Canal fall- necessity and location- types of falls- Cross regulator and
distributory head regulator- their functions, Silt control devices, Canal
escapes- types of escapes.
The document describes the components and purposes of weirs and barrages. Weirs and barrages are solid structures built across rivers to raise water levels and divert water into canals. The main differences are that barrages use gates to regulate flow, while weirs use crest height. Barrages are more expensive than weirs. The structures are used to control water levels and flows, prevent flooding, divert water, and train rivers to reduce impacts on canal headworks. Key components include the main body, divide wall, under sluices, fish ladder, sheet piles, apron, and river training works.
This document discusses different types of canal falls, which are structures constructed to lower the bed level of a canal. It describes seven common types of falls: ogee fall, rapid fall, trapezoidal fall, stepped fall, montague fall, vertical drop fall, and straight glacis fall. Each type is suitable for different conditions depending on factors like the height of fall, discharge, site topography, and cost. The document provides details on the design and suitability of each type of canal fall.
There are several types of spillways used in dam construction based on their prominent features. The most common types include overflow spillways, which guide water smoothly over an arched crest; side channel spillways, where flow passes over a weir and into a parallel channel; open channel spillways used when there is no space for others; tunnel spillways, where flow is conveyed around the dam within an enclosed channel; and shaft spillways, with a vertical drop shaft connecting an overflow weir to a downstream tunnel. Spillways provide a safe path to release excess reservoir water and prevent dam overtopping and failure.
Topics:
1. Types of Diversion Head Works
2. Weirs and Barrages
3. Layout Diversion Head Works
4. Causes of Failures of Weirs and Barrages on Permeable Foundations
5. Silt Ejectors and Silt Excluders
Introduction, Term related to reservoir planning (Yield, Reservoir planning and operation curves, Reservoir storage, Reservoir clearance), Investigation for reservoir planning, Significance of mass curve and demand curves, Applications of mass-curve and demand curves, Fixation of reservoir capacity from annual inflow and outflow, Fixation of reservoir capacity.
The presentation has prepared as per the syllabus of Mumbai University.
Go through the presentation, if you like it then share it with your friends and classmates.
Thank you :)
Canal fall- necessity and location- types of falls- Cross regulator and
distributory head regulator- their functions, Silt control devices, Canal
escapes- types of escapes.
The document describes the components and purposes of weirs and barrages. Weirs and barrages are solid structures built across rivers to raise water levels and divert water into canals. The main differences are that barrages use gates to regulate flow, while weirs use crest height. Barrages are more expensive than weirs. The structures are used to control water levels and flows, prevent flooding, divert water, and train rivers to reduce impacts on canal headworks. Key components include the main body, divide wall, under sluices, fish ladder, sheet piles, apron, and river training works.
This document discusses different types of canal falls, which are structures constructed to lower the bed level of a canal. It describes seven common types of falls: ogee fall, rapid fall, trapezoidal fall, stepped fall, montague fall, vertical drop fall, and straight glacis fall. Each type is suitable for different conditions depending on factors like the height of fall, discharge, site topography, and cost. The document provides details on the design and suitability of each type of canal fall.
There are several types of spillways used in dam construction based on their prominent features. The most common types include overflow spillways, which guide water smoothly over an arched crest; side channel spillways, where flow passes over a weir and into a parallel channel; open channel spillways used when there is no space for others; tunnel spillways, where flow is conveyed around the dam within an enclosed channel; and shaft spillways, with a vertical drop shaft connecting an overflow weir to a downstream tunnel. Spillways provide a safe path to release excess reservoir water and prevent dam overtopping and failure.
Topics:
1. Types of Diversion Head Works
2. Weirs and Barrages
3. Layout Diversion Head Works
4. Causes of Failures of Weirs and Barrages on Permeable Foundations
5. Silt Ejectors and Silt Excluders
Introduction, Term related to reservoir planning (Yield, Reservoir planning and operation curves, Reservoir storage, Reservoir clearance), Investigation for reservoir planning, Significance of mass curve and demand curves, Applications of mass-curve and demand curves, Fixation of reservoir capacity from annual inflow and outflow, Fixation of reservoir capacity.
The presentation has prepared as per the syllabus of Mumbai University.
Go through the presentation, if you like it then share it with your friends and classmates.
Thank you :)
This document discusses balancing depth in canal design, canal lining, and design principles for lined canals. It defines balancing depth as the depth where the amount of cut material equals the amount of fill material. It lists advantages of canal lining such as reducing seepage losses and maintenance costs. Design principles for lined canals include selecting economical cross-sectional shapes based on discharge and using side slopes of 1:1 or 1.25:1 that are stable for the soil. Input data includes discharge, roughness, slopes, and maximum velocity, and output data includes breadth and depth calculated using Manning's equation.
