This document provides information on procedures to determine various properties of aggregates through laboratory experiments. It describes 12 experiments related to grain size distribution, bulk density, voids ratio, porosity, specific gravity, bulking, crushing value, impact value, and compressive strength of aggregates and cement. The summary focuses on Experiment 1 which involves determining the particle size distribution of fine and coarse aggregates through sieve analysis.
This document provides information on procedures to determine properties of aggregates through various laboratory tests. It describes tests to determine the particle size distribution of fine and coarse aggregates through sieve analysis. It also describes tests to determine the bulk density, void ratio, porosity and specific gravity of aggregates in loose and compacted states. Additionally, it provides the procedure to determine the bulking characteristics of sand and how bulking increases with moisture content up to a maximum point. The document contains sections on aim, apparatus, procedure, observations and calculations and results for each test.
Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortar | Jameel AcademyJameel Academy
This document summarizes a test to determine the compressive strength of cement mortar cubes. Six cement mortar cubes were created and tested to failure. The compressive strength was calculated for each cube based on the failure load and cross-sectional area. The average compressive strength of the cubes was calculated to be 34.45 MPa. This result exceeds the standard requirement of 24 MPa or greater for cement mortar at 7 days. Therefore, the cement mortar tested was determined to be suitable for use in construction projects.
Normal Consistency and Sitting times of cement pasteHafizullah Sadat
This document describes procedures for determining the normal consistency, setting times, and fineness of cement through various tests. The normal consistency test involves adding varying amounts of water to cement to find the water-cement ratio that gives a paste with a penetration depth between 5-7 mm. The initial setting time is found to be 1 hour and 22 minutes, while the final setting time is generally between 10-12 hours. The Blaine permeability test measures fineness through the specific surface area, found to be 93.52 m2/kg for the sample tested.
1. The document discusses various destructive and non-destructive testing methods for measuring the properties of hardened concrete. 2. Destructive tests include cube tests to determine compressive strength and split-cylinder or flexural tests to determine tensile strength. 3. Non-destructive tests discussed are rebound hammer testing, ultrasonic pulse velocity testing, penetration resistance testing, pull-out testing, and using a profometer.
This document describes a procedure to determine the bulk density of fine aggregates in a rodded state. The bulk density is measured by filling a cylindrical container one-third at a time with aggregate and tamping it between additions. The container is then weighed filled with aggregate and the bulk density is calculated based on the weight, volume of the container, and weight of the empty container. The results of an example test are presented, finding a bulk density of 1726.20kg/m3 for the given sand sample. The bulk density exceeds the allowable 1600kg/m3 for construction sand.
The document describes a procedure to determine the flexural strength or modulus of rupture of concrete through third-point loading tests. Steel molds are used to cast concrete prism specimens of either 100x100x500mm or 150x150x700mm size, depending on the maximum aggregate size. The specimens are loaded in a testing machine with rollers spaced at either 200mm or 133mm until failure. The maximum load at failure is then used to calculate the modulus of rupture according to one of two equations depending on the distance between the line of fracture and the near support.
The report is being made on the experience of 3 weeks office training.
briefly describes the quality tests of Fine and Coarse aggregates .
Complete calculation of concrete mix design is included with solved numerical equations.
Cement, water and admixtures quality test is not performed because the contractor purchase it from other chemical and cement manufacturer company.
Reactive powder concrete (RPC) is an ultra-high-performance concrete with compressive strengths over 120,000 psi, tensile strengths of 3000-7000 psi, and flexural strengths of around 14,000 psi. It achieves these improved properties through a very dense mix of fine particles, silica fume, steel fibers, and a low water-to-cement ratio. RPC is nearly impermeable and durable, with low shrinkage and creep. Potential applications include structures requiring light, thin components like bridge and building components. However, RPC is very expensive to produce and no design codes currently exist for it.
This document provides information on procedures to determine properties of aggregates through various laboratory tests. It describes tests to determine the particle size distribution of fine and coarse aggregates through sieve analysis. It also describes tests to determine the bulk density, void ratio, porosity and specific gravity of aggregates in loose and compacted states. Additionally, it provides the procedure to determine the bulking characteristics of sand and how bulking increases with moisture content up to a maximum point. The document contains sections on aim, apparatus, procedure, observations and calculations and results for each test.
Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortar | Jameel AcademyJameel Academy
This document summarizes a test to determine the compressive strength of cement mortar cubes. Six cement mortar cubes were created and tested to failure. The compressive strength was calculated for each cube based on the failure load and cross-sectional area. The average compressive strength of the cubes was calculated to be 34.45 MPa. This result exceeds the standard requirement of 24 MPa or greater for cement mortar at 7 days. Therefore, the cement mortar tested was determined to be suitable for use in construction projects.
Normal Consistency and Sitting times of cement pasteHafizullah Sadat
This document describes procedures for determining the normal consistency, setting times, and fineness of cement through various tests. The normal consistency test involves adding varying amounts of water to cement to find the water-cement ratio that gives a paste with a penetration depth between 5-7 mm. The initial setting time is found to be 1 hour and 22 minutes, while the final setting time is generally between 10-12 hours. The Blaine permeability test measures fineness through the specific surface area, found to be 93.52 m2/kg for the sample tested.
1. The document discusses various destructive and non-destructive testing methods for measuring the properties of hardened concrete. 2. Destructive tests include cube tests to determine compressive strength and split-cylinder or flexural tests to determine tensile strength. 3. Non-destructive tests discussed are rebound hammer testing, ultrasonic pulse velocity testing, penetration resistance testing, pull-out testing, and using a profometer.
This document describes a procedure to determine the bulk density of fine aggregates in a rodded state. The bulk density is measured by filling a cylindrical container one-third at a time with aggregate and tamping it between additions. The container is then weighed filled with aggregate and the bulk density is calculated based on the weight, volume of the container, and weight of the empty container. The results of an example test are presented, finding a bulk density of 1726.20kg/m3 for the given sand sample. The bulk density exceeds the allowable 1600kg/m3 for construction sand.
The document describes a procedure to determine the flexural strength or modulus of rupture of concrete through third-point loading tests. Steel molds are used to cast concrete prism specimens of either 100x100x500mm or 150x150x700mm size, depending on the maximum aggregate size. The specimens are loaded in a testing machine with rollers spaced at either 200mm or 133mm until failure. The maximum load at failure is then used to calculate the modulus of rupture according to one of two equations depending on the distance between the line of fracture and the near support.
The report is being made on the experience of 3 weeks office training.
briefly describes the quality tests of Fine and Coarse aggregates .
Complete calculation of concrete mix design is included with solved numerical equations.
Cement, water and admixtures quality test is not performed because the contractor purchase it from other chemical and cement manufacturer company.
Reactive powder concrete (RPC) is an ultra-high-performance concrete with compressive strengths over 120,000 psi, tensile strengths of 3000-7000 psi, and flexural strengths of around 14,000 psi. It achieves these improved properties through a very dense mix of fine particles, silica fume, steel fibers, and a low water-to-cement ratio. RPC is nearly impermeable and durable, with low shrinkage and creep. Potential applications include structures requiring light, thin components like bridge and building components. However, RPC is very expensive to produce and no design codes currently exist for it.
This document provides an overview of reinforced concrete design principles for civil engineers and construction managers. It discusses the aim of structural design according to BS 8110, describes the properties and composite action of reinforced concrete, explains limit state design methodology, and summarizes key elements like slabs, beams, columns, walls, and foundations. The document also covers material properties, stress-strain curves, failure modes, and general procedures for slab sizing and design.
This document summarizes tests performed on fresh and hardened concrete. For fresh concrete, tests included the compaction factor test, slump test, and Vee-Bee test to measure workability. For hardened concrete, non-destructive tests like rebound hammer, ultrasonic pulse velocity and destructive compression tests were performed. The compression test resulted in a compressive strength of 19.39MPa, lower than desired, indicating the quality of the hardened concrete. Various properties of hardened concrete can also be analyzed over time using smart sensor chips embedded in samples.
This document discusses concrete mix design and methods of mix design. It begins by explaining nominal mix and design mix concrete. Nominal mix uses fixed ingredient ratios while design mix calculates proportions to achieve needed strength. Several methods of concrete mix design are listed, including Indian standard, ACI, and IRC methods. Data required for mix proportioning is provided, such as grade, aggregate size, cement content, water-cement ratio, workability, and exposure conditions. Steps in concrete mix design involve determining material properties, selecting target strength, water-cement ratio, and volumes of ingredients to achieve the design mix. Trial mixes are made and tested to finalize the design mix.
Normal Consistency of Hydraulic Cement | Jameel AcademyJameel Academy
This report summarizes a test to determine the normal consistency of hydraulic cement. Four trials were conducted with 500g of cement and varying water-cement (W/C) ratios of 0.25, 0.27, 0.30 and 0.33. These trials resulted in penetrations of 25mm, 9mm, 5mm and 4mm respectively. From the relationship between W/C ratio and penetration, the standard consistency was determined to be 0.2875 at a penetration of 6mm. However, the average penetration of 10.75mm exceeded the standard of 6±1mm, suggesting errors in the test such as insufficient cement quantity and inaccurate penetration measurement timing. The purpose of the test was to find
1. The document describes a concrete slump test conducted by a student to determine the workability and consistency of a concrete mix.
2. The test procedure involves filling a slump cone with the concrete in layers, tamping each layer with a rod, and measuring the amount the concrete sinks after removing the cone.
