The document provides details for performing a system analysis for a software engineering project. It outlines the following steps:
1. Introduction including purpose, intended audience, project scope.
2. Overall description of the product including perspective, features, user classes, operating environment, and design/implementation constraints.
3. Functional requirements organized by user class/feature including descriptions, conditions, business rules.
4. External interface requirements including user interfaces, hardware interfaces, software interfaces, communications interfaces.
5. System features including reliability, security, performance, supportability, design constraints.
The document specifies requirements for a software engineering project and provides guidance on performing requirement analysis and developing a software requirements specification (SR
The document discusses critical systems and system dependability. It defines critical systems as systems where failure could result in significant economic losses, damage, or threats to human life. It describes four dimensions of dependability for critical systems: availability, reliability, safety, and security. It emphasizes that critical systems require trusted development methods to achieve high dependability.
This document discusses requirements modeling in software engineering. It covers creating various models during requirements analysis, including scenario-based models, data models, class-oriented models, flow-oriented models, and behavioral models. These models form the requirements model, which is the first technical representation of a system. The document provides examples of writing use cases and constructing a preliminary use case diagram for a home security system called SafeHome. It emphasizes that requirements modeling lays the foundation for software specification and design.
This document outlines various artifact sets produced during the software engineering process, including requirement, design, implementation, deployment, test, and management artifacts. It discusses the artifacts in each set and how they evolve over the software lifecycle. The key artifact sets are the requirement set containing the engineering context, the design set representing different abstraction levels, the implementation set with source code, and the deployment set for delivering the software to users. Test artifacts must also be developed concurrently and documented similarly. Management artifacts include documents for planning, tracking status and releases, and defining the development environment.
This document discusses various design notations that can be used at different levels of software design, including:
- Data flow diagrams, structure charts, HIPO diagrams, pseudo code, and structured flowcharts, which can be used for external, architectural, and detailed design specifications.
- Data flow diagrams use nodes and arcs to represent processing activities and data flow. Structure charts show hierarchical structure and interconnections. HIPO diagrams use a tree structure.
- Other notations discussed include procedure templates for interface specifications, pseudo code for algorithms and logic, and decision tables for complex decision logic.
Structured Vs, Object Oriented Analysis and DesignMotaz Saad
This document discusses structured vs object-oriented analysis and design (SAD vs OOAD) for software development. It outlines the phases and modeling techniques used in SAD like data flow diagrams, decision tables, and entity relationship diagrams. It also outlines the phases and modeling techniques used in OOAD like use cases, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and state machine diagrams. The document compares key differences between SAD and OOAD, discusses textbooks on software engineering and UML, and references papers on using UML in practice and evaluating the impact and costs/benefits of UML in software maintenance.
This document provides an overview of computer graphics and its applications. It discusses various types of video display devices used in computer graphics like CRTs and flat panel displays. It describes how raster scan and random scan systems work and lists common input and output devices. The document outlines different chapters that will cover topics like line and curve generation algorithms, transformations, 3D viewing, surface detection, and modeling techniques. It provides examples of how computer graphics is used in fields like CAD, presentations, entertainment, education, visualization, image processing, and graphical user interfaces.
PRESCRIPTIVE PROCESS MODEL(SOFTWARE ENGINEERING)IrtazaAfzal3
A prescriptive process model is a model that describes "how to do" according to a certain software process system. ... Prescriptive models are used as guidelines or frameworks to organize and structure how software development activities should be performed, and in what order.
This document discusses several software cost estimation techniques:
1. Top-down and bottom-up approaches - Top-down estimates system-level costs while bottom-up estimates costs of each module and combines them.
2. Expert judgment - Widely used technique where experts estimate costs based on past similar projects. It utilizes experience but can be biased.
3. Delphi estimation - Estimators anonymously provide estimates in rounds to reach consensus without group dynamics influencing individuals.
4. Work breakdown structure - Hierarchical breakdown of either the product components or work activities to aid bottom-up estimation.
The document discusses critical systems and system dependability. It defines critical systems as systems where failure could result in significant economic losses, damage, or threats to human life. It describes four dimensions of dependability for critical systems: availability, reliability, safety, and security. It emphasizes that critical systems require trusted development methods to achieve high dependability.
This document discusses requirements modeling in software engineering. It covers creating various models during requirements analysis, including scenario-based models, data models, class-oriented models, flow-oriented models, and behavioral models. These models form the requirements model, which is the first technical representation of a system. The document provides examples of writing use cases and constructing a preliminary use case diagram for a home security system called SafeHome. It emphasizes that requirements modeling lays the foundation for software specification and design.
This document outlines various artifact sets produced during the software engineering process, including requirement, design, implementation, deployment, test, and management artifacts. It discusses the artifacts in each set and how they evolve over the software lifecycle. The key artifact sets are the requirement set containing the engineering context, the design set representing different abstraction levels, the implementation set with source code, and the deployment set for delivering the software to users. Test artifacts must also be developed concurrently and documented similarly. Management artifacts include documents for planning, tracking status and releases, and defining the development environment.
This document discusses various design notations that can be used at different levels of software design, including:
- Data flow diagrams, structure charts, HIPO diagrams, pseudo code, and structured flowcharts, which can be used for external, architectural, and detailed design specifications.
- Data flow diagrams use nodes and arcs to represent processing activities and data flow. Structure charts show hierarchical structure and interconnections. HIPO diagrams use a tree structure.