Gravity dams are structures designed so that their own weight resists external forces. Concrete is the preferred material. Forces acting on the dam include water pressure, uplift pressure, earthquake forces, silt pressure, wave pressure, and ice pressure. The dam's weight counters these forces. Dams are checked when full and empty, accounting for load combinations. Gravity dams can fail due to overturning, crushing, tension cracks, or sliding along foundation planes. Design aims to prevent failure from these modes.
The document discusses different types of canals including contour canals, ridge canals, and side slope canals. It describes how canals are classified based on alignment and position. The key parts of a canal system are described including main canals, branch canals, distributaries, and water courses. Methods for fixing canal alignment and designing canal cross-sections are outlined. Different types of canal lining materials and their purposes are also summarized.
This document summarizes different types of spillways and gates used in dams. It defines spillways as structures that safely release flood waters from dams. The main types of spillways discussed are chute, ogee, free fall, side channel, shaft, and siphon spillways. Ogee spillways are commonly used in gravity dams as they cause less downstream erosion. The document also describes various types of gates used to control water flow over spillways, including vertical lift gates, taintor/radial gates, Reynolds gates, and Visvesvaraya gates. Visvesvaraya gates were the first automatic spillway gates designed using counterweights to open and close the gates during floods and normal water levels.
Canal Regulation Works:
Canal Fall- Necessity and Location- Types of Falls- Cross Regulator and Distributory Head Regulator- Their Functions, Silt Control Devices, Canal Escapes- Types of Escapes.
There are three main modes of failure for earthen dams: hydraulic failure (40%), seepage failure (30%), and structural failure (30%). Hydraulic failures are caused by overtopping, erosion of the downstream toe, or erosion of the upstream or downstream face. Seepage failures occur through concentrated seepage paths that erode soil and cause piping. Structural failures happen due to shear slides in the embankment or foundation, or issues with construction and maintenance such as overly steep slopes. Earthquakes can also induce failures through cracking, overtopping, settlement, shear slides, or liquefaction.
Diversion headworks are structures constructed at the head of a canal to divert river water into the canal. They include components like weirs, barrages, canal head regulators, divide walls, fish ladders, and guide banks. The objectives are to raise water levels, control silt entry, regulate water flow, and allow fish passage. Proper site selection and design are needed to prevent failures from subsurface water flow, uplift pressure, hydraulic jumps, or scouring during floods. Remedies include increasing seepage lengths, adding sheet piles, and using thicker impervious floors.
Regulation works are structures constructed to regulate water flow in canals. The main types are head regulators, cross regulators, canal escapes, and canal outlets. Head regulators control water entry into off-taking channels from parent channels. Cross regulators are located downstream of off-takes and help control water levels and closures for repairs. Canal outlets connect distribution channels to field channels and supply water to irrigation fields at regulated discharges.
Types- selection of the suitable site for the diversion headwork components
of diversion headwork- Causes of failure of structure on pervious foundation- Khosla’s theory- Design of concrete sloping
glacis weir.
This document provides an overview of hydraulic structures and classifications of dams. It discusses:
1) Different types of dams classified by function (storage, detention, diversion), design (overflow, non-overflow), structure (gravity, arch, buttress, embankment), and materials (rigid, non-rigid).
2) Characteristics and components of earth dams including homogeneous, zoned, and diaphragm types.
3) Characteristics of rock fill dams and combined earth and rock fill dams.
4) Advantages and disadvantages of gravity dams, arch dams, and buttress dams constructed of concrete.
1) Water conveyance systems include open channels and pressure flow systems. Open channels include natural rivers and streams as well as artificial canals and flumes.
2) Intake structures are used to obtain water from sources like rivers, reservoirs, and lakes for hydroelectric power or irrigation. Intakes include trash racks, screens, and gates to control water flow.
3) Forebays are pools of water located before penstocks that distribute and store water for hydropower plants. They contain trash racks to prevent debris from entering the penstock.
Spillways are structures used to safely discharge water from a reservoir during periods of high inflow or flooding. They are designed to maintain structural stability of the dam and pass excess water without raising the reservoir level above its maximum. Different types of spillways include overflow, chute, shaft, saddle and side channel spillways. Energy dissipation methods are also important to safely convey water discharged from spillways downstream.
This document summarizes the key loads and design considerations for concrete dams. It discusses the primary, secondary, and exceptional loads that act on gravity dams, including water load, self-weight, uplift, wave load, silt load, wind load, and earthquake load. It also covers the design of gravity dams against overturning, sliding, and material failure. Buttress and arch dam designs are briefly introduced. Thin cylinder theory for arch dam design is explained.
A canal is an artificial channel constructed to carry water from a river or reservoir to fields. Canals are classified based on their source of water supply, financial purpose, function, boundary type, water discharge level, and alignment. Canal alignment should aim to irrigate the maximum area with minimum length and cost. The balancing depth is the depth of cutting where the amount of cut material equals the amount of fill. Canal lining reduces water seepage and includes hard surface materials like concrete and softer materials like compacted earth.