3. The results of the test on a concrete mix with a water-cement ratio of 0.45 showed zero slump, indicating a dry mix suitable for road construction where vibration is used for compaction.
Cement is tested through laboratory and field tests to evaluate its properties and suitability. Key laboratory tests described in the document include:
- Fineness tests which measure particle size and surface area to determine reactivity.
- Setting time tests which ensure cement sets within specified time limits.
- Compressive strength tests where cement mortar cubes are crushed to determine strength over time.
- Soundness and loss of ignition tests which evaluate volume stability and carbon/moisture content.
Results of laboratory tests help ensure cement meets standards before use in construction projects.
Aggregate impact value Calculation And usesShahryar Amin
This document describes a test to determine the aggregate impact value (AIV) of coarse aggregates. The AIV test measures the percentage of fines created when aggregates are subjected to a specified amount of impact. The test involves sieving aggregates into different sizes, filling a metal cylinder 1/3 full with coarse aggregates, subjecting it to hammer blows, then determining the weight of particles that pass through a 2.36mm sieve. The AIV percentage is calculated using the weights before and after impact. An AIV below 50% indicates aggregates suitable for construction, while above 50% suggests poorer quality.
This document summarizes a student's experiment to determine the fineness of cement through sieve analysis. The student took three cement samples and weighed them before and after shaking them through a #200 sieve. The percentage of fineness was calculated for each sample and averaged. The average fineness of 75.67% was below the ASTM standard of 90%, indicating the cement cannot be used for concrete construction. Possible sources of error included insufficient shaking of the sieve and clogged sieve holes.
This document discusses the compressive strength of concrete. It defines compressive strength as the ability of a material to withstand pushing forces. Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension. The document describes how to test the compressive strength of concrete cube and cylinder specimens. It provides details on specimen size, curing, loading rate, and calculating compressive strength based on applied load divided by cross-sectional area.
The slump test is commonly used to measure the workability of concrete by determining the amount it subsides after a standardized cone-shaped mold is removed. The test involves filling the mold with concrete in layers and tamping it, then removing the mold and measuring the subsidence. There are three types of slump results: true slump is an even subsidence, shear slump is uneven with one side sliding down more, and collapse slump indicates a lean mix. Recommended slump ranges are provided for different types of construction.
This document summarizes a laboratory experiment conducted by civil engineering students at MUST to determine the crushing strength of a concrete aggregate sample. The experiment involved:
- Compacting an aggregate sample into a steel cylinder and subjecting it to a gradually increasing load in a compression testing machine according to British Standard 812.
- Sieving the crushed sample and calculating the aggregate crushing value (ACV) as the percentage of sample passing a 2.36mm sieve.
- The sample was found to have an ACV of 14.87%, indicating a "normal" quality aggregate suitable for use in road construction according to the standard.
The aggregate impact test evaluates the toughness and resistance of aggregates to sudden impact. The test involves compacting aggregates between 10-14mm in a metal cylinder, dropping a 13.5-14kg hammer onto the aggregates from 380mm, and sieving the crushed material. For the sample tested, Sample 1 had an aggregate impact value of 15% and Sample 2 had 22%, indicating Sample 1 is strong while Sample 2 is close to the maximum allowable limit for good aggregates. The aggregate impact value gives a measure of an aggregate's resistance to impact forces experienced on roads.
This document discusses flexural strength testing of materials. Flexural strength refers to a material's ability to resist deformation when bent or flexed. The flexural strength test involves placing a specimen on supports and applying a load at the center or at third points until failure. The flexural strength or modulus of rupture is calculated based on the maximum load at failure, and the dimensions and span of the specimen. Proper apparatus, loading rates, and procedures are required to accurately determine the flexural strength. Test results should report key details like specimen information, loading conditions, and failure mode.
Sieve Analysis of Fine & Coarse Aggregate | Jameel AcademyJameel Academy
This report summarizes the results of a sieve analysis test performed on samples of fine and coarse aggregates. Sieve analysis was used to determine the particle size distribution of each aggregate by separating particles via sieves with decreasing size openings. For the fine aggregate, the average size was found to be 0.6mm. For the coarse aggregate, the maximum size was found to be 13.2mm. While the calculations and procedures appeared to be performed correctly, the results did not fully meet specification limits, indicating the aggregates may not be suitable for the intended construction purpose without further processing or testing.
Subsoil exploration involves collecting soil data through field and laboratory investigations to assess soil properties at a site. The main objectives are to determine the nature, depth, thickness, and extent of soil strata as well as groundwater conditions and engineering properties. Methods include test pits, borings using augers or drilling, in-situ tests like SPT and CPT, and geophysical methods. Proper planning, execution, and reporting of the investigation are needed to provide reliable data to aid foundation design.
A slump test measures the workability of concrete by determining its slump class. The test involves filling a slump cone with concrete in layers, tamping each layer 25 times. The cone is then lifted vertically, and the slump is measured as the amount the concrete sinks down. A higher slump indicates more workable concrete with a higher water content. The slump test is carried out onsite when concrete is delivered to check its water content before pouring.
Compaction is the process of expelling air from freshly placed concrete to increase its density. It increases concrete's strength, bonding with reinforcement, and durability while decreasing permeability. Compaction can be done manually by rodding, ramming, or tamping, or mechanically by internal vibration using poker vibrators, external vibration of forms, or surface vibration of screed boards. Mechanical vibration is more efficient and allows placement in difficult areas with less water needed compared to manual methods. Proper compaction results in strong, dense concrete.
The document is a laboratory record from the Department of Civil Engineering at a government college. It contains details of various material testing experiments conducted in the lab, including procedures, observations, calculations, and results for tests like sieve analysis of aggregates, bulk density and specific gravity tests, aggregate crushing value, and aggregate impact value. The document serves to record the work done by students in the materials testing lab.
A review on different destructive methods to determine the compressive streng...IJERD Editor
Determination of the compressive strength of an existing masonry attracted the attention of many scientists and researchers around the world. Most of these researchers, scientists and engineers want to find the best way to obtain the compressive strength of masonry in situ with high accuracy, and less cost. There are many methods to determine the compressive strength of masonry. Some of these methods are destructive methods and others are non-destructive methods and others are partially destructive. Each one of these testing methods has advantages and disadvantages .this paper presents different destructive testing Methodsfor obtaining the compressive strength of an existing masonry. Testing procedure, the main advantages and the problems of each method are explored.
This document provides an overview of reinforced concrete design principles for civil engineers and construction managers. It discusses the aim of structural design according to BS 8110, describes the properties and composite action of reinforced concrete, explains limit state design methodology, and summarizes key elements like slabs, beams, columns, walls, and foundations. The document also covers material properties, stress-strain curves, failure modes, and general procedures for slab sizing and design.
This document summarizes tests performed on fresh and hardened concrete. For fresh concrete, tests included the compaction factor test, slump test, and Vee-Bee test to measure workability. For hardened concrete, non-destructive tests like rebound hammer, ultrasonic pulse velocity and destructive compression tests were performed. The compression test resulted in a compressive strength of 19.39MPa, lower than desired, indicating the quality of the hardened concrete. Various properties of hardened concrete can also be analyzed over time using smart sensor chips embedded in samples.
This document discusses concrete mix design and methods of mix design. It begins by explaining nominal mix and design mix concrete. Nominal mix uses fixed ingredient ratios while design mix calculates proportions to achieve needed strength. Several methods of concrete mix design are listed, including Indian standard, ACI, and IRC methods. Data required for mix proportioning is provided, such as grade, aggregate size, cement content, water-cement ratio, workability, and exposure conditions. Steps in concrete mix design involve determining material properties, selecting target strength, water-cement ratio, and volumes of ingredients to achieve the design mix. Trial mixes are made and tested to finalize the design mix.
Normal Consistency of Hydraulic Cement | Jameel AcademyJameel Academy
This report summarizes a test to determine the normal consistency of hydraulic cement. Four trials were conducted with 500g of cement and varying water-cement (W/C) ratios of 0.25, 0.27, 0.30 and 0.33. These trials resulted in penetrations of 25mm, 9mm, 5mm and 4mm respectively. From the relationship between W/C ratio and penetration, the standard consistency was determined to be 0.2875 at a penetration of 6mm. However, the average penetration of 10.75mm exceeded the standard of 6±1mm, suggesting errors in the test such as insufficient cement quantity and inaccurate penetration measurement timing. The purpose of the test was to find
1. The document describes a concrete slump test conducted by a student to determine the workability and consistency of a concrete mix.
2. The test procedure involves filling a slump cone with the concrete in layers, tamping each layer with a rod, and measuring the amount the concrete sinks after removing the cone.
3. The results of the test on a concrete mix with a water-cement ratio of 0.45 showed zero slump, indicating a dry mix suitable for road construction where vibration is used for compaction.
Cement is tested through laboratory and field tests to evaluate its properties and suitability. Key laboratory tests described in the document include:
- Fineness tests which measure particle size and surface area to determine reactivity.
- Setting time tests which ensure cement sets within specified time limits.
- Compressive strength tests where cement mortar cubes are crushed to determine strength over time.
- Soundness and loss of ignition tests which evaluate volume stability and carbon/moisture content.
Results of laboratory tests help ensure cement meets standards before use in construction projects.