- Other notations discussed include procedure templates for interface specifications, pseudo code for algorithms and logic, and decision tables for complex decision logic.
Structured Vs, Object Oriented Analysis and DesignMotaz Saad
This document discusses structured vs object-oriented analysis and design (SAD vs OOAD) for software development. It outlines the phases and modeling techniques used in SAD like data flow diagrams, decision tables, and entity relationship diagrams. It also outlines the phases and modeling techniques used in OOAD like use cases, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and state machine diagrams. The document compares key differences between SAD and OOAD, discusses textbooks on software engineering and UML, and references papers on using UML in practice and evaluating the impact and costs/benefits of UML in software maintenance.
This document provides an overview of computer graphics and its applications. It discusses various types of video display devices used in computer graphics like CRTs and flat panel displays. It describes how raster scan and random scan systems work and lists common input and output devices. The document outlines different chapters that will cover topics like line and curve generation algorithms, transformations, 3D viewing, surface detection, and modeling techniques. It provides examples of how computer graphics is used in fields like CAD, presentations, entertainment, education, visualization, image processing, and graphical user interfaces.
PRESCRIPTIVE PROCESS MODEL(SOFTWARE ENGINEERING)IrtazaAfzal3
A prescriptive process model is a model that describes "how to do" according to a certain software process system. ... Prescriptive models are used as guidelines or frameworks to organize and structure how software development activities should be performed, and in what order.
This document discusses several software cost estimation techniques:
1. Top-down and bottom-up approaches - Top-down estimates system-level costs while bottom-up estimates costs of each module and combines them.
2. Expert judgment - Widely used technique where experts estimate costs based on past similar projects. It utilizes experience but can be biased.
3. Delphi estimation - Estimators anonymously provide estimates in rounds to reach consensus without group dynamics influencing individuals.
4. Work breakdown structure - Hierarchical breakdown of either the product components or work activities to aid bottom-up estimation.
1) Digital image processing involves processing digital images using computer software and algorithms. It includes techniques like image enhancement, restoration, compression, and segmentation.
2) The key stages in digital image processing are image acquisition, enhancement, restoration, morphological processing, segmentation, object recognition, representation and description, compression, and color image processing.
3) Digital image processing has various applications including medical imaging, space exploration, document processing, photography, remote sensing, and video/film special effects. It covers almost the entire electromagnetic spectrum from gamma to radio waves.
Decomposition technique In Software Engineering Bilal Hassan
The document discusses different techniques for estimating software project costs and effort, including decomposition, sizing, and function point analysis. It provides an example of estimating the lines of code and function points for a mechanical CAD software project. Estimates are developed by decomposing the problem into smaller elements and tasks, and estimating the effort required for each. The accuracy of estimates depends on properly sizing the software and having reliable past project metrics.
presentation contains the most important part of the software development engineering which is Requirement Analysis and Specification.
Take a look may be it is helpfull for you.
Thank you
This presentation discusses digital image processing. It begins with definitions of digital images and digital image processing. Digital image processing focuses on improving images for human interpretation and processing images for machine perception. The history of digital image processing is then reviewed from the 1920s to today. Key examples of applications like medical imaging, satellite imagery, and industrial inspection are provided. The main stages of digital image processing are outlined, including image acquisition, enhancement, restoration, segmentation, and compression. The document concludes with an overview of a system for automatic face recognition using color-based segmentation.
Unit 5- Architectural Design in software engineering arvind pandey
This document provides an overview of architectural design for software systems. It discusses topics like system organization, decomposition styles, and control styles. The key aspects covered are:
1. Architectural design identifies the subsystems, framework for control/communication, and is described in a software architecture.
2. Common decisions include system structure, distribution, styles, decomposition, and control strategy. Models are used to document the design.
3. Organization styles include repository (shared data), client-server (shared services), and layered (abstract machines). Decomposition can be through objects or pipelines. Control can be centralized or event-based.
The COCOMO model is a widely used software cost estimation model developed by Barry Boehm in 1981. It predicts effort, schedule, and staffing needs based on project size and characteristics. The Basic COCOMO model uses three development modes (Organic, Semidetached, Embedded) and a simple formula to estimate effort and schedule based on thousands of delivered source instructions. However, its accuracy is limited as it does not account for various project attributes known to influence costs. Function Point Analysis is an alternative size measurement that counts different types of system functions and complexity factors to estimate effort and cost.
source code metrics and other maintenance tools and techniquesSiva Priya
The document discusses two source code metrics: Halstead's effort equation and McCabe's cyclomatic complexity measure. Halstead's metrics are based on counts of operators, operands, unique operators, and unique operands in source code. McCabe's measure defines the complexity of a program's control flow graph based on the number of edges, nodes, and connected components. The document also mentions that software maintenance involves a range of activities from code modification to tracking complexity metrics over time.
This lecture provide a detail concepts of user interface development design and evaluation. This lecture have complete guideline toward UI development. The interesting thing about this lecture is Software User Interface Design trends.
architecture of mobile software applicationsHassan Dar
This document discusses the architecture of mobile software applications. It provides an overview of mobile application architecture, including definitions of key concepts like mobile applications and websites. It also covers the different architectures for major mobile platforms like Android, iOS, Windows Phone and Blackberry. Design considerations for mobile apps are discussed, such as supporting intermittent network connectivity and optimizing for limited device resources. Specific techniques for mobile application architecture and design are also summarized.
The document discusses different structures for programming teams:
- Democratic structure where all members participate in decisions and leadership rotates.
- Chief programmer structure with one lead programmer who designs work and manages others.
- Hierarchical structure that combines aspects of the democratic and chief programmer models with levels like project leader, senior programmers, and junior programmers.
The structures vary in things like communication paths, decision making, and suitability for different types and sizes of projects.
A software process provides stability, control, and organization for software development. It consists of a series of predictable steps that lead to a timely, high-quality product. Key elements include framework activities like planning, modeling, requirements analysis, design, construction, testing, and deployment. The specific tasks and level of rigor for each activity may vary based on the project. Process assessment ensures the process meets criteria for successful software engineering. The primary goal of any process is high-quality software delivered on time through reduced rework.
This document discusses the nature of software. It defines software as a set of instructions that can be stored electronically. Software engineering encompasses processes and methods to build high quality computer software. Software has a dual role as both a product and a vehicle to deliver products. Characteristics of software include being engineered rather than manufactured, and not wearing out over time like hardware. Software application domains include system software, application software, engineering/scientific software, embedded software, product-line software, web applications, and artificial intelligence software. The document also discusses challenges like open-world computing and legacy software.
Reengineering involves improving existing software or business processes by making them more efficient, effective and adaptable to current business needs. It is an iterative process that involves reverse engineering the existing system, redesigning problematic areas, and forward engineering changes by implementing a redesigned prototype and refining it based on feedback. The goal is to create a system with improved functionality, performance, maintainability and alignment with current business goals and technologies.
1. The document discusses the key elements of digital image processing including image acquisition, enhancement, restoration, segmentation, representation and description, recognition, and knowledge bases.
2. It also covers fundamentals of human visual perception such as the anatomy of the eye, image formation, brightness adaptation, color fundamentals, and color models like RGB and HSI.
3. The principles of video cameras are explained including the construction and working of the vidicon camera tube.
Software maintenance typically requires 40-60% of the total lifecycle effort for a software product, with some cases requiring as much as 90%. A widely used rule of thumb is that maintenance activities are distributed as 60% for enhancements, 20% for adaptations, and 20% for corrections. Studies show the typical level of effort devoted to software maintenance is around 50% of the total lifecycle effort. Boehm suggests measuring maintenance effort using an activity ratio that considers the number of instructions added or modified over the total instructions. The effort required can then be estimated using programmer months based on the activity ratio and an effort adjustment factor. Emphasis on reliability during development can reduce future maintenance effort.
Satellite image processing involves correcting satellite images for defects, overlaying the 2D images onto a 3D model of Earth, and applying the images for scientific and practical uses. Early satellite photographs from the 1940s and 1950s provided initial images of Earth and the Moon. Modern satellite image processing utilizes large amounts of data from numerous sensors and satellites to monitor the planet. Cloud computing provides advanced infrastructure for processing large satellite images, performing corrections, and generating meaningful results through on-demand public and private cloud resources.
The document discusses component-based software engineering and defines a software component. A component is a modular building block defined by interfaces that can be independently deployed. Components are standardized, independent, composable, deployable, and documented. They communicate through interfaces and are designed to achieve reusability. The document outlines characteristics of components and discusses different views of components, including object-oriented, conventional, and process-related views. It also covers topics like component-level design principles, packaging, cohesion, and coupling.
The Capability Maturity Model (CMM) is a framework for measuring the maturity of an organization's software processes. It describes five levels of process maturity from initial to optimized. At the initial level, processes are ad hoc and success depends on individuals. At repeatable, basic processes are established to track projects. At defined, processes are standardized. At managed, processes are quantitatively controlled. At optimized, continuous process improvement is enabled through quantitative feedback. The CMM helps organizations create a shared vision of process improvement and prioritize addressing software problems.
This Presentation contains all the topics in design concept of software engineering. This is much more helpful in designing new product. You have to consider some of the design concepts that are given in the ppt
The document contains programs and outputs from 7 experiments involving numerical methods:
1) A program to calculate the area and perimeter of a rectangle and area and circumference of a circle.
2) A program to determine if a character entered is a capital letter, small letter, digit or symbol.
3) A menu-driven program with options to calculate factorial, check if prime, and check if even/odd.
4) A program to sort an array using bubble sort.
5) A program to find roots of an equation using Newton-Raphson method.
6) A program to solve a differential equation using the Runge-Kutta method.
7) A program
1) Digital image processing involves processing digital images using computer software and algorithms. It includes techniques like image enhancement, restoration, compression, and segmentation.
2) The key stages in digital image processing are image acquisition, enhancement, restoration, morphological processing, segmentation, object recognition, representation and description, compression, and color image processing.
3) Digital image processing has various applications including medical imaging, space exploration, document processing, photography, remote sensing, and video/film special effects. It covers almost the entire electromagnetic spectrum from gamma to radio waves.
Decomposition technique In Software Engineering Bilal Hassan
The document discusses different techniques for estimating software project costs and effort, including decomposition, sizing, and function point analysis. It provides an example of estimating the lines of code and function points for a mechanical CAD software project. Estimates are developed by decomposing the problem into smaller elements and tasks, and estimating the effort required for each. The accuracy of estimates depends on properly sizing the software and having reliable past project metrics.
presentation contains the most important part of the software development engineering which is Requirement Analysis and Specification.
Take a look may be it is helpfull for you.
Thank you
This presentation discusses digital image processing. It begins with definitions of digital images and digital image processing. Digital image processing focuses on improving images for human interpretation and processing images for machine perception. The history of digital image processing is then reviewed from the 1920s to today. Key examples of applications like medical imaging, satellite imagery, and industrial inspection are provided. The main stages of digital image processing are outlined, including image acquisition, enhancement, restoration, segmentation, and compression. The document concludes with an overview of a system for automatic face recognition using color-based segmentation.
Unit 5- Architectural Design in software engineering arvind pandey
This document provides an overview of architectural design for software systems. It discusses topics like system organization, decomposition styles, and control styles. The key aspects covered are:
1. Architectural design identifies the subsystems, framework for control/communication, and is described in a software architecture.
2. Common decisions include system structure, distribution, styles, decomposition, and control strategy. Models are used to document the design.
3. Organization styles include repository (shared data), client-server (shared services), and layered (abstract machines). Decomposition can be through objects or pipelines. Control can be centralized or event-based.
The COCOMO model is a widely used software cost estimation model developed by Barry Boehm in 1981. It predicts effort, schedule, and staffing needs based on project size and characteristics. The Basic COCOMO model uses three development modes (Organic, Semidetached, Embedded) and a simple formula to estimate effort and schedule based on thousands of delivered source instructions. However, its accuracy is limited as it does not account for various project attributes known to influence costs. Function Point Analysis is an alternative size measurement that counts different types of system functions and complexity factors to estimate effort and cost.
source code metrics and other maintenance tools and techniquesSiva Priya
The document discusses two source code metrics: Halstead's effort equation and McCabe's cyclomatic complexity measure. Halstead's metrics are based on counts of operators, operands, unique operators, and unique operands in source code. McCabe's measure defines the complexity of a program's control flow graph based on the number of edges, nodes, and connected components. The document also mentions that software maintenance involves a range of activities from code modification to tracking complexity metrics over time.
This lecture provide a detail concepts of user interface development design and evaluation. This lecture have complete guideline toward UI development. The interesting thing about this lecture is Software User Interface Design trends.
architecture of mobile software applicationsHassan Dar
This document discusses the architecture of mobile software applications. It provides an overview of mobile application architecture, including definitions of key concepts like mobile applications and websites. It also covers the different architectures for major mobile platforms like Android, iOS, Windows Phone and Blackberry. Design considerations for mobile apps are discussed, such as supporting intermittent network connectivity and optimizing for limited device resources. Specific techniques for mobile application architecture and design are also summarized.
The document discusses different structures for programming teams:
- Democratic structure where all members participate in decisions and leadership rotates.
- Chief programmer structure with one lead programmer who designs work and manages others.
- Hierarchical structure that combines aspects of the democratic and chief programmer models with levels like project leader, senior programmers, and junior programmers.
The structures vary in things like communication paths, decision making, and suitability for different types and sizes of projects.
A software process provides stability, control, and organization for software development. It consists of a series of predictable steps that lead to a timely, high-quality product. Key elements include framework activities like planning, modeling, requirements analysis, design, construction, testing, and deployment. The specific tasks and level of rigor for each activity may vary based on the project. Process assessment ensures the process meets criteria for successful software engineering. The primary goal of any process is high-quality software delivered on time through reduced rework.
This document discusses the nature of software. It defines software as a set of instructions that can be stored electronically. Software engineering encompasses processes and methods to build high quality computer software. Software has a dual role as both a product and a vehicle to deliver products. Characteristics of software include being engineered rather than manufactured, and not wearing out over time like hardware. Software application domains include system software, application software, engineering/scientific software, embedded software, product-line software, web applications, and artificial intelligence software. The document also discusses challenges like open-world computing and legacy software.
Reengineering involves improving existing software or business processes by making them more efficient, effective and adaptable to current business needs. It is an iterative process that involves reverse engineering the existing system, redesigning problematic areas, and forward engineering changes by implementing a redesigned prototype and refining it based on feedback. The goal is to create a system with improved functionality, performance, maintainability and alignment with current business goals and technologies.
1. The document discusses the key elements of digital image processing including image acquisition, enhancement, restoration, segmentation, representation and description, recognition, and knowledge bases.
2. It also covers fundamentals of human visual perception such as the anatomy of the eye, image formation, brightness adaptation, color fundamentals, and color models like RGB and HSI.
3. The principles of video cameras are explained including the construction and working of the vidicon camera tube.
Software maintenance typically requires 40-60% of the total lifecycle effort for a software product, with some cases requiring as much as 90%. A widely used rule of thumb is that maintenance activities are distributed as 60% for enhancements, 20% for adaptations, and 20% for corrections. Studies show the typical level of effort devoted to software maintenance is around 50% of the total lifecycle effort. Boehm suggests measuring maintenance effort using an activity ratio that considers the number of instructions added or modified over the total instructions. The effort required can then be estimated using programmer months based on the activity ratio and an effort adjustment factor. Emphasis on reliability during development can reduce future maintenance effort.
Satellite image processing involves correcting satellite images for defects, overlaying the 2D images onto a 3D model of Earth, and applying the images for scientific and practical uses. Early satellite photographs from the 1940s and 1950s provided initial images of Earth and the Moon. Modern satellite image processing utilizes large amounts of data from numerous sensors and satellites to monitor the planet. Cloud computing provides advanced infrastructure for processing large satellite images, performing corrections, and generating meaningful results through on-demand public and private cloud resources.
The document discusses component-based software engineering and defines a software component. A component is a modular building block defined by interfaces that can be independently deployed. Components are standardized, independent, composable, deployable, and documented. They communicate through interfaces and are designed to achieve reusability. The document outlines characteristics of components and discusses different views of components, including object-oriented, conventional, and process-related views. It also covers topics like component-level design principles, packaging, cohesion, and coupling.
The Capability Maturity Model (CMM) is a framework for measuring the maturity of an organization's software processes. It describes five levels of process maturity from initial to optimized. At the initial level, processes are ad hoc and success depends on individuals. At repeatable, basic processes are established to track projects. At defined, processes are standardized. At managed, processes are quantitatively controlled. At optimized, continuous process improvement is enabled through quantitative feedback. The CMM helps organizations create a shared vision of process improvement and prioritize addressing software problems.
This Presentation contains all the topics in design concept of software engineering. This is much more helpful in designing new product. You have to consider some of the design concepts that are given in the ppt
The document contains programs and outputs from 7 experiments involving numerical methods:
1) A program to calculate the area and perimeter of a rectangle and area and circumference of a circle.
2) A program to determine if a character entered is a capital letter, small letter, digit or symbol.
3) A menu-driven program with options to calculate factorial, check if prime, and check if even/odd.
4) A program to sort an array using bubble sort.
5) A program to find roots of an equation using Newton-Raphson method.
6) A program to solve a differential equation using the Runge-Kutta method.
7) A program
The document contains the source code for 7-10 experiments in an ASP.NET Software Technology Lab Manual. The experiments cover topics like using dropdown lists, listboxes, textbox events, radio buttons, validation in textboxes, and data list controls in ASP.NET. It also includes a longer experiment on performing CRUD (create, read, update, delete) operations on a student database using ADO.NET Entity Framework. The experiments provide the ASP.NET code and screenshots of the output for each program.
The document discusses recapturing the South African narrative through a brand summit and awards. It provides background on South Africa's history, from the end of apartheid to the current day. The summit aims to understand South Africa's current brand image, identify factors impacting its brand, discuss brand narratives and benchmark South Africa against other countries. It will recognize brands helping South Africa shine and facilitate discussions on South Africa's ideal brand identity. The summit includes panels on business, politics, communities and global benchmarking to discuss these topics from a nation brand perspective.
The document discusses the Telnet protocol, which provides a standard method for connecting terminal devices at one site to processes at another site. It describes the key components of Telnet, including the Initial Connection Protocol (ICP) for establishing connections, the Network Virtual Terminal (NVT) specification, and Telnet control signals. Specific control signals like DATA MARK and BREAK are also defined.
This document contains code for several C++ programs related to civil engineering applications. The first program calculates pipe flow distributions using the Hardy Cross method. The second program determines the friction factor of a circular pipe. The third program performs network analysis and critical path determination for a CPM network. The fourth program calculates vertical effective stress at a given depth for different soil profiles and water table conditions. The fifth program determines the bearing capacity of soil given soil and water table properties.
Unit Testing on Android involves testing individual units or components of code to find and fix bugs early. There are several test frameworks for Android like JUnit and Mockito that make unit testing easier. JUnit provides annotations to mark test methods and assertions to validate results. Mockito allows mocking dependencies to isolate and focus on the code being tested. Robolectric runs tests directly on a JVM without needing an emulator for faster testing. Code coverage tools like JaCoCo measure how much code is executed during tests.
Computer Hardware lab help us demonstrate and learn cpu and other device very well.It also help to learn the installation concept of both operating system and Windows office.
The document contains a list of 16 experiments to be performed in Java programming. It includes programs to check Armstrong numbers, sort strings, multiply matrices, calculate volume and surface area of a box, use copy constructors, create abstract classes for shapes and inherit subclasses, handle exceptions, create custom exceptions, create and run threads, use network classes, handle mouse events using applets, implement remote methods using RMI, create servlets, perform student mark list processing using JDBC, and create a basic text editor. It also provides sample code for 10 programs related to number swapping, multiplication tables, checking Armstrong numbers, calculating sum, checking palindromes, reversing numbers, finding largest of 3 numbers, printing prime numbers, Floyd
The document is a lab manual for an Object Oriented Programming Language (C++) class. It contains descriptions of 6 experiments covering topics like checking if a number is prime, finding the largest of two numbers, calculating sums using loops, calculating a series using functions, matrix multiplication, and passing variables by value vs reference. The experiments provide code snippets to demonstrate the concepts and expected output.
The document contains source code and instructions for 8 experiments on GUI programming lab. The experiments include designing a student information card, an interest calculator, a basic calculator, formatting text using checkboxes and option buttons, calculating factorials, displaying regional languages of Indian states, creating a menu, and developing a simple notepad application. The experiments demonstrate concepts like labels, textboxes, buttons, lists, event handling procedures and printing messages.
The document contains code snippets for Java network security programming. Experiment 1 deals with network security programming using TCP/IP protocols for different layers. Experiment 2 focuses on socket security programming involving address structures and functions. Experiment 3 is about APIs security programming for non-blocking sockets and timeouts. Experiment 4 implements a basic web server for firewall programming. The remaining experiments cover CORBA, cryptography, digital signatures and Java network security in general.
Beyond breakfast is a white paper by Eurest that discusses trends in breakfast eating and the importance of breakfast. It finds that while breakfast is important for health and productivity, up to a third of people skip it due to lack of time. Working habits have changed with longer hours and commutes, pushing breakfast later. However, organizations can encourage earlier starts, breakfast meetings, and convenient healthy options to help people prioritize breakfast.
WebRTC is a free, open project that provides browsers and mobile applications with Real-Time Communications (RTC) capabilities via simple APIs. It was released by Google in 2011 and it is becoming more famous day by day.
The document contains instructions for 15 computer graphics experiments to be completed in a Computer Graphics lab course. The experiments include programs to draw lines and shapes using algorithms like DDA, Bresenham, midpoint circle and ellipse algorithms. Programs for transformations like rotation, translation, scaling and shearing of shapes are also included. Boundary fill and flood fill algorithms are among the programs listed.
This document contains a computer graphics lab manual with instructions and sample code for programming graphics experiments. It includes:
1. An introduction and list of experiments covering topics like drawing lines, circles, ellipses, implementing transformations and clipping.
2. Samples of experiment documents with aims, descriptions of algorithms, code samples and questions. The experiments cover drawing pixels, lines using DDA and Bresenham's algorithms, circles using Bresenham's algorithm, and ellipses.
3. The code samples demonstrate how to use graphics functions in C like initgraph, putpixel, getpixel to implement various computer graphics algorithms.
The document contains a list of 23 microprocessor lab programs and 6 interfacing programs for an electronics and communication course. The programs cover topics like data transfer, arithmetic operations, sorting, prime number generation, string operations, matrix multiplication and more. The document provides contents, program descriptions and assembly language code for some of the programs.
The document discusses software development lifecycles and strategies. It describes:
1) Common lifecycle activities like planning, development, testing and maintenance. Different models can be used depending on the product.
2) Solution strategies are developed to determine the nature of possible solutions and provide a framework for design and implementation. The best strategies are developed by trained groups using techniques like brainstorming.
3) The phased lifecycle model involves a series of defined activities with inputs, processes, and outputs at each phase. Resources are required to complete each defined phase.
The document discusses various aspects of planning and managing the software development process, including:
1) Developing a solution strategy and selecting a software life cycle model to provide a framework for the project.
2) Common software life cycle activities like planning, development, testing, and maintenance.
3) Using milestones, documents, and reviews to improve project visibility and management.
4) Organizing development tasks and teams using different structures like project, functional, and matrix formats.
This document discusses several software development models and practices. It describes the waterfall model which involves sequential stages of requirement analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. It also covers prototyping, rapid application development (RAD), and component assembly models which are more iterative in nature. The prototyping model involves creating prototypes to help define requirements, RAD emphasizes reuse and short development cycles, and component assembly focuses on reusing existing software components.
The document discusses several software development life cycle models:
- The phased model segments development into phases like analysis, design, implementation, testing and maintenance.
- The cost model views the life cycle in terms of costs incurred in each phase and modifying previous work.
- Prototyping involves building initial versions to explore technical issues and illustrate requirements for the customer.
- Successive versions refines an initial product skeleton through multiple iterations.
Planning the development process involves choosing a life cycle model and defining documents, milestones and reviews. This provides structure and visibility needed for control and quality.
Software is a set of instructions and data structures that enable computer programs to provide desired functions and manipulate information. Software engineering is the systematic development and maintenance of software. It differs from software programming in that engineering involves teams developing complex, long-lasting systems through roles like architect and manager, while programming involves single developers building small, short-term applications. A software development life cycle like waterfall or spiral model provides structure to a project through phases from requirements to maintenance. Rapid application development emphasizes short cycles through business, data, and process modeling to create reusable components and reduce testing time.
This document discusses systems analysis and the waterfall model of software development. It describes the stages of systems analysis including investigation, design, and implementation with user consultation. The design stage produces a system specification detailing materials, procedures, hardware requirements, and inputs/outputs. Systems are monitored after implementation for changes. The waterfall model stages are feasibility, requirements analysis, design specification, coding, testing, and maintenance. Prototyping is discussed as an alternative that involves users earlier to detect issues and ensure requirements are met.
The document discusses the Software Testing Life Cycle (STLC) process. There are 6 major phases in the STLC model: requirement analysis, test planning, test case development, test environment setup, test execution, and test closure activities. The goal of the STLC is to ensure software quality goals are met by conducting a sequence of testing activities. Key steps include understanding requirements, creating test plans and cases, setting up testing environments, executing tests, and closing out testing upon product delivery.
The document discusses the software development life cycle (SDLC) and different software development models. SDLC involves stages like requirements gathering, design, coding, testing, implementation and maintenance. The waterfall model follows a linear sequence of stages from requirements to maintenance. Prototyping allows for user feedback earlier to refine requirements before implementation.
Elementary Probability theory Chapter 2.pptxethiouniverse
The document discusses various software process models including waterfall, iterative, incremental, evolutionary (prototyping and spiral), and component-based development models. It describes the key activities and characteristics of each model and discusses when each may be applicable. The waterfall model presents a linear sequential flow while evolutionary models like prototyping and spiral are iterative and incremental to accommodate changing requirements.
ISE_Lecture Week 2-SW Process Models.pptHumzaWaris1
The document discusses various software development processes. It begins by defining a software process as a framework that describes the activities performed at each stage of a project. It then categorizes common activities as software specification, development, validation, and evolution. The document goes on to describe plan-driven and agile processes, and notes that most practical processes include elements of both. It provides details on specific process models like waterfall, V-model, prototyping, incremental development, component-based development, and spiral model.
This document discusses software process models. It defines a software process as a framework for activities required to build high-quality software. A process model describes the phases in a product's lifetime from initial idea to final use. The document then describes a generic process model with five framework activities - communication, planning, modeling, construction, and deployment. It provides an example of identifying task sets for different sized projects. Finally, it discusses the waterfall process model as the first published model, outlining its sequential phases and problems with being rarely linear and requiring all requirements up front.
Software Testing and Quality Assurance Assignment 3Gurpreet singh
Short questions :
Que 1 : Define Software Testing.
Que 2 : What is risk identification ?
Que 3 : What is SCM ?
Que 4 : Define Debugging.
Que 5 : Explain Configuration audit.
Que 6 : Differentiate between white box testing & black box testing.
Que 7 : What do you mean by metrics ?
Que 8 : What do you mean by version control ?
Que 9 : Explain Object Oriented Software Engineering.
Que 10 : What are the advantages and disadvantages of manual testing tools ?
Long Questions:
Que 1 : What do you mean by baselines ? Explain their importance.
Que 2 : What do you mean by change control ? Explain the various steps in detail.
Que 3 : Explain various types of testing in detail.
Que 4 : Differentiate between automated testing and manual testing.
Que 5 : What is web engineering ? Explain in detail its model and features.
Introduction,Software Process Models, Project Managementswatisinghal
The document discusses different types of software processes and models used in software engineering. It defines software and differentiates it from programs. It then explains key concepts in software engineering including the waterfall model, prototyping model, incremental/iterative model, and spiral model. For each model it provides an overview and discusses their advantages and limitations.
This document provides an overview of several software development life cycle models:
- The Waterfall Model involves sequential phases from requirements to maintenance without iteration.
- Prototyping allows for experimenting with designs through iterative prototype development and user testing.
- Iterative models like the Spiral Model involve repeating phases of design, implementation, and testing in cycles with user feedback.
Software testing and introduction to qualityDhanashriAmbre
The document provides an overview of software testing and quality assurance. It defines software testing as a process to investigate quality and find defects between expected and actual results. Testing is necessary to ensure software is defect-free per customer specifications and increases reliability. The document then discusses types of errors like ambiguous specifications, misunderstood specifications, and logic/coding errors. It outlines the software development life cycle including phases like planning, analysis, design, coding, testing, implementation, and maintenance. Each phase is described in 1-2 sentences.
In this presentation, it will cover different software development methodologies. These include the common types of SDM, and the pros and cons.
A software development methodology involves several steps. These include planning, structuring, and performance tracking.
In some instances, it may also include extreme programming. The objective is to streamline the process when developing software or any product.
Almost all software development methodologies are non-technical. This means they do not deal with the technical aspects of software design and development. They focus more on the internal operations, and other processes involved in the project.
Take note that each has its specific features. Gauge your options, and choose the best one that suits your needs.
The document discusses various software development process models including:
- Waterfall model - A linear sequential model that progresses through requirements, design, implementation, testing, integration, and maintenance.
- V-Model - A variation of waterfall that incorporates validation and verification at each stage.
- Incremental model - Combines elements of linear and parallel flows by delivering incremental versions of software.
- Evolutionary models like prototyping and spiral model - Iteratively develop increasingly complete versions of software to accommodate changing requirements.
- Concurrent model - Allows activities like modeling to occur concurrently rather than sequentially.
It also discusses process frameworks, patterns, assessment, and personal software process models. The goal is to provide structure while allowing for flexibility
The document discusses software engineering and requirement elicitation processes. It describes the key steps in requirement engineering as inception, elicitation, elaboration, negotiation, specification, validation and management. It then explains elicitation techniques such as collaborative gathering, Quality Function Deployment to prioritize needs, and usage scenarios to understand how features will be used. Interviews with stakeholders and brainstorming sessions are also discussed as ways to elicit requirements.
1. The document discusses software testing and provides definitions, objectives, and types of testing. It defines testing as analyzing software to detect bugs and differences from requirements.
2. The primary objectives of testing are to design tests that systematically uncover errors with minimal time and effort. Exhaustive testing all possible inputs is not possible due to the large number of combinations.
3. White box testing uses the internal logic and structure of code to design test cases that execute all independent paths, loops, and internal data structures to ensure validity. It helps optimize code but does not ensure requirements are fulfilled and requires a skilled tester.
1. The document discusses key concepts in software design including transforming customer requirements into an implementable form, designing modules, control relationships, interfaces, data structures, and algorithms.
2. It also covers preliminary and detailed design phases, where preliminary design identifies modules and relationships, and detailed design specifies data structures and algorithms.
3. Design principles like abstraction, refinement, modularity, architecture, control hierarchy, and information hiding are explained as important concepts for creating a complete design model.
This document discusses requirement analysis in software engineering. It defines requirements as descriptions of a system's services and constraints. Requirement engineering is the process of finding, analyzing, documenting, and checking requirements. User requirements describe desired system functions and constraints in natural language for non-technical users. System requirements provide more technical details of how the system will implement the user requirements and are used by software engineers. Requirements can be functional, specifying system services, or non-functional, specifying constraints like performance or reliability.
The document provides an overview of software engineering concepts including:
1) It defines software and discusses its evolutionary role as both a product and vehicle.
2) It describes different categories of software applications such as system software, real-time software, business software, and more.
3) It discusses software engineering goals, related disciplines, and key terms such as project size factors, quality and productivity factors, and managerial issues.
This document contains a 50 question quiz on data structures. The questions cover topics like linked lists, stacks, queues, trees, sorting algorithms, hashing and more. For each question there are 4 multiple choice answers and the correct answer is indicated. The quiz is assessing understanding of fundamental data structure concepts and their applications.
The document provides information about a presentation on Fourier series given by the Mathematics Department. It introduces Fourier and his work developing Fourier series. Fourier series can be used to represent any periodic function as an infinite sum of sines and cosines. The document discusses key aspects of Fourier series including periodic functions, the Euler formula, even and odd functions, and half-range series. It provides examples of calculating Fourier coefficients and representing even and odd functions with cosine and sine waves respectively. In summary, the document outlines the basics of Fourier series, their applications, and methods for analyzing periodic functions with them.
This document provides an overview of e-commerce and discusses various topics related to e-commerce including:
- The history and generations of computers.
- Electronic commerce frameworks and applications such as supply chain management, e-markets, electronic data interchange, and internet commerce.
- Infrastructure components that support e-commerce such as multimedia content, storage servers, client-server architecture, and information delivery.
- E-commerce applications in different industries such as retail, manufacturing, and how it is changing business environments and processes.
The document discusses various input devices used in computer systems including keyboards, mice, joysticks, touch screens, scanners, microphones, and digital cameras. It provides details on the components and functioning of keyboards and mice. Keyboards have alphanumeric keys, function keys, and cursor keys. Mice can be mechanical or optical and are used to control cursor movement and selection on a screen. Other pointing devices mentioned include trackballs, touchpads, and styluses.
The document provides a subject distribution chart for the Computer Science department at Shri Rawatpura Sarkar Institute of Technology-II, New Raipur. It lists 10 faculty members, their assigned subjects for teaching 4th, 6th and 8th semesters, and any labs or subjects taught in other departments. The chart also includes the workload for each faculty ranging from 17 to 24 credits.
The document contains revision reports from the Computer Science department of Shri Rawatpura Sarkar Institute of Technology-II, New Raipur. It lists the faculty members who conducted revisions for subjects in the 3rd and 5th semester, along with the number of students, date, and a remark that they discussed doubts and important questions from question papers. The note at the end states that student feedback on the revisions was positive and syllabus summaries were also distributed.
This document outlines the lecture plan for the subject "MIS" over 5 units and 46 lectures. The topics to be covered include management and organizational support systems for digital firms, information systems and business strategy, information systems in the enterprise, information technology for competitive advantage, and e-commerce and international information systems. Some specific topics are definition of MIS, report writing software, strategic information systems, executive information systems, firm environment, benefits of information resources, e-commerce strategy, and global information systems architecture. The plan is designed by Vivek Kumar Sinha, Assistant Professor of CSE, for the 6th semester students of CSE at Shri Rawatpura Sarkar Institute of Technology in New Raipur.
This document outlines a lecture plan for a subject on Data Warehousing and Mining (DMW). The plan covers 5 units over 46 lectures and 12 tutorials. Unit I introduces concepts of data warehousing and covers topics like requirements gathering, architecture, and infrastructure. Unit II focuses on data design, modeling, extraction, transformation, and loading of data. Unit III discusses information access, delivery, OLAP, and deployment. Unit IV introduces data mining algorithms, techniques, and applications. The final unit covers advanced topics in web mining, visualization, statistical analysis, and trends in data mining.
The document contains 3 sections detailing department planning milestones at Shri Rawatpura Sarkar Institue of Technology-II in New Raipur, India. Each section lists the faculty teaching various computer science subjects, and their grading on timely delivery and effective delivery of power point presentations for different phases and units. Faculty are assigned to teach subjects like MIS, OOPS, DS, CG, OS, ERP, SEPM, and more. Their performance is reviewed on a scale of 1-8 for timely and effective delivery of presentations on scheduled dates.
The document summarizes a presentation given by Mr. Vivek Sinha and Ms. Shraddha Yadaw to the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at SHRI RAWATPURA SARKAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY-II, NEW RAIPUR on 10/23/17. The presentation covered basics of networks, types of networks including LAN, MAN, WAN, PAN and CAN, network topologies, communication tasks, client/server models, benefits of computer networks, and applications of networks such as email, e-commerce, video conferencing and more.
This course will cover the practical aspects of network programming, with emphasis on the Internet. The goal of this course is to introduce the students to the basics of networks programming. We will introduce the students to the TCP/IP protocol stack and some of its important protocols. Students will also be introduced to multi-tier application development and RPC technologies including: RMI, CORBA, EJB, and Web Services.
The document outlines a presentation on the Internet of Things (IoT). It defines IoT as connecting physical objects to the internet, allowing them to interact. The presentation covers the conceptual framework of IoT, how it works by combining physical objects, controllers, sensors and actuators. It also discusses challenges around enabling unauthorized access, security risks, and ensuring privacy as IoT is implemented.
The document describes Shri Rawatpura Sarkar Group of Institutions, a group of engineering colleges in central India founded by Anant Shri Vibhushit Shri Ravi Shankar Ji Maharaj. The mission is to pursue excellence in education, learning, and research. It provides glimpses of departments including applied sciences, civil engