The document discusses various elements of a water conductor system for hydropower projects. It describes intake structures, including trash racks and gates. It discusses open channels like canals and pressure tunnels. It provides details on penstocks, including types (buried vs exposed), design considerations, and factors for determining alignment. The key components discussed are intake, head race tunnel, surge tank, penstock, and their functions in conveying water from the source to the hydropower plant turbines.
This document provides an overview of hydro power plant components and types. It discusses the three types of power houses: surface, semi-underground, and underground. Surface power houses have components on the surface but are limited by topography. Semi-underground power houses combine advantages of surface and underground. Underground power houses are located entirely inside mountains with access tunnels. The document also summarizes the main components of hydro power stations including dams/barrages, water conductor systems, and power houses as well as different types of hydro power projects.
Regulation works are structures constructed to regulate water flow in canals. The main types are head regulators, cross regulators, canal escapes, and canal outlets. Head regulators control water entry into off-taking channels from parent channels. Cross regulators are located downstream of off-takes and help control water levels and closures for repairs. Canal outlets connect distribution channels to field channels and supply water to irrigation fields at regulated discharges.
050218 chapter 7 spillways and energy dissipatorsBinu Karki
The document discusses different types of spillways and energy dissipaters used in dams. It describes overflow or ogee spillways, chute spillways, and other spillway types. The main purposes of spillways are to safely release surplus water from the reservoir and regulate floods. Energy dissipaters, like stilling basins, are structures that reduce the high kinetic energy of water flowing from spillways to prevent erosion. Hydraulic jumps, baffle blocks, and deflector buckets are common dissipater types discussed in the document. Design considerations like discharge calculations, basin length, and tailwater conditions are also covered.
This document discusses the key components of hydropower projects including penstocks, power houses, and tailraces. It describes the different types of penstocks such as exposed, embedded, and underground and their advantages and disadvantages. A power house contains the mechanical and electrical equipment needed to convert the kinetic energy of water into electricity. Tailraces return water back to the river after it has passed through turbines in the power house.
This document discusses spillways and energy dissipators for dams. It defines spillways as structures used to safely release surplus water from reservoirs. The main types of spillways are main, auxiliary, and emergency spillways. Spillways can also be classified based on their prominent features, such as free overflow, overflow, side channel, open channel, tunnel, shaft, and siphon spillways. Energy dissipators, such as stilling basins and bucket types, are also discussed to reduce the energy of water flowing from spillways. Common energy dissipator types include horizontal and sloping apron stilling basins, and solid roller, slotted roller, and ski jump bucket dissipators.
Topics:
1. Types of Gravity Dam
2. Forces Acting on a Gravity Dam
3. Causes of failure of Gravity Dam
4. Elementary Profile of Gravity Dam
5. Practical Profile of Gravity Dam
6. Limiting height of Gravity Dam
7. Drainage and Inspection Galleries
spillway,types of spillways,
Design principles of Ogee spillways ,Spillway gates. Energy
Dissipaters and Stilling Basins Significance of Jump Height Curve and Tail Water Rating
Curve,
USBR and Indian types of Stilling Basins.
This document provides an overview of hydro power plant components and types. It discusses the three types of power houses: surface, semi-underground, and underground. Surface power houses have components on the surface but are limited by topography. Semi-underground power houses combine advantages of surface and underground. Underground power houses are located entirely inside mountains with access tunnels. The document also summarizes the main components of hydro power stations including dams/barrages, water conductor systems, and power houses as well as different types of hydro power projects.
Regulation works are structures constructed to regulate water flow in canals. The main types are head regulators, cross regulators, canal escapes, and canal outlets. Head regulators control water entry into off-taking channels from parent channels. Cross regulators are located downstream of off-takes and help control water levels and closures for repairs. Canal outlets connect distribution channels to field channels and supply water to irrigation fields at regulated discharges.
050218 chapter 7 spillways and energy dissipatorsBinu Karki
The document discusses different types of spillways and energy dissipaters used in dams. It describes overflow or ogee spillways, chute spillways, and other spillway types. The main purposes of spillways are to safely release surplus water from the reservoir and regulate floods. Energy dissipaters, like stilling basins, are structures that reduce the high kinetic energy of water flowing from spillways to prevent erosion. Hydraulic jumps, baffle blocks, and deflector buckets are common dissipater types discussed in the document. Design considerations like discharge calculations, basin length, and tailwater conditions are also covered.
This document discusses the key components of hydropower projects including penstocks, power houses, and tailraces. It describes the different types of penstocks such as exposed, embedded, and underground and their advantages and disadvantages. A power house contains the mechanical and electrical equipment needed to convert the kinetic energy of water into electricity. Tailraces return water back to the river after it has passed through turbines in the power house.
This document discusses spillways and energy dissipators for dams. It defines spillways as structures used to safely release surplus water from reservoirs. The main types of spillways are main, auxiliary, and emergency spillways. Spillways can also be classified based on their prominent features, such as free overflow, overflow, side channel, open channel, tunnel, shaft, and siphon spillways. Energy dissipators, such as stilling basins and bucket types, are also discussed to reduce the energy of water flowing from spillways. Common energy dissipator types include horizontal and sloping apron stilling basins, and solid roller, slotted roller, and ski jump bucket dissipators.
Topics:
1. Types of Gravity Dam
2. Forces Acting on a Gravity Dam
3. Causes of failure of Gravity Dam
4. Elementary Profile of Gravity Dam
5. Practical Profile of Gravity Dam
6. Limiting height of Gravity Dam
7. Drainage and Inspection Galleries
spillway,types of spillways,
Design principles of Ogee spillways ,Spillway gates. Energy
Dissipaters and Stilling Basins Significance of Jump Height Curve and Tail Water Rating
Curve,
USBR and Indian types of Stilling Basins.
The document discusses various components of water conveyance systems for hydropower projects. It begins by defining an open channel as a conduit that transports water with a free surface. It then describes different types of open channels based on shape, natural vs artificial classification, changes in cross-section and slope, and boundary characteristics. The document also discusses intake structures, including their components, functions, types and locations. It concludes by briefly describing pressure flow systems such as tunnels, penstocks, surge tanks and their purposes in hydropower projects.
This document discusses the design of penstock pipes, which carry water from forebay tanks to power houses and must withstand high water pressures. It describes the types of penstocks as buried or exposed, and their components like anchor blocks and valves. It explains how to size penstocks by calculating the optimal diameter that minimizes costs and head losses. Factors that contribute to head losses like friction and turbulence are also outlined. The document provides the method to calculate penstock wall thickness and notes air vents are included to release air during filling and draining of the pipes. In conclusion, it thanks the reader and lists references used.