Aggregate impact value Calculation And usesShahryar Amin
This document describes a test to determine the aggregate impact value (AIV) of coarse aggregates. The AIV test measures the percentage of fines created when aggregates are subjected to a specified amount of impact. The test involves sieving aggregates into different sizes, filling a metal cylinder 1/3 full with coarse aggregates, subjecting it to hammer blows, then determining the weight of particles that pass through a 2.36mm sieve. The AIV percentage is calculated using the weights before and after impact. An AIV below 50% indicates aggregates suitable for construction, while above 50% suggests poorer quality.
This document summarizes a student's experiment to determine the fineness of cement through sieve analysis. The student took three cement samples and weighed them before and after shaking them through a #200 sieve. The percentage of fineness was calculated for each sample and averaged. The average fineness of 75.67% was below the ASTM standard of 90%, indicating the cement cannot be used for concrete construction. Possible sources of error included insufficient shaking of the sieve and clogged sieve holes.
This document discusses the compressive strength of concrete. It defines compressive strength as the ability of a material to withstand pushing forces. Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension. The document describes how to test the compressive strength of concrete cube and cylinder specimens. It provides details on specimen size, curing, loading rate, and calculating compressive strength based on applied load divided by cross-sectional area.
The slump test is commonly used to measure the workability of concrete by determining the amount it subsides after a standardized cone-shaped mold is removed. The test involves filling the mold with concrete in layers and tamping it, then removing the mold and measuring the subsidence. There are three types of slump results: true slump is an even subsidence, shear slump is uneven with one side sliding down more, and collapse slump indicates a lean mix. Recommended slump ranges are provided for different types of construction.
This document summarizes a laboratory experiment conducted by civil engineering students at MUST to determine the crushing strength of a concrete aggregate sample. The experiment involved:
- Compacting an aggregate sample into a steel cylinder and subjecting it to a gradually increasing load in a compression testing machine according to British Standard 812.
- Sieving the crushed sample and calculating the aggregate crushing value (ACV) as the percentage of sample passing a 2.36mm sieve.
- The sample was found to have an ACV of 14.87%, indicating a "normal" quality aggregate suitable for use in road construction according to the standard.
The aggregate impact test evaluates the toughness and resistance of aggregates to sudden impact. The test involves compacting aggregates between 10-14mm in a metal cylinder, dropping a 13.5-14kg hammer onto the aggregates from 380mm, and sieving the crushed material. For the sample tested, Sample 1 had an aggregate impact value of 15% and Sample 2 had 22%, indicating Sample 1 is strong while Sample 2 is close to the maximum allowable limit for good aggregates. The aggregate impact value gives a measure of an aggregate's resistance to impact forces experienced on roads.
This document discusses flexural strength testing of materials. Flexural strength refers to a material's ability to resist deformation when bent or flexed. The flexural strength test involves placing a specimen on supports and applying a load at the center or at third points until failure. The flexural strength or modulus of rupture is calculated based on the maximum load at failure, and the dimensions and span of the specimen. Proper apparatus, loading rates, and procedures are required to accurately determine the flexural strength. Test results should report key details like specimen information, loading conditions, and failure mode.
Sieve Analysis of Fine & Coarse Aggregate | Jameel AcademyJameel Academy
This report summarizes the results of a sieve analysis test performed on samples of fine and coarse aggregates. Sieve analysis was used to determine the particle size distribution of each aggregate by separating particles via sieves with decreasing size openings. For the fine aggregate, the average size was found to be 0.6mm. For the coarse aggregate, the maximum size was found to be 13.2mm. While the calculations and procedures appeared to be performed correctly, the results did not fully meet specification limits, indicating the aggregates may not be suitable for the intended construction purpose without further processing or testing.
Subsoil exploration involves collecting soil data through field and laboratory investigations to assess soil properties at a site. The main objectives are to determine the nature, depth, thickness, and extent of soil strata as well as groundwater conditions and engineering properties. Methods include test pits, borings using augers or drilling, in-situ tests like SPT and CPT, and geophysical methods. Proper planning, execution, and reporting of the investigation are needed to provide reliable data to aid foundation design.
A slump test measures the workability of concrete by determining its slump class. The test involves filling a slump cone with concrete in layers, tamping each layer 25 times. The cone is then lifted vertically, and the slump is measured as the amount the concrete sinks down. A higher slump indicates more workable concrete with a higher water content. The slump test is carried out onsite when concrete is delivered to check its water content before pouring.
Compaction is the process of expelling air from freshly placed concrete to increase its density. It increases concrete's strength, bonding with reinforcement, and durability while decreasing permeability. Compaction can be done manually by rodding, ramming, or tamping, or mechanically by internal vibration using poker vibrators, external vibration of forms, or surface vibration of screed boards. Mechanical vibration is more efficient and allows placement in difficult areas with less water needed compared to manual methods. Proper compaction results in strong, dense concrete.
The document is a laboratory record from the Department of Civil Engineering at a government college. It contains details of various material testing experiments conducted in the lab, including procedures, observations, calculations, and results for tests like sieve analysis of aggregates, bulk density and specific gravity tests, aggregate crushing value, and aggregate impact value. The document serves to record the work done by students in the materials testing lab.
A review on different destructive methods to determine the compressive streng...IJERD Editor
Determination of the compressive strength of an existing masonry attracted the attention of many scientists and researchers around the world. Most of these researchers, scientists and engineers want to find the best way to obtain the compressive strength of masonry in situ with high accuracy, and less cost. There are many methods to determine the compressive strength of masonry. Some of these methods are destructive methods and others are non-destructive methods and others are partially destructive. Each one of these testing methods has advantages and disadvantages .this paper presents different destructive testing Methodsfor obtaining the compressive strength of an existing masonry. Testing procedure, the main advantages and the problems of each method are explored.
This document provides procedures for determining various properties of aggregates through laboratory experiments. It describes 15 experiments related to aggregate testing, including procedures to determine grain size distribution, bulk density, crushing value, impact value, and others. The grain size distribution experiment involves sieving samples of fine and coarse aggregates and calculating parameters like effective size and uniformity coefficient. The crushing value and impact value experiments involve compressing aggregate samples and measuring the amount of particles that break off to determine the aggregates' resistance to impact and crushing forces.
This document describes procedures for determining the Los Angeles abrasion value of aggregates. The test involves placing aggregate samples and steel balls into a rotating steel cylinder. The rotation causes the balls to abrade the aggregate particles. The percentage weight loss of the aggregates after a specified number of rotations is the Los Angeles abrasion value, which indicates the resistance of the aggregates to wear. The test is important because aggregates used in road surfaces need to withstand abrasion from vehicle traffic. The document provides details on the required apparatus, test samples, and step-by-step procedure.
Group 3 performed a test to determine the compressive strength of cement mortar cubes with different water-to-cement ratios. They mixed mortar with a 0.4 ratio and formed 3 cubes. After curing for 7 days, the cubes were tested. The average compressive strength was 6,283 PSI, slightly lower than expected likely due to improper tamping technique introducing air bubbles. Compared to other groups' cubes, the 0.4 ratio cubes did not show as high strength as predicted. Estimates for 14 and 28-day strengths were also calculated using standard equations.
Alpha Engineering Equipments was established in 1992. We are a leading trader, supplier and exporter of Surveying and Testing Equipment in Nagpur. Our range finds extensive application in accurately identifying angles, elevation and direction, and assessing bitumen, cement and soil. Apart from these, the range can also be used to test metals, concrete, tar, fuel, rubber, leather.
The document provides guidance on site sampling and testing of concrete, including procedures for sampling, slump testing, flow testing, making cubes, storing cubes, and safety information. The key points are:
1) Sampling should be done according to BS1881:Part 101 or BSEN 12350-1 by taking scoopfuls from four parts of the load and mixing in a bucket.
2) Slump testing involves mixing the sample, filling a cone in layers and rodding each layer, lifting the cone and measuring the slump distance.
3) Flow testing uses a similar process of filling a mould and tamping layers, but then lifts the mould and counts drops to measure spread
The document lists various construction materials and the tests performed on them. It provides the material or product tested, specific test conducted, test method, and range or limits of testing for each material. Some common materials tested include bricks, concrete, cement, aggregates, tiles, steel, and soils. Tests examine properties such as compressive strength, water absorption, density, hardness and grain size among others. The tests are carried out according to Indian standards to ensure the quality of construction materials meets specification requirements.
The document provides standards and limits for physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of aggregates used in concrete construction. It includes permissible limits for properties like grading, clay/organic content, absorption, specific gravity, shape, chlorides, sulphates, strength and abrasion resistance. Routine test methods and frequencies are also defined to ensure aggregate quality is monitored and maintained during concrete works. Requirements for stone pitching and gabion construction are briefly outlined.
1. The aggregate impact test determines a material's resistance to sudden shock or impact. Road stones must withstand pounding from traffic.
2. The test involves compacting aggregates between 10-12.5mm in a metal cylinder, subjecting it to 15 blows from a falling hammer, then sieving to determine the percentage passing a 2.36mm sieve.
3. The aggregate impact value is calculated as the percentage, by weight, of fines produced by the impact blows that pass through the 2.36mm sieve. A lower percentage indicates stronger aggregates that better resist impact.
1) The document reports on a laboratory experiment to test the compressive and tensile strengths of concrete. Cubes and cylinders were cured for 14 days and then tested.
