This document provides an overview of tacheometric surveying. It discusses the principles and methods of tacheometry including the stadia, fixed hair, movable hair, and tangential methods. Formulas are provided for calculating horizontal distance, vertical distance, and elevation using each method. The key principles are that tacheometry uses trigonometric relationships based on intercepts measured through a stadia diaphragm to determine horizontal and vertical distances between instrument and target stations.
This document provides information about tacheometry, which is a method of surveying that determines horizontal and vertical distances from instrumental observations. It discusses how tacheometry can be used when obstacles make traditional surveying difficult. The key aspects covered include:
- Defining tacheometry and the measurements it provides
- When tacheometry is advantageous over other surveying methods
- The instruments used, including tacheometers and levelling rods
- How horizontal and vertical distances are calculated using constants
- The different types of tacheometer diaphragms and telescopes
- The fixed hair method for taking readings
This document provides instructions for using a digital theodolite to take horizontal and vertical angle measurements of reference points by following several steps:
1) Setting up the tripod and centering the theodolite over a reference mark.
2) Leveling the theodolite using circular and plate levels to precisely align it.
3) Taking multiple rounds of horizontal and vertical angle measurements in both face-left and face-right positions to reference points, and calculating the mean values.
4) Packing up the theodolite by reversing the setup steps.
Surveying - Module iii-levelling only noteSHAMJITH KM
This document defines levelling and its key terms like datum, mean sea level, bench mark, level surface, and level line. It describes levelling instruments like the dumpy level, wye level, and tilting level. It explains self-reading staffs, target staffs, and how to take readings. It discusses errors in levelling, curvature and refraction corrections, and methods for reducing levels including the height of instrument and rise-and-fall methods. Temporary adjustments to levelling instruments are also outlined.
The document discusses theodolite traversing and defines key terms related to using a transit theodolite. It describes the main components of a transit theodolite including the telescope, vertical circle, plate bubbles, tribrach, and foot screws. It explains how to perform temporary adjustments like centering the theodolite over a station mark and leveling it using the tripod and foot screws. It also provides details on measuring horizontal and vertical angles with a vernier theodolite.
This document summarizes a closed traverse surveying experiment conducted by students. It includes an introduction to closed and open traverse surveying. The procedure involved selecting a benchmark, taking readings from stations around the benchmark, moving the level to new positions and reading the benchmark again. Calculations were shown of station readings, benchmark sums, foresight sums and difference in benchmark levels. The conclusion was that the closed traverse fieldwork taught hands-on surveying skills to determine land boundaries and distances for construction.
The document provides information on chain surveying and compass surveying. It defines surveying and its fundamental principles such as working from whole to part and locating new stations by at least two measurements. Chain surveying involves measuring linear distances with a chain and establishing a framework of triangles. It discusses the instruments used, types of chains, errors in chaining, and fieldwork procedures. Compass surveying determines directions using a compass and measures distances with a chain. It defines true and magnetic meridians/bearings and methods for recording whole circle and quadrantal bearings.
1) Levelling is the process of determining the relative elevations of points on or near the earth's surface. It is important for engineering projects to determine elevations along alignments.
2) Levelling is used to prepare contour maps, determine altitudes, and create longitudinal and cross sections needed for projects.
3) Key terms include bench mark, datum, reduced level, line of collimation, and height of instrument. Different types of levelling include simple, differential, fly, longitudinal, and cross-sectional levelling.
This document provides information about tacheometry, which is a method of surveying that determines horizontal and vertical distances from instrumental observations. It discusses how tacheometry can be used when obstacles make traditional surveying difficult. The key aspects covered include:
- Defining tacheometry and the measurements it provides
- When tacheometry is advantageous over other surveying methods
- The instruments used, including tacheometers and levelling rods
- How horizontal and vertical distances are calculated using constants
- The different types of tacheometer diaphragms and telescopes
- The fixed hair method for taking readings
This document provides instructions for using a digital theodolite to take horizontal and vertical angle measurements of reference points by following several steps:
1) Setting up the tripod and centering the theodolite over a reference mark.
2) Leveling the theodolite using circular and plate levels to precisely align it.
3) Taking multiple rounds of horizontal and vertical angle measurements in both face-left and face-right positions to reference points, and calculating the mean values.
4) Packing up the theodolite by reversing the setup steps.
Surveying - Module iii-levelling only noteSHAMJITH KM
This document defines levelling and its key terms like datum, mean sea level, bench mark, level surface, and level line. It describes levelling instruments like the dumpy level, wye level, and tilting level. It explains self-reading staffs, target staffs, and how to take readings. It discusses errors in levelling, curvature and refraction corrections, and methods for reducing levels including the height of instrument and rise-and-fall methods. Temporary adjustments to levelling instruments are also outlined.
The document discusses theodolite traversing and defines key terms related to using a transit theodolite. It describes the main components of a transit theodolite including the telescope, vertical circle, plate bubbles, tribrach, and foot screws. It explains how to perform temporary adjustments like centering the theodolite over a station mark and leveling it using the tripod and foot screws. It also provides details on measuring horizontal and vertical angles with a vernier theodolite.
This document summarizes a closed traverse surveying experiment conducted by students. It includes an introduction to closed and open traverse surveying. The procedure involved selecting a benchmark, taking readings from stations around the benchmark, moving the level to new positions and reading the benchmark again. Calculations were shown of station readings, benchmark sums, foresight sums and difference in benchmark levels. The conclusion was that the closed traverse fieldwork taught hands-on surveying skills to determine land boundaries and distances for construction.
The document provides information on chain surveying and compass surveying. It defines surveying and its fundamental principles such as working from whole to part and locating new stations by at least two measurements. Chain surveying involves measuring linear distances with a chain and establishing a framework of triangles. It discusses the instruments used, types of chains, errors in chaining, and fieldwork procedures. Compass surveying determines directions using a compass and measures distances with a chain. It defines true and magnetic meridians/bearings and methods for recording whole circle and quadrantal bearings.