The document discusses various methods for river training including constructing levees, guide banks, and spurs. Levees are embankments running parallel to rivers that are used to contain flood waters and protect areas from flooding. Guide banks are structures built to confine river flow within a reasonable waterway when constructing bridges or other works. Spurs are embankment structures built transverse to river flow to deflect currents away from banks and prevent erosion. The appropriate river training method depends on the river type, regime, and flow characteristics.
Energy dissipaters are needed when water is released over a spillway to prevent scouring downstream. Various devices can be used, including baffle walls, deflectors, and staggered blocks, which reduce kinetic energy by converting it to turbulence and heat. Hydraulic jumps also dissipate energy by maintaining a high water level downstream. The type of dissipater used depends on the tailwater rating curve in relation to the jump height curve and the flow conditions. Stilling basins, sloping aprons, and roller buckets are suitable for different tailwater classifications.
This document provides information on the design of unlined canals in alluvial soil based on Kennedy's theory and Lacey's theory. Kennedy's theory relates the critical velocity to the full supply depth and introduces a critical velocity ratio to account for different silt grades. Lacey's theory is based on the concept of a regime channel where silt grade and charge remain constant. It provides equations to calculate velocity, hydraulic mean depth, area, and bed slope without relying on trial and error. Both theories have drawbacks as they do not fully consider variables like changing silt grade and concentration.
Spillways are structures constructed near dams to safely discharge surplus water from reservoirs. There are several types of spillways classified by their utility and prominent features. Main spillways are designed to pass the entire design flood volume, while auxiliary spillways supplement the main spillway. Emergency spillways activate only during emergencies. Common spillway types include overflow, which guides water smoothly over a curved crest; side channel, which diverts flow through a parallel channel; and tunnel, which conveys flow through a closed channel around the dam. Shaft spillways similarly direct water vertically then horizontally through a tunnel.
1. Regulation structures like canal falls, cross regulators, distributary head regulators, canal escapes and outlets are constructed on canals to regulate water flow, level and velocity.
2. Canal falls are used to reduce water energy and control slopes, cross regulators maintain water supply and absorb fluctuations, and distributary head regulators control supply to off-taking canals.
3. The document provides details of regulation structures on the Kakrapar Left Bank Main Canal including head regulators, cross regulators, escapes and outlets to control water distribution across the canal network.
This document discusses balancing depth in canal design, canal lining, and design principles for lined canals. It defines balancing depth as the depth where the amount of cut material equals the amount of fill material. It lists advantages of canal lining such as reducing seepage losses and maintenance costs. Design principles for lined canals include selecting economical cross-sectional shapes based on discharge and using side slopes of 1:1 or 1.25:1 that are stable for the soil. Input data includes discharge, roughness, slopes, and maximum velocity, and output data includes breadth and depth calculated using Manning's equation.
Gravity dams are structures designed so that their own weight resists external forces. Concrete is the preferred material. Forces acting on the dam include water pressure, uplift pressure, earthquake forces, silt pressure, wave pressure, and ice pressure. The dam's weight counters these forces. Dams are checked when full and empty, accounting for load combinations. Gravity dams can fail due to overturning, crushing, tension cracks, or sliding along foundation planes. Design aims to prevent failure from these modes.
The document discusses different types of canals including contour canals, ridge canals, and side slope canals. It describes how canals are classified based on alignment and position. The key parts of a canal system are described including main canals, branch canals, distributaries, and water courses. Methods for fixing canal alignment and designing canal cross-sections are outlined. Different types of canal lining materials and their purposes are also summarized.
This document summarizes different types of spillways and gates used in dams. It defines spillways as structures that safely release flood waters from dams. The main types of spillways discussed are chute, ogee, free fall, side channel, shaft, and siphon spillways. Ogee spillways are commonly used in gravity dams as they cause less downstream erosion. The document also describes various types of gates used to control water flow over spillways, including vertical lift gates, taintor/radial gates, Reynolds gates, and Visvesvaraya gates. Visvesvaraya gates were the first automatic spillway gates designed using counterweights to open and close the gates during floods and normal water levels.
Canal Regulation Works:
Canal Fall- Necessity and Location- Types of Falls- Cross Regulator and Distributory Head Regulator- Their Functions, Silt Control Devices, Canal Escapes- Types of Escapes.
There are three main modes of failure for earthen dams: hydraulic failure (40%), seepage failure (30%), and structural failure (30%). Hydraulic failures are caused by overtopping, erosion of the downstream toe, or erosion of the upstream or downstream face. Seepage failures occur through concentrated seepage paths that erode soil and cause piping. Structural failures happen due to shear slides in the embankment or foundation, or issues with construction and maintenance such as overly steep slopes. Earthquakes can also induce failures through cracking, overtopping, settlement, shear slides, or liquefaction.