2) The compressive strength of the cubes was found to be 19.11 N/mm2 on average, while the cylinders was 14.71 N/mm2. The ratio of 0.8 between cylinder and cube strengths was as expected.
3) The tensile strength was found to be 2.05 N/mm2, which is approximately 10% of the compressive strength of the cubes, showing that concrete is weaker in tension.
Concrete is made up of ingredients like Cement, Fine Aggregate (Sand), Coarse Aggregate, Water and admixtures. Concrete mix design is done to Optimize the requirements of Cement, Sand, Aggregate and Water in order to ensure that concrete parameters in both Plastic Stage (like workability) and in Hardened Stage (like Compressive Strength and durability) are achieved. The Concrete mix design is as per Indian Standards (IS 10262) and might vary from country to country. The nominal mix design ratios available for concrete less than M30 in strength are only thumb rules and are generally over designed. As the actual site conditions vary and the mix design should be adjusted as per the location and other factors.
This document provides a summary of a class lecture on masonry structures. It discusses the historical use of masonry in ancient civilizations and architectural styles. It also covers topics related to the properties and structural behavior of masonry, including compressive strength, elastic modulus, and the strength of unreinforced masonry bearing walls. Code specifications from the UBC and MSJC for determining masonry strength are presented.
1. Concrete strength is tested using cubes or cylinders according to standardized methods like ASTM C470. Compressive strength increases with lower water-cement ratio and full compaction.
2. Factors that affect concrete strength include water-cement ratio, degree of compaction, curing time, cement composition and fineness, aggregate properties like size and texture.
3. Common failure modes for cubes are non-explosive or explosive, while cylinders typically fail via splitting, shearing, or a combination. Tensile strength is about 10% of compressive strength.
This document describes procedures for conducting a compression test on concrete cubes to determine the ultimate crushing strength of concrete. It involves:
1. Preparing concrete cube specimens using a nominal mix ratio of 1:2:4 with a water-cement ratio of 0.65.
2. Allowing the cubes to cure for 28 days.
3. Testing the cubes in a compression testing machine to failure and recording the ultimate crushing load.
4. Calculating the ultimate crushing strength by dividing the failure load by the cross-sectional area of the cube.
This document describes the sieve analysis test of sand. The test involves sieving various sizes of sand particles through a series of sieves and calculating the percentage of sand retained on each sieve. This determines the particle size distribution. Well graded sand has a wide range of particle sizes, uniformly graded sand has similar sized particles, and gap graded sand is missing some sizes. The test procedure, equipment used, and results/conclusions are explained.
This document is a project report submitted by four students to fulfill the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Civil Engineering from Kakatiya University. The project investigates the effect of material proportions on the engineering properties of pervious concrete. It includes an introduction to pervious concrete, a literature review on previous studies of pervious concrete, and experimental testing and results analyzing the properties of pervious concrete mixes with varying material proportions. The report is presented to fulfill the students' degree requirements under the guidance of their project supervisor.
This document lists and describes various types of equipment used in a material testing lab. It includes sieves of different sizes for sieve analysis to determine particle size distribution of aggregates. It also describes a slump cone and procedure for concrete slump testing to measure workability. Other equipment described includes a balance, graduated beaker, calculator, molds, hydrometer, universal testing machine, concrete mixer, pressure gauge, tamping rod, thermometer, internal and external vibrators.
The document discusses various test methods for evaluating the quality of coarse aggregates used in hot mix asphalt, including tests to determine contaminants, angularity, toughness, and resistance to degradation. It describes tests for particle shape such as flat and elongated particles, percent crushed faces, and uncompacted voids. Newly developed methods using image analysis and semi-automated techniques are presented alongside traditional tests.
Aggregates are a combination of different sized stones used in construction. They are classified based on size, source, and density. Fine aggregates are less than 5mm while coarse aggregates are greater than 5mm. Natural aggregates come from sources like rivers while manufactured aggregates are crushed. Normal weight aggregates have densities from 1520-1680kg/m3 while lightweight aggregates are less than 1120kg/m3. Tests are conducted to determine properties like strength, hardness, durability and water absorption. Sieve analysis tests the grading and ensures a range of aggregate sizes are present.
Standard Penetration Test & Liquid Limit,Plasticity Limitgurjapsinghsomal
This document describes the procedure for conducting a standard penetration test (SPT). The SPT is commonly used to determine the properties of cohesionless soils that cannot be easily sampled. It involves driving a split spoon sampler into the ground using a 63.5 kg hammer dropped from a height of 0.75 m. The number of blows required to drive the sampler each 150 mm provides the standard penetration resistance value (N), which can indicate the relative density, shear strength, and compressibility of the soil. Corrections may be applied to N for certain soil types.
1) The document discusses methods for classifying soils through sieve analysis, liquid limit tests, and plastic limit tests. Sieve analysis is used to determine the grain size distribution of coarser soil particles, while hydrometer testing identifies finer particles.
2) The tests are used to classify soils based on properties like plasticity index and grain size distribution curve. This allows soils to be designated under specific categories in the Unified Soil Classification System.
3) Key measurements identified include D10, D30, D60 grain sizes, Cu and Cc values for grading, and liquid limit and plastic limit water contents for defining soil types.
The document provides details on various tests conducted on highway materials and soils, including aggregate impact value testing, water content determination, consistency limits testing, rebound hammer testing, and sand replacement testing. It describes the objectives, apparatus, procedures, observations, and calculations for each test. The tests are used to evaluate the properties and suitability of aggregates, soils, and concrete for use in highway and road construction projects.
index properties of soil, Those properties of soil which are used in the identification and classification of soil are known as INDEX PROPERTIES
Water content
Specific gravity
In-situ density
Particle size
Consistency
Relative Density
This document describes procedures for determining various index properties of soils through laboratory experiments. The first experiment involves determining the field density, dry density and moisture content of soil using the core cutter method. The second experiment involves sieve analysis to determine properties like fineness modulus, uniformity coefficient and coefficient of curvature. Subsequent experiments determine specific gravity, void ratio, porosity, field density by sand replacement method and Atterberg limits of the given soil sample. For each experiment, the aim, apparatus, procedure, observations and calculations are provided.
Geotechnical Engineering - Year 3 Lab Report.pdfIgnatius Shiundu
This document provides details of laboratory experiments conducted to determine various properties of soil, including:
1. The dry density of soil in situ using the sand replacement method. Testing yielded a dry density of 1.79 g/cm3.
2. The maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of soil through dynamic compaction, which were determined to be 1.85 g/cm3 and 11% respectively.
3. Particle size distribution through a hydrometer analysis, with procedures and apparatus described.
This document discusses various index properties of soil and methods for determining them. It describes determining the specific gravity of soil through different methods like the pycnometer bottle method. It also discusses determining the in-situ dry density of soil using a core cutter and discusses particle size analysis through sieve analysis and sedimentation analysis. The document also describes determining the consistency limits of fine-grained soils, including the liquid limit and plastic limit tests. It defines the relative density of soils and provides categories of soil denseness based on relative density percentages.
This document provides information on procedures for determining soil classification parameters through laboratory tests. It describes the liquid limit test, plastic limit test, and sieve analysis test. The liquid limit test determines the water content at which a soil behaves as a liquid. The plastic limit test finds the water content where a soil rod crumbles. Sieve analysis involves separating soil into grain sizes to determine classifications. The results of these tests are used to classify soils based on standards like the Unified Soil Classification System.
This document discusses soil mechanics and properties. It covers the origin and classification of soils, particle size distribution, indices like void ratio and specific gravity. Engineering properties like permeability, compressibility and shear strength are also mentioned. Different tests for soil classification like sieve analysis, hydrometer analysis, and Atterberg limits are described. Concepts of three phase diagrams, void ratio, porosity, degree of saturation and their relationships are explained. Engineering applications of void ratio are provided.
This document describes procedures to determine consistency limits of soils, including liquid limit, plastic limit, and shrinkage limit, according to IS codes. Key points:
1) The liquid limit is the water content at which a soil transitions from liquid to plastic state, defined as the water content required for a soil sample to flow together over 13mm after 25 blows.
2) The plastic limit is the water content at which a soil transitions from plastic to semi-solid state, defined as the minimum water content needed for a soil to be rolled into 3mm threads.
3) The shrinkage limit is the lowest water content at which a soil is fully saturated without changing volume during drying. Consistency limits are used
Determination of in situ density of soilSumanHaldar8
This document describes methods to determine the unit weight of soil. There are five types of unit weight: bulk, saturated, dry, submerged, and solid. The core cutter and sand replacement methods are explained. The core cutter method involves extracting a soil sample with a cutter, weighing it, and calculating bulk and dry unit weights. The sand replacement method involves using a calibrated container, pouring sand into an excavated hole to displace the soil, then weighing and calculating the soil's unit weight. Precautions for each method are provided.
This document discusses grain size analysis of soils, which determines the size distribution of particles in a soil sample. It describes two common methods: sieve analysis for particles larger than 0.075 mm and hydrometer analysis for smaller particles. Sieve analysis involves shaking a soil sample through a nested set of sieves to separate particles by size. A particle size distribution curve shows the percentage of particles finer than each size cutoff. Soil properties like effective size, uniformity, and gradation can be determined from this curve. Sieve analysis data is collected and a particle size distribution curve can be generated to classify the soil and assess its engineering properties.