1) Levelling is the process of determining the relative elevations of points on or near the earth's surface. It is important for engineering projects to determine elevations along alignments.
2) Levelling is used to prepare contour maps, determine altitudes, and create longitudinal and cross sections needed for projects.
3) Key terms include bench mark, datum, reduced level, line of collimation, and height of instrument. Different types of levelling include simple, differential, fly, longitudinal, and cross-sectional levelling.
Introduction, purpose, principle, instruments, methods of tacheometry, stadia constants, anallatic lens, Subtense bar, field work in tacheometry, reduction of readings, errors and precisions.
Levelling, terms related to levelling, methods of levellingMir Zafarullah
Levelling is the branch of surveying that deals with determining elevations and measuring vertical distances. It is important for engineering projects to establish accurate networks of heights. The key principle is obtaining a horizontal line of sight to measure vertical distances of points above or below this line. Common equipment includes dumpy levels, automatic levels, and digital levels. Levelling staffs are used to take readings and determine reduced levels of points. There are different types of levelling operations depending on the project needs.
LAB MANUAL contouring by indirect method . dce: fet: iiuicivilengineerf14
This document describes various methods for contour mapping, including both direct and indirect methods. It focuses on explaining the indirect grid or square method, cross section method, tachometric method, and radial lines method in detail. For each method, it provides an example to illustrate the procedure, including taking spot levels, determining reduced levels, and interpolating contour lines either by estimation or arithmetical calculation. It emphasizes that the indirect or interpolation methods are quicker, more economical and less laborious than direct methods of contour mapping.
Introduction, classification of curves, Elements of a simple circular, designation of curve, methods of setting out a simple circular curve, elements of a compound and reverse curves, transition curve, types of transition curves, combined curve, types of vertical curves
This document describes different methods of trigonometric leveling to determine the elevation of points. Trigonometric leveling uses vertical angles measured with a theodolite and distances to calculate elevations. There are methods to determine elevations when the base is accessible and inaccessible, and when instrument stations and objects are in the same or different vertical planes. Calculations use trigonometric functions and relationships between angles and distances in triangles formed by the instrument stations and object.
Surveying - Module II - compass surveyingSHAMJITH KM
The document provides information on compass surveying. It defines terms like traverse, compass surveying, bearing, fore bearing, back bearing, closed traverse, open traverse, local attraction and its sources. It discusses instruments used like compass, theodolite, sextant. It explains concepts like true bearing, magnetic bearing, arbitrary bearing, meridian, declination, dip. Methods to detect and correct for local attraction and closing error in closed traverse are outlined. Differences between prismatic compass and surveyor's compass are tabulated. Various questions and their answers on these concepts are provided.
This document provides an overview of surveying and leveling. It defines surveying as determining the relative positions of points on Earth through direct or indirect measurements. The main objectives of surveying are preparing maps and plans. Leveling is defined as determining relative heights or elevations of points through direct measurement of vertical distances from a reference level. Common instruments used for leveling include a level, tripod, staff, tape, and pegs. Leveling follows the principle of obtaining a horizontal line of sight to measure vertical distances of points above or below this line. Key leveling terms defined include bench mark, height of instrument, backsight, foresight, and change point. Methods for recording level data in a field book are also
Tacheometric surveying is a method of rapidly determining horizontal and vertical positions of points using optical measurements rather than traditional tape or chain measurements. A tacheometer, which is a transit theodolite fitted with a stadia diaphragm, is used to measure the horizontal and vertical angles to a stadia rod or staff held at survey points. Formulas involving the stadia interval, staff intercept readings, and calculated constants are used to determine horizontal distances and elevations from the instrument to points. Measurements can be taken with horizontal lines of sight or inclined lines of sight when the staff is held vertically or normal to the line of sight.
This document discusses various methods for computing the area of irregular shapes from field notes and plotted plans in surveying. It describes graphical, instrumental, and computational methods using the trapezoidal rule, mid-ordinate rule, average ordinate rule, and Simpson's rule. Specific steps are outlined for computing area from field notes by dividing the shape into triangles, rectangles, squares, and trapezoids. Methods for computing area from a plotted plan include dividing the shape into triangles using bases and altitudes, counting squares of a known unit area, or drawing parallel lines to form rectangles.
Metric Chain : It Consists of galvanized mild steel wire of 4mm diameter known as link.
It is available in 20m, 30m, 50m length which consists of 100 links.
Gunter’s Chain : A 66 feet long chain consists of 100 links, each of 0.66 feet, it is known as Gunter’s chain.
This chain is suitable for taking length in miles.
Engineer’s Chain : A 100 feet long chain consisting of 100 links each of 1 feet is known as engineer’s chain.
This chain is used to measure length in feet and area in sq.yard.
Revenue Chain : it is 33 feet long chain consisting of 16 links.
This chain is used for distance measurements in feet & inches for smaller areas.
In this lecture we will cover
Applications of levelling
Equipment and procedures
Purposes of levelling
Some definitions
Applications
Longitudinal sections and cross sections
Plotting the profile
Procedure of profile
Procedure of cross-section:
Plotting the cross-section:
Prepared by:
Asst. Prof. Salar K.Hussein
Mr. Kamal Y.Abdullah
Asst.Lecturer. Dilveen H. Omar
Erbil Polytechnic University
Technical Engineering College
Civil Engineering Department
1. The document describes a civil engineering experiment to collect elevation data along a highway through profile leveling and cross-section leveling. Profile leveling provided centerline elevation readings at 20m intervals, while cross-section leveling obtained side elevations at one station.
2. The data collected included station positions, backsight, intermediate, and foresight elevation readings. This was used to plot the profile diagram showing the sloping road elevation, and cross-section diagram showing the center higher than the sides.
