide by 100
FM = (5 + 25 + 50 + 20 + 5)/100 = 2.05
3. The % passing
The document discusses particle size distribution (PSD). It defines PSD and explains that it refers to the relative amounts of particles sorted by size. The significance of PSD is that it affects properties like flow, reactivity, and stability. Common techniques to measure PSD include sieve analysis, sedimentation methods, and laser diffraction. Sieve analysis separates particles by passing them through sieves of different sizes, while sedimentation methods measure settling rates of dispersed particles to determine sizes.
This document discusses particle size distribution (PSD), including defining PSD, the significance of PSD, sampling and measurement techniques like sieve analysis and sedimentation methods, and graphical representation of PSD using histograms. Particle size and shape are first defined to understand PSD. Sieve analysis separates particles by size but is limited to larger particles, while sedimentation methods produce fractional analysis for finer particles below 100 μm.
This document provides information on mechanical analysis of soil, which involves determining the particle size distribution of soil through sieve analysis and hydrometer analysis. Sieve analysis involves shaking a soil sample through a nested set of sieves with progressively smaller openings to separate particles. Hydrometer analysis is used to determine the portion of soils smaller than 0.075mm. The document defines various soil particle sizes and provides an example of calculating particle size distribution, effective size, uniformity coefficient, and coefficient of gradation from sieve analysis results.
Sieve analysis of coarse and fine aggregate - ReportSarchia Khursheed
1. The document summarizes a sieve analysis test performed on coarse and fine aggregates to determine particle size distribution.
2. Sieve analysis involves sieving aggregate samples using a series of sieves and weighing the material retained on each sieve to determine the percentage passing and retained.
3. The results showed that for coarse aggregate, 18% was retained on the 20mm sieve, 78% on the 10mm sieve, and 4% passed the 5mm sieve. For fine aggregate, 24% was retained on the 4.75mm sieve, and the percentage passing decreased through smaller sieves with 0.11% passing the 150μm sieve.
Aggregates are non-metallic minerals that are used in civil engineering constructions like concrete. They can be natural like sand and gravel, or artificial like crushed brick. Aggregates are classified based on size as coarse or fine aggregates. A sieve analysis is done to determine the particle size distribution or gradation of aggregates. A well-graded aggregate mixture has a continuous distribution of particle sizes and leads to stronger concrete. The document discusses different properties of aggregates like gradation, water absorption, specific gravity, and provides examples of sieve analysis and blending aggregates to achieve a target gradation.
This document describes ASTM E 112, which provides standard test methods for determining average grain size in metals. It defines relevant terminology like grain and grain size number. The significance and applications are that grain size affects mechanical properties, so it is important for quality control. The document outlines various methods to measure grain size, including comparison to standard charts, planimetric procedures involving grain counting, and lineal or circular intercept methods involving counting grain intersections with test lines or circles. Precision depends on the method used.
ASTM E 112 GRAIN SIZE MEASURING METHODS full standard, mecanicalJeet Amrutiya
This document describes ASTM E 112, which provides standard test methods for determining average grain size in metals. It defines relevant terminology like grain and grain size number. The significance and applications are that grain size affects mechanical properties, so it is important to analyze grains to ensure quality. Various methods are described for measuring grain size, including comparison to standard charts, planimetric procedures involving grain counting, and lineal or circular intercept methods involving counting grain intersections with test lines or circles. Precision depends on the method used.
Micromeritics refers to the science and technology of small particles. It deals with particle size, size distribution, shape, surface area, and pore size. Knowledge of these properties is important in pharmacy because particle size affects drug release from dosage forms and stability of suspensions, emulsions, and tablets. It also influences flow properties and uniformity of drug fill in tablets and capsules. Smaller particle sizes increase dissolution and absorption rates for some drugs. Common methods to determine particle size include sieving, sedimentation, light scattering, and electrical sensing using a Coulter Counter.