The standard Proctor test is conducted to determine the optimum water content and maximum dry density of soil for compaction. Soil samples are compacted in layers in a standardized metal mold at different water contents using a rammer. The bulk density of each compacted sample is calculated and a curve is plotted of dry density versus water content. The water content corresponding to the highest dry density is the optimum water content. A penetration resistance test is also conducted using a Proctor needle to obtain the relationship between penetration resistance and water content.
Stabilization of black cotton soil by using plastic rfAnurupJena1
This document presents the results of various laboratory tests conducted on black cotton soil collected from Balugaon, Chilika in Odisha, India to characterize its engineering properties. The tests included liquid limit, plastic limit, specific gravity, standard proctor, CBR, and unconfined compression tests. The liquid limit of the soil was found to be 64.63%, plastic limit 46.67%, and specific gravity 2.73. Optimum moisture content from the standard proctor test was 27.6% and maximum dry density was 1.49 g/cm3. CBR values at 2.5mm and 5mm penetrations were 2.678832 and 2.134793 respectively. Unconf
This document provides information about sieve analysis and hydrometer analysis for determining the grain size distribution of soils. Sieve analysis is used to analyze the distribution of gravel and sand size particles, while hydrometer analysis is used for silt and clay size particles too small to be analyzed by sieves. The document describes the basic procedures and equipment used for each type of analysis, including stacking sieves of decreasing size and agitating soil-water suspensions to measure particle sedimentation rates. Combined sieve and hydrometer analysis can determine the full grain size distribution of soils containing particles of various sizes.
The document summarizes several experiments conducted to determine properties of cement and concrete materials:
1. The normal consistency of cement is determined by finding the water-cement ratio that allows a cement paste to penetrate 10±1mm in the Vicat apparatus. Two trials found ratios of 28% and 32% water were not normal consistent.
2. The initial and final setting times of cement are determined using a Vicat apparatus and found to be 120 minutes and 300 minutes respectively, meeting Ethiopian standards.
3. The silt content of sand is determined by allowing fines to settle in water, finding a sample had 8.333% silt, exceeding the 6% standard.
4. The work
This document provides information on mechanical analysis of soil, which involves determining the particle size distribution of soil through sieve analysis and hydrometer analysis. Sieve analysis involves shaking a soil sample through a nested set of sieves with progressively smaller openings to separate particles. Hydrometer analysis is used to determine the portion of soils smaller than 0.075mm. The document defines various soil particle sizes and provides an example of calculating particle size distribution, effective size, uniformity coefficient, and coefficient of gradation from sieve analysis results.
The document summarizes the properties of soil that are important for pavement design. It describes tests conducted to determine the soil's specific gravity, Atterberg limits, particle size distribution, optimum moisture content, maximum dry density, unconfined compressive strength, and permeability. The soil was found to have a liquid limit of 43%, plastic limit of 21%, and be classified as silt with 86% silt and 14% clay based on grain size analysis. The optimum moisture content was determined to be 14% with a maximum dry density of 1.72 g/cc. The unconfined compressive strength was also measured at different time intervals.
The document provides details on laboratory tests performed on cement and aggregates to determine their quality parameters. It describes procedures for determining the compressive strength, fineness, and setting time of cement. It also outlines tests to find the water absorption, impact value, abrasion value, flakiness index, and elongation index of aggregates used in construction. The tests are conducted according to Indian standards and provide important information about the strength and properties of materials used.
Construction Materials and Engineering - Module IV - Lecture NotesSHAMJITH KM
The document discusses various basic components of building construction including substructure, superstructure, foundation, plinth, beams, columns, walls, arches, roofs, slabs, lintels, parapets, staircases, doors, windows and other elements. It provides descriptions of each component, their functions and materials typically used. Foundations discussed include isolated spread footing, wall/strip footing, combined footing, cantilever/strap footing and mat/raft footing for shallow foundations and pile, well/caisson and pier foundations for deep foundations. Flooring materials and requirements are also summarized along with technical terms for doors and windows.
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This document provides information on various construction materials including paints, plastics, rubber, and aluminum. It discusses the ingredients, properties, types, and applications of paints. It also outlines the classification, characteristics, uses, advantages, and limitations of plastics. Details are provided on types of rubber like natural and synthetic rubber. Applications of aluminum in construction are also mentioned.
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This document provides information on various construction materials used in building, including their classification and properties. It discusses stones, classified as igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic based on their geological formation. Bricks and tiles are described as clay products manufactured through processes of preparation, moulding, drying and burning. The characteristics of good building stones and various stone varieties are also summarized.
Computing fundamentals lab record - PolytechnicsSHAMJITH KM
The document is a lab record for a computing fundamentals course. It contains instructions for students on proper lab conduct and procedures. It also outlines 25 experiments to be completed, covering topics like computer hardware, operating systems, word processing, spreadsheets, programming, and calculations. General instructions are provided for safety and proper use of equipment in the computing lab.
Cement is a binding agent that undergoes hydration when mixed with water. There are various types of cement including ordinary Portland cement (OPC), rapid hardening cement, and sulphate resisting cement. Cement provides early strength through C3S and later strength through C2S. Heat is generated during cement hydration through an exothermic reaction. Proper storing, grading of aggregates, minimizing segregation, and adding admixtures can improve the properties of concrete.
നബി(സ)യുടെ നമസ്കാരം - രൂപവും പ്രാര്ത്ഥനകളുംSHAMJITH KM
- \_n(k) regularly led prayers and provided guidance during prayer gatherings.
- He taught to pray with humility and focus, avoiding idle thoughts or actions that distract from prayer.
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Design of simple beam using staad pro - doc fileSHAMJITH KM
The document describes designing a simple beam using STAAD.Pro software. It involves generating the beam geometry, applying loads and supports, analyzing the beam, and reviewing the results, which include the loading diagram, shear force diagram, bending moment diagram, deflection pattern, input file, concrete takeoff, and concrete design details. The key steps are 1) creating the beam model in STAAD.Pro, 2) applying the loading and support conditions, 3) analyzing the beam, and 4) reviewing the output results.
The document describes designing a simple beam using STAAD.Pro software. It involves generating the beam geometry, applying loads and supports, analyzing the beam, and designing the beam for concrete. Key steps include assigning the beam properties, applying a fixed support at one end and distributed and point loads, obtaining the loading diagram, shear force and bending moment diagrams, and running the concrete design. The output includes structural drawings, input files, concrete takeoff, and beam design details.
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This document provides an overview of Python programming. It begins with an introduction and outlines topics to be covered including what Python is, its features, basics of syntax, importing, input/output functions, and more. Various Python concepts and code examples are then presented throughout in areas such as data types, operators, decision making with if/else statements, loops (for and while), functions, and classes. Examples include calculating square roots, the volume of a cylinder, checking for prime numbers, and a multiplication table. The document serves as teaching material for a Python programming course.
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This document contains questions and answers related to Computer Aided Drafting (CAD). It defines key CAD terms like AutoCAD, CAD, CADD and lists common CAD software packages. It describes the applications of CAD and shortcuts for common AutoCAD commands. The document also discusses CAD concepts like layers, blocks, arrays, rendering and perspectives. It provides standard paper sizes and outlines the model procedure for creating a CAD drawing in AutoCAD.
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This is an overview of my current metallic design and engineering knowledge base built up over my professional career and two MSc degrees : - MSc in Advanced Manufacturing Technology University of Portsmouth graduated 1st May 1998, and MSc in Aircraft Engineering Cranfield University graduated 8th June 2007.
An In-Depth Exploration of Natural Language Processing: Evolution, Applicatio...DharmaBanothu
Natural language processing (NLP) has
recently garnered significant interest for the
computational representation and analysis of human
language. Its applications span multiple domains such
as machine translation, email spam detection,
information extraction, summarization, healthcare,
and question answering. This paper first delineates
four phases by examining various levels of NLP and
components of Natural Language Generation,
followed by a review of the history and progression of
NLP. Subsequently, we delve into the current state of
the art by presenting diverse NLP applications,
contemporary trends, and challenges. Finally, we
discuss some available datasets, models, and
evaluation metrics in NLP.
Better Builder Magazine brings together premium product manufactures and leading builders to create better differentiated homes and buildings that use less energy, save water and reduce our impact on the environment. The magazine is published four times a year.
We have designed & manufacture the Lubi Valves LBF series type of Butterfly Valves for General Utility Water applications as well as for HVAC applications.
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Networking is a telecommunications network that allows computers to exchange data. In
computer networks, networked computing devices pass data to each other along data
connections. Data is transferred in the form of packets. The connections between nodes are
established using either cable media or wireless media.
A high-Speed Communication System is based on the Design of a Bi-NoC Router, ...DharmaBanothu
The Network on Chip (NoC) has emerged as an effective
solution for intercommunication infrastructure within System on
Chip (SoC) designs, overcoming the limitations of traditional
methods that face significant bottlenecks. However, the complexity
of NoC design presents numerous challenges related to
performance metrics such as scalability, latency, power
consumption, and signal integrity. This project addresses the
issues within the router's memory unit and proposes an enhanced
memory structure. To achieve efficient data transfer, FIFO buffers
are implemented in distributed RAM and virtual channels for
FPGA-based NoC. The project introduces advanced FIFO-based
memory units within the NoC router, assessing their performance
in a Bi-directional NoC (Bi-NoC) configuration. The primary
objective is to reduce the router's workload while enhancing the
FIFO internal structure. To further improve data transfer speed,
a Bi-NoC with a self-configurable intercommunication channel is
suggested. Simulation and synthesis results demonstrate
guaranteed throughput, predictable latency, and equitable
network access, showing significant improvement over previous
designs
1. CONTENTS
Ex No. Date
Name of Experiments
Page No. Grade Initials
1
Grain size distribution of fine &
coarse aggregates
2
Bulk density, Voids ratio, Porosity
& Specific gravity
3
Bulking of sand
4
Aggregate crushing value
5
Aggregate impact value
6
Fineness of cement
7
Normal consistency of cement
8
Initial &final setting time of cement
9
Compressive strength of cement
10
Test on timber beam
11
Compressive strength of bricks
2. GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF FINE &
COARSE AGGREGATES
Experiment No: 1
Date:
AIM:
To determine the particle size distribution of fine and coarse aggregates.