3. The conclusion was that the experiment successfully collected the required elevation data to analyze the road profile and cross-section, finding the centerline sloped down and was higher than both road sides at the
Levelling is a surveying technique used to determine relative elevations of points above or below a datum. The principle is to obtain a horizontal line of sight and measure vertical distances of points from this line. The objective is to find the elevation of given points with respect to an assumed reference line called the datum. Common types of levelling include differential, fly, profile, precise, check, reciprocal, trigonometric, barometric and stadia levelling. Errors in levelling can be due to personal or instrumental factors. Levelling has various uses including preparing contour maps, determining altitudes, and preparing layouts for water distribution and engineering projects.
Surveying is used at various stages of a construction project from conceptual planning to maintenance. It involves measuring positions and elevations to determine spatial relationships and enable engineering design and construction. Common surveying methods include chain, compass, theodolite, plane table, tachometric, aerial photographic, and remote sensing surveys. Levelling specifically refers to determining relative elevations and is important for engineering works like establishing rail and road alignments and profiles. Key levelling instruments are dumpy level, tilting level, automatic level, and digital level.
This document discusses the use of a theodolite for surveying. It begins by explaining that a theodolite is needed to precisely measure horizontal and vertical angles, unlike a compass. It then defines theodolite surveying as surveying that measures angles using a theodolite. The document goes on to classify theodolites based on their horizontal axis and method of angle measurement. It describes the basic parts of a transit vernier theodolite and explains terms used in manipulating one. Finally, it discusses methods for measuring horizontal angles, including the general, repetition, and reiteration methods.
This document discusses methods for setting out simple circular curves in surveying. There are two main methods: linear and angular.
The linear method uses only a tape or chain and does not require angle measurement. It includes setting out curves by offsets from the long chord, by successive bisection of arcs, and by offsets from the tangents.
The angular method is used for longer curves and involves measuring deflection angles. It includes Rankine's method of tangential angles using a tape and theodolite to measure deflection angles from the back tangent to points on the curve. The two theodolite method also uses angle measurement between two theodolites.
Surveying involves determining distances, elevations, directions, angles, locations, areas and volumes on or near the Earth's surface. It measures and records the size and shape of areas, including vertical shapes. The primary object of surveying is to prepare plans or maps by plotting and drawing measurement results. Surveying is divided into geodetic surveying, which accounts for the Earth's curvature over large distances, and plane surveying, which treats the Earth's surface as flat over small areas. Surveying is used for engineering and construction projects such as highways, railways, and water systems.
This document discusses different types of levels used in surveying and engineering projects. It describes dumpy levels, tilting levels, automatic levels, and digital levels. Dumpy levels have a rigidly fixed telescope but are simple and stable. Tilting levels allow the telescope to be tilted for precise work. Automatic levels have a compensator to keep the line of sight horizontal. Digital levels determine heights and distances digitally with high accuracy up to 100 meters. Leveling is important for engineering projects to determine relative elevations of points.
1. The document presents information from a slideshow on tacheometric surveying. It discusses various methods of tacheometric surveying including fixed hair, movable hair, tangential, and subtense bar methods.
2. Formulas are provided for calculating horizontal distance, vertical distance, and elevation of points using these different tacheometric surveying methods under various sighting conditions such as inclined or depressed lines of sight.
3. The document also discusses tacheometric constants, anallatic lenses, and procedures for conducting field work in a tacheometric survey including selecting instrument stations, taking observations of vertical angles and staff readings, and shifting to subsequent stations.
Tacheometry is a surveying method that uses optical instruments like a theodolite fitted with a stadia diaphragm to measure horizontal and vertical distances between points. It works on the principle that the ratio of distance from the instrument to the base of an isosceles triangle and the length of the base is constant. Distances are calculated using stadia intercept readings and multiplying constants based on the focal length of the instrument's objective lens. Tacheometry offers faster measurement compared to traditional chaining and is useful for surveys in difficult terrain like rivers, valleys, or undulating ground where conventional surveying would be inaccurate or slow.
Introduction, purpose, principle, instruments, methods of tacheometry, stadia constants, anallatic lens, Subtense bar, field work in tacheometry, reduction of readings, errors and precisions.
Levelling, terms related to levelling, methods of levellingMir Zafarullah
Levelling is the branch of surveying that deals with determining elevations and measuring vertical distances. It is important for engineering projects to establish accurate networks of heights. The key principle is obtaining a horizontal line of sight to measure vertical distances of points above or below this line. Common equipment includes dumpy levels, automatic levels, and digital levels. Levelling staffs are used to take readings and determine reduced levels of points. There are different types of levelling operations depending on the project needs.
LAB MANUAL contouring by indirect method . dce: fet: iiuicivilengineerf14
This document describes various methods for contour mapping, including both direct and indirect methods. It focuses on explaining the indirect grid or square method, cross section method, tachometric method, and radial lines method in detail. For each method, it provides an example to illustrate the procedure, including taking spot levels, determining reduced levels, and interpolating contour lines either by estimation or arithmetical calculation. It emphasizes that the indirect or interpolation methods are quicker, more economical and less laborious than direct methods of contour mapping.
Introduction, classification of curves, Elements of a simple circular, designation of curve, methods of setting out a simple circular curve, elements of a compound and reverse curves, transition curve, types of transition curves, combined curve, types of vertical curves
This document describes different methods of trigonometric leveling to determine the elevation of points. Trigonometric leveling uses vertical angles measured with a theodolite and distances to calculate elevations. There are methods to determine elevations when the base is accessible and inaccessible, and when instrument stations and objects are in the same or different vertical planes. Calculations use trigonometric functions and relationships between angles and distances in triangles formed by the instrument stations and object.