Diversion headworks are structures constructed at the head of a canal to divert river water into the canal. They include components like weirs, barrages, canal head regulators, divide walls, fish ladders, and guide banks. The objectives are to raise water levels, control silt entry, regulate water flow, and allow fish passage. Proper site selection and design are needed to prevent failures from subsurface water flow, uplift pressure, hydraulic jumps, or scouring during floods. Remedies include increasing seepage lengths, adding sheet piles, and using thicker impervious floors.
Regulation works are structures constructed to regulate water flow in canals. The main types are head regulators, cross regulators, canal escapes, and canal outlets. Head regulators control water entry into off-taking channels from parent channels. Cross regulators are located downstream of off-takes and help control water levels and closures for repairs. Canal outlets connect distribution channels to field channels and supply water to irrigation fields at regulated discharges.
Types- selection of the suitable site for the diversion headwork components
of diversion headwork- Causes of failure of structure on pervious foundation- Khosla’s theory- Design of concrete sloping
glacis weir.
This document provides an overview of hydraulic structures and classifications of dams. It discusses:
1) Different types of dams classified by function (storage, detention, diversion), design (overflow, non-overflow), structure (gravity, arch, buttress, embankment), and materials (rigid, non-rigid).
2) Characteristics and components of earth dams including homogeneous, zoned, and diaphragm types.
3) Characteristics of rock fill dams and combined earth and rock fill dams.
4) Advantages and disadvantages of gravity dams, arch dams, and buttress dams constructed of concrete.
1) Water conveyance systems include open channels and pressure flow systems. Open channels include natural rivers and streams as well as artificial canals and flumes.
2) Intake structures are used to obtain water from sources like rivers, reservoirs, and lakes for hydroelectric power or irrigation. Intakes include trash racks, screens, and gates to control water flow.
3) Forebays are pools of water located before penstocks that distribute and store water for hydropower plants. They contain trash racks to prevent debris from entering the penstock.
Spillways are structures used to safely discharge water from a reservoir during periods of high inflow or flooding. They are designed to maintain structural stability of the dam and pass excess water without raising the reservoir level above its maximum. Different types of spillways include overflow, chute, shaft, saddle and side channel spillways. Energy dissipation methods are also important to safely convey water discharged from spillways downstream.
This document summarizes the key loads and design considerations for concrete dams. It discusses the primary, secondary, and exceptional loads that act on gravity dams, including water load, self-weight, uplift, wave load, silt load, wind load, and earthquake load. It also covers the design of gravity dams against overturning, sliding, and material failure. Buttress and arch dam designs are briefly introduced. Thin cylinder theory for arch dam design is explained.
A canal is an artificial channel constructed to carry water from a river or reservoir to fields. Canals are classified based on their source of water supply, financial purpose, function, boundary type, water discharge level, and alignment. Canal alignment should aim to irrigate the maximum area with minimum length and cost. The balancing depth is the depth of cutting where the amount of cut material equals the amount of fill. Canal lining reduces water seepage and includes hard surface materials like concrete and softer materials like compacted earth.
The document discusses various methods for river training including constructing levees, guide banks, and spurs. Levees are embankments running parallel to rivers that are used to contain flood waters and protect areas from flooding. Guide banks are structures built to confine river flow within a reasonable waterway when constructing bridges or other works. Spurs are embankment structures built transverse to river flow to deflect currents away from banks and prevent erosion. The appropriate river training method depends on the river type, regime, and flow characteristics.
Energy dissipaters are needed when water is released over a spillway to prevent scouring downstream. Various devices can be used, including baffle walls, deflectors, and staggered blocks, which reduce kinetic energy by converting it to turbulence and heat. Hydraulic jumps also dissipate energy by maintaining a high water level downstream. The type of dissipater used depends on the tailwater rating curve in relation to the jump height curve and the flow conditions. Stilling basins, sloping aprons, and roller buckets are suitable for different tailwater classifications.
This document provides information on the design of unlined canals in alluvial soil based on Kennedy's theory and Lacey's theory. Kennedy's theory relates the critical velocity to the full supply depth and introduces a critical velocity ratio to account for different silt grades. Lacey's theory is based on the concept of a regime channel where silt grade and charge remain constant. It provides equations to calculate velocity, hydraulic mean depth, area, and bed slope without relying on trial and error. Both theories have drawbacks as they do not fully consider variables like changing silt grade and concentration.