GENERAL:
The aggregate most of which passes IS: 4.75 mm sieve is classified as fine
aggregate. The fine aggregates obtained from natural disintegration of rocks and
deposited by streams are known as natural sands. Fine aggregates resulting from
crushing of hard stone are known as crushed sand.
The aggregate most of which is retained on IS 4.75 mm sieve is classified as
coarse aggregate. This may be in the form of uncrushed gravel or stone resulting from
natural disintegration of rocks. Crushed gravel or stone is obtained by crushed gravel or
hard stone.
Sieve analysis is carried out for the determination of fine and coarse aggregates
by sieving or screening. Sieves of size 80 mm, 40mm, 20mm, 10 mm, 4.75 mm, 2.36
mm, 1.18 mm, 600 micron, 300 micron &150 micron confirming to IS: 460.
APPARATUS:
a) Balance: -The balance shall be such that it is readable and accurate to 0.1% of
the weight of the test sample.
b) Sieves:- sieves of the sizes given in table 1 & 2 confirming to
IS: 460-1962 shall be used.
3. PROCEDURE:
Take 1 kg of air-dry sample of the fine aggregate (2 kg of coarse aggregate) and sieve
successively on the appropriate sieves starting with the largest. Care shall be taken to
ensure that the sieves are clean before use. Each sieve shall be taken separately over a
clear tray until not more than a trace passes, but in any case for a period of not less than
2 minutes. If a mechanical sieve shaker is used, arrange the set of sieves in the order of
their aperture sizes in such a way that the sieve having smallest opening comes at the
bottom and a minimum of 10 minutes sieving will be required. Weigh the aggregate
retained in each sieve . Draw a graph taking logarithm (Log 10 ) of aperture size of the
sieve on the X-axis and % finer on the Y-axis.
Reporting of results: -
The result shall be calculated and reported as follows
The sieve opening corresponding to 10% passing (D10) gives effective size.
The ratio of sieve opening corresponding to 60% (D60) to sieve opening
corresponding to 10% passing (D10) gives uniformity coefficient.
The sum of the cumulative % retained in each of the sieves divided by 100 gives the
fineness modulus of the aggregate.
Grading zone can be determined by plotting a graph with logarithm of aperture size
of the sieves versus % finer according to value given in table 3.
4. OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS: -
Coarse Aggregate
Weight of coarse aggregate used for sieving = ……………Kg
IS Sieve
size
Wt.Retained
(gm)
%Wt
Retained
Cumulative
%
Wt.Retained
%Wt.
passing
Remarks
20 mm
10 mm
4.75 mm
2.36 mm
1.18 mm
600 micron
300 micron
150 micron
Residue
Check
Table 1, sieve analysis of coarse aggregate
Fine aggregate
Weight of fine aggregate used for sieving = ………..…Kg
IS Sieve
size
Wt.Retained
(gm)
%Wt
Retained
Cumulative %
Wt.Retained
%Wt.
passing
Remarks
4.75 mm
2.36 mm
1.18 mm
600 micron
300 micron
150 micron
Residue
Check
Table 2, sieve analysis of fine aggregate
SPECIFICATION FOR FINE AGGREGATE
(IS: 383-1970)
IS Sieve
Percentage passing
Grading zone I Grading zone II Grading zone III Grading zone IV
10 mm 100 100 100 100
4.75 mm 90-100 90-100 90-100 95-100
5. 2.36 mm 60-95 75-100 85-100 95-100
1.18 mm 30-70 55-90 75-100 90-100
600 micron 15-34 35-59 60-79 80-100
300 micron 05-20 08-30 12-40 15-50
150 micron 00-10 00-10 00-10 00-15
Table: 3-values for grading zones
RESULTS: -
Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate
1.Effective size (D10) mm
2.Uniformity coefficient (D60/D10)
3.Fineness modulus
4.Grading zone
DISCUSSIONS: -
(Discuss about the grading curves obtained. What is the average size of Fine
aggregate and Coarse aggregate in the given sample?)
BULK DENSITY, VOID RATIO, POROSITY
AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Experiment No. 2
Date:
AIM:
To determine the bulk density, void ratio, porosity and specific gravity of the
given fine and coarse aggregates in loose and compact states.
6. GENERAL:
In estimating quantities of materials and in mix computations, when batching is
done on a volumetric basis, it is necessary to know the conditions under which the
aggregate volume is measured viz (a) loose or compact (b) dry or damp. For general
information and for comparisons of different aggregates, the standard conditions are
dry and compact. For scheduling volumetric batch quantities the unit weight in the
loose, damp state should be known.
Bulk density (unit weight) is the weight of a unit volume of aggregate, which is
usually expressed in kg. per litre.
Void ratio refers to the spaces between the aggregate particles. Numerically this
void space is the difference between the gross or overall volume of the aggregate and
the space occupies by the aggregate particles alone. Void ratio is calculated as the ratio
between the volume of voids and volume of solids.
Porosity is the ratio between the volume of voids and the total volume.
Specific gravity of aggregate is the ratio of the specific weight of aggregate and
specific weight of water.
APPARATUS:
a) A balance sensitive of 0.5% of the weight of sample to be weighed.
b) A cylindrical container having sufficient capacity.
c) A tamping rod of 16 mm diameter and 60mm long rounded at one end.
d) A measuring jar.
PROCEDURE: -
Take the weight of the cylindrical container (W1). Fill water in the container up to the
brim and find the weight (W2). From these two, calculate the volume of the container
(V1). Fill the given sample of aggregate 1/3rd
full in the container and give 25 strokes
with the rounded end of the tamping rod. Fill the container to overflowing by filling in
the same manner as above in two steps. Remove the surplus aggregate using the
tamping rod as a straight edge. Take the weight of the container with the aggregate
(W3). Add measured quantity of water to the aggregate in the container slowly until the
voids are completely filled with water. Note the volume of water added (V2), (To
7. verify the value of V2, take the weight of the container with aggregate and water and
find the weight of water added).
For loose aggregate.
Fill the container to overflowing by means of a shovel, the aggregate being
discharged from a height not exceeding 50mm above the top of the container. Level the
surface of the aggregate with a straight edge. Obtain the weight of the aggregate.
Repeat the same procedure used for compacted aggregate to ascertain the other
quantities.
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS: -
Sl.
No.
Particulars
Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate
Loose Compact Loose Compact
1 Weight of Container (W1) kg
2
Weight of Container +Water
(W2) kg
3
Weight of Container +
Aggregate (W3) kg
4 Volume of container (V1) lit
8. 5
Volume of Water added
=Volume of voids (V2) lit
6
Weight of Aggregate
(W3-W1)
7 Volume of Solids (V1-V2))
8
Bulk density =
Wt. of Aggregate
Total volume of aggregate
9
Void ratio = Volume of voids
Volume of solids
10
Porosity = Volume of voids
Total volume of aggregate
11
Sp. Wt. of aggregate =
Wt. of Aggregate
Volume of aggregate
12
Specific gravity =
Sp. Wt. of aggregate
Sp. Wt. of water
RESULTS:
Sl
NO
Parameters
Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate Remarks
Loose Compact Loose Compact
1 Bulk density (kg/litre)
2 Void ratio
3 Porosity
4 Specific gravity
DISCUSSION:
(Compare the values with the usual value of the aggregates recommended for normal
concreting work)
9. BULKING OF SAND
Experiment No: 3
Date:
AIM:
To determine the bulking characteristics of given sand.
GENERAL: -
The free moisture content of fine aggregate results in bulking of volume. Free
moisture forms a film around each particle. This film of moisture exerts surface tension,
which keeps the neighboring particles away from it. Hense no point of contact is
possible between the particles. This causes bulking of the volume .The extent of
bulking will depend upon the percentage of moisture content and particle size of the
fine aggregate. Bulking increases with the increase in moisture content up to a certain
10. limit and beyond that, further increase in moisture content results in the decrease in
volume.
Sand brought to work site may contain an amount of moisture, which will cause
bulking. When it is loosely filled into a measuring container, it occupies larger volume
than it would occupy if dry. Hence if sand intend to use in a concrete mix is a measure
by loose volume, it will be necessary to increase the volume of sand by ‘percentage
bulking’. Otherwise the yield of concrete will be reduced and the mix becomes
deficient in sand and the aggregate is prone to segregation resulting in honey-combing
of concrete.
APPARATUS: -
Measuring jar, balance, scale and porcelain bowl.