Surveying - Module II - compass surveyingSHAMJITH KM
The document provides information on compass surveying. It defines terms like traverse, compass surveying, bearing, fore bearing, back bearing, closed traverse, open traverse, local attraction and its sources. It discusses instruments used like compass, theodolite, sextant. It explains concepts like true bearing, magnetic bearing, arbitrary bearing, meridian, declination, dip. Methods to detect and correct for local attraction and closing error in closed traverse are outlined. Differences between prismatic compass and surveyor's compass are tabulated. Various questions and their answers on these concepts are provided.
This document provides an overview of surveying and leveling. It defines surveying as determining the relative positions of points on Earth through direct or indirect measurements. The main objectives of surveying are preparing maps and plans. Leveling is defined as determining relative heights or elevations of points through direct measurement of vertical distances from a reference level. Common instruments used for leveling include a level, tripod, staff, tape, and pegs. Leveling follows the principle of obtaining a horizontal line of sight to measure vertical distances of points above or below this line. Key leveling terms defined include bench mark, height of instrument, backsight, foresight, and change point. Methods for recording level data in a field book are also
Tacheometric surveying is a method of rapidly determining horizontal and vertical positions of points using optical measurements rather than traditional tape or chain measurements. A tacheometer, which is a transit theodolite fitted with a stadia diaphragm, is used to measure the horizontal and vertical angles to a stadia rod or staff held at survey points. Formulas involving the stadia interval, staff intercept readings, and calculated constants are used to determine horizontal distances and elevations from the instrument to points. Measurements can be taken with horizontal lines of sight or inclined lines of sight when the staff is held vertically or normal to the line of sight.
This document discusses various methods for computing the area of irregular shapes from field notes and plotted plans in surveying. It describes graphical, instrumental, and computational methods using the trapezoidal rule, mid-ordinate rule, average ordinate rule, and Simpson's rule. Specific steps are outlined for computing area from field notes by dividing the shape into triangles, rectangles, squares, and trapezoids. Methods for computing area from a plotted plan include dividing the shape into triangles using bases and altitudes, counting squares of a known unit area, or drawing parallel lines to form rectangles.
Metric Chain : It Consists of galvanized mild steel wire of 4mm diameter known as link.
It is available in 20m, 30m, 50m length which consists of 100 links.
Gunter’s Chain : A 66 feet long chain consists of 100 links, each of 0.66 feet, it is known as Gunter’s chain.
This chain is suitable for taking length in miles.
Engineer’s Chain : A 100 feet long chain consisting of 100 links each of 1 feet is known as engineer’s chain.
This chain is used to measure length in feet and area in sq.yard.
Revenue Chain : it is 33 feet long chain consisting of 16 links.
This chain is used for distance measurements in feet & inches for smaller areas.
In this lecture we will cover
Applications of levelling
Equipment and procedures
Purposes of levelling
Some definitions
Applications
Longitudinal sections and cross sections
Plotting the profile
Procedure of profile
Procedure of cross-section:
Plotting the cross-section:
Prepared by:
Asst. Prof. Salar K.Hussein
Mr. Kamal Y.Abdullah
Asst.Lecturer. Dilveen H. Omar
Erbil Polytechnic University
Technical Engineering College
Civil Engineering Department
1. The document describes a civil engineering experiment to collect elevation data along a highway through profile leveling and cross-section leveling. Profile leveling provided centerline elevation readings at 20m intervals, while cross-section leveling obtained side elevations at one station.
2. The data collected included station positions, backsight, intermediate, and foresight elevation readings. This was used to plot the profile diagram showing the sloping road elevation, and cross-section diagram showing the center higher than the sides.
3. The conclusion was that the experiment successfully collected the required elevation data to analyze the road profile and cross-section, finding the centerline sloped down and was higher than both road sides at the
Levelling is a surveying technique used to determine relative elevations of points above or below a datum. The principle is to obtain a horizontal line of sight and measure vertical distances of points from this line. The objective is to find the elevation of given points with respect to an assumed reference line called the datum. Common types of levelling include differential, fly, profile, precise, check, reciprocal, trigonometric, barometric and stadia levelling. Errors in levelling can be due to personal or instrumental factors. Levelling has various uses including preparing contour maps, determining altitudes, and preparing layouts for water distribution and engineering projects.
Surveying is used at various stages of a construction project from conceptual planning to maintenance. It involves measuring positions and elevations to determine spatial relationships and enable engineering design and construction. Common surveying methods include chain, compass, theodolite, plane table, tachometric, aerial photographic, and remote sensing surveys. Levelling specifically refers to determining relative elevations and is important for engineering works like establishing rail and road alignments and profiles. Key levelling instruments are dumpy level, tilting level, automatic level, and digital level.
This document discusses the use of a theodolite for surveying. It begins by explaining that a theodolite is needed to precisely measure horizontal and vertical angles, unlike a compass. It then defines theodolite surveying as surveying that measures angles using a theodolite. The document goes on to classify theodolites based on their horizontal axis and method of angle measurement. It describes the basic parts of a transit vernier theodolite and explains terms used in manipulating one. Finally, it discusses methods for measuring horizontal angles, including the general, repetition, and reiteration methods.
This document discusses methods for setting out simple circular curves in surveying. There are two main methods: linear and angular.
The linear method uses only a tape or chain and does not require angle measurement. It includes setting out curves by offsets from the long chord, by successive bisection of arcs, and by offsets from the tangents.
The angular method is used for longer curves and involves measuring deflection angles. It includes Rankine's method of tangential angles using a tape and theodolite to measure deflection angles from the back tangent to points on the curve. The two theodolite method also uses angle measurement between two theodolites.
Surveying involves determining distances, elevations, directions, angles, locations, areas and volumes on or near the Earth's surface. It measures and records the size and shape of areas, including vertical shapes. The primary object of surveying is to prepare plans or maps by plotting and drawing measurement results. Surveying is divided into geodetic surveying, which accounts for the Earth's curvature over large distances, and plane surveying, which treats the Earth's surface as flat over small areas. Surveying is used for engineering and construction projects such as highways, railways, and water systems.