Sieve analysis of fine aggregates student experimentkolveasna
The document summarizes the results of a sieve analysis test performed on fine aggregates to determine particle size distribution. The test involved sieving 1000g of fine aggregate samples through a series of sieves and weighing the material retained on each sieve. This allowed calculating the percentage of material passing through each sieve. The distribution was found to be uneven, indicating the aggregates were not suitable for concrete mixing. The sieve analysis procedure and results are important for construction quality control and acceptance.
Effect of count and stitch length on spirality of single jersey knit fabriceSAT Journals
Abstract
The following paper focuses on change in spirality due to stitch length and count variation .This work was carried out with 12 samples of single jersey knit fabrics which were scoured and bleached with NaOH and H2O2 (35% strength), dyed with reactive dye (Remazol Yellow RR reactive class) and were finished as standard procedure . After finishing the samples were tested for spirality and compared between different stitch length and count. The result obtained in this research indicated that spirality increases strongly due to increase of stitch length when count of yarn is fixed and on fixed stitch length spirality increases with the increment of count.
Keywords: Spirality, Count, Stitch length.
Effect of count and stitch length on spirality of single jersey knit fabriceSAT Publishing House
This study examined the effect of yarn count and stitch length on spirality in single jersey knit fabrics. 12 fabric samples were produced with variations in count (30-40 Ne) and stitch length (2.6-2.95 mm). The samples were tested for spirality after scouring, bleaching, dyeing and finishing. The results showed that spirality increased as stitch length increased due to more yarn twisting. Spirality also increased with higher yarn counts due to less fabric compactness and more loops available for twisting. In conclusion, using lower yarn counts and stitch lengths can help manufacturers reduce spirality issues in knitted fabrics.
1) The document describes the process for Marshall stability test and mix design for bituminous concrete. Key steps include selecting aggregates based on strength and gradation, determining aggregate proportions, preparing specimens, and testing stability and flow.
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3) Stability and flow values are measured using a Marshall test machine and calculations are done to determine density, voids, and other properties of the mix. The process is repeated to get the optimum bitumen content for the mix design.
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3. The results showed that increasing the shaking time decreased the particle size, following a bell-shaped curve distribution rather than a direct proportional relationship between particle size and mass fraction.
Micromeritics is the study of small particle characteristics like size, shape, density, and how they impact properties. Particle size and shape most affect flow properties - spherical particles between 75-250 microns flow freely while smaller or nonspherical particles can cause issues. Other factors like density, porosity, surface roughness and packing arrangement also influence flow. Common techniques to determine particle size include microscopy, sieving, and sedimentation methods. Proper characterization of particle properties is important for developing effective dosage forms and ensuring therapeutic effectiveness.
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നബി(സ)യുടെ നമസ്കാരം - രൂപവും പ്രാര്ത്ഥനകളുംSHAMJITH KM
- \_n(k) regularly led prayers and provided guidance during prayer gatherings.
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Better Builder Magazine brings together premium product manufactures and leading builders to create better differentiated homes and buildings that use less energy, save water and reduce our impact on the environment. The magazine is published four times a year.
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji - Bandi Chor Guru.pdfBalvir Singh
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
• On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
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Jahangir.
• Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606. He was barely
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• As ordered by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, he put on two swords, one indicated his spiritual
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A high-Speed Communication System is based on the Design of a Bi-NoC Router, ...DharmaBanothu
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methods that face significant bottlenecks. However, the complexity
of NoC design presents numerous challenges related to
performance metrics such as scalability, latency, power
consumption, and signal integrity. This project addresses the
issues within the router's memory unit and proposes an enhanced
memory structure. To achieve efficient data transfer, FIFO buffers
are implemented in distributed RAM and virtual channels for
FPGA-based NoC. The project introduces advanced FIFO-based
memory units within the NoC router, assessing their performance
in a Bi-directional NoC (Bi-NoC) configuration. The primary
objective is to reduce the router's workload while enhancing the
FIFO internal structure. To further improve data transfer speed,
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suggested. Simulation and synthesis results demonstrate
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network access, showing significant improvement over previous
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An In-Depth Exploration of Natural Language Processing: Evolution, Applicatio...DharmaBanothu
Natural language processing (NLP) has
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language. Its applications span multiple domains such
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information extraction, summarization, healthcare,
and question answering. This paper first delineates
four phases by examining various levels of NLP and
components of Natural Language Generation,
followed by a review of the history and progression of
NLP. Subsequently, we delve into the current state of
the art by presenting diverse NLP applications,
contemporary trends, and challenges. Finally, we
discuss some available datasets, models, and
evaluation metrics in NLP.
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1. Exp.No.1
GRAIN SIZE ANALYSIS
1. Aim
To determine the particle size distribution of coarse aggregate by sieving or screening.
2. Principle
Grain size analysis expresses quantitatively the percentage, by weight of various sizes of
particles present in the aggregate sample. This analysis is used for classification of aggregate
based on grain size. The determination of particle size distribution is very important in road mix
design purpose.
3. Apparatus
1.Sieves 80.0,63.0,50.0,40.0,31.5,25.0,20.0,16.0,12.5,10.0,6.3,4.75,3.35,2.36,1.18,0.6,
0.3,0.15 and 0.075 mm
2.Balance – the balance or scale shall be such that it is readable and accurate to 0.1
percent of the weight of the test sample.
4. Procedure
1.The sample shall be brought to an air dry condition before weighing and sieving. This
may be achieved either by drying at room temperature or by heating at a temperature of 100 to
110o
C. The air dry sample shall be weighed and sieved successively on the appropriate sieves
starting with the largest. Care shall be taken to ensure that the sieves are clean before use.
2.Each sieve shall be shaken separately over a clean tray until not more than a trace
passes, but in any case for a period of not less than two minutes. The shaking shall be done with
a varied motion, backwards and forwards, and forwards left to right, circular clockwise and anti-
clockwise, and with frequent jarring, so that the material is kept moving over the sieve surface
in frequently changing directions. Material shall not be forced through the sieve by hand
pressure, but on sieves coarser than 20-mm, placing of particles is permitted. Lumps of fine
material, if present, may be broken by gentle pressure with fingers against the side of the sieve.
Light brushing with a soft brush under the side of the sieve may be used to clear the sieve
opening.
3. Light brushing with a fine camel hair brush may be used on the 150-micron and 75
micron IS sieves to prevent aggregating of powder and blinding of apertures. Stiff or worn out
brushes shall not be used for this purpose and pressure shall not be applied to the surface of the
2. sieve to force the particle through the mesh. On completion of sieving, the material retained on
each sieve, together with any material cleaned from the mesh, shall be weighed.
4. In order to prevent blinding of the sieve apertures by over-loading, the amount of
aggregate placed on each sieve at completion of the operation is not greater than the value given
for that sieve in table 3 .Sample weights given in table 4 will thus normally require several
operations on each sieve.
Table 3. Maximum weight to be retained at the completion of sieving
Coarse aggregate Fine aggregate
IS Sieve Maximum weight for
(kg )
IS Sieve Maximum weight
for ( g)
45 cm dia sieve 30 cm dia
sieve
20-cm dia Sieve
50 mm 10 4.5 2.36 mm 200
40 mm 8 3.5 1.18mm 100
31.5mm or25 mm 6 2.5 0.6 mm 75
20 mm 4 2 0.3 mm 50
16 mmor12.5 mm 3 1.5 0.15mm 40
10 mm 2 1 0.075mm 25
6.3 mm 1.5 0.75
4.75 mm 1 0.5
3.35 mm - 0.3
Table IV Minimum weight of sample for sieve analysis
Maximum size present in substantial
proportions
Minimum weight of sample to be taken for
sieving
In mm In kg
63 50
50 35
40 or31.5 15
25 5
20 or 16 2
12.5 1
10 0.5
6.3 0.2
4.75 0.2
2.36 0.1
5. Result
3. Record of Observation
Sieve size in
(mm)
Weight retained
in(g)
% weight retained Cumulative %
retained
% finer
Calculations
4. Exp.No.2
SHAPE TEST
1. Aim
To determine the flakiness and elongation index of the given aggregates
2. Principle
The particle shape of aggregates is determined by the percentages of flaky and elongated
particles contained in it. For base course and construction of bituminous and cement concrete
types, the presence of flaky and elongated particles are considered undesirable as they may cause
inherent weakness with possibilities of breaking down under heavy loads. thus evaluation of
shape of the particles, particularly with reference to flakiness and elongation is necessary.