PROCEDURE: -
Take about 200ml. of dry sand from the sample and find its weight. Add water at 2%
by weight of dry sand and mix it thoroughly by hand. Pour the damp sand into the
measuring jar and consolidate it by shaking. Level the top surface using the scale. Note
its volume (V). Repeat the test with different % of water. Finally pour water into the
measuring jar containing the moist sand until the water just submerge the sand
completely. Note the volume of sand (V0). Calculate the % bulking using the formula.
Percentage bulking = V- V0 × 100
V0
Draw the Percentage bulking versus moisture content curve and find the maximum
Percentage bulking and corresponding moisture content.
RESULT:-
1. Maximum percentage of bulking =
2. Moisture content at maximum bulking =
DISCUSSION: -
12. AGGREGATE CRUSHING VALUE
Experiment No: 4
Date:
AIM:-
To determine the aggregate crushing value of the given coarse aggregate.
GENERAL: -
The aggregate crushing value gives a relative measure of the resistance of an
aggregate to crushing under a gradually applied compressive load. Crushing value is
defined as the ratio of fines passing a standard sieve produced by crushing under
standard condition to the weight of coarse aggregate expressed as a percentage.
Aggregate crushing values as determined by the IS code method shall not
exceed 30 for aggregate to be used for making concrete for wearing surface such as
roads and runways and 45 for uses other than wearing surface.
13. APPARATUS: -
An open-ended 150mm cylindrical cell with appropriate base plate and metal
tamping rod 16mm diameter 45cm long rounded at one end. A balance of capacity 5kg,
IS sieves 12.5mm, 10mm and 2.36mm, compression testing machine capable of
applying a load of 40T and which can be operated to give a uniform rate of loading so
that a maximum load of 40T is reached in 10 minutes.
PROCEDURE: -
Take required quantity of aggregate passing on a 12.5mm sieve and retained on
a 10mm sieve. When aggregate of the required size is not available, test may be
conducted on the available sample, the specifications for cylinder and sieve separating
the fines may be taken from IS: 2386-1963. The aggregate should be in a saturated
surface dry condition. Fill the test sample of aggregates in the cylinder in thirds, each
part being subjected to 25 strokes from the tamping rod. Take the weight of the test
sample (A) after leveling the surface of the aggregate and insert the plunger sot that at
rests horizontally on the surface of the aggregates. Place the apparatus with the test
sample and the plunger between the platens of the testing machine and apply the load
fairly at uniform rate so that the total load of 40T reaches in 10 minutes.
Release the load and remove the material from the cylinder and sieve it through
2.36mm sieve. Collect and weigh the fraction passing the sieve (B). Aggregate
crushing value can be calculated as (B/A) x 100.
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:-
Weight of dry sample passing through IS 12.5mm sieve and retained on
IS 10mm sieve (A) =
Weight of aggregate passing through the IS 2.36mm
Sieve after the test (B) =
Aggregate crushing value =
14. RESULT: -
Aggregate crushing value for standard size aggregate =
DISCUSSION: -
(Discussion the suitability of aggregate for construction)
AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE
Experiment No: 5
Date:
AIM: -
To determine the impact value of the given aggregates.
GENERAL:-
The property of a material to resist impact is known as toughness. Due to
movement of vehicles on the road aggregates are subjected to impact resulting in their
breaking down into smaller pieces. The aggregates should therefore have sufficient
toughness to resist their disintegration due to impact. This characteristic is measured by
impact value test. The aggregate impact value is a measure of resistance to sudden
15. impact or shock, which may differ from its resistance to gradually applied compressive
load.
APPARATUS: -
The apparatus of the aggregate impact value test as per IS: 2386 (Part IV) 1963
consists of:
(i) A testing machine weighing 45 to 60 kg and having a metal base with a
plane lower surface of not less than 30cm in diameter. It is supported on
level and plane concrete floor of minimum 450mm thickness. The
machine should also have provisions for fixing its base.
(ii) A cylindrical steel cup of internal diameter 102mm, depth 50mm and
minimum thickness 6.3mm.
(iii) A metal hammer weighing 13.5 to 14 kg the lower end is cylindrical in
shape, is 50mm long, 100mm in diameter with a 2mm chamfer at the
lower edge and case hardened. The hammer should slide freely between
vertical guides and be concentric with the cup. The free fall of the
hammer should be within 380+ 5mm
(iv) A cylindrical metal measure having internal diameter of 75mm and
depth 50mm for measuring aggregates.
(v) Tamping rod 10mm in diameter and 230mm long rounded at one end.
(vi) A balance of capacity not less than 500g readable and accurate up to
0.1g.
PROCEDURE:-
Take 300g dried aggregate which passes through 12.5mm IS: sieve and retained
in 10mm IS: sieve. Pour the aggregate to fill about 1/3 depth of measuring cylinder and
give 25 blows using the rounded end of the tamping rod. Add two more layers in
similar manner to fill the mould completely. Strike of the surplus aggregates and takes
the weight of aggregates to nearest grams (W1). Fix the cup firmly in position on the
base of machine and place whole of the test sample in it and compact by giving 25
gentle strokes with tamping rod. Raise the hammer until its lower face is 380mm above
the surface of the aggregate sample in the cup and allow it to fall freely on the
aggregate sample. Give 15 such blows at an interval of not less than 1 second between
successive falls. Remove the crushed aggregates from the cup and sieve it through 2.36
mm IS: sieve until no further significant amount passes in one minute. Weigh the
16. fraction passing the sieve to an accuracy of 1g (W2). Also weigh the fraction retained in
the sieve. Aggregate impact value can be calculated as aggregate impact value =
(W2/W1) x 100 and should be expressed as a nearest whole number.
The following precautions should be taken while conducting the test.
(i) The plunger should be placed centrally so that it falls directly on the
aggregate sample and does not touch the walls of the cylinder in the
order to ensure that the entire load is transmitted on to the aggregates.
(ii) In the operation of sieving the aggregates through 2.36mm IS sieve, the
sum of the weights of the fraction retained and passing the sieve should
not differ from the original weight of the specimen by more than 1g.
(iii) The tamping is to be done properly by gently dropping the tamping rod
and not by hammering action. Also the tamping should be uniform over
the surface of the aggregate taking care that the tamping rod does not
frequently strike against the walls of the mould.
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:-
Total weight of dry sample (W1) =
Weight of portion passing IS 2.36mm sieve (W2) =
Aggregate impact value = (W2/W1) X100
RESULT: -
Aggregate impact value =
DISCUSSION: -
(Discuss the suitability of the aggregate for road construction)
17. FINENESS OF CEMENT
Experiment No:-6
Date:
AIM :
To determine the Finess of cement by dry sieving
GENERAL:
Fines of cement has significant role on the rate of hydration and on the rate of
evolution of heat. Cement which is more finely ground hardened more rapidly and
has a higher rate of heat evolution at early ages. Greater finesses improves the
cohesiveness of concrete mix and quality of water rising to the surface of concrete
known as bleeding, is reduced.
Shrinkage cracking is related to the rate of development of strength of concrete. In
general, cement which gains more strength rapidly are more subjected to cracking.
18. Increasing the fineness of any particular cement, raises its rate of development of
strength and so indirectly increases the risk of shrinkage crack formation.
APPARATUS :
IS 90 micron sieve, weighing balance with a sensitivity of 0.1 gm.
PROCEDURE :
Weigh 100gm. of given sample of cement. Place it on a standard IS 90 micron
sieve. Breaking down any air set lumps in the cement sample with finger. Continuously
sieve the sample with a gently wrist motion for a period of, rotating the sieve
continuously throughout the sieving. Weigh the residue after 15 minutes of sieving.
Repeat the procedure for two more such samples.
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS:
Weight of cement taken =
Weight of residue after 15 minutes of sieving =
RESULTS :
Fineness of cement of dry sieving =
DISCUSSION :
(Discuss the quality of the given sample of cement by comparing with IS
specifications.)
20. NORMAL CONSISTENCY OF CEMENT
Experiment No:7
Date:
AIM:-
To determine the normal consistency of the given sample of cement.
GENERAL:-
Since different batches of cement differ in fineness, pastes with the same water
content may differ in consistency when first mixed. For this reason the consistency of
the paste is standardized by varying the water content until the paste has a given
resistance to penetration when it is first mixed.
Consistency is a state of flow and varies with the amount of water added to the
given quantity of cement. More water increases the plasticity of the mortar to flow
whereas reducing its quantity in the paste makes it hard and stiff. The normal
21. consistency of a cement paste is defined as that consistency which will permit the Vicat
plunger to penetrate to a point 5 to 7 mm from the bottom of Vicat mould when the
cement paste is tested. The value of the amount of water required to prepare a paste of
normal consistency is necessary for conducting other tests such as tensile test,
soundness test, setting time test and compressive strength test.
APPARATUS:-
Vicat’s apparatus with Vicat’s plunger, weighing balance, stop watch,
measuring jar, glass plates and porcelain bowl.
PROCEDURE:-
Take 400g of cement and break air set lumps of cement if any by hand. Add
water about 20 percentage by weight of cement. Start a stopwatch when water is added
to the dry cement. Prepare the cement paste such that the gauging time is not less than 3
minutes nor greater than 5 minutes. The gauging time is counted from the time of
adding water to the dry cement until commencing to fill the mould. Fill the mould
completely and during filling shake the mould slightly to expel air. After filling level
the surface of the mould. Place the mould with the test block with non-porous plate
under the plunger. Lower the plunger gently to touch the surface of the test block and
release it quickly. Note the reading on the scale. Prepare the trial pastes with varying
percentages of water until the amount of water necessary for making up the normal
consistency as defined is found.