Spillways are structures constructed near dams to safely discharge surplus water from reservoirs. There are several types of spillways classified by their utility and prominent features. Main spillways are designed to pass the entire design flood volume, while auxiliary spillways supplement the main spillway. Emergency spillways activate only during emergencies. Common spillway types include overflow, which guides water smoothly over a curved crest; side channel, which diverts flow through a parallel channel; and tunnel, which conveys flow through a closed channel around the dam. Shaft spillways similarly direct water vertically then horizontally through a tunnel.
1. Regulation structures like canal falls, cross regulators, distributary head regulators, canal escapes and outlets are constructed on canals to regulate water flow, level and velocity.
2. Canal falls are used to reduce water energy and control slopes, cross regulators maintain water supply and absorb fluctuations, and distributary head regulators control supply to off-taking canals.
3. The document provides details of regulation structures on the Kakrapar Left Bank Main Canal including head regulators, cross regulators, escapes and outlets to control water distribution across the canal network.
This document discusses different types of irrigation canals and structures used to regulate water flow in canal networks. It describes:
1. The main types of canals - main canals, branch canals, distributaries, and water courses. Distributaries are further divided into major and minor types.
2. The primary structures used to regulate water flow - head regulators at the head of canals, cross regulators along canals, and outlets that deliver water to water courses from distributaries.
3. Additional structures like falls used to lower water levels across changes in ground elevation, escapes to discharge excess water, and tail escapes at canal ends.
1. Diversion headworks divert river water into canals to supply irrigation water. They include weirs or barrages to raise water levels, under sluices to remove silt, and canal head regulators to control water flow into canals.
2. Key components are weirs/barrages, under sluices, divide walls, fish ladders, and canal head regulators. Weirs/barrages raise water levels while under sluices and silt excluders/ejectors remove silt from the water. Canal head regulators control water entering the canals.
3. Site selection considers factors like river characteristics, canal economics, construction feasibility, land and material costs,
Presenation on Diversion Headworks irrigation.pptxqureshixahoor
1. A diversion headwork is a weir or barrage constructed across a river to divert water into a canal. It regulates water flow into the canal through a head regulator.
2. A barrage differs from a weir in that it uses large gates that can be opened and closed to directly control water levels, whereas a weir uses fixed crest heights.
3. The main purpose of a barrage is to stabilize river water levels for uses like irrigation while still allowing easy control over flow, unlike a dam which relies on water levels behind the full wall height.
This document provides information about hydraulic structures and diversion head works. It discusses that a hydraulic structure disrupts natural water flow and examples include dams and weirs. It then describes the key components of diversion head works, including weirs, barrages, under-sluices, divide walls, river training works, fish ladders, and canal head regulators. The purpose and functions of each component are explained. Design considerations for weirs and barrages such as their cost, control of flow, and ability to incorporate transportation are compared.
hydraulic structures in civil engineeringBittuRajkumar
The document discusses various topics related to irrigation engineering including canal falls, canal escapes, and types of canal falls. It provides details on the purpose and necessity of canal falls when the natural ground slope is steeper than the designed canal slope. It describes different types of canal falls such as ogee falls, rapid falls, stepped falls, and vertical drop falls. The document also covers the purpose, types, and location of canal escapes which are structures used to discharge excess water from canals.
A water distribution system is a part of water supply network with components that carry potable water from a centralized treatment plant or wells to consumers to satisfy residential.
The document discusses the design of hydraulic structures and spillways. It defines a spillway as a structure used to safely release water from a dam. The key components of a spillway are the approach facility, discharging conduit, and outlet structure. Seven common types of spillways are described: straight drop, ogee, shaft, chute, side channel, siphon, and labyrinth. Advantages include safely discharging large volumes of water to prevent dam overtopping. Energy dissipation methods at the spillway end such as steps, flip buckets, and stilling basins are also outlined to prevent erosion. Safety measures around spillway operation are mentioned.
The document provides information on diversion headworks for water resources engineering projects. It discusses the different types of diversion headworks including storage and temporary diversion structures. Key components of diversion headworks are described such as weirs, barrages, divide walls, fish ladders, and canal head regulators. Factors for selecting sites for diversion structures are outlined. Causes of failures for weirs built on permeable foundations and remedies are summarized.
This document provides an overview of diversion headworks for supplying water to irrigation canals. It discusses the key components of diversion headworks including weirs/barrages, undersluices, divide walls, fish ladders, canal head regulators, and river training works. It also examines site selection factors and design considerations to prevent failures from subsurface piping or uplift and surface scouring. Khosla's theory improved earlier theories by accounting for complex seepage patterns below hydraulic structures.
This document discusses spillways and energy dissipators for dams. It defines spillways as structures used to safely release surplus water from reservoirs. The main types of spillways are main, auxiliary, and emergency spillways. Spillways can also be classified based on their prominent features, such as free overflow, overflow, side channel, open channel, tunnel, shaft, and siphon spillways. Energy dissipators, such as stilling basins and bucket types, are also discussed to reduce the energy of water flowing from spillways. Common energy dissipator types include horizontal and sloping apron stilling basins, and solid roller, slotted roller, and ski jump bucket dissipators.