The flakiness Index of aggregates is the percentage by weight of particles whose least
dimension(thickness) is less than three-fifths(0.6 times) of their mean dimension. This test is not
applicable to sizes smaller than 6.3 mm.
The Elongation Index of an aggregate is the percentage by weight of particles whose
greatest dimension(length) is greater than four-fifths (0.8 times) their mean dimension,. The
elongation test is not applicable for sizes smaller than 6.3 mm.
3. Apparatus
1. A standard thickness gauge
2. A standard length gauge
3. IS sieves of sizes 63,50,40,31.5,25,20,16,12.5,10 and 6.3 mm.
4. A balance of capacity 5 kg, readable and accurate up to 1 gm.
4. Procedure
1. Sieve the sample through the IS sieves ( as specified in the table).
2. Take a minimum of 200 pieces of each fraction to be tested and weigh them.
3. In order to separate the flaky materials, gauge each fraction for thickness on a
thickness gauge. The width of the slot used should be of the dimensions specified in column (3)
of the table for the appropriate size of the material.
4. Weigh the flaky material passing the gauge to an accuracy of at least 0.1 per cent of the
test sample.
5. 5. In order to separate the elongated materials, gauge each fraction on the length gauge.
Weigh the elongated material retained on the gauge to an accuracy of at least 0.1 per cent of the
test sample.
5. Result
1. Flakiness Index =
2. Elongation Index =
6. Record of Observation
Size of aggregates Weight of
the fraction
consisting of
at least 200
pieces, g
Thickness
gauge size,
mm
Weight of
Aggregates
in each
fraction
passing
thickness
gauge, g
Length
gauge size,
mm
Weight of
aggregates
in each
fraction
retained on
length
gauge, g
Passing
Through IS
Sieve, mm
Retained on
IS Sieve,
mm
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
63 50 W1= w1= -
50 40 W2= w2= x1=
40 31.5 W3= w3= x2=
31.5 25 W4= w4= -
25 20 W5= w5= x3=
20 16 W6= w6= x4=
16 12.5 W7= w7= x5=
12.5 10 W8= w8= x6=
10 6.3 W9= w9= x7=
Total W= w= x=
Calculations
1. Flakiness Index = (w1+w2+w3+.............) x100
(W1+W2+W3+..........)
2. Elongation Index = (w1+w2+w3+.............) x100
(W1+W2+W3+..........)
7. Exp.No.3
ANGULARITY NUMBER
1. Aim
To determine the angularity number of coarse aggregate.
2. Principle
Based on the shape of the aggregate particle, stones may be classified as rounded, angular
and flaky. Angular particles possess well defined edges formed at the intersection of roughly
plane faces and are commonly found in aggregates prepared by crushing of rocks. Since weaker
aggregates may be crushed during compaction, the angularity number does not apply to any
aggregate which breaks down during compaction. Angularity or absence of the rounding of the
particles of an aggregate is a property which is of importance because it affects the ease of
handling a mixture of aggregate and binder or the workability of the mix. The determination of
angularity number of an aggregate is essentially a laboratory method intended for comparing the
properties of different aggregates for mix design purposes and for deciding their gradation
requirements. The degree of packing of particles of single sized aggregate depends on the shape
and angularity of aggregates. If a number of single size spherical particles are packed together in
the densest form, the total volume of solids will be 67 per cent and the volume of voids 33
percent of the total volume. However if the shape of the particles of the same size deviates from
the spherical shape to irregular or angular shape.When they are densely packed the volume of
solids decreases resulting in an increase in the volume of voids. Hence the angularity of the
aggregate can be estimated from the properties of voids in a sample of aggregates compacted in a
particular manner. The angularity number of an aggregate is the amount by which the
percentage voids exceeds 33 after being compacted in a prescribed manner. The angularity
number is found from the expression. (67 minus the percent solid volume). Here the value 67
represents the percentage volume of solids of most rounded gravel which would have 33 percent
voids.