This document discusses different types of levels used in surveying and engineering projects. It describes dumpy levels, tilting levels, automatic levels, and digital levels. Dumpy levels have a rigidly fixed telescope but are simple and stable. Tilting levels allow the telescope to be tilted for precise work. Automatic levels have a compensator to keep the line of sight horizontal. Digital levels determine heights and distances digitally with high accuracy up to 100 meters. Leveling is important for engineering projects to determine relative elevations of points.
1. The document presents information from a slideshow on tacheometric surveying. It discusses various methods of tacheometric surveying including fixed hair, movable hair, tangential, and subtense bar methods.
2. Formulas are provided for calculating horizontal distance, vertical distance, and elevation of points using these different tacheometric surveying methods under various sighting conditions such as inclined or depressed lines of sight.
3. The document also discusses tacheometric constants, anallatic lenses, and procedures for conducting field work in a tacheometric survey including selecting instrument stations, taking observations of vertical angles and staff readings, and shifting to subsequent stations.
Tacheometry is a surveying method that uses optical instruments like a theodolite fitted with a stadia diaphragm to measure horizontal and vertical distances between points. It works on the principle that the ratio of distance from the instrument to the base of an isosceles triangle and the length of the base is constant. Distances are calculated using stadia intercept readings and multiplying constants based on the focal length of the instrument's objective lens. Tacheometry offers faster measurement compared to traditional chaining and is useful for surveys in difficult terrain like rivers, valleys, or undulating ground where conventional surveying would be inaccurate or slow.
Tacheometric surveying is a method of surveying that uses optical instruments to rapidly measure horizontal and vertical distances between points. It is well-suited for difficult terrain where direct measurements with tapes or chains are impossible. A tacheometer, which is a theodolite fitted with a stadia diaphragm, is used to measure the angle subtended by a known distance on a stadia rod or staff at a point. This allows the horizontal distance and elevation of points to be calculated trigonometrically without direct measurement. Common tacheometric methods include fixed hair stadia, subtense, and tangential systems. Field procedures involve establishing instrument stations along a traverse and taking angular and stadia rod readings
LABORATORY MANUAL FOR SURVEYING-II
AS PER DBATU's Syllabus.. all experiments and field work-related data will be helpful by this manual to all BTECH. Students belong to DBATU, Lonere
Tacheometric surveying is a method that determines horizontal and vertical distances optically rather than using a tape or chain. It uses a theodolite fitted with a stadia diaphragm containing hairs to rapidly measure distances. There are different systems, including the stadia system which uses fixed or movable hairs, and the tangential system. Formulas are used to calculate distances and elevations based on staff intercept readings and vertical angles observed. The constants of the instrument such as the multiplying constant and additive constant must also be determined.
Tacheometric surveying is a method of surveying that determines horizontal and vertical distances optically rather than through direct measurement with a tape or chain. It uses an instrument called a tacheometer fitted with a stadia diaphragm to rapidly measure distances. The key principles are that the ratio of perpendicular to base is constant in similar triangles, allowing horizontal distance and elevation to be calculated from observed angles and staff intercept readings. Common tacheometric systems include fixed hair stadia, subtense stadia, and tangential methods. Distance and elevation formulas are derived for horizontal, inclined, and depressed line of sights depending on staff orientation. Tacheometric surveying is well-suited for difficult terrain where direct measurement is challenging
TACHEOMETRIC SURVEYS under the subject of SURVEYINGpiyush andani
This document provides information about tacheometric surveying. It discusses various tacheometric constants including multiplying and additive constants. It describes three methods for determining distances using a tacheometer: movable hair method, tangential method, and examples of using angles of elevation and depression to calculate distances. The document also lists common topics covered in tacheometric surveying such as determining constants, field work, and reducing observations.
This document contains the fieldwork report for a traversing survey conducted by students using a theodolite. It includes an introduction to traversing surveys, descriptions of the equipment used including a theodolite, tripod, plumb bob and ranging rods. The objectives of the fieldwork and field data collected are presented. Calculations of angular errors and adjustments, length measurements using stadia methods, and course latitude and departure are shown. A table of station coordinates and graph are included. The report discusses achieving the required accuracy and applying compass rule corrections. It is concluded that the objectives were met by obtaining necessary data to analyze and adjust errors in the closed loop traverse.
This document provides details on a fieldwork report for a traversing exercise conducted by students. It includes an introduction to traversing, descriptions of the equipment used including a theodolite, tripod, plumb bob and ranging rod. The objectives and field data from the exercise are presented. Calculations are shown for angular errors and adjustments, determining lengths using stadia measurements, and calculating latitudes, departures and station coordinates. Small errors were found and corrected using compass rule adjustments. The summary provides an acceptable level of accuracy and demonstrates the techniques learned for conducting a traversing survey.
Tacheometric surveying uses a tacheometer to determine horizontal and vertical distances through angular measurements. A tacheometer is a theodolite fitted with stadia hairs and an anallatic lens. The tacheometric formula relates the staff intercept, focal length, stadia interval and additive constant to calculate horizontal distances. Methods include stadia, fixed/movable hair, and non-stadia techniques. Determining the tacheometer constant involves measuring distances and staff intervals at stations to solve equations. Errors arise from incorrect stadia intervals or graduations. Tacheometric surveying provides distances in rough terrain but with less precision than other methods.
The document discusses different methods of surveying using a theodolite, including:
1. Tacheometry/stadia methods which use a theodolite and stadia hairs to measure horizontal and vertical distances to points by taking angle and stadia readings.
2. Trigonometric leveling which uses a total station to measure slope distance and vertical angle to determine elevation differences between points.
3. Short line leveling which uses vertical angle or zenith angle measurements between a total station and target to calculate elevation differences between points based on their heights and angles.