Spillways are structures used to release water from reservoirs to prevent overflow of dams. There are two main types of spillways: controlled and uncontrolled. Controlled spillways have gates to regulate water flow, while uncontrolled spillways release water once the reservoir level rises above the spillway crest. Spillways can also be classified based on their shape, such as ogee, side channel, labyrinth, chute, conduit, and baffled chute spillways. Each type has distinct hydraulic characteristics that make it suitable for different dam designs and site conditions.
1. Dams are constructed across rivers to store flowing water for uses like hydropower, irrigation, water supply, flood control, and navigation.
2. The key forces acting on a gravity dam include its self-weight, which provides stability, and water pressure from the reservoir, which acts to overturn the dam. Uplift, earthquake loads, silt pressure, and ice pressure are other important forces that must be estimated based on assumptions and available data.
3. The weight of the dam per unit length is calculated based on the cross-sectional area and unit weight of the concrete or masonry used. The total weight acts at the centroid of the cross-section and is the main stabil
This document provides information on spillway and energy dissipator design. It begins with an introduction to spillways, their classification, and factors considered in design. It then focuses on the design of ogee or overflow spillways. It discusses spillway crest profiles, discharge characteristics including effects of approach depth, upstream slope, and submergence. It provides example designs for overflow spillways and calculations for determining spillway length. The key aspects covered are types of spillways, design considerations, standard crest profiles, discharge equations, and worked examples for spillway sizing.
Spillways are structures used to release surplus flood waters from a reservoir in a controlled manner. The main types of spillways include ogee or overflow spillways, chute spillways, morning glory spillways, and siphon spillways. To determine spillway capacity, engineers study past flood data and rainfall records to calculate the maximum probable flood, then add a margin of safety like 25%. This establishes the required discharge capacity. Energy dissipators like stilling basins are also important to safely discharge flood waters downstream.
The document discusses powerhouse planning for hydroelectric projects. Key factors in determining a powerhouse location include proximity to the dam spillway and navigation locks, foundation conditions, and accessibility for transmission lines. The objectives of powerhouse planning are to house generators and turbines while considering whether to locate the structure above or below ground. Dimensions of the powerhouse depend on the size and number of units as well as space needed for equipment, loading areas, and control rooms. The powerhouse structure has sub, intermediate, and super sections to support equipment and transmit loads to the foundation.
Topics:
1. Types of Diversion Head Works
2. Weirs and Barrages
3. Layout Diversion Head Works
4. Causes of Failures of Weirs and Barrages on Permeable Foundations
5. Silt Ejectors and Silt Excluders
Hydroelectric power plants generate electricity using the kinetic energy of flowing water. Water is channeled through turbines that spin generators to produce electricity. Key components include a dam/reservoir, intake, penstocks, turbines, generator, and tailrace. Hydro is a renewable source of energy but development can impact the environment and local populations. It has low operating costs but high initial infrastructure costs. Output depends on water flow/head which can vary seasonally.
Spillways are structures used to safely discharge water from a reservoir during periods of high inflow or flooding. They are designed to maintain structural stability of the dam and pass excess water without raising the reservoir level above its maximum. Different types of spillways include overflow, chute, shaft, saddle and side channel spillways. Energy dissipation methods are also important to safely convey water discharged from spillways downstream.
The document discusses the design of gravity dams. It begins with basic definitions related to gravity dam geometry and forces that act on gravity dams, such as water pressure, weight of the dam, uplift pressure, and pressure due to earthquakes. It then covers stability analyses to prevent overturning, sliding, crushing, and tension. Finally, it addresses designing the dam section to be economical while satisfying stability requirements, and categorizing dams as low or high based on height.
Canal fall- necessity and location- types of falls- Cross regulator and
distributory head regulator- their functions, Silt control devices, Canal
escapes- types of escapes.
Conduits,intakes,power house and AccessoriesYimam Alemu
The document discusses components of hydroelectric power plants, including intake structures, conduits, the power house, and safety measures. It describes the main components of intake structures like trash racks and control gates. It then explains the different types of conduits - canals, tunnels, flumes, penstocks, forebays, and surge tanks. The power house houses turbines, generators, and other equipment. Finally, it mentions that the chapter will cover safety measures in hydroelectric plants.
Flood routing is a technique to determine flood hydrographs downstream using data from upstream locations. As a flood wave moves through a river channel or reservoir, it is modified due to storage effects, resulting in attenuation of the peak and lag of the outflow hydrograph. Common flood routing methods include Modified Puls, Kinematic Wave, Muskingum, and Muskingum-Cunge. Dynamic routing uses the full St. Venant equations and requires numerical solutions. Selection of an appropriate routing method depends on characteristics of the channel/reservoir reach and complexity of analysis.
The document discusses different types of canals including contour canals, ridge canals, and side slope canals. It describes how canals are classified based on alignment and position. The key parts of a canal system are described including main canals, branch canals, distributaries, and water courses. Methods for fixing canal alignment and designing canal cross-sections are outlined. Different types of canal lining materials and their purposes are also summarized.
This document summarizes different types of spillways and gates used in dams. It defines spillways as structures that safely release flood waters from dams. The main types of spillways discussed are chute, ogee, free fall, side channel, shaft, and siphon spillways. Ogee spillways are commonly used in gravity dams as they cause less downstream erosion. The document also describes various types of gates used to control water flow over spillways, including vertical lift gates, taintor/radial gates, Reynolds gates, and Visvesvaraya gates. Visvesvaraya gates were the first automatic spillway gates designed using counterweights to open and close the gates during floods and normal water levels.
This document discusses water hammer in pipes. It explains that when a valve regulating water flow in a pipe is suddenly closed, the momentum of the flowing water is destroyed, creating a high pressure wave. This pressure wave travels along the pipe at the speed of sound and can cause knocking noises. The pressure rise from water hammer depends on factors like flow velocity, pipe length, valve closure time, and pipe material elasticity. The document then considers cases of gradual versus sudden valve closure in a rigid pipe and defines variables like pipe area, length, flow velocity, pressure wave intensity, and water bulk modulus used to analyze water hammer effects.
This document discusses different types of canal outlets used to release water from distributing channels into watercourses. It describes non-modular, semi-modular, and modular outlets. Non-modular outlets discharge based on water level differences, while modular outlets discharge independently of water levels. Semi-modular outlets discharge depending on the channel water level but not the watercourse level. Specific outlet types are also defined, such as pipe outlets, open sluice, and Gibbs, Khanna, and Foote rigid modules. Discharge equations for different outlet types are provided.