3. Apparatus
1. A metal cylinder closed at one end and of about 3 litre capacity diameter and
height of this being approximately equal, i.e. about 15.64 cm diameter x 15.64
cm height.
2. A metal tamping rod of circular cross-section, 16 mm in diameter and 60 cm in
length, rounded at one end.
3. A metal scoop of about 1 litre Heaped capacity of size 20 x 10 x 5 cm, and
8. A balance of capacity 10 kg to weigh up to 1 g.
4. Procedure
1. Calibrate the cylinder by determining the weight of water at 270
C required to fill it so
that no meniscus is present above the rim of the container. The amount of aggregate available
should be sufficient to provide, after separation on the appropriate pair of sieves, at least 10 kg
of the predominant size as determined by sieve analysis on the 20, 16, 12.5,10, 6.3 and 4.75 mm
IS sieves.
2. Test sample : The amount of aggregate available should be sufficient to provide, after
separation on the appropriate pair of sieves, at least 10kg of predominant size, as determined by
sieve analysis on the aggregate retained between the appropriate pair of IS sieves from the
following sets: 20 and 16 mm, 16 and 12.5mm, 12.5 and 10 mm, 10and 6.3, 6.3and 4.75 mm.
Note: In case of aggregate larger than 20 mm sieve is used, the volume of the cylinder should be
greater than 3 litres. But when the aggregates smaller than 4.75mm size are used, a smaller
cylinder may be used, the procedure of the test is the same for each of these except that the
amount of compactive effort given by (weight of tamping rod x height of fall x number of blows)
should be proportional to the volume of the cylinder.
3. Select the sample of single-size retained between the specified pair of sieves. Then dry
it in an oven at a temperature of 100 to 110o
C for 24 hours and cool it in an air tight container.
4. Fill the scoop and heap it to overflowing with the aggregate. Place the aggregate in the
cylinder by allowing it to slide gently off the scoop from the lowest possible height.
5. Compact the aggregate in the cylinder by 100 blows of the tamping rod at the rate of
about 2 blows per second. Apply each blow by holding the rod vertically; with its rounded end 5
cm above the surface of aggregate and releasing it so that it falls vertically and no force is
applied on it. The blows should be distributed evenly over the surface.
6. Repeat the process of filling and tamping with a second and the third layer of
aggregates. The third layer should contain only the aggregate required to just fill up the cylinder
level before tamping. After the third layer is tamped, fill the cylinder to overflowing, and strike
the aggregates off level with the top using the tamping rod as the straight edge.
7. Add individual pieces of aggregate and roll in to the surface by rolling the tamping rod
across the upper edge of the cylinder, until the aggregates do not lift the rod off the edge. No
downward pressure should be applied on the rod.
8. Weigh the aggregate with the cylinder to the nearest 5g. Make separate
determinations and calculate the mean weight of the aggregate. If the result of any one
9. determination differs from the mean by more than 25 g, make three additional determinations
and find the mean of all the six determinations.
Then Angularity number = 67-100 W/CG
Where W = mean weight of the aggregates in the cylinder, g
C = weight of water required to fill in the cylinder, g
G = specific gravity of aggregate
5.Result
Angularity number =
10. Record of Observations
Weight of water filling the cylinder = C g =
Specific gravity of the aggregate = G =
Particulars Trial number
1 2 3 Mean 4 5 6 Mean
Weight of
aggregate
filling the
cylinder to the
nearest 5 g
Mean weight of the aggregates filling the cylinder, W g =
Calculations
Angularity Number = 67-100W/CG
11. Exp.No.6
DETERMINATION OF LOS ANGELES ABRASION VALUE
1. Aim
To determine the Los Angeles abrasion value of aggregate
2. Principle
The aggregate used in surface course of the highway pavements are subjected to wearing
due to movement of traffic. When vehicles move on the road, the soil particles present between
the pneumatic tyres and road surface causes abrasion of road aggregates. The steel reamed
wheels of animal driven vehicles also cause considerable abrasion of the road surface.