This document describes a closed traverse survey conducted by a group of students. It includes an introduction to traversing, the equipment used (theodolite, tripod, leveling rods), field data collection methods, calculations of angular errors, distances, azimuths, latitudes and departures, and station coordinates. The group adjusted their results based on the Compass Rule correction and achieved an accuracy of 1:1088 for the closed traverse. They discussed lessons learned from conducting the fieldwork.
This document discusses basic surveying techniques. It begins by defining primary and secondary surveys. Primary surveys establish positions in 3D when no prior data exists, while secondary surveys add to existing data or measure changes over time. Plan position is determined through triangulation, resection, trilateration, or offset measurements from a baseline. Elevation is also measured. The document then covers the theory behind plane surveying using properties of triangles. It concludes by outlining the practical steps in a basic chain survey, including establishing baselines and control points and incorporating detail through various measurement techniques. Methods for sloping ground are also addressed.
Tacheometry is a surveying method that uses angular measurements from a tacheometer to determine horizontal and vertical distances. It is well-suited for hilly areas where chaining distances is difficult. The document provides procedures to determine the multiplying and additive constants of a tacheometer through stadia tacheometry. This involves setting up the instrument and measuring staff intercepts at known distances to solve equations and calculate the constants. The constants are then used in tacheometric formulas to determine horizontal distances, vertical distances, and elevations for different sighting configurations of the staff.
This document provides information on tacheometric surveying. It discusses that tacheometric surveying uses angular observations with an instrument called a tachometer to determine horizontal and vertical distances. It is used in rough terrain where direct leveling and chaining are difficult. The document outlines the various components and methods used in tacheometric surveying, including fixed hair and movable hair stadia methods, tangential and subtense bar systems, and principles of stadia measurements for both perpendicular and inclined lines of sight.
Surveying techniques are used to establish the position of objects in 2D or 3D. Primary surveys are done when no previous data exists, while secondary surveys add to existing data or measure changes. Plan position is determined through techniques like triangulation, trilateration, or offset measurements from baselines. Elevation is found by direct or inclined leveling between points of known height. Theodolites allow simultaneous measurement of horizontal angles, slopes, and slant distances.
Studynama.com provides free educational resources like lecture notes, presentations, guides and projects for engineering, medical, management and law students in India. Users can download materials or discuss their career and studies with an online community. The website hosts user-uploaded content and can be contacted at info@studynama.com for feedback or suggestions.
surveying_module-3-trigonometric-leveling by Denis Jangeed.pdfDenish Jangid
surveying_module-3-Trigonometric leveling by Denis Jangeed
Methods of Observation
Method of determining the elevation of
To obtain R.L of top of a ten storeyed building
following observation were taken.
Indirect levelling on a rough
terrain
a point by theodolite
• There are main three cases to determine the
R.L of any point.
• Case : 1 :- Base of Object accessible.
• Case : 2 :- Base of object inaccessible,
instrument station in the vertical plane as the
elevated object.
• Case : 3 :- Base of the object inaccessible ,
instrument stations not in the same vertical
plane as the elevated object.
There may be two case
A. Instrument axis at same level
B. Instrument axis at different level
Angle of elevation
Height of the instrument
Calculate reduce level of the top of the tower
from the following data.
Indirect levelling on a steep slope
This document provides details on a closed traverse survey conducted by students. It includes:
1. An introduction to traverse surveys and the different types of traverses.
2. Details of the fieldwork including measured angles, distances, bearings, latitudes and departures.
3. Calculations to adjust the measured values including distributing angular error, computing horizontal and vertical distances, and determining error of closure.
4. Presentation of the adjusted course latitudes and departures, showing an improved closure with errors of 0.0281m in latitude and 0.001m in departure.
ABC Report - 123 (gathered with reference)Jing Chuang
1. The document summarizes a fieldwork report on traversing conducted by 4 students at Taylor's University Lakeside Campus. They measured angles and distances between stations A, B, C, and D in the campus parking lot using a theodolite.
2. The data collected was used to calculate angular errors, azimuths, latitudes, departures, and station coordinates. The total misclosure error was within an acceptable range.
3. Through this fieldwork, the students gained experience using traversing instruments like theodolites and were able to obtain accurate measurements and calculate results. It provided valuable practical lessons that will benefit their future work.
Similar to 3140601_surveying_module-6-tacheometric-surveying.pdf (20)
This 3 sentence summary provides an overview of the document:
The document summarizes Deepak Vishwakarma's summer training at Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited, where he learned about the track, permanent way, track machines, maintenance works, bridges, water treatment processes, and building structures. He observed ballast, sleepers, and fittings for ballasted tracks, as well as tension clamps for ballastless tracks. Deepak also learned about the functions of track machines like rail grinding machines and track tamping machines.
Curves are used in transportation routes to provide a gradual change in direction between straight segments. There are several types of curves including simple, compound, and reverse curves. Curves are necessary to avoid obstacles, reduce grading costs, and make alignments more comfortable for transportation. Curves are set out using various linear and angular methods involving measurement of offsets, chords, or angles from tangent lines or radii. Common linear methods include setting offsets perpendicular to chords or tangents drawn from the curve center.
EaseMyTrip has a robust technological infrastructure to support its operations. This includes an Android mobile app that allows co-passengers to chat amongst themselves while offline on flights. The company also utilizes automated technology for customer relationship management and an AI-powered chatbot for 24/7 customer support.
This document is the preface to the 2022 edition of the Constitution of India. It summarizes that this edition incorporates all amendments to the Constitution up to the 105th Amendment Act of 2021. It also lists the contents of appendices providing details on territorial changes between India and Bangladesh, the 2019 order applying the Constitution to Jammu and Kashmir, and the declaration under Article 370(3). The preface is signed by the Secretary to the Government of India.
Unit No-2 provides an overview of approximate estimates in civil engineering works. The key points are:
- Approximate estimates are prepared to quickly determine probable project costs without calculating actual quantities. They are used for preliminary studies and administrative approval.