5. Conduits, Intake, Power house and Accessories.ppthussenbelew
This document provides information on various components used in hydroelectric power generation systems, including conduits, intakes, power houses, and accessories. It describes the different types of conduits like canals, tunnels, pipelines and penstocks used to transport water. Intakes allow water to flow into conduits while preventing debris. Power houses house the generating equipment and can be surface or underground. Accessories include surge tanks to prevent water hammer in penstocks, which are closed conduits that supply water under pressure to turbines.
HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCE MANAGMENT PPTKavin Raval
PRINCIPLE COMPONENTS OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT
Intake structure
Forebay
Surge tank
Penstocks
Conveyance systems
Power house
Draft tube
Tail race
PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS OF HYDROELECTRIC SCHEME
The document discusses various components of water conveyance systems for hydropower projects. It begins by defining an open channel as a conduit that transports water with a free surface. It then describes different types of open channels based on shape, natural vs artificial classification, changes in cross-section and slope, and boundary characteristics. The document also discusses intake structures, including their components, functions, types and locations. It concludes by briefly describing pressure flow systems such as tunnels, penstocks, surge tanks and their purposes in hydropower projects.
This document discusses the design of penstock pipes, which carry water from forebay tanks to power houses and must withstand high water pressures. It describes the types of penstocks as buried or exposed, and their components like anchor blocks and valves. It explains how to size penstocks by calculating the optimal diameter that minimizes costs and head losses. Factors that contribute to head losses like friction and turbulence are also outlined. The document provides the method to calculate penstock wall thickness and notes air vents are included to release air during filling and draining of the pipes. In conclusion, it thanks the reader and lists references used.
Spillways are structures used to release water from reservoirs to prevent overflow of dams. There are two main types of spillways: controlled and uncontrolled. Controlled spillways have gates to regulate water flow, while uncontrolled spillways release water once the reservoir level rises above the spillway crest. Spillways can also be classified based on their shape, such as ogee, side channel, labyrinth, chute, conduit, and baffled chute spillways. Each type has distinct hydraulic characteristics that make it suitable for different dam designs and site conditions.
1. Dams are constructed across rivers to store flowing water for uses like hydropower, irrigation, water supply, flood control, and navigation.
2. The key forces acting on a gravity dam include its self-weight, which provides stability, and water pressure from the reservoir, which acts to overturn the dam. Uplift, earthquake loads, silt pressure, and ice pressure are other important forces that must be estimated based on assumptions and available data.
3. The weight of the dam per unit length is calculated based on the cross-sectional area and unit weight of the concrete or masonry used. The total weight acts at the centroid of the cross-section and is the main stabil
This document provides information on spillway and energy dissipator design. It begins with an introduction to spillways, their classification, and factors considered in design. It then focuses on the design of ogee or overflow spillways. It discusses spillway crest profiles, discharge characteristics including effects of approach depth, upstream slope, and submergence. It provides example designs for overflow spillways and calculations for determining spillway length. The key aspects covered are types of spillways, design considerations, standard crest profiles, discharge equations, and worked examples for spillway sizing.
Spillways are structures used to release surplus flood waters from a reservoir in a controlled manner. The main types of spillways include ogee or overflow spillways, chute spillways, morning glory spillways, and siphon spillways. To determine spillway capacity, engineers study past flood data and rainfall records to calculate the maximum probable flood, then add a margin of safety like 25%. This establishes the required discharge capacity. Energy dissipators like stilling basins are also important to safely discharge flood waters downstream.
The document discusses powerhouse planning for hydroelectric projects. Key factors in determining a powerhouse location include proximity to the dam spillway and navigation locks, foundation conditions, and accessibility for transmission lines. The objectives of powerhouse planning are to house generators and turbines while considering whether to locate the structure above or below ground. Dimensions of the powerhouse depend on the size and number of units as well as space needed for equipment, loading areas, and control rooms. The powerhouse structure has sub, intermediate, and super sections to support equipment and transmit loads to the foundation.
Topics:
1. Types of Diversion Head Works
2. Weirs and Barrages
3. Layout Diversion Head Works
4. Causes of Failures of Weirs and Barrages on Permeable Foundations
5. Silt Ejectors and Silt Excluders
Hydroelectric power plants generate electricity using the kinetic energy of flowing water. Water is channeled through turbines that spin generators to produce electricity. Key components include a dam/reservoir, intake, penstocks, turbines, generator, and tailrace. Hydro is a renewable source of energy but development can impact the environment and local populations. It has low operating costs but high initial infrastructure costs. Output depends on water flow/head which can vary seasonally.
Spillways are structures used to safely discharge water from a reservoir during periods of high inflow or flooding. They are designed to maintain structural stability of the dam and pass excess water without raising the reservoir level above its maximum. Different types of spillways include overflow, chute, shaft, saddle and side channel spillways. Energy dissipation methods are also important to safely convey water discharged from spillways downstream.
The document discusses the design of gravity dams. It begins with basic definitions related to gravity dam geometry and forces that act on gravity dams, such as water pressure, weight of the dam, uplift pressure, and pressure due to earthquakes. It then covers stability analyses to prevent overturning, sliding, crushing, and tension. Finally, it addresses designing the dam section to be economical while satisfying stability requirements, and categorizing dams as low or high based on height.
Canal fall- necessity and location- types of falls- Cross regulator and
distributory head regulator- their functions, Silt control devices, Canal
escapes- types of escapes.
Conduits,intakes,power house and AccessoriesYimam Alemu
The document discusses components of hydroelectric power plants, including intake structures, conduits, the power house, and safety measures. It describes the main components of intake structures like trash racks and control gates. It then explains the different types of conduits - canals, tunnels, flumes, penstocks, forebays, and surge tanks. The power house houses turbines, generators, and other equipment. Finally, it mentions that the chapter will cover safety measures in hydroelectric plants.
Flood routing is a technique to determine flood hydrographs downstream using data from upstream locations. As a flood wave moves through a river channel or reservoir, it is modified due to storage effects, resulting in attenuation of the peak and lag of the outflow hydrograph. Common flood routing methods include Modified Puls, Kinematic Wave, Muskingum, and Muskingum-Cunge. Dynamic routing uses the full St. Venant equations and requires numerical solutions. Selection of an appropriate routing method depends on characteristics of the channel/reservoir reach and complexity of analysis.
The document discusses different types of canals including contour canals, ridge canals, and side slope canals. It describes how canals are classified based on alignment and position. The key parts of a canal system are described including main canals, branch canals, distributaries, and water courses. Methods for fixing canal alignment and designing canal cross-sections are outlined. Different types of canal lining materials and their purposes are also summarized.
This document summarizes different types of spillways and gates used in dams. It defines spillways as structures that safely release flood waters from dams. The main types of spillways discussed are chute, ogee, free fall, side channel, shaft, and siphon spillways. Ogee spillways are commonly used in gravity dams as they cause less downstream erosion. The document also describes various types of gates used to control water flow over spillways, including vertical lift gates, taintor/radial gates, Reynolds gates, and Visvesvaraya gates. Visvesvaraya gates were the first automatic spillway gates designed using counterweights to open and close the gates during floods and normal water levels.
This document discusses water hammer in pipes. It explains that when a valve regulating water flow in a pipe is suddenly closed, the momentum of the flowing water is destroyed, creating a high pressure wave. This pressure wave travels along the pipe at the speed of sound and can cause knocking noises. The pressure rise from water hammer depends on factors like flow velocity, pipe length, valve closure time, and pipe material elasticity. The document then considers cases of gradual versus sudden valve closure in a rigid pipe and defines variables like pipe area, length, flow velocity, pressure wave intensity, and water bulk modulus used to analyze water hammer effects.
This document discusses different types of canal outlets used to release water from distributing channels into watercourses. It describes non-modular, semi-modular, and modular outlets. Non-modular outlets discharge based on water level differences, while modular outlets discharge independently of water levels. Semi-modular outlets discharge depending on the channel water level but not the watercourse level. Specific outlet types are also defined, such as pipe outlets, open sluice, and Gibbs, Khanna, and Foote rigid modules. Discharge equations for different outlet types are provided.
5. Conduits, Intake, Power house and Accessories.ppthussenbelew
This document provides information on various components used in hydroelectric power generation systems, including conduits, intakes, power houses, and accessories. It describes the different types of conduits like canals, tunnels, pipelines and penstocks used to transport water. Intakes allow water to flow into conduits while preventing debris. Power houses house the generating equipment and can be surface or underground. Accessories include surge tanks to prevent water hammer in penstocks, which are closed conduits that supply water under pressure to turbines.
HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCE MANAGMENT PPTKavin Raval
PRINCIPLE COMPONENTS OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT
Intake structure
Forebay
Surge tank
Penstocks
Conveyance systems
Power house
Draft tube
Tail race
PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS OF HYDROELECTRIC SCHEME
The document discusses the components of a hydropower water conveyance system. It describes the different types of intakes used for run-of-river and reservoir projects. It also discusses the main components of the water conducting system, including open channels, tunnels, penstocks, and surge tanks. Design considerations for these components aim to minimize head loss and sediment entry while preserving water energy throughout the system.
The document describes the key elements of a hydraulic power plant. It discusses how water is captured from catchment areas and stored in reservoirs behind dams. The potential energy of the stored water is increased by the height of the dam. Water then flows through penstocks and turbines, converting the hydraulic energy to mechanical energy that spins generators to produce electricity. Key components include the dam, reservoir, penstocks, surge tanks, turbines, generators, and powerhouse. The document also notes advantages like low operating costs and disadvantages like high initial costs and dependence on natural water flows.
This presentation summarizes key aspects of hydroelectric power plants. It introduces hydroelectricity as a renewable energy source that converts the kinetic energy of flowing water into electricity. It then discusses applications of hydroelectric power, providing examples of how hydroelectric plants can supply base load and peak load power. The document proceeds to describe the Kaptai hydroelectric power plant in Bangladesh as a case study, detailing its dam, reservoir, and power generation capacity. It concludes by outlining the essential components and schematic arrangement of typical hydroelectric power stations.
This document discusses various structures used to regulate water flow in canal networks, including falls, regulators, and escapes. It describes the different types of falls (ogee, rapid, trapezoidal notch, vertical drop) needed when canal slopes change. Regulators like cross regulators and distributary head regulators control water flow between main and off-taking canals. Silt control devices like vanes, groyne walls, and skimming platforms aim to divert proportional amounts of sediment. Canal escapes allow excess water to be safely released during emergencies through weirs or gated sluices.
An intake structure withdraws water from its source and discharges it into a withdrawal conduit to transport it to a water treatment plant. It is constructed at the entrance of the withdrawal pipe to protect it from debris. Intake structures can directly transmit water via gravity flow from reservoirs or use pumps to lift water if gravity flow is not possible. The location of an intake structure is important and must consider factors like proximity to the treatment plant and source water quality. Common intake structures include submerged intakes, intake towers for large sources, and various designs for rivers and canals.
1) Water conveyance systems include open channels and pressure flow systems. Open channels include natural rivers and streams as well as artificial canals and flumes.
2) Intake structures are used to obtain water from sources like rivers, reservoirs, and lakes for hydroelectric power or irrigation. Intakes include trash racks, screens, and gates to control water flow.
3) Forebays are pools of water located before penstocks that distribute and store water for hydropower plants. They contain trash racks to prevent debris from entering the penstock.
The document discusses various components of water conveyance systems for hydropower projects. It begins by defining an open channel as a conduit that transports water with a free surface. It then describes different types of open channels based on shape, natural vs artificial classification, changes in cross-section and slope, and boundary characteristics. The document also discusses intake structures, including their components, functions, types and locations. It concludes by briefly describing forebays, tunnel linings, and the purpose of surge tanks in dissipating pressure fluctuations within penstocks.
IES Academy Fluid Machine by S K Mondal.pptSubbuSuni
This document provides an overview of the key components of hydroelectric power projects. It explains that hydroelectric power plants capture the energy of falling water to generate electricity using a turbine to convert kinetic energy to mechanical energy, and a generator to convert that to electrical energy. The major components include a dam/reservoir to create head, a water intake to divert water, a penstock to transport water to the powerhouse under pressure, and a powerhouse containing a turbine, generator, and other equipment to convert the energy and produce electricity. It then provides more details on components like trash racks, surge shafts, penstocks, spillways, desilting basins, draft tubes, and the turbine-generator assembly.
This document discusses different types of intake structures used to withdraw water from sources for treatment. It describes intake structures as structures constructed at the entrance of withdrawal pipes to safely withdraw water from sources while protecting the pipes from debris. The main types discussed are submerged intakes, intake towers, structures for medium rivers, canal intakes, and intakes for dam sluice ways. Key factors in selecting intake locations like access, water quality, and flooding are also outlined.