RESULT:
Normal consistency of cement =
DISCUSSION:
24. AIM:
To determine the initial and final setting time of cement.
GAENERAL:
It is essential that cement set neither too rapidly nor too slowly. In the first case
there might be insufficient time to transport and place the concrete before it becomes
too rigid. In the second case too long a setting time tends to slow up the work unduly
and it might postpone the actual use of structure because of inadequate strength at the
desired age. As per IS: 4081-1968 the setting time of cements when tested by Vicat
apparatus are as follows.
Particulars
Ordinary Portland
cement
Rapid hardening
cement
Low heat
cement
1. Initial setting time
in minutes (not
less than)
30 30 60
2. Final setting time
in minutes (not
greater than ) 600 600 600
APPARATUS:
Vicat’s apparatus with needles, weighing balance, stopwatch, measuring jar, porcelain
bowl.
PROCEDURE:
Take 400gm. of cement and prepare a neat cement past with 0.85 times of water
required for normal consistency. The preparation of test block for the test is same as
that for the normal consistency test. Start a stopwatch when water is added to the dry
cement. Place the test block confined in the mould and resting on the non-porous plate
25. below the needle of the Vicat apparatus. Lower the needle gently to touch the surface
of the test block and release quickly. In the beginning the needle completely pierces the
test block. Repeat this procedure until the needle pierces the block by 5 ± 0.5mm
measured from the bottom of the mould. The period elapsing between the time when
water is added to the cement and the time at which the needle fails to pierce the test
block by 5 ± 0.5mm is the initial setting time.
For determining the final setting time, replace the needle of Vicat apparatus by
the needle with an annular attachment. The cement is considered finally set when upon
applying the final setting needle gently to the surface of the test block, the needle makes
an impression thereon, while the attachment fails to do so. The period elapsing
between the time when water id added to the cement and the time at which the needle
make an impression on the surface of the test block while the attachment fails to do so
shall be the final setting time. In the event of a scum forming on the surface of the test
block, use underside of the test block for the determination of final setting time.
RESULT:
Initial setting time of the given sample =
Final setting time of the given sample =
DISCUSSION:
(Discuss the quality of the given sample of cement comparing with IS
specifications)
OBSERVATIONS:
INITIAL SETTING TIME OF CEMENT
Type of cement =
26. Weight of cement =
Quality of water added =
SL NO Time Reading(mm) Remarks
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CEMENT
EXPERIMENY NO.9
Date :
27. AIM :
To determine the compressive strength of given sample of cement.
GENERAL :
The mechanical strength of hardened cement is the property of material that is
needed in the structural designs. The strength of cement is usually determined from
tests on mortar made with cement. The compressive strength of cement is determined as
represented by compressive strength tests on mortar cubes prepared by standard
method.
APPARATUS :
Moulds for the cube specimens of 50 cm2
face area, vibrating machine,
compression testing machine, apparatus for gauging and mixing mortar etc.
PROCEDURE :
The test specimen shall be in the form of cubes having of face area equal to 50
cm2
made of cement mortar 1:3 .In assembling the mould ready for use, cover the joint
between the halves of the mould and between the contact surface of the bottom of the
mould and base plate with a thin film of petroleum jelly, in order to ensure that no
water escapes during vibration. Coat the interior faces of the mould with thin coat of
mineral oil. Place the assembled mould on the table of the vibration machine and firmly
hold it in position by means of suitable clamp.
The material for each cube shall be cement W1 =200 gm
P +3
Standard sand W2 =3W1= 600 gm, water = 4 (W1+W2) g, where p is the
100
Percentage of water for standard consistency.
Place the mixture of cement and standard sand in a non-porous plate. Mix dry with
a trowel for one minute and add the required quantity of water and mix until the
mixture is of uniform colour. The mixing time should not exceed 4 minutes and should
not be less than 3 minutes.
28. Immediately after mixing the mortar fill it in the cube mould and rod 20 times with
a rod in three layers. Place the remaining quantity of mortar in the hopper of the cube
moulds and pressed it again and then compact the mortar by vibration. The period of
vibration shall be 2 minutes at the specified rate of 12000+ 400 vibrations per minutes.
At the end of the vibration remove the mould together with the base plate from the
machine and finish the top surface of the cube in the mould by smoothing the surface
with the blade of the trowel.
Keep the filled mould at a temperature of 27 + 20
C in an atmosphere of at least
90% relative humidity for 24 hrs. At the end of the period remove them from the
moulds and immediately submerge in fresh water and keep there until taken out just
prior to testing.
TESTING OF MORTAR CUBES
Test 3 cubes for compressive strength at the period mentioned in the IS
specification. The cubes are tested on their sides without any packing. The load shall be
readily and uniformly applied at the rate of 350kg / cm2
/ min.
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS
Weight of cement for one cube = 200g
Weight of sand = 600g
Weight of water for one cube =
Area of the cube face =
RESULT:
The average value of compressive strength of cement sand mortar cubes at
(i) 3days =
29. (ii) 7days =
DISCUSSION:
(Discuss (i) standard sand (ii) the quality of the given sample of cement)
Sample
no
At 3 days age At 7 days age
Load Compressive
Strength
Average
Compressive
Load Compressive
Strength
Average
Compressive
30. Strength Strength
(N) (N/mm2
) (N/mm2
) (N) (N/mm2
) (N/mm2
)
1
2
3
TEST ON TIMBER BEAM
Experiment No:-10
Date:
AIM :
To determine the following properties of the timber specimen by conducting static
bending test.
31. 1) Fibre stress at limit of proportionality
2) Modulus of rupture.
3) Modulus of elasticity
4) Elastic resilience.
GENERAL :
Standard size of specimen is 5 x 5 x 75 cm with 70 cm span. Where a standard
specimen cannot be obtain the dimensions of the test specimen shall be such as to
make the span l = 14 times the depth. Central deflections shall be measured at load
intervals of 50 kg.
EQUIPMENT :
30T U. T. M,Scale.
PROCEDURE :
Measure the size of the specimen and fix the span. Assuming the
maximum fibre stress ‘f ‘ (say 1000 kg / cm2
) calculate the maximum central (W) the
specimen can carry.
M = wl = f Z, hence W = 4 f Z
4 l
where M is Maximum B.M
Z is the section modulus = bd2
where ‘b ‘and ‘d ‘ are the breadth and
6
depth of the specimen.
Select a suitable loading range and adjust the machine for that range. Mount the
beam supports over the cross head at correct span and place the specimen, fix the
special loading device to the cylinder device at top. Start the motor and slowly open the
inlet valve until the ram is floated. Adjust the pointer to the zero reading, raise the cross
head the central loading device just touches the top of the beam specimen .Adjust the
deflection dial to zero reading. Now slowly load the specimen opening the inlet value
32. and note deflections corresponding to the load increments until the specimen fails. Also
note the maximum load .Now draw load deflection curve. Determine the slope of the
straight line portion of the graph (P1)
∆
OBSERVATIOS :
Load, kg
Central
deflection,mm
1. Span of the test specimen l (mm) =
2. Breadth of the test specimen b (mm) =
3. Depth of the test specimen d (mm) =
4. section modulus = bd2
(mm3
) =
6
5. Moment of inertia I = bd3 (mm4
) =
12
6. Load at limit of proportionality P (N) =
7.Maximum load P1
(N) =
33. 8. Fibre stress at limit of proportionality = Pl (N/mm2
) =
4Z
9. Equivalent Fibre stress at Maximum
load = = P1
l (N/mm2
) =
4Z
10. Modulus of elasticity , =P1
l3
/48I∆ (N/mm2
) =
11. Elastic resilience, work to limit of proportionalty/volume =
RESULT :
1. Fibre stress at limit of proportionality =
2. Modulus of rupture =
3. Modulus of elasticity , =
4. Elastic resilience, =
DISCUSSION :
(Discuss the quality of the given timber.)
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF BRICKS
EXPERIMENT NO.11
Date :
AIM
To determine the compressive strength of the given sample of brick.
34. GENERAL :
Bricks are generally subjected to compression and rarely to tension. The usual
crushing strength of common hand moulded well burnt bricks is about 5 to 10 N/mm2
varying according to the nature of preparation of the clay.
APPARATUS:
A compression testing machine.
PROCEDURE :
Take 5 bricks, remove unevenness observed in the bed face to provide two
smooth parallel faces by grinding. Immerse the bricks in water at room temperature for
24 hours. Take out the specimen from water and drain out any surplus moisture at room
temperature. Fill the frog (if provided) and all voids in the bed face flush with cement
mortar. Remove and wipe out any traces of moisture.
Place the specimen with flat faces horizontal and mortar filled face facing
upwards between two 3-plywood sheet each of 3 mm thickness and carefully cantered
between plates of the testing machine. Apply an axial load at a uniform rate 14 N/mm2
Per minute till failure and note the maximum load at failure.
RESULT:
Average compressive strength of brick =
DISCUSSION :
(Discussion the quality of the given sample of bricks).
OBSEVATION AND CALCULATIONS
Brick No Dimensions of
the brick
(LxBxD ) mm
Average area
of the bed face
mm2
Maximum
load at
failure(N)
Compressive
strength
(N/mm2
)
1
2
3
4
35. 5
Maximum Load of failure
Compressive strength = _________________________
Average area of the bed face