- Common methods for approximate estimates include plinth area rate, cubic content, service unit, typical bay, and approximate quantities. These methods involve determining rates from similar past projects and applying them based on key project parameters.
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The document discusses the process of preparing a detailed estimate for a construction project. A detailed estimate involves carefully calculating the costs of all project items based on detailed drawings. It is used to obtain approval from authorities, develop contract documents, and guide project execution by estimating materials, labor, and activities needed. The estimate involves taking measurements from drawings, applying specifications and rates, and abstracting costs into a final estimate.
The document discusses different approximate estimating methods used to prepare preliminary cost estimates for civil engineering projects. These include the service unit method, plinth area rate method, cubical content method, typical bay method, and approximate quantity method. Approximate estimates are prepared early in the project development process to get a rough idea of probable costs and assess project feasibility before committing further resources.
The document discusses the process of estimating for construction projects. It explains that estimates are needed to determine the approximate quantities of materials and labor costs for a project. There are different types of estimates including approximate estimates which provide a rough cost and detailed estimates which provide a cost very close to the actual amount. Various methods are described for calculating estimates along with the need to measure quantities accurately. Record keeping forms like measurement sheets and abstract sheets are used to document the estimating process.
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Sachpazis_Consolidation Settlement Calculation Program-The Python Code and th...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
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Online train ticket booking system project.pdfKamal Acharya
Rail transport is one of the important modes of transport in India. Now a days we
see that there are railways that are present for the long as well as short distance
travelling which makes the life of the people easier. When compared to other
means of transport, a railway is the cheapest means of transport. The maintenance
of the railway database also plays a major role in the smooth running of this
system. The Online Train Ticket Management System will help in reserving the
tickets of the railways to travel from a particular source to the destination.
3. Tacheomertic is the branch of the
surveying in which the horizontal
distance between the instrument station
to the staff station and also the vertical
distance of a point are determine.
distance of a point are determine.
Chaining operation is completely
eliminated in this method.
Less accurate as compare to chaining.
3
4. Use of Tacheometry
• When obstacle (Step, broken ground,
stretches of water)
• In rough country both horizontal and
vertical measurement are tedious and
vertical measurement are tedious and
chaining is inaccurate, difficult and slow.
• This method is used for find out the
contour.
4
5. Purposes of Tachometry
• Prepare contour map.
• Used in hydrographic survey.
• Location survey for road, railway, reservoir
etc.
etc.
• Checking of the distance which measured with
the help of the tap.
• To measure the horizontal distance at which
the distance measured by the tap or chain is
difficult.
5
6. Principle of Tacheometry
• The principle of techeometry is based on
the property of isosceles triangle.
• Statement :-
• Statement :-
• In isosceles triangle the ratio of the
perpendiculars from the vertex on their
bases
6
7. • Here; PQR, PQ’R’,
PQ”R” are all
isosceles triangle
whose base are QR,
Q’R’ and Q”R” and
their vertex is at P. and
here PO, PO’ and PO”
are the perpendicular
are the perpendicular
to their respective
bases.
7
9. A Tacheometer
• A tacheomtry is usually transit theodolite
having a stadia diaphragm.
• The diaphragm is equipped with two
horizontal hairs called stadia hair in addition
horizontal hairs called stadia hair in addition
to regular cross hair.
• The additional hairs are equidistance from
the central.
• The diaphragm commonly used in second
slide.
9
11. Levelling Staff or Stadia Rod
• The stadia rod or staff used with tacheometry may
be usual type of levelling staff having least count
of 0.005m.
• Stadia rod is usually in one piece but for easy
transport it may be folding.
transport it may be folding.
• Width of the staff is 5cm to 15cm.
• Height may be 3m to 5m.
• It is graduated in meter, Centimeter.
• The graduation must be simple and clear.
11
13. Stadia Method
• In the stadia method, a tacheometry is setup at
a station P and a staff is held at another station
Q.
13
14. • The staff intercept (S) between the upper
stadia hair and the lower stadia hair is
measured.
• The vertical angle ( ) is also measured.
• The horizontal distance D between P and Q,
and the difference of elevation of P and Q is
calculated from the staff intercept (S) and the
vertical angle (
14
15. Fixed hair method
• The upper and lower stadia hair is fixed.
(stadia interval is fixed)
• The distance between the upper stadia hair and
lower stadia hair, called stadia interval (i) is
lower stadia hair, called stadia interval (i) is
fixed.
• The value of the staff interval (S) varies with
the distance.
• Generally stadia method means fixed hair
method.
15
16. Movable hair method
• In this method the stadia hairs (i) is not fixed.
• Stadia hairs can be moved or adjusted by the
micrometer screws.
• In this method the staff intercept (S) is fixed.
• In this method the staff intercept (S) is fixed.
• The stadia interval measured corresponding to
the staff intercept.
16
17. Difference
Fixed hair method
• Stadia interval (i) is fixed.
• Staff intercept (S) is not
fixed.
Movable hair method
• Stadia interval (i) is not fixed.
• Staff intercept (S) is fixed.
• This method is not generally
• Fixed hair method is most
commonly used to take staff
reading speedy.
• Tacheometry and staff are
used.
• This method is not generally
used because unconvenient to
measure the stadia interval
accurately.
• Substance theodolite and staff
are used.
17
18. Tangential Method
• In this method diaphragm of the tacheometer is
not provided with the stadia hair.
• Reading are taken by the central horizontal hair.
• Staff with two targets at a fixed distance (S) is
• Staff with two targets at a fixed distance (S) is
used for taking reading.
• The vertical angles
•
18
19. Difference
Stadia hair method
• Diaphragm of the tacheometer
is provided with three stadia
hair.
• Looking through the telescope
Tangential method
• Diaphragm of the
tacheometer is not provided
with stadia hair.
• The readings are taken by
• Looking through the telescope
the three stadia hair readings
taken.
• One vertical angle is observed.
• This method is most
commonly used in practice.