Spillways, Spillway capacity, flood routing through spillways, different type...Denish Jangid
The document discusses spillways, which are structures used to safely discharge water from reservoirs when the water level rises too high. Spillways typically have several key components, including an approach channel, control structure, discharge carrier, discharge channel, and energy dissipators. The control structure regulates water flow and prevents discharge below a fixed level. Energy dissipators, like bucket or baffle types, reduce the water's velocity and kinetic energy before it reaches downstream areas. Spillways must provide stability, safely pass flood waters, operate efficiently, and do so economically.
This document provides information on various canal structures, including regulation works like canal falls, head regulators, cross regulators, canal escapes and outlets. It describes the purpose and design of a canal fall, including the different types of falls. It also discusses canal escapes, their purposes as safety valves and types including surplus escapes, tail escapes and scouring escapes. Finally, it summarizes the purpose and typical construction of head regulators and cross regulators.
Canal irrigation- (topics covered)
Types of Impounding structures: Gravity dam – Diversion Head works - Canal drop –
Cross drainage works – Canarl egulations – Canal outlets – Cana ll ining - Kennady s
and Lacey s Regim et heory
This document discusses various types of canal regulation works including canal falls, escapes, regulators, and outlets. It describes the necessity and types of canal falls, which are constructed when the natural ground slope is steeper than the designed canal bed slope. The types of falls discussed include ogee falls, stepped falls, vertical falls, rapid falls, straight glacis falls, trapezoidal notch falls, well or cylinder notch falls, Montague type falls, and Inglis or baffle falls. The document also discusses canal escapes, head regulators, cross regulators, silt control devices, and canal outlets/modules. In particular, it explains the functions and construction of head regulators and cross regulators.
chapter-3.pptx: CHANNEL HEADWORKS AND CANALSmulugeta48
Purposes:
Raises water level in the river
Regulates supply of water into the canal
Controls the entry of silt into the canal
Provides some storage for a short period
Reduces the fluctuations in the level of supply in river
Temporary diversion head works
Consists of a bund constructed across river to raise the water level in the river and will be damaged by floods.
2. Permanent diversion head works
Consists of a permanent structure such as a weir or barrage constructed across river to raise water level in the river.River section at the site should be narrow and well-defined.
Should have a large commanded area.
Site should be such that the weir (or barrage) can be aligned at right angles to the direction of flow in the river.
Good foundation should be available at the site.
Site should be easily accessible by road or rail.
Overall cost of the project should be a minimum
This document discusses different types of canal lining materials and their advantages. It states that lining canals reduces water losses through seepage and prevents waterlogging of adjacent lands. It allows for smaller canal dimensions since lined canals have lower resistance to flow. Lining also reduces maintenance needs like silt removal and bank repairs. Common lining materials described include cement concrete, shotcrete, precast concrete, brick and various earth linings. Cement concrete lining provides excellent hydraulic properties but has high costs. Shotcrete and cement mortar linings use large amounts of cement. Brick lining allows for easy repair and is hydraulically efficient. Lining improves water conservation and irrigation capacity but requires heavy initial investment.
Canals are classified into different types based on factors which are as follows :
Based on the nature of the supply source
Based on functions
Based on the type of boundary surface soil
Based on the financial output
Based on discharge
Based on canal alignment
This document discusses gravity dams. Gravity dams derive their structural integrity from their own weight and resist external forces through mass rather than through the use of materials under compression or tension. The key components of gravity dams are discussed as well as the forces acting on them, including water pressure, uplift pressure, pressure from earthquakes, silt pressure, wave pressure, and ice pressure. Earthquake forces can cause both vertical and horizontal accelerations, producing effects like increased water pressure and horizontal inertia forces.
This document provides an introduction to dams, including their historical development, classification, and key factors in site selection and design. It discusses how beavers inspired early dam construction and provides examples of some early dams from ancient civilizations. It also covers classification of dams based on purpose, materials, hydraulic action, structural action, and project size. Additionally, it discusses social issues related to dam construction like displacement and rehabilitation.
This document summarizes a study on estimating the capacity of two-lane undivided highways. The study involved collecting traffic data on three road sections in India and analyzing the relationships between speed, flow, and density. Flow-density models were developed for each section and used to estimate key parameters like maximum flow rate and optimal density. Passenger car units were also estimated using Chandra's method to account for heterogeneous traffic. The results showed that capacity decreased as lane width decreased, with capacities of 5500, 3700, and 3100 PCU/hr for sections with right-of-way widths of 14m, 9m, and 7m respectively. The study concluded that understanding traffic flow characteristics is important for efficient road design
Sachpazis_Consolidation Settlement Calculation Program-The Python Code and th...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Consolidation Settlement Calculation Program-The Python Code
By Professor Dr. Costas Sachpazis, Civil Engineer & Geologist
This program calculates the consolidation settlement for a foundation based on soil layer properties and foundation data. It allows users to input multiple soil layers and foundation characteristics to determine the total settlement.
