This document provides an overview of hydro power plant components and types. It discusses the three types of power houses: surface, semi-underground, and underground. Surface power houses have components on the surface but are limited by topography. Semi-underground power houses combine advantages of surface and underground. Underground power houses are located entirely inside mountains with access tunnels. The document also summarizes the main components of hydro power stations including dams/barrages, water conductor systems, and power houses as well as different types of hydro power projects.
The document discusses different types of canals including contour canals, ridge canals, and side slope canals. It describes how canals are classified based on alignment and position. The key parts of a canal system are described including main canals, branch canals, distributaries, and water courses. Methods for fixing canal alignment and designing canal cross-sections are outlined. Different types of canal lining materials and their purposes are also summarized.
This document summarizes different types of tube wells based on various classification criteria. It describes tube wells as holes bored into the ground to tap groundwater from deep aquifers. Tube wells are classified based on their entry of water, construction method, depth, and type of aquifer tapped. Shallow tube wells are usually less than 60m deep while deep tube wells range from 60-300m deep. Tube wells can be screen wells, cavity wells, drilled wells, driven wells, or jetted wells depending on their construction method. They can tap water table aquifers, semi-artesian aquifers, or artesian aquifers based on the aquifer type.
This document provides an overview of spillways and flood control works for dams. It discusses the key components and design considerations for spillways, including approach channels, control structures, discharge carriers, terminal structures, and energy dissipaters. It describes different types of spillways like overflow, trough, siphon, and side channel spillways. Design aspects for spillway crest gates like radial and drum gates are covered. The document also discusses intake and outlet works for reservoirs, including their components and functions.
The document discusses the design aspects of various types of dam gates. It provides information on common gate types classified by design head, location/purpose, and operation/shape. Vertical lift gates are most commonly used. Key design considerations for gates include the skin plate, stiffeners, wheels, seals, guide rollers, wheel track, sill beam, and anchorages. Radial gates are also discussed. The document emphasizes that gates must be watertight, capable of operation at a specified speed, and able to regulate discharge without cavitation or vibration. Parameters like sill location, trunnion location, gate height, and radial dimension must be fixed in radial gate design.
This document provides an introduction to hydropower engineering. It discusses how hydropower works by capturing the kinetic energy of falling water through turbines connected to generators. The amount of electricity generated depends on water flow rate and head (drop height). It also categorizes different types of hydropower developments including run-of-river, diversion canal, storage, and pumped storage plants. Site selection factors for hydropower include available water resources, water storage capacity, water head, and accessibility of the site.
The document describes the key elements of a hydraulic power plant. It discusses how water is captured from catchment areas and stored in reservoirs behind dams. The potential energy of the stored water is increased by the height of the dam. Water then flows through penstocks and turbines, converting the hydraulic energy to mechanical energy that spins generators to produce electricity. Key components include the dam, reservoir, penstocks, surge tanks, turbines, generators, and powerhouse. The document also notes advantages like low operating costs and disadvantages like high initial costs and dependence on natural water flows.
Canal fall- necessity and location- types of falls- Cross regulator and
distributory head regulator- their functions, Silt control devices, Canal
escapes- types of escapes.
The document describes the design of a forebay for a hydropower system. It begins by outlining the key components and functions of a forebay. It then provides design guidelines and parameters to consider, such as volume, depth, width, and spillway size. Two design examples are presented. The first designs a forebay with a discharge of 2 cubic meters per second and the second designs one with a discharge of 12 cubic meters per second conveyed by two penstocks. Both examples calculate the necessary dimensions and design characteristics of the forebay based on the given parameters.
The document discusses different types of canals including contour canals, ridge canals, and side slope canals. It describes how canals are classified based on alignment and position. The key parts of a canal system are described including main canals, branch canals, distributaries, and water courses. Methods for fixing canal alignment and designing canal cross-sections are outlined. Different types of canal lining materials and their purposes are also summarized.
This document summarizes different types of tube wells based on various classification criteria. It describes tube wells as holes bored into the ground to tap groundwater from deep aquifers. Tube wells are classified based on their entry of water, construction method, depth, and type of aquifer tapped. Shallow tube wells are usually less than 60m deep while deep tube wells range from 60-300m deep. Tube wells can be screen wells, cavity wells, drilled wells, driven wells, or jetted wells depending on their construction method. They can tap water table aquifers, semi-artesian aquifers, or artesian aquifers based on the aquifer type.
This document provides an overview of spillways and flood control works for dams. It discusses the key components and design considerations for spillways, including approach channels, control structures, discharge carriers, terminal structures, and energy dissipaters. It describes different types of spillways like overflow, trough, siphon, and side channel spillways. Design aspects for spillway crest gates like radial and drum gates are covered. The document also discusses intake and outlet works for reservoirs, including their components and functions.
The document discusses the design aspects of various types of dam gates. It provides information on common gate types classified by design head, location/purpose, and operation/shape. Vertical lift gates are most commonly used. Key design considerations for gates include the skin plate, stiffeners, wheels, seals, guide rollers, wheel track, sill beam, and anchorages. Radial gates are also discussed. The document emphasizes that gates must be watertight, capable of operation at a specified speed, and able to regulate discharge without cavitation or vibration. Parameters like sill location, trunnion location, gate height, and radial dimension must be fixed in radial gate design.
This document provides an introduction to hydropower engineering. It discusses how hydropower works by capturing the kinetic energy of falling water through turbines connected to generators. The amount of electricity generated depends on water flow rate and head (drop height). It also categorizes different types of hydropower developments including run-of-river, diversion canal, storage, and pumped storage plants. Site selection factors for hydropower include available water resources, water storage capacity, water head, and accessibility of the site.
The document describes the key elements of a hydraulic power plant. It discusses how water is captured from catchment areas and stored in reservoirs behind dams. The potential energy of the stored water is increased by the height of the dam. Water then flows through penstocks and turbines, converting the hydraulic energy to mechanical energy that spins generators to produce electricity. Key components include the dam, reservoir, penstocks, surge tanks, turbines, generators, and powerhouse. The document also notes advantages like low operating costs and disadvantages like high initial costs and dependence on natural water flows.