• The readings are taken by
the single horizontal hair
adjust upper and lower
target respectively.
• Two vertical angle is
observed.
• This method is not
commonly used in practice
19
20. Fixed hair method
• There are main three cases for finding the distance
and Elevation.
• Case : 1 When the line of sight is horizontal and
staff is held Vertical.
staff is held Vertical.
• Case : 2 When the line of sight is inclined and staff
is held Vertical. ((a) considering angle of elevation
+θ (b) considering angle of depression -θ)
• Case : 3 When the line of sight is inclined but staff
is held normal to the line of sight.
20
21. Case : 1 When the line of sight is
horizontal and staff is held Vertical.
Horizontal Distance Formula
21
22. • O = The optical center of the object glass.
• p,q,r = the top, axial, and bottom hair reading.
• pr = i = Length of the image.
• f = Focal length of the image glass.
• S = Staff in intercept on PQ.
• x = Horizontal distance from O to the staff.
• x = Horizontal distance from O to the staff.
• x’ = Horizontal distance from O to the plane of the hairs.
• d = Horizontal distance from O to the vertical axis of the
instrument.
• D = Horizontal distance from axis to the staff.
22
26. Case : 2 When the line of sight is
inclined and staff is held Vertical.
• Considering angle of elevation +θ
26
27. • Let A is the instrument station
• A’ is the position of the instrument axis
• P is the staff station
• DBC are the points on the staff cut by the hair
of the diaphragm.
• CA’K = is an inclined of the line of sight
A’C to the horizontal
• BD = S is the staff intercept (difference
between the top and bottom hair reading) 27
28. • CP = h is the central hair or axial hair reading.
• A’C = L is the distance along the line of collimation from A’ to C
• A’K = D is the horizontal distance from the instrumental to the staff
• A’K = D is the horizontal distance from the instrumental to the staff
station P
• CK = V is the vertical distance from the instrument axis to point C
(Central hair reading)
• Draw a perpendicular line through C to the line of sight A’C so that it
cuts A’D in D’ and A’B in B’ is the projection of DB perpendicular to
A’C as shown in figure
• Line BD is perpendicular to the line A’K and B’D’ is perpendicular to
A’C
28
34. * Elevation of the staff station for angle of
elevation
• Elevation of staff station= Elevation of
instrument + R.L. of B.M. + V- h
34
35. * Elevation of the staff station for the angle of
depression.
• Elevation of staff station= Elevation of
instrument + R.L. of B.M. - V- h
instrument + R.L. of B.M. - V- h
35
37. Case : 3 When the line of sight is inclined and
staff is held normal to the line of sight.
Considering angle of Elevation +θ
37
38. • Horizontal distance formula :-
From the figure the Horizontal distance D :-
D = L Cosθ + h Sinθ
= (KS + C) Cosθ + h Sinθ
= (KS + C) Cosθ + h Sinθ
= KS Cosθ + C Cosθ + h Sinθ
38
39. • Vertical distance formula :-
• Vertical distance V = L Sinθ
= (KS + C) Sinθ
= KS Sinθ + C Sinθ
39
40. • Elevation of the staff station :-
• Elevation of staff station= Elevation of
instrument + R.L. of B.M. + V- h Cosθ
40
41. • Considering angle of depression – θ
• Horizontal distance formula:-
• Horizontal
distance D = L Cosθ - h Sinθ
= (KS + C) Cosθ - h Sinθ
= KS Cosθ + C Cosθ - h Sinθ
41
42. • Vertical distance formula :-
Vertical distance V = L Sinθ
= (KS + C) Sinθ
= KS Sinθ + C Sinθ
42
43. • Elevation of the staff station :-
Elevation of staff station = Elevation of
instrument + R.L. of B.M. - V- h Cosθ
43
44. Tangential method
• This method is used only when the theodolite
is simple and transit type.
• This method is also used when the staff is far
away from the instrument.
away from the instrument.
• In this method the staff consist of two vanes or
target (S) 2m to 3 m apart.
• The vertical angle θ1 and θ2 are measured in
theodolite
44
45. • There are main three cases for finding the
Distance and Elevation.
• Case : 1 Both the angle are angles of elevation
in this case, staff is held vertically.
in this case, staff is held vertically.
• Case : 2 Both the angle are angles of
depression in this case, staff is held vertically.
• Case : 3 When the one angle is the angle of
elevation and the another angle is the angle of
depression and the staff held vertical.
45
46. Case : 1 Both the angle are angles of elevation in this
case, staff is held vertically.
46
47. • From the fig.
V + S = D tanθ1
V = D tanθ2
S = D tanθ1 – V
S = D tanθ1 – D tanθ2
S = D (tanθ1 - tanθ2)
D = S
(tanθ1 - tanθ2)
V = S tanθ2
(tanθ1 - tanθ2)
R.L of Q = R.L of H.I + V - h
47
48. Case : 2 Both the angle are angles of depression in this
case, staff is held vertically.
48
49. • From the fig.
V - S = D tanθ1
V = D tanθ2
S = V – D tanθ1
S = D tan θ2 – D tan θ1
S = D (tanθ2 – tanθ1)
D = S
D = S
(tanθ2 – tanθ1)
V = S tanθ2
(tanθ2 – tanθ1)
R.L of Q = R.L of H.I - V - h
49
50. Case : 3 When the one angle is the angle of elevation
and the another angle is the angle of depression
and the staff held vertical.
50
51. • From the fig.
S - V = D tanθ1
V = D tanθ2
S = V + D tanθ1
S = D tan θ2 + D tan θ1
S = D (tanθ2 + tanθ1)
D = S
(tanθ2 + tanθ1)
V = S tanθ2
(tanθ2 + tanθ1)
R.L of Q = R.L of H.I - V - h
51
52. Disadvantages of the tangential method
• Two vertical angles are measured.
• It require comparatively more time.
• This method is very tedious.
52
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