Covid Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
CoVID-19 sprang up in Wuhan China in November 2019 and was declared a pandemic by the in January 2020 World Health Organization (WHO). Like the Spanish flu of 1918 that claimed millions of lives, the COVID-19 has caused the demise of thousands with China, Italy, Spain, USA and India having the highest statistics on infection and mortality rates. Regardless of existing sophisticated technologies and medical science, the spread has continued to surge high. With this COVID-19 Management System, organizations can respond virtually to the COVID-19 pandemic and protect, educate and care for citizens in the community in a quick and effective manner. This comprehensive solution not only helps in containing the virus but also proactively empowers both citizens and care providers to minimize the spread of the virus through targeted strategies and education.
An In-Depth Exploration of Natural Language Processing: Evolution, Applicatio...DharmaBanothu
Natural language processing (NLP) has
recently garnered significant interest for the
computational representation and analysis of human
language. Its applications span multiple domains such
as machine translation, email spam detection,
information extraction, summarization, healthcare,
and question answering. This paper first delineates
four phases by examining various levels of NLP and
components of Natural Language Generation,
followed by a review of the history and progression of
NLP. Subsequently, we delve into the current state of
the art by presenting diverse NLP applications,
contemporary trends, and challenges. Finally, we
discuss some available datasets, models, and
evaluation metrics in NLP.
Cricket management system ptoject report.pdfKamal Acharya
The aim of this project is to provide the complete information of the National and
International statistics. The information is available country wise and player wise. By
entering the data of eachmatch, we can get all type of reports instantly, which will be
useful to call back history of each player. Also the team performance in each match can
be obtained. We can get a report on number of matches, wins and lost.
2. Contents
Introduction
Mechanism of Regulation Works
Canal Falls
Cross regulator
Distributary Head Regulator
Canal escapes
Canal Outlets
3. Introduction
The structure constructed on a canal to regulate the
discharge, full supply level or velocity of flow are
known as Canal Regulation Works.
A canal obtains its share of water from the pool
behind a barrage through a structure called the Canal
Head Regulator. Through this is also a regulation
structure for controlling the amount of water passing
into the canal.
4. Advantages of Regulation Works
I. Canal fall is used to reduce energy of water due to velocity of
u/s water.
II. Cross Regulator is use for maintain supply of water to off-
taking channel during low discharge period.
III. With combination of canal fall, it is possible to control water
surface slope.
IV. Distributary Head Regulator is use as a silt control device and
prevents the deposition of silt in canal.
V. Canal Escape enables to maintain proper head in canal during
heavy rainfall period or low demand time.
VI. Canal outlet act as water measuring device and it is helpful to
make water charge bills according to field utilization.
5. Canal Falls
A canal fall is an irrigation structure constructed across a
canal to lower down its water level and destroy the surplus
energy liberated from the falling water which my otherwise
scour the bed and banks of canal.
Necessity of Canal Falls:
The canal falls are required when the natural slope of the
ground along the canal alignment is steeper than the bed
slope of the canal. The canal bed slope my vary from 1 in
4000 for a discharge of bout 1.5 cumecs to about 1 in 8000
for a discharge of 3000 cumecs. The average ground slope
is about 1 in 200 to 1 in 50. The difference in the slops is
adjusted by providing vertical falls in the bed of the canal at
suitable intervals.
6. Location of Canal Falls
For the canal which does not irrigate the area directly, the falls should
be located from the consideration of economy of earthwork.
For the canal irrigating the area directly, a fall may be provided at a
location where the F.S.L. of the canal outstrips the ground level but before
the bed of the canal comes into filling.
The location of a falls may also be decided from the consideration of the
possibility of combining it with a cross regulator or a rod bridge to effect
economy.
A relative economy is achieved by providing either a large number of
small falls or small number of large falls, whichever is less is worked out.
Sometimes it is necessary to provide fewer falls of large drops to enable
hydropower generation at these falls.
7. Type of Falls
Ogee Fall:
This type of fall has gradual convex and concave curves
with an aim to provide a smooth transition and to reduce
disturbance and impact and reduce dissipation of energy.
8. Rapid Fall
The rapid falls consists of a glacis sloping at 1 vertical
to 10 to 20 horizontal. The long glacis assured the
formation of hydraulic jump for the dissipation of
energy. However, due to high construction cost, this
falls are not more popular.
9. Notch Fall
A trapezoidal notch fall consists of a number of
trapezoidal notches in high breast wall, called Notch
Pier, constructed across the channel. There is a
smooth entrance to the notches. A flat, circular lip
projecting down stream from each notch disperse the
water.