Design Principles that are involved in the Design of Flow over an Ogee Crest ...Venkataraju Badanapuri
The ogee-crested spillway’s ability to pass flows efficiently and safely, when properly designed and constructed, with
relatively good flow measuring capabilities, has enabled engineers to use it in a wide variety of situations as a water discharge structure
(USACE, 1988; USBR, 1973). The ogee-crested spillway’s performance attributes are due to its shape being derived from the lower surface of an aerated nappe flowing over a sharp-crested weir.
This document provides information about hydroelectric power plants. It discusses the essential components of hydroelectric plants including the catchment area, reservoir, dam, waterways, powerhouse, and tailrace. It describes the functions of these components and classifications such as type of dam. The document also discusses hydraulic turbines and components within the powerhouse such as the generator, transformer, and penstock. It provides advantages and disadvantages of hydroelectric power.
A hydroelectric power plant harnesses the kinetic energy of flowing water to generate electricity. It consists of a dam that creates a reservoir of water, turbines that convert the energy of falling water into mechanical energy, and generators that transform mechanical energy into electrical energy. The plant is ideally located near a river in hilly areas where a large dam and reservoir can be built. Hydroelectric power is a renewable source of energy that produces no emissions. However, it has high upfront costs and power generation depends on water availability, which can fluctuate with weather patterns.
Intakes are structures used to admit water from surface sources like rivers or lakes into treatment plants. They are generally constructed of masonry or concrete to provide relatively clean water free from pollution. Their main purpose is to provide calm conditions for collecting purer water. There are several types of intakes - submerged, exposed, wet, and dry. Factors considered when selecting intake sites include providing purer water, avoiding heavy currents, sufficient water availability, accessibility, and foundation conditions. Intakes are designed to withstand forces on the structure and prevent the entry of large floating objects. Water is conveyed from intakes to treatment plants and customers through various means such as open channels, aqueducts, tunnels or pipes made of materials
This document discusses different types of irrigation canals and structures used to regulate water flow in canal networks. It describes:
1. The main types of canals - main canals, branch canals, distributaries, and water courses. Distributaries are further divided into major and minor types.
2. The primary structures used to regulate water flow - head regulators at the head of canals, cross regulators along canals, and outlets that deliver water to water courses from distributaries.
3. Additional structures like falls used to lower water levels across changes in ground elevation, escapes to discharge excess water, and tail escapes at canal ends.
This document describes the key components of a small hydropower plant. It includes diagrams and descriptions of the trash rack, intake channel, desilting tank, power channel, forebay tank, penstock, hydro-turbines, generator, switchgear, transformers, and control panels. It provides details on the purpose and functioning of each component in the hydropower generation process.
Infrastructure for water resource development_ Sushil Kumar (NWA)_2011India Water Portal
Dams are classified based on their use, material, and size. The three main types are storage dams, diversion dams, and hydroelectric dams. Storage dams create reservoirs and are the most common type for water storage. Diversion dams raise water levels to divert water into conveyance systems. Infrastructure for water resources includes dams, barrages, weirs, canals, canal regulation works, and cross drainage works. Hydroelectric power plants have components like intake structures, penstocks, power houses with turbines, and tailraces.
Similar to Elements of Water Conductor System (20)
Draft Tube and Cavitation | Fluid MechanicsSatish Taji
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This document provides a comparison of different types of hydraulic turbines and considerations for selecting the appropriate turbine for a hydroelectric power plant. It compares Pelton, Francis, and Kaplan turbines based on criteria such as head, discharge required, efficiency, and more. The key points for selection include considering the specific speed to match the generator speed, choosing the turbine with the highest efficiency, ability to operate at part loads, available head and fluctuations, and shaft orientation. The turbines are recommended for different head ranges, with Pelton used for very high heads and Kaplan for heads below 30 meters.
Governing of the Turbine | Fluid MechanicsSatish Taji
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Unit Quantities of Turbine | Fluid MechanicsSatish Taji
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Specific Speed of Turbine | Fluid MechanicsSatish Taji
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This presentation includes the revision of basics principles and equations of fluid mechanics used while studying the turbines. These basics include the continuity equation, mass flow rate, Bernoulli's equation, velocity vector diagram at inlet and outlet of the unsymmetrical vane, when the jet of water striking tangentially, etc.
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This presentation includes introduction to run off river (ROR) plant and pumped storage plants, comparison between traditional and run off river plant, Classification of ROR Plants, Advantages and disadvantages of ROR Plants, Introduction to Pumped Storage Power (PSP) Plants, Classification of PSP, and Advantages and disadvantages of PSP
The outline of the presentation: Site Selection For HP Plant; and Components of HP Plant; Catchment Area; Reservoir; Dam; Fore bay; Sluice Gate; Spillway; Intake Structure; Penstock; Surge Tank; Power House;Turbines; Generators; Draft Tube; Tail Race
The presentation covers: History of Development in India, Current Status & Potential of Hydro Power, Necessity of HP Development, Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydropower, Comparison between Hydro Power, Thermal Power and Nuclear Power, Challenges/Barriers in Development of HP, Place of Hydro-Power in Power System
This document classifies hydro power plants according to several factors:
- Head availability: high, medium, low
- Capacity: large, medium, small, mini, micro
- Facility type: run-of-river without pondage, run-of-river with pondage, storage type, pumped storage, in-stream
- Purpose: single purpose for power generation, multi-purpose for power and other uses like irrigation
- Hydrological relationship: single stage or cascade system
Properties of Fluids, Fluid Static, Buoyancy and Dimensional AnalysisSatish Taji
The presentation includes a brief view of the basic properties of a fluid, fluid statics, Pascal's law, hydrostatic law, fluid classification, pressure measurement devices (manometers and mechanical gauges), hydrostatic forces on different surfaces, buoyancy and metacentric height, and dimensional analysis.
This document provides an introduction to Geographic Information Systems (GIS). It defines GIS as a system designed to store, manipulate, analyze and display spatially referenced data. The key components of a GIS are hardware, software and data. Common GIS software includes desktop programs like ArcGIS and open-source options like QGIS. GIS can incorporate different types of spatial data like raster, vector and remote sensing data along with associated attribute tables. Example applications discussed are in hydrology, including watershed analysis and flood modeling.
This document discusses hydrographs and unit hydrographs. It defines a hydrograph as a graph showing the rate of flow versus time past a specific point in a river. It notes that hydrographs are commonly used in sewerage design. It then describes the components of a hydrograph including the rising limb, recession limb, peak discharge, lag time, and time to peak. Finally, it discusses unit hydrographs, defining a unit hydrograph as the runoff resulting from 1 unit of rainfall excess. It provides examples of deriving unit hydrographs from observed hydrographs and flood hydrographs.
This document describes Snyder's synthetic unit hydrograph method. Snyder's method allows computation of key hydrograph characteristics using watershed properties. These include:
1. Lag time, which is related to watershed time of concentration based on length and slope.
2. Hydrograph duration, which is typically 1/5.5 of the lag time.
3. Peak discharge, which is related to watershed area, storage coefficient, and time parameters.
4. Other hydrograph properties like width can also be estimated using the peak discharge and empirical coefficients. The synthetic hydrograph provides an estimate of watershed runoff for both gauged and ungauged locations.
This document describes how to derive a required time (T) unit hydrograph from a given time (D) unit hydrograph when T is not a multiple of D using the S-curve method. It explains that an S-curve hydrograph is generated by continuous, uniform effective rainfall and rises continuously in the shape of an S until equilibrium is reached. The ordinates of the S-curve can be calculated using the equation S(t) = U(t) + S(t-D), where S(t) is the ordinate of the S-curve at time t, U(t) is the ordinate of the given unit hydrograph at time t, and S(t-D) is the
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation w...IJCNCJournal
Paper Title
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation with Hybrid Beam Forming Power Transfer in WSN-IoT Applications
Authors
Reginald Jude Sixtus J and Tamilarasi Muthu, Puducherry Technological University, India
Abstract
Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) helps to overcome various difficulties in future technology wireless communications. NOMA, when utilized with millimeter wave multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, channel estimation becomes extremely difficult. For reaping the benefits of the NOMA and mm-Wave combination, effective channel estimation is required. In this paper, we propose an enhanced particle swarm optimization based long short-term memory estimator network (PSOLSTMEstNet), which is a neural network model that can be employed to forecast the bandwidth required in the mm-Wave MIMO network. The prime advantage of the LSTM is that it has the capability of dynamically adapting to the functioning pattern of fluctuating channel state. The LSTM stage with adaptive coding and modulation enhances the BER.PSO algorithm is employed to optimize input weights of LSTM network. The modified algorithm splits the power by channel condition of every single user. Participants will be first sorted into distinct groups depending upon respective channel conditions, using a hybrid beamforming approach. The network characteristics are fine-estimated using PSO-LSTMEstNet after a rough approximation of channels parameters derived from the received data.
Keywords
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Bit Error Rate (BER), mm-Wave, MIMO, NOMA, deep learning, optimization.
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This study Examines the Effectiveness of Talent Procurement through the Imple...DharmaBanothu
In the world with high technology and fast
forward mindset recruiters are walking/showing interest
towards E-Recruitment. Present most of the HRs of
many companies are choosing E-Recruitment as the best
choice for recruitment. E-Recruitment is being done
through many online platforms like Linkedin, Naukri,
Instagram , Facebook etc. Now with high technology E-
Recruitment has gone through next level by using
Artificial Intelligence too.
Key Words : Talent Management, Talent Acquisition , E-
Recruitment , Artificial Intelligence Introduction
Effectiveness of Talent Acquisition through E-
Recruitment in this topic we will discuss about 4important
and interlinked topics which are
We have designed & manufacture the Lubi Valves LBF series type of Butterfly Valves for General Utility Water applications as well as for HVAC applications.
Data Communication and Computer Networks Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Networking is a telecommunications network that allows computers to exchange data. In
computer networks, networked computing devices pass data to each other along data
connections. Data is transferred in the form of packets. The connections between nodes are
established using either cable media or wireless media.
1. Elements of Water Conductor System
Pressure Tunnels
A typical section through a tunnel is shown in Fig.
The initial portion of the tunnel from the intake up to the
Surge-Tank is termed as the Head Race Tunnel (HRT) and
beyond that it houses the penstock or steel-conduits, which
sustains a larger pressure than the HRT.
3. Intake Structure
An intake is provided at the mouth of a water
conveyance system for a hydropower project.
It is designed such that the following points are
complied, as far as possible:
There should be minimum head loss as water enters
from the reservoir behind a dam or the pool behind a
barrage into the water conducting system.
There should not be any formation of vortices that
could draw air into the water conducting system.
There should be minimum entry of sediment into the
water conducting system.
Floating material should not enter the water
conducting system.
5. Elements of intake
1. Trash rack and supporting structure.
2. Bell mouth entrance.
3. Gates with air vents.
4. Log/Trash boom.
6. Trash rack and screen
• A trash rack is a wooden or metal structure, that
prevents water-borne debris (such as logs, boats,
animals, masses of cut waterweed, etc.) from entering
the intake of water conveyance.
• This protects penstock, and sluice gates from
destruction and blockage due to debris, logs etc.
12. ICE,LOG,AND TRASH BOOMS
Floating boom use to perform one or more of the
following functions
1. Deflection of logs and trash from the intake
screens.
2. Deflection of ice away from the intake.
3. Prevention of the boats form being carried into
the intake
14. Intake Structure
The position and location of an intake in a
hydropower project would generally depend
upon the type of hydropower development, that
is, whether the project is of run-of-river type or
storage type.
Therefore, intake structure can be classified as:
Run-of-river type intake
Reservoir type intakes
Intake also depends upon whether water conveyed
through canal (power channel) or tunnel conduit
15. Intake Structure
Run-of-river type intake
Intakes adjacent to a diversion structure like a
barrage.
Here, an intake for a tunnel is placed upstream of
the diversion structure to draw water from the pool
16. Intake Structure
Run-of-river type intake
For a canal intake, the head regulator resembles that
of an irrigation canal intake.
When the canal conveying water, also called the
power canal, it leads to a Forebay before leading to
the turbine unit, which is important element.
17. Intake Structure
Run-of-river type intake
For a canal intake, the head regulator resembles that
of an irrigation canal intake.
When the canal conveying water, also called the
power canal, it leads to a Forebay before leading to
the turbine unit, which is important element.
18. Intake Structure
Reservoir type intakes
Intakes for concrete dams are located on the
upstream face of the dam.
The face of the intake is rectangular and is reduced
to a smaller rectangular section through a transitory
shape known as the bell-mouth.
From the smaller rectangular section, another
transition is provided to change the shape to
circular.
19. Intake Structure
Reservoir type intakes
Intakes for concrete dams are located on the
upstream face of the dam.
The face of the intake is rectangular and is reduced
to a smaller rectangular section through a transitory
shape known as the bell-mouth.
From the smaller rectangular section, another
transition is provided to change the shape to
circular.
20. Intake Structure
Reservoir type intakes
Intakes for embankment dams are usually in the
form of a conduit, which is laid below the dam and
are provided in the form of a tower
A tower type intake is constructed where there is a
wide variation of the water level in the reservoir.
21. Intake Structure
The choice and location of the intake structure
depends upon the following factors.
Type of development, that is, run-of-the-river or
storage dam project;
Location of power house and the dam ;
Type of water conductor system, that is, tunnel,
canal or penstock;
Topographical features of area;
The intake can often be located so as to enable it to
be constructed before the level of the reservoir is
raised.
22. Water Conductor System
After flowing through the intake structure, the
water must pass through the water conveyance
system may be either of closed conduit type,
(tunnel off-taking from upstream of the river
diversion) or could be open-channels.
23. Water Conductor System
Open channels
These are usually lined canals to reduce water loss
through seepage as well as to minimize friction loss.
The design of canals for hydropower water
conveyance follows the same rules as for rigid bed
irrigation channels, and are usually termed as
power canals.
A power canal that off-takes from a diversion
structure has to flow along the hill slope
24. Water Conductor System
Open channels
These are usually lined canals to reduce water loss
through seepage as well as to minimize friction loss.
The design of canals for hydropower water
conveyance follows the same rules as for rigid bed
irrigation channels, and are usually termed as power
canals.
A power canal that off-takes from a diversion
structure has to flow along the hill slope
25. Water Conductor System
Open channels
A cross section of the canal would show that there
would usually be high ground on one bank and
falling ground on the other .
It is important to stabilize the uphill cut-slope with
some kind of protection in order to prevent fallout
of loose blocks of stone into the canal.
26. Water Conductor System
Open channels
The power canal ends at a forebay, which is broadened
to act as a small reservoir.
From the forebay, intakes direct the water into the
penstocks.
There usually is a bye-pass channel which acts as a
spillway to pass on excess water in case of a valve
closure in the turbine of the hydropower generating
unit.
If such an escape channel is not provided, there are
chances that under sudden closure of the valves of the
turbines, surge waves move up the power canal.
Hence, sufficient free board has to be provided for the
canals.
27. Water Conductor System
Open channels
Forbay
A forebay is an artificial pool of water located
before and connected with penstocks
Provided in case of run-off- river plants
The major use of forebay is to
distribution of flow of water in to penstocks ,
store water which is rejected by hydropower plant,
Containing a trash rack and bye-pass channel.
30. Water Conductor System
Pressure Tunnels
A typical section through a tunnel is shown in Fig.
The initial portion of the tunnel from the intake up to the
Surge-Tank is termed as the Head Race Tunnel (HRT) and
beyond that it houses the penstock or steel-conduits, which
sustains a larger pressure than the HRT.
31. Water Conductor System
Pressure Tunnels
The HRT may either be unlined (in case of quite good quality
rocks) or may be lined with concrete.
The surge tank is provided to absorb any surge of water that
could be generated during a sudden closure of valve at the
turbine end.
Normally, the water level in the surge tank would be
marginally lower than that at the intake and the difference of
levels depends upon the friction loss in the HRT.
Thus, when the HRT runs full, it is subjected to a much low
pressure compared to the penstock.
32. Water Conductor System
Pressure Tunnels
The layout is usually governed by the geological features of
the surrounding hills.
Complicated geological conditions and extraordinary
geological occurrences such as intra-thrust zones, very wide
shear zones, geothermal zones of high temperature, cold/hot
water springs, water charged rock masses, intrusions, fault
planes, etc. should preferably be avoided.
The Bureau of Indian Standards code IS: 4880-1976 “Code of
practice for design of tunnels conveying water” (Parts 1 to 4)
provide guidelines for design of a tunnel under various
situations.
Sound, homogeneous isotropic and solid rock formations are
the most suitable for tunneling work.
33. Water Conductor System
Penstock
A penstock is one of the parts of conveyance system that
construct from a steel or reinforced concrete to resist high
pressure in the water conveyance system
It may take off directly from behind a dam, from a forebay, or
from the surge tank end of a head race tunnel
34. Water Conductor System
Penstock
It’s function is conveying water from forbay or surge tank to
the turbine in the power house and it help to increase the
kinetic energy of water that comes from the end of head race.
A penstock is subjected to very high pressure and its design
is similar to that for pressure vessels and tanks.
However, sudden pressure rise due to valve closure of
turbines during sudden load rejection in the electric grid
necessitates that penstocks be designed for such water
hammer pressures as well.
35. Water Conductor System
Penstock
Since penstocks convey water to the turbines and form a part
of the hydropower water conveyance system, it is necessary
that they provide the least possible loss of energy head to the
flowing water.
According to the Bureau of Indian Standards code IS: 11625-
1986 “Criteria for hydraulic design of penstocks”, the
following losses may be expected for a penstock:
a. Head loss at trash rock
b. Head loss at intake entrance
c. Friction losses, and
d. Other losses as at bends, bifurcations, transitions, values, etc.
36. Water Conductor System
Penstock
Based on the above losses, the diameter of the penstock
pipes have to be fixed, such that it results in an overall
economy.
This is because if the diameter of a penstock is increased,
for example, the friction losses reduce resulting in a higher
head at turbine and consequent generations of more power.
But this, at the same time, increases the cost of the
penstock.
This leads to the concept of Economic Diameter of
Penstock which is one such that the annual cost, including
cost of power lost due to friction and charges of
construction, maintenance, operation, etc. is the
minimum.
37. Water Conductor System
Penstock
Types
Buried penstocks or Embedded penstocks
Exposed penstocks
1. Buried penstocks
2. Exposed penstocks
38. Water Conductor System
Penstock
Buried penstocks
are supported continuously on the soil at the bottom of a
trench backfilled after placing the pipe.
The thickness of the cover over the pipe should be about
1.o to 1.2 m.
39. Water Conductor System
Penstock
Buried penstocks
Merits
The soil cover protects the penstock against effect of
temperature variations,
It protects the conveyed water against freezing.
Buried pipes do not spoil the landscape.
They are safer against rock slides, avalanches and falling
trees.
40. Water Conductor System
Penstock
Buried penstocks
Demerits
The inspection and faults cannot be determined easily.
It’s installation expensive Especially For large diameters
and rocky soils.
On steep hillsides, especially if the friction coefficient of
the soil is low, such pipes may slide.
Maintenance and repair of the pipe is difficult.
41. Water Conductor System
Penstock
Exposed penstocks:
are installed above the terrain surface and supported on piers
(briefly called supports or saddles).
Consequently, there is no contact between the terrain and the
pipe itself, and the support is not continuous but confined piers
Merits
The soil cover protects the penstock against effect of
temperature variations,
It protects the conveyed water against freezing. Buried pipes
do not spoil the landscape.
They are safer against rock slides, avalanches and falling trees.
42. Water Conductor System
Penstock
Exposed penstocks:
Merits
The possibility of continuous and adequate inspection
during operation.
Its installation is less expensive in case of large diameters
of rocky terrain.
Safety against sliding may be ensured by properly
designed anchorages.
Such pipes are readily accessible and maintenance and
repair operations can be carried out easily
43. Water Conductor System
Penstock
Exposed penstocks:
Demerits
Full exposure to external variation in temperature.
The water conveyed may freeze.
Owing to the spacing of supports and anchorages
significant longitudinal stresses may develop especially in
pipes of large diameters
44. Buried Penstocks Surface Penstocks
1. Protection against
temperature effect
1. Subjected to temperature
variations
2. Landscape does not get
affected
2. Landscape becomes
scared with the Penstocks
presence
3. Less accessible for
inspection
3. Easily accessible for
inspection
4. Greater expenses for large
diameter penstocks in rocky soil
4. Economical under such
circumstances
5. Does not require separate
support. Does not require
expansion joints
5. Requires anchorages for
support necessitating in
expansion joints
Water Conductor System
45. The following are some major factors that must be considered
in selecting a penstock route.
Accessibility:
o The route should be accessible to personnel and
equipment required for pipe installation, inspection and
maintenance.
o In those areas where equipment access is difficult or
impossible; installation and maintenance must be
performed manually.
Soil Conditions:
o Soils along the pipeline should be examined to identify
rock outcroppings, soft or unstable soils or other
characteristics that would interfere with penstock
installation or damage the penstock.
Water Conductor System
46. • Natural or Man-Made Obstructions:
• These include trees, roadways, buildings, stream
crossings, and other features that require special care.
• Gradient:
• The penstock is best routed to take advantage of the
natural downward gradient.
• If the line cannot be located so as to have a constant
downward gradient, an air relief valve or equivalent
device is required at every local high point, and a drain
valve is required at every local low point.
Water Conductor System
47. Water Conductor System
Penstock
Penstock Alignment
To determine the most economical alignment of a
pipeline, the designer must investigate the site and make
various layouts on topographic maps.
He must then estimate material quantities for each layout
and evaluate its constructability.
When making the layouts, the penstock should be located
on stable foundation sites such as along a ridge or a bench
that has been cut into the mountainside, avoiding of
troublesome sites such as underground water courses,
landfill, fault zones and potential slide areas is quite
important.
48. Water Conductor System
Penstock
Penstock Alignment
To minimize costly anchors and costly pipe transition
sections, vertical bends, horizontal bends and changes in
diameter should be combined in a way to have them at the
same location.
Selection of the penstock alignment at site should be
base on the following criteria.
49. Water Conductor System
Penstock
Penstock Alignment
1. Fore bay or surge tank location
The penstock starts at the fore bay or surge tank, and its
location should be chosen to optimize the lengths of headrace
and penstock whilst achieving the required power output from
the scheme.
Penstock pipe is generally more expensive than headrace canal
or tunnel therefore in most cases the fore bay or surge tank
location should be chosen to give the minimum penstock
length.
However, sometimes a longer penstock may be economic to
avoid the need for the headrace to cross an unstable slope.
50. Water Conductor System
Penstock
Penstock Alignment
2. Practical ground slope
An ideal ground slope for the penstock alignment is between
1:1 and 1:2(V:H).
The flatter the ground slope the less economic is the penstock
since a longer pipe length is required for a lower head.
Although a steep slope minimizes the penstock length, it will be
difficult to manually lay the penstock, construct support piers
and anchor blocks if the slope is greater than 1:1.
Therefore, for penstock alignments on slopes steeper than 1:1,
the added site installation cost may outweigh the savings made
on the pipe costs..
51. Water Conductor System
Penstock
Penstock Alignment
3. Minimum number of bends
Bends increase the head loss and require additional
anchor blocks.
Therefore the selected alignment should be as straight as
possible, both in plan and elevation.
Note that small bends can be avoided by varying the
support pier heights for the exposed section and the
trench depth for the buried section.
52. Water Conductor System
Penstock
Penstock Alignment
4. Space for powerhouse area
The chosen alignment should be such that it is possible to
construct a powerhouse at the end of the penstock.
A river terrace well above the flood level is ideal for the
powerhouse area.
A route that is otherwise suitable for the penstock
alignment but does not allow for the construction of the
power house is inappropriate.
53. Water Conductor System
Penstock
Penstock Alignment
5. Stability
Since the penstock alignment is on steep ground slopes
and the pipe is under pressure, it is important for the
alignment to be on stable ground.
Any ground movement can damage the pipe, support
piers and anchor blocks and in case of pipe bursts
unstable slopes will cause further erosion and landslides.
54. Water Conductor System
Penstock
Penstock Alignment
6. Other site specific conditions
Apart from the above criteria, there may be other site
specific conditions that dictate the penstock alignment.
For example, if the alignment crosses a local trail, road,
canal, this section should either be buried or high enough
above the ground such that people and cattle can walk
underneath.
55. Water Conductor System
Penstock - Accessories
Bends
Depending on topography, the alignment of the penstock
is often required to be changed, in direction, to obtain the
most economical profile.
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Penstock - Accessories
Reducer piece
In the case of very long penstocks, it is often necessary to
reduce the diameter of the pipe as the head on the pipe
increases.
This reduction from one diameter to another should be
effected gradually by introducing a special pipe piece called
reducer piece.
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Penstock - Accessories
Supports
In the case of very long penstocks, it is often necessary to
reduce the diameter of the pipe as the head on the pipe
increases.
This reduction from one diameter to another should be
effected gradually by introducing a special pipe piece called
reducer piece.
58. Water Conductor System
Penstock - Accessories
Expansion joints
are installed in exposed penstocks to prevent longitudinal
expansion or contraction when changes in temperature
occur.