Canal fall- necessity and location- types of falls- Cross regulator and
distributory head regulator- their functions, Silt control devices, Canal
escapes- types of escapes.
The document describes the design of a forebay for a hydropower system. It begins by outlining the key components and functions of a forebay. It then provides design guidelines and parameters to consider, such as volume, depth, width, and spillway size. Two design examples are presented. The first designs a forebay with a discharge of 2 cubic meters per second and the second designs one with a discharge of 12 cubic meters per second conveyed by two penstocks. Both examples calculate the necessary dimensions and design characteristics of the forebay based on the given parameters.
Gravity dams are structures designed so that their own weight resists external forces. Concrete is the preferred material. Forces acting on the dam include water pressure, uplift pressure, earthquake forces, silt pressure, wave pressure, and ice pressure. The dam's weight counters these forces. Dams are checked when full and empty, accounting for load combinations. Gravity dams can fail due to overturning, crushing, tension cracks, or sliding along foundation planes. Design aims to prevent failure from these modes.
This document discusses different types of earth and rockfill dams. It describes rolled fill dams which are constructed by compacting soil in thin layers. Homogeneous dams consist of a single material throughout while zoned dams have distinct core, shell, and filter zones. Diaphragm dams contain an impervious core like a thin wall. Key elements of earth dam design include the top width, freeboard, slopes, central core, and downstream drainage system.
This presentation includes introduction to run off river (ROR) plant and pumped storage plants, comparison between traditional and run off river plant, Classification of ROR Plants, Advantages and disadvantages of ROR Plants, Introduction to Pumped Storage Power (PSP) Plants, Classification of PSP, and Advantages and disadvantages of PSP
This document discusses the key components of hydropower projects including penstocks, power houses, and tailraces. It describes the different types of penstocks such as exposed, embedded, and underground and their advantages and disadvantages. A power house contains the mechanical and electrical equipment needed to convert the kinetic energy of water into electricity. Tailraces return water back to the river after it has passed through turbines in the power house.
Hydropower harnesses the kinetic energy of flowing water by using turbines to convert it into electrical energy. It does this by capturing potential energy from water held at a higher elevation and channeling it through pipes (penstocks) to spin turbines connected to generators. There are various types of hydropower plants classified by factors like capacity, head (water height), purpose, facility type, and connection to transmission systems. Common components include dams or diversions to raise water to a certain height, penstocks to transport water to turbines, turbines to convert kinetic energy to mechanical energy, generators to convert that to electrical energy, and transformers to adjust voltage for transmission. Hydropower is a renewable energy source but plant types differ in their
This document provides an overview of hydraulic structures and classifications of dams. It discusses:
1) Different types of dams classified by function (storage, detention, diversion), design (overflow, non-overflow), structure (gravity, arch, buttress, embankment), and materials (rigid, non-rigid).
2) Characteristics and components of earth dams including homogeneous, zoned, and diaphragm types.
3) Characteristics of rock fill dams and combined earth and rock fill dams.
4) Advantages and disadvantages of gravity dams, arch dams, and buttress dams constructed of concrete.
This document discusses different components of hydroelectric power plants, including turbines, generators, and control systems. It describes the main parts of hydroelectric turbines like Pelton wheels, Francis turbines, and Kaplan turbines. It also discusses the powerhouse, which houses the turbine, generator, and other service areas needed to control and operate the hydroelectric system.
Spillways are structures used to safely discharge water from a reservoir during periods of high inflow or flooding. They are designed to maintain structural stability of the dam and pass excess water without raising the reservoir level above its maximum. Different types of spillways include overflow, chute, shaft, saddle and side channel spillways. Energy dissipation methods are also important to safely convey water discharged from spillways downstream.
energy dissipator in hydraulic structure Kiran Jadhav
This document discusses energy dissipators, which are structures that reduce the kinetic energy of water flowing over spillways to prevent erosion. It describes two main types of energy dissipators - stilling basins and bucket dissipators. Stilling basins use either horizontal or sloping concrete aprons and hydraulic jumps to dissipate energy. Bucket dissipators include solid roller, slotted roller, and ski jump designs. The document explains how dissipator selection depends on the relationship between tailwater curve and flow depth. Appropriate dissipators maintain stable hydraulic jumps or direct flow into the air to safely dissipate kinetic energy for different tailwater conditions.
The outline of the presentation: Site Selection For HP Plant; and Components of HP Plant; Catchment Area; Reservoir; Dam; Fore bay; Sluice Gate; Spillway; Intake Structure; Penstock; Surge Tank; Power House;Turbines; Generators; Draft Tube; Tail Race
This document provides an overview of hydropower plants. It discusses the different types of hydropower plants classified by capacity, head, purpose, facility, hydrological relation, and transmission system. It also defines small hydropower plant capacities according to different countries. The document describes low head, medium head, and high head hydropower plants. It discusses single stage and cascade systems. It provides examples of single purpose and multipurpose plants as well as run-of-river and storage hydropower plants. The document also mentions some facts about large hydropower projects and lists some hydro research centers and apex bodies related to hydropower in India.
Types- selection of the suitable site for the diversion headwork components
of diversion headwork- Causes of failure of structure on pervious foundation- Khosla’s theory- Design of concrete sloping
glacis weir.
The document discusses powerhouse planning for hydroelectric projects. Key factors in determining a powerhouse location include proximity to the dam spillway and navigation locks, foundation conditions, and accessibility for transmission lines. The objectives of powerhouse planning are to house generators and turbines while considering whether to locate the structure above or below ground. Dimensions of the powerhouse depend on the size and number of units as well as space needed for equipment, loading areas, and control rooms. The powerhouse structure has sub, intermediate, and super sections to support equipment and transmit loads to the foundation.
This document discusses different types of canal outlets used to release water from distributing channels into watercourses. It describes non-modular, semi-modular, and modular outlets. Non-modular outlets discharge based on water level differences, while modular outlets discharge independently of water levels. Semi-modular outlets discharge depending on the channel water level but not the watercourse level. Specific outlet types are also defined, such as pipe outlets, open sluice, and Gibbs, Khanna, and Foote rigid modules. Discharge equations for different outlet types are provided.
This presentation is covered topic of cross drainage work. In which topics necessity of Cross drainage structures, their types and selection,
comparative merits and demerits, design of
various types of cross-drainage structure:aqueducts, siphon aqueduct, super passage
siphon, level crossing and other types covered.
The document summarizes key components of dam safety, including structural safety criteria, monitoring and maintenance programs, emergency planning, instrumentation, and common maintenance items. It describes dam components, safety criteria, surveillance systems, monitoring parameters, and instrumentation used to monitor dams, such as piezometers, surface monuments, inclinometers, and accelerographs.
The document discusses different types of dams, including earthen dams, gravity dams, arch dams, and buttress dams. It explains the typical structure of a dam, including components like the heel, toe, abutments, galleries, spillway, and sluice way. The document also covers preliminary investigations, factors influencing site selection, purposes of dams, and potential causes of dam failure.
The document discusses hydroelectric power generation and the key components of a hydroelectric power plant. It explains that hydroelectric power harnesses the kinetic energy of flowing water to generate electricity. The major components discussed include the reservoir, dam, penstocks, turbines, generator, and powerhouse. It describes how water accumulated behind a dam gains potential energy due to height and then flows through penstocks and turbines to generate electricity in the powerhouse before being discharged downstream.
Performance Evaluation of Small Hydro Power PlantGirish Gupta
This is a project on the study of small hydro power plant of Khairana, Ramgarh, Uttrakhand which is of the capacity 100 KW. This project is done under Center of Excellence, Technical Educational Quality Improvement Programme - II (COE, TEQIP-II) funded by Ministry of Human Resource and Developement, Government of India
Status of Hydropower in Nepal- Presented in CIA Training Session at Luang Pra...Er. Abhushan Neupane
Cumulative Impact Assessment (CIA), as a tool is a holistic approach to study,assess, monitor and manage the Valued Engineering Components (VECs), in a specific and defined manner. It is imperative to use in the entire basin approach for Hydropower development in Nepal.
More information about this approach can be made available by the Trainee (representatives from Nepal)
Gravity dams are structures designed so that their own weight resists external forces. Concrete is the preferred material. Forces acting on the dam include water pressure, uplift pressure, earthquake forces, silt pressure, wave pressure, and ice pressure. The dam's weight counters these forces. Dams are checked when full and empty, accounting for load combinations. Gravity dams can fail due to overturning, crushing, tension cracks, or sliding along foundation planes. Design aims to prevent failure from these modes.
This document discusses different types of earth and rockfill dams. It describes rolled fill dams which are constructed by compacting soil in thin layers. Homogeneous dams consist of a single material throughout while zoned dams have distinct core, shell, and filter zones. Diaphragm dams contain an impervious core like a thin wall. Key elements of earth dam design include the top width, freeboard, slopes, central core, and downstream drainage system.
This presentation includes introduction to run off river (ROR) plant and pumped storage plants, comparison between traditional and run off river plant, Classification of ROR Plants, Advantages and disadvantages of ROR Plants, Introduction to Pumped Storage Power (PSP) Plants, Classification of PSP, and Advantages and disadvantages of PSP
This document discusses the key components of hydropower projects including penstocks, power houses, and tailraces. It describes the different types of penstocks such as exposed, embedded, and underground and their advantages and disadvantages. A power house contains the mechanical and electrical equipment needed to convert the kinetic energy of water into electricity. Tailraces return water back to the river after it has passed through turbines in the power house.
Hydropower harnesses the kinetic energy of flowing water by using turbines to convert it into electrical energy. It does this by capturing potential energy from water held at a higher elevation and channeling it through pipes (penstocks) to spin turbines connected to generators. There are various types of hydropower plants classified by factors like capacity, head (water height), purpose, facility type, and connection to transmission systems. Common components include dams or diversions to raise water to a certain height, penstocks to transport water to turbines, turbines to convert kinetic energy to mechanical energy, generators to convert that to electrical energy, and transformers to adjust voltage for transmission. Hydropower is a renewable energy source but plant types differ in their
This document provides an overview of hydraulic structures and classifications of dams. It discusses:
1) Different types of dams classified by function (storage, detention, diversion), design (overflow, non-overflow), structure (gravity, arch, buttress, embankment), and materials (rigid, non-rigid).
2) Characteristics and components of earth dams including homogeneous, zoned, and diaphragm types.
3) Characteristics of rock fill dams and combined earth and rock fill dams.
4) Advantages and disadvantages of gravity dams, arch dams, and buttress dams constructed of concrete.
This document discusses different components of hydroelectric power plants, including turbines, generators, and control systems. It describes the main parts of hydroelectric turbines like Pelton wheels, Francis turbines, and Kaplan turbines. It also discusses the powerhouse, which houses the turbine, generator, and other service areas needed to control and operate the hydroelectric system.
Spillways are structures used to safely discharge water from a reservoir during periods of high inflow or flooding. They are designed to maintain structural stability of the dam and pass excess water without raising the reservoir level above its maximum. Different types of spillways include overflow, chute, shaft, saddle and side channel spillways. Energy dissipation methods are also important to safely convey water discharged from spillways downstream.
energy dissipator in hydraulic structure Kiran Jadhav
This document discusses energy dissipators, which are structures that reduce the kinetic energy of water flowing over spillways to prevent erosion. It describes two main types of energy dissipators - stilling basins and bucket dissipators. Stilling basins use either horizontal or sloping concrete aprons and hydraulic jumps to dissipate energy. Bucket dissipators include solid roller, slotted roller, and ski jump designs. The document explains how dissipator selection depends on the relationship between tailwater curve and flow depth. Appropriate dissipators maintain stable hydraulic jumps or direct flow into the air to safely dissipate kinetic energy for different tailwater conditions.
The outline of the presentation: Site Selection For HP Plant; and Components of HP Plant; Catchment Area; Reservoir; Dam; Fore bay; Sluice Gate; Spillway; Intake Structure; Penstock; Surge Tank; Power House;Turbines; Generators; Draft Tube; Tail Race
This document provides an overview of hydropower plants. It discusses the different types of hydropower plants classified by capacity, head, purpose, facility, hydrological relation, and transmission system. It also defines small hydropower plant capacities according to different countries. The document describes low head, medium head, and high head hydropower plants. It discusses single stage and cascade systems. It provides examples of single purpose and multipurpose plants as well as run-of-river and storage hydropower plants. The document also mentions some facts about large hydropower projects and lists some hydro research centers and apex bodies related to hydropower in India.
Types- selection of the suitable site for the diversion headwork components
of diversion headwork- Causes of failure of structure on pervious foundation- Khosla’s theory- Design of concrete sloping
glacis weir.
The document discusses powerhouse planning for hydroelectric projects. Key factors in determining a powerhouse location include proximity to the dam spillway and navigation locks, foundation conditions, and accessibility for transmission lines. The objectives of powerhouse planning are to house generators and turbines while considering whether to locate the structure above or below ground. Dimensions of the powerhouse depend on the size and number of units as well as space needed for equipment, loading areas, and control rooms. The powerhouse structure has sub, intermediate, and super sections to support equipment and transmit loads to the foundation.
This document discusses different types of canal outlets used to release water from distributing channels into watercourses. It describes non-modular, semi-modular, and modular outlets. Non-modular outlets discharge based on water level differences, while modular outlets discharge independently of water levels. Semi-modular outlets discharge depending on the channel water level but not the watercourse level. Specific outlet types are also defined, such as pipe outlets, open sluice, and Gibbs, Khanna, and Foote rigid modules. Discharge equations for different outlet types are provided.
This presentation is covered topic of cross drainage work. In which topics necessity of Cross drainage structures, their types and selection,
comparative merits and demerits, design of
various types of cross-drainage structure:aqueducts, siphon aqueduct, super passage
siphon, level crossing and other types covered.
The document summarizes key components of dam safety, including structural safety criteria, monitoring and maintenance programs, emergency planning, instrumentation, and common maintenance items. It describes dam components, safety criteria, surveillance systems, monitoring parameters, and instrumentation used to monitor dams, such as piezometers, surface monuments, inclinometers, and accelerographs.
The document discusses different types of dams, including earthen dams, gravity dams, arch dams, and buttress dams. It explains the typical structure of a dam, including components like the heel, toe, abutments, galleries, spillway, and sluice way. The document also covers preliminary investigations, factors influencing site selection, purposes of dams, and potential causes of dam failure.
The document discusses hydroelectric power generation and the key components of a hydroelectric power plant. It explains that hydroelectric power harnesses the kinetic energy of flowing water to generate electricity. The major components discussed include the reservoir, dam, penstocks, turbines, generator, and powerhouse. It describes how water accumulated behind a dam gains potential energy due to height and then flows through penstocks and turbines to generate electricity in the powerhouse before being discharged downstream.
Performance Evaluation of Small Hydro Power PlantGirish Gupta
This is a project on the study of small hydro power plant of Khairana, Ramgarh, Uttrakhand which is of the capacity 100 KW. This project is done under Center of Excellence, Technical Educational Quality Improvement Programme - II (COE, TEQIP-II) funded by Ministry of Human Resource and Developement, Government of India
Status of Hydropower in Nepal- Presented in CIA Training Session at Luang Pra...Er. Abhushan Neupane
Cumulative Impact Assessment (CIA), as a tool is a holistic approach to study,assess, monitor and manage the Valued Engineering Components (VECs), in a specific and defined manner. It is imperative to use in the entire basin approach for Hydropower development in Nepal.
More information about this approach can be made available by the Trainee (representatives from Nepal)
Small hydropower development in nepal iit roorkeeSanjeev Pokhrel
This document provides an overview of small hydropower development in Nepal. It discusses Nepal's energy landscape and reliance on biomass, its hydropower potential of 83,000 MW, and the classification of hydropower projects. The legal and policy environment for hydropower development is also outlined, including the roles of various government agencies and the application process. Challenges to small hydropower development include financing, lack of infrastructure, and power purchase agreements. Rural electrification programs have helped increase energy access, but hydropower remains underdeveloped in Nepal.
Nepal has significant hydropower potential but has struggled to develop it due to political, technical, financial, and policy issues. While initial estimates placed Nepal's potential at 83,000 MW, more recent studies estimate 53,000 MW of technically and economically feasible potential. Currently, Nepal has only generated 733 MW of its potential. Storage-type projects and cross-border transmission lines are needed to increase reliability. Micro-hydropower, public-private partnerships, and addressing climate change impacts could help utilization. Environmental assessments must also be conducted for sustainable hydropower development.
solar energy--the ultimate renewable resourceGhassan Hadi
Solar energy originates from the thermonuclear fusion reactions of the sun. It represents the entire electromagnetic spectrum that reaches Earth. While solar energy has the advantages of being pollution-free and sustainable, its disadvantages include inconsistent sunshine and its diffuse nature, requiring concentration. Several methods are discussed for harnessing solar energy, including using flat plate collectors to heat water passively or with pumps in an active system. Solar energy can also be used to directly heat buildings through designs incorporating insulation, collection, and thermal mass storage. Additional methods discussed are using power towers or parabolic dishes/troughs to generate solar-thermal electricity, as well as using photovoltaic cells for direct conversion to electricity, though their efficiency and costs remain
The document discusses geothermal systems and provides an introduction to geothermal technology. It covers tectonic plates, heat transfer mechanisms, classifications of geothermal systems, and examples of geothermal systems in Indonesia including Kamojang and Salak. The document serves as an overview and provides references for further reading on geothermal engineering techniques.
This document discusses the characteristics and operation of DC motors. It describes the construction and components of DC motors, including that the armature is usually located on the rotor and the field is on the stator. It also discusses separately excited DC motors and series DC motors, how their speed and torque can be controlled, and their applications.
- Renewable energy sources include solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, and biomass energies. Each has advantages and disadvantages.
- Hydro energy is cheap to operate and renewable but can cause human displacement and ecosystem impacts. Dams larger than a certain size exacerbate many of these issues.
- Wind energy has high energy yield without pollution, but is intermittent and requires storage or grid connection. It also has visual and wildlife impacts.
fourier representation of signal and systemsSugeng Widodo
This document provides an overview of Fourier analysis concepts including:
- The Fourier transform decomposes a signal into its constituent frequencies.
- Properties of the Fourier transform like linearity, time/frequency shifting, and modulation are discussed.
- The Fourier transform of a time derivative or integral is related to the original Fourier transform.
- Convolution and correlation theorems explain how time domain operations translate to the frequency domain.
The document outlines various digital modulation techniques including ASK, BPSK, and FSK. It describes how each technique generates and detects modulated signals. ASK encodes data in signal amplitude levels. BPSK uses two phase shift keying to encode bits. FSK encodes data by shifting the carrier frequency between two values. Optimum detection requires coherent demodulation that correlates the received signal with a reference carrier.
introdution to analog and digital communicationSugeng Widodo
This document provides a historical overview of developments in analog and digital communications. It discusses technologies like the telegraph, radio, telephone, electronics, television, digital communications, computer networks, satellite communications, and optical communications. It also describes applications of communications technologies like broadcasting and point-to-point links. Finally, it outlines primary resources for communication systems including transmitted power and channel bandwidth.
The document lists 51 references related to transmission network expansion planning. The references are numbered and include the author(s), title, source, and year of publication. The references cover a wide range of optimization techniques that have been applied to transmission network expansion planning problems, including linear programming, mixed integer programming, heuristic methods, genetic algorithms, and expert systems.
This document discusses hydropower opportunities and challenges in Iran. It notes that while Iran has significant hydropower potential, currently only 5% of its electricity is generated through hydropower. The government has established initiatives to support developing more hydropower projects through public-private partnerships and other models. However, hydropower development faces challenges including access to funds, currency fluctuations, and lack of repayment guarantees. There remain significant opportunities to tap Iran's hydropower potential and boost renewable energy development given growing electricity demand.
This document provides an introduction to hydroelectric power, including:
- Hydroelectric power harnesses the kinetic energy of flowing water through turbines connected to generators to produce electricity.
- The amount of electricity produced depends on the water's flow rate and head (height of the fall).
- There are various types of hydroelectric systems including high-head dams, low-head run-of-river systems, and small or micro hydro plants.
- Examples of hydroelectric dams and plants in Arizona are described.
Teks tersebut membahas tentang sistem panas bumi di Indonesia, termasuk manifestasi permukaan, material penyusun, dan struktur geologi utama di beberapa wilayah. Sistem panas bumi di Sumatera memiliki manifestasi permukaan berupa fumarol bertemperatur tinggi dan mata air mendidih serta alterasi batuan yang luas dan intensif."
This document discusses geothermal systems and their manifestations. It describes 10 common types of geothermal manifestations including warm ground, steaming ground, hot/warm springs, hot pools, hot lakes, fumaroles, geysers, mud pools, silica sinter deposits, and alteration zones near subsurface reservoirs driven by heat from the Earth. The document provides an overview of factors that influence geothermal activity such as temperature, rock types, and reservoir characteristics.
This document discusses different inverter topologies including half bridge, full bridge, diode clamped multilevel, and PWM multilevel inverters. It provides circuit diagrams, output voltage waveforms, Fourier analysis to calculate harmonics, methods for computing switching angles, and simulation results comparing the total harmonic distortion for each topology. The conclusion is that PWM inverters have the highest THD but fewest switches, while diode clamped multilevel has the lowest THD but most switches. A PWM multilevel inverter provides a good balance with fewer switches than diode clamped and lower THD than basic PWM.
The document summarizes India's major environmental laws and acts established since the late 19th century. It outlines laws related to protection of forests and wildlife (1827, 1972), water quality (1882, 1974), air pollution (1981, 1987), hazardous waste (1986, 1989), and biological diversity (2002). The Environment Protection Act of 1986 acts as an umbrella legislation, and penalties are established for non-compliance under various acts. The objective of these laws is to protect and improve environmental quality in India.
Control of AC machines can be done through various methods such as pole changing, voltage control, and variable voltage variable frequency (VVVF) control. Vector control is also an effective method that controls the torque and flux of induction motors by separately regulating the torque and rotor flux components. It achieves decoupled control of torque and flux to provide fast dynamic response like a separately excited DC motor. Slip energy recovery methods can also be used to control induction motor speed through adjustment of rotor slip.
Hydroelectric power plants harness the kinetic energy of flowing water to generate electrical power. There are several types of hydroelectric power plants classified by their hydraulic characteristics and operating head. Run-of-river plants utilize minimum river flows without storage, while storage plants feature upstream reservoirs. Pumped storage plants pump water back uphill during off-peak hours. Tidal plants use the difference between high and low tides. Classification by head includes low-head (<15m), medium-head (15-60m), and high-head (>60m) schemes. The major components of a typical hydroelectric scheme are the intake, penstocks, turbines, generators, and powerhouse. Impulse turbines like Pelton wheels and reaction turbines
* Catchment area = 200 sq.km = 200,000,000 sq.m
* Average rainfall = 130 cm = 1.3 m
* Runoff = 70% of rainfall = 0.7 * 1.3 = 0.91 m
* Water available per year = Rainfall * Runoff * Catchment area
= 1.3 * 0.91 * 200,000,000 = 234,000,000 cubic meters
* Head available = 380 m
* Density of water = 1000 kg/cubic meter
* Gravity acceleration = 10 m/sec^2
* Power = Mass of water * Gravity height * Head / Time
= 234,000,000 * 1000 * 10 *
A hydroelectric power plant harnesses the kinetic energy of flowing water to generate electricity. It consists of a dam that creates a reservoir of water, turbines that convert the energy of falling water into mechanical energy, and generators that transform mechanical energy into electrical energy. The plant is ideally located near a river in hilly areas where a large dam and reservoir can be built. Hydroelectric power is a renewable source of energy that produces no emissions. However, it has high upfront costs and power generation depends on water availability, which can fluctuate with weather patterns.
IES Academy Fluid Machine by S K Mondal.pptSubbuSuni
This document provides an overview of the key components of hydroelectric power projects. It explains that hydroelectric power plants capture the energy of falling water to generate electricity using a turbine to convert kinetic energy to mechanical energy, and a generator to convert that to electrical energy. The major components include a dam/reservoir to create head, a water intake to divert water, a penstock to transport water to the powerhouse under pressure, and a powerhouse containing a turbine, generator, and other equipment to convert the energy and produce electricity. It then provides more details on components like trash racks, surge shafts, penstocks, spillways, desilting basins, draft tubes, and the turbine-generator assembly.
Image result for hydro power plant in india
India is the 7th largest producer of hydroelectric power in the world ranking third worldwide in the total number of dams. As of 31 March 2016, India's installed utility-scale hydroelectric capacity was 42,783 MW, or 14.35% of its total utility power generation capacity.
Hydroelectric power is power harnessed from converting the energy coming from running water. The mechanical energy is transferred from a rotating turbine to a generator, which produces energy. Hydro power is a shorthand term that can be used in place of hydroelectric power, both mechanical and electric.
This document discusses hydroelectric power plants, including their major applications, classifications, essential components, advantages, disadvantages, and considerations for site selection. Hydroelectric power plants can generate electric power, store irrigation water, and control floods. They are classified based on capacity, head type, and whether they are run-of-river or reservoir. The essential components include a catchment area, dam, penstocks, turbines, generators, and tailrace. Advantages include no fuel usage and preventing floods, while disadvantages include high costs and potential environmental impacts. Site selection considers water availability, storage capacity, head height, catchment area, land type, and proximity to load centers.
This document provides information about hydropower, including its components and types of hydropower plants. It discusses that hydropower harnesses the kinetic energy of moving water and is a renewable resource. The key components of a hydropower plant are described as the catchment area, dam, intake, penstocks, powerhouse, and tailrace. Types of hydropower plants include run-of-river, storage, pumped storage, and multi-purpose plants. The document also provides details about specific hydropower plants operated by CBK Power Company Limited in the Philippines.
A hydroelectric power system works by converting the kinetic energy of flowing water into electrical energy. Water turns turbines that are connected to generators, producing electricity. The key components are turbines, generators housed in a power house, and other infrastructure like penstocks, a surge tank, draft tubes and a tailrace. The amount of power generated depends on the head (water height) and flow rate, with higher heads and flows producing more electricity.
A detail discussion on hydro power plant.
It include
Introduction of Hydro Power plant
Elements require for Hydro Power plant
Working Principle
Layout of hydro power plant
Advantages of hydro power plant
Disadvantages of hydro power plant
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This document discusses the components and working principle of a hydro power plant. It describes the key parts of a hydro plant including the reservoir, dam, penstocks, turbines, generators, and tailrace. The document also covers the advantages of hydro power in being renewable and having low operating costs, and the disadvantages which include high initial costs and requiring suitable land. It provides details on selecting appropriate sites for hydro plants based on water availability, storage, head, geology, and access.
This document provides information on hydroelectric power plants. It discusses the essential components which include a catchment area, reservoir, dam, intake house, waterways, power house, and tailrace. It describes the different types of dams and turbines used. Hydroelectric power is a renewable source of energy since water is continuously available from rainfall and rivers. While hydroelectric power plants have many advantages like low operating costs, they also have disadvantages such as high initial costs and reduced power production during drought seasons.
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The document discusses hydroelectric power plants and how they work. It explains that hydroelectric power harnesses the kinetic energy of moving water to generate electricity. Water turns turbines that are connected to generators, which produce electricity. The key components of hydroelectric plants are dams or reservoirs that store water, penstocks that carry water to turbines under pressure, turbines that convert the water's energy into rotational motion, generators that convert that motion into electricity, and transmission lines to deliver the power. Hydroelectricity is a renewable energy source that does not deplete natural resources.
This document presents information about hydroelectric power plants in India. It discusses the key components of hydroelectric plants including dams, reservoirs, turbines, generators, and penstocks. It explains how the potential energy of stored water is converted to kinetic energy and then electrical energy. The document notes that hydroelectric power provides 30% of the world's energy and discusses the first hydroelectric plants constructed in India in the early 1900s. It outlines the advantages of hydroelectric power in being renewable with low operating costs but also notes disadvantages like high initial costs and dependence on water availability.
The document discusses hydroelectric power systems and their components. It explains that hydroelectric power harnesses the kinetic energy of flowing water to turn turbines that generate electricity. It describes the main components of hydropower dams including penstocks, surge tanks, turbines, power houses, draft tubes and tail races. It also discusses different types of hydroelectric schemes based on water head, including low, medium and high head plants.
The document discusses hydroelectric power plants and their components. It provides definitions and descriptions of key parts of hydropower plants including the forebay, intake structure, penstock, surge chamber, hydraulic turbines, power house, draft tube, and tailrace. It also discusses different types of turbines used in hydropower generation such as Pelton wheels, Francis turbines, and Kaplan turbines. Classification of hydropower plants by installed capacity into large, medium, small, mini, and micro categories is also mentioned.
Hydroelectric power systems convert the kinetic energy of flowing water into electrical energy. Water turns turbines that are connected to generators, producing electricity. There are different types of hydroelectric power plants based on the water head. Low head plants use turbines like Francis or propeller turbines. Medium head plants use forebays and Francis turbines. High head plants use tunnels, surge tanks, and Pelton wheels. Hydroelectric systems have advantages like no fuel usage or pollution but can disrupt aquatic ecosystems and require large areas.
This document provides information about hydroelectric power plants. It discusses the essential components of hydroelectric plants including the catchment area, reservoir, dam, waterways, powerhouse, and tailrace. It describes the functions of these components and classifications such as type of dam. The document also discusses hydraulic turbines and components within the powerhouse such as the generator, transformer, and penstock. It provides advantages and disadvantages of hydroelectric power.
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1. HYDRO POWER PLANT
BASIC TERMS, TYPES and
COMPONENTS
By
Prasad Vejendla
Faculty in Mechanical Engineering
KHIT, Guntur
03.09.2012
2.
3. TYPES OF POWER HOUSE
• Surface.
• Semi Under Ground
• Under Ground.
4. SURFACE POWER HOUSE
• All components of the Hydro power projects are
on the natural/excavated ground surface.
Surface power house has the advantage of pre-determined
topography ,design and is easy to
construct. However, these have the
disadvantage of limitation of head available as
per the topography.
• In such projects the water inlet to the machines
could be from a penstock or from a tunnel
terminating into a penstock. The water outlet
goes into a tail race.
• If the power house is located just adjacent to the
Dam then it is sometimes called a Dam-toe
power house.
7. Semi Underground powerhouse
Some components of the power house are
underground, while others are on surface.
The advantages of both surface &
underground are clubbed together in a
semi-underground powerhouse, provided
topography & geology so permit.
8. UNDER GROUND POWER HOUSE
• Depending on the topography, a power house may
have to be located inside a mountain. Such a
power house is called an under ground power
house.
• In such power houses the complete power house
equipment are located inside Cavern. In such
power houses various tunnels such as Head race
tunnel for the water inflow to the turbine, Tail race
tunnel for water out flow of the turbine and various
access tunnel have to be provided inside the
hill/mountain.
• Such power houses take greater amount of time
and capital cost to construct.
9. Contd---
• This is very advantages as it overcomes
the limitations of head available as per
topography and provide compact and
economical layout.
• This requires less land and consequently
reduce rehabilitation and resettlement
problems(R&R). However, this has the
disadvantages of geological uncertainties
resulting into indeterminate design and
construction problems leading to time and
cost over runs
11. Salient Features of Uri Project
(underground power house)
Under ground power house of – 4 X 120MW.
HRT - 10.6 km X 9.5m dia. Horse shoe Concrete lined
TRT - 2.2 km X 9.5m dia Horse shoe Concrete lined
Surge Shaft - 22m circular X 90m depth
Adits- 4Nos Total1.7km X 6m modified shoe
Adits- 6-TRT .471km X 6.5 X 7m modified shoe
Main Access -- .630km tunnel
Total Tunneling- 19.34km
Machine Hall- 127mLx22mBx28mH
12. All the equipment are placed inside a Cavern
Underground Chamera HEP
15. TYPE OF HYDRO POWER
PROJECT
• Multi-purpose Project
• Purely Hydro-electric Project
• Run of river project
• Storage Project
• Pump Storage project
16. Multi-purpose Project
Power generation may be one of the
benefits along with Flood Control,
Irrigation, Navigation, Drinking Water
Supply etc.
Purely Hydro-electric Project
Project is conceived exclusively for
power generation.
17. Run of River Project
• As the name implies, the project is planned as run of
the river.
• Water is diverted from the river, routed through the
water conductor system and finally water after
generation of power is thrown back to the river at a
lower level on down stream.
• It takes advantage of the drop in elevation that
occurs over a distance in the river and does not
involve water storage.
• Power generation fluctuates with the river flow and
the firm power is considerably low, as it depends on
the minimum mean discharge.
• Canal power projects are also run-of-river projects.
18. Storage Project
• Storage projects provide storage or
pondage and thereby, evens out stream
flow fluctuations and enhances the water
head.
• It increases firm power and total power
generation by regulating the flow.
• Providing storage is complicated and
costly as it involves construction of dam.
19. Pump Storage project
• Pump storage projects involve reversible turbines,
which can generate power from water of upper
reservoir during peak hours and pump back water from
lower reservoir to the upper reservoir during off peak
hours.
• These projects are advantageous in power system of
mix type, which have thermal and nuclear power
houses in addition to hydro power projects.
• Pump storage project utilizes the off peak surplus
power of the grid in lifting the water from lower
reservoir to higher reservoir and generates power
during peak hours thus flattening the load curve.
20. HYDRO DEVELOPMENT- IMPORTANT
TERMS
• FRL (FULL RESERVOIR LEVEL)
FRL is the Upper level of the reservoir (selected based
on techno-economic& submergence considerations)
• MDDL (MINIMUM DRAWDOWN LEVEL)
Lowest level up to which the reservoir level could be
drawn down to withdraw waters for energy generation
(selected from considerations of silt & turbine
operational limits)
• GROSS STORAGE
Total storage capacity of the reservoir
21. Hydro Development- IMPORTANT TERMS-Cont
• DEAD STORAGE
Reservoir storage which cannot be used for generation
and is left for silt deposition( below MDDL)
• LIVE STORAGE
The storage in the reservoir which is available for power
generation (between FRL & MDDL)
• FIRM POWER
Continuous power output in the entire period of
hydrological data at 90% dependability
• FIRM ENERGY
Energy generated corresponding to firm power
22. Hydro Development- IMPORTANT
TERMS- Cont
• Peak Energy
Electric energy supplied during periods of relatively high
system demands.
• Off-peak Energy
Electric energy supplied during periods of relatively low
system demands.
• Load Factor
Ratio of the average load over a designated period to the
peak-load occurring in that period
• DIURNAL STORAGE
Storage required to meet daily variations in load demand. It
depends upon the minimum flows and peak discharges.
23. Hydro Development- IMPORTANT TERMS
Cont
• CRITICAL PERIOD
Most critical period with respect to system load
requirements, begins when reservoir begins
delivering water for generation from full i.e the
available storage is fully drafted at one point
during the period; and the critical period ends
when the storage has completely refilled.
• CRITICAL DRAW DOWN PERIOD
That portion of the critical period in which
reservoir live storage is completely drafted while
meeting firm energy requirements
24. IMPORTANT TERMS HEAD – Cont.
• Design Head
The head at which the turbine will operate
to give the best overall efficiency
under various operating conditions.
• Gross Head
The difference of elevations between
water surfaces of the forebay/ dam and
tailrace under specified conditions.
•
• Net Head
The gross head chargeable to the turbine
less all hydraulic losses in water
conductor system.
25. Major components of Hydro
Power Stations
• Dam/Barrage
• Water Conductor System
• Power House
26. Dam/Barrage
• Located on rivers, where rock is
available at larger depth.
• The dam/ Barrage is used for
delivering/diverting the water to
the water conductor system.
• The barrage is used to regulate the
water for power generation.
29. Water Conductor System
• Water conductor system consists of
head race tunnel of suitable size.
• Water conductor system may consist
of tunnel, channel, cut and cover as
per the topography involved.
• At end of tunnel there is surge shaft.
• The water conductor system conveys
water to penstock.
30. Components of Water
Conductor System
• Water intake structure
• Head Race Tunnel
• Surge shaft ,Pressure shaft ,gates,
gates and hoisting mechanism
• Penstock Protection Valve
• Penstock
• Main inlet Valve
• Tail Race Tunnel
31. Water Intake Structure
• It consists of gated structure at the
dam/Barrage to control the flow of
water and provided with gates along
with hoisting arrangement.
• Normally these gates remain open and
allows water to flow to the tunnel
/channel as the case may be until and
unless water conductor system is
taken under shut down for repair and
maintenance.
32. Surge Shaft
• Surge shaft is located at the end of
tunnel .
• It is a well type structure of suitable
height and diameter to absorb the
upcoming and lowering surges in case
of tripping and starting of the machine
in the power house.
• The surge shaft is provided with gates
to stop flow of water to the penstock if
repairs are to be carried out in the
penstock or inlet valves.
33. Penstock Protection Valve
The Penstock protection valves are
provided after the surge shaft to facilitate
maintenance of the penstocks. The valves
are of butterfly type. The BF valve are
operated hydraulically with provision of
pressure accumulators in case of power
failure.
34. Pressure Shaft
• When the water conduits in the Surge
shaft and Main Inlet valve are not exposed
to the atmosphere and buried in the
ground/concrete due to its high pressure,
these are called Pressure shaft.
35. Penstock
• Penstocks are the water conductor conduit of
suitable size connecting the surge shaft to main
inlet valve
• It allows water to the turbine through main inlet
valve.
• At the end of the penstock a drainage valve is
provided which drains water from penstock to
the draft tube.
• In case of long penstock and high head,
butterfly valve is provided just before the
penstock.
• It takes off from the surge shaft in addition to
spherical valve at the end of the penstock acting
as the main inlet valve.
36. Main Inlet Valve
• Main inlet valve works as the gate
valve/isolating valve in the water
conductor system.
• It is located before turbine and allows
water flow from penstock to turbine.
• MIV acts as closing valve and cuts the
flow of water during an emergency trip.
• They are of following type.
• Butterfly valve (upto 200 m head)
• Spherical valve (more than200m head)
40. Components of MIV
• Spherical valve/Butterfly valve
• Bypass valve
• Oil pumping unit
Spherical valve consist of plate which is in line with
the flow of water when in open condition and in
totally vertical direction when in closed position.
Bypass valve acts as a means to charge the
spherical valve and balance the pressure on either
side of valve I,e penstock and turbine
Oil pumping unit is used to pump the oil to operate
the valve.
41. Draft Tube
• Draft tube is located between lower ring of
turbine and tail race . It conveys water after
discharge from runner to tail race tunnel.
• Draft tube (DT) gates are provided for
isolating the Power house and tail pool
before taking maintenance of the turbine.
• The DT gates are provided with hoisting
mechanism.
• The DT gate may be a single piece or a
combination of more than one piece
43. Turbines
• The hydro project are site specific as such
the use of standard or off the shelf unit may
not be possible. The selection of type of
turbine is made on the basis of “Head”. The
broad classification is given below.
• Low head(upto60 m)– Kaplan Turbine
• Medium head(30to600m)—Francis Turbine
• High head (more than300m) Pelton
59. GOVERNOR
• The hydraulic turbine governor
is equipment for controlling the
guide vanes by detecting turbine
speed and its guide vane
opening in order to keep the
turbine speed stable or to
regulate it's output
• Governors are provided with the
following features;
Quick Response and Stable
Control
Guide Vane Opening Detection
with High Accuracy
Speed Detection with High
Accuracy
High Reliability
Easy Maintenance
61. 1.What are the component of water
conductor system
Ans:Intake structure, Head race tunnel,
Surge shaft,Penestock, MIV,Draft tube
and Tail RaceTunnel
2.True/falls
MDDL-Minimum draw down level(yes/no)
3.FRL- Full reservoir level (yes/no)
4.RUN OF RIVER have pondage (yes/no)
5. Pumped storage scheme are generally
used for peaking power (yes/no)
62. 6.Dewatering system is used to dewater the
draft tube and other turbine component
(yes/no)
7. Surge Shaft is used control upsurge/lower
Surge in the hydro power station (yes/no)
8.Under ground power station is installed w
here there is scarcity of land(yes/no)
9.GIS stands for Gas insulated Switchgear
(yes/no)
10.What are advantages of GIS over
Conventional switchgear.
63. • What are the main component on turbine?
• Why single phase transformers are
preferred in hydro power plant?
• Sulfer Hexafluoride gas(SF6) is used in GIS.
(yes/no)
• Rotor is the heaviest part of hydro
generating machine.(yes/no)