10. Vertical Drop Fall
In this, a crest wall is constructed to create a vertical
drop. Cistern is provided to dissipate the surplus
energy of water leaving crest. In cistern a grid of banks
of timber placed a few centimeters apart to intercept the
falling nappe. This fall is not become popular due to
getting clogged with floating debris.
11. Glacis Fall
The glacis fall utilizes hydraulic jump for the dissipation of
energy.
Following are the type of Glacis fall:
Straight Glacis:
In Punjab, the flumed fall with straight glacis was developed.
There was some problem with some of these falls. Like one
cause of trouble was that even after the formation of hydraulic
jump, there was considerable amount of surplus energy in
water.
13. Montague Falls
It is a modified type of straight glacis fall. In this type, a
parabolic glacis, called as the Montague profile is provided.
This gives the maximum horizontal acceleration to the jet of
water in given length of glacis.
In this type of fall it is not possible to dissipate the entire energy
and considerable surplus energy is still left even after the
formation of the hydraulic jump.
14. Inglis Fall
This fall also a modified form of the straight glacis
fall. In this type fall, a baffle wall of certain height is
provided at some distance d/s of the toe of the straight
glacis. The baffle wall ensures the formation of the
hydraulic jump on the baffle platform and effective
dissipation of energy.
15. Cross Regulators
It is a structure constructed across a canal to regulate the water level in
the canal upstream itself and the discharge passing downstream of it
for one or more following purposes:-
I. It enables effective regulation of the entire canal system.
II. It helps in closing the supply to the d/s of the parent channel, for the
purpose of repairs.
III. There can be provided a bridge which can be means of
communication.
IV. It helps to absorb fluctuation in the various sections to the canal
system, and thus prevents breaches in the tail reaches.
V. It can be use to control the drawdown when the subsoil water level
re high to ensure safety of canal lining.
VI. In conjunction with escapes they help water to escape from the
channels.
16. Distributary Head Regulator:
A distributary head regulator is provided at the head of the off-
taking canal to control the supplies entering the off-taking canal.
The Distributary Head Regulator serves to:-
I. Divert and regulate the supply into the distributary from the
parent channel,
II. Control the silt entering the distributary from the parent
channel,
III. Measure the discharge entering the distributary.
IV. It help in shutting off the supplies when not needed in the off-
taking channel or when off-taking channel is required to be
closed for repairing works.
17. Canal Escape
Canal escape is a structure to dispose of surplus or excess water from a
canal. It is a sort of safety valve. It provides protection of the canal
against possible damage due to excess supply which may be because of
either mistake in releasing water or a heavy rainfall which cause
decrease in demand of water for irrigation in the fields.
The excess supply makes the canal banks vulnerable to breaches or
dangerous leaks and hence, provision for disposing of excess supply in
the form of canal escapes at suitable intervals along the canal.
Types of Escapes:
Based on the purpose:
Surplus WaterEscape:
It is a structure constructed on n irrigation channel to dispose of
surplus
water from the channel. It also known as Canal Surplus Escape.
18. These escapes are provided in the banks of the channel at
interval depending on importance on the channel and the
vicinity of a suitable natural drain for disposal of surplus
water. The channel leading surplus water from escape to
natural drain is called Escape Channel.
Length of it should be as minimum s possible and its
capacity should be 0.67 to 0.50 times capacity of
channel.
19. Tail Escapes:
An irrigation canal generally ends in a natural drain or
river. An escape is provided cross the channel at its
tail end to maintain the required F.S.L. at the tail end,
called Tail Escape.
20. Based on the Structural Design
Rectangular Type or Sluice Type Escapes:
It is also use s surplus escapes. These sluices can empty the canal
for repair and maintenance and, is some cases, act as scouring
sluice to facilitate removal of sediment. Location of escapes
depends on the availability of suitable drains, depressions or
river bed level.
Weir Type Escape: These are flush or weir escapes constructed
either in masonry or concrete with or without crest shutter which
re capable of disposing of surplus water from the canal.
21. Canal Outlet
When the canal water reached near the fields to be irrigated, it has to be
transferred to the watercourse.at the junction of watercourse and distributary,
an outlet is provided. It is a masonry structure through which water is
admitted from the distributary into watercourse.
It also act as water- measuring device. The discharge through an outlet is less
than 0.085 cumecs. Thus, an outlet is like a head regulator for field channel.
Requirements of a good Outlet:
i. It should be simple in design with no moving parts, in construction and
maintenance.
ii. It should be strong and durable.
iii. It should not be easily tampered with by the cultivators, but if tampered
with it should be easily detected.
iv. It should be worked efficiently with a small working head.
v. For proper distribution of water the outlet should draw proportionately
more or less discharge with the varying supply I the distributing channel.