Therefore, the road aggregates should be hard enough to resist the abrasion. Resistance to
abrasion of aggregate is determined in laboratory by Los Angeles test machine.
The principle of Los Angeles abrasion test is to produce the abrasive action by use of
standard steel balls which when mixed with the aggregates and rotated in a drum for specified
number of revolutions also cause impact on aggregates. The percentage wear of the aggregates
due to rubbing with steel balls is determined and is known as Los Angeles abrasion value.
3. Apparatus
The apparatus as per IS:2386 (Part IV)-1963 consists of:
1. Los Angeles machine: it consists of a hollow steel cylinder, closed at both the
ends with an internal diameter of 700 mm and length 500 mm .and capable of
rotating about its horizontal axis. A removable steel shaft projecting radially 88
mm into cylinder and extending full length(i.e. 500 mm)is mounted firmly on the
interior of cylinder. The shelf is placed at a distance 1250 mm minimum from the
opening in the direction of rotation.
2. Abrasive charge: Cast iron or steel balls, approximately 48 mm in diameter and
each weighing between 390 to 445 g; six to twelve balls are required.
3. Sieve: The 1.70 mm IS Sieve.
4. Balance of capacity 5 kg or 10 kg
5. Drying oven
6. Miscellaneous like tray etc.
12. 4. Procedure
Test sample: It consists of clean aggregates dried in oven at 105-110o
C and are coarser
than 1.7mm sieve size. The sample should conform to any of the grading shown in Table 1
below
Table 1.
Sieve size Weight in g of test sample for grade
Passing
In mm
Retained
on in mm
A B C D E F G
80 63 - - - - 2500 - -
63 50 - - - - 2500 - -
50 40 - - - - 5000 5000 -
40 25 1250 - - - - 5000 5000
25 20 1250 - - - - - 5000
20 12.5 1250 2500 - - - - -
12.5 10 1250 2500 - - - - -
10 6.3 - - 2500 - - - -
6.3 4.75 - - 2500 - - - -
4.75 2.36 - - - 5000 - - -
1. Select the grading to be used in the test. It should be chosen such that it conforms to
the grading to be used in construction, to the maximum extent possible.
2. Take 5 kg of sample for grading A, B, C or D and 10 kg for grading, E, F and G.
3. Choose the abrasive charge as per Table 2
Table 2
Grading No. of steel balls Weight of charge, g
A 12 5000±25
B 11 4584±25
C 8 3330±20
D 6 2500±15
E 12 5000±25
F 12 5000±25
G 12 5000±25
13. 4. The test sample and the abrasive charge shall be placed in the Los Angeles abrasion
machine and a machine rotated at a speed of 20 to 33 rev/min.
5. For grading A,B,C and D the machine shall be rotated for 500 revolutions: for grading
E,F,G it shall be rotated for 500 revolutions
6. The machine shall be so driven and so counter-balanced as to maintain a substantially
uniform peripheral speed. If an angle is used as the shelf, the machine shall be rotated in such a
direction that the charge is caught on the outside surface of the angle. At the completion of the
test, the material shall be discharged from the machine and preliminary separate the sample made
on a sieve coarser than the 1.7mm IS Sieve.
7. The material coarser than the 1.7mm IS Sieve shall be washed dried in an oven at 105
to 110o
C to a substantially constant weight, and accurately weighed to the nearest gram.
Los Angeles abrasion value= (A/B)*100
Where,
A = difference between the original weight and the final weight of the test sample
B = Total weight of the sample taken
5. Result
The Los Angeles abrasion value of given sample is =
14. Record of observation
Los Angeles abrasion value= (A/B)*100
Where,
A ( difference between the original weight
and the final weight of the test sample) =
B (Total weight of the sample taken ) =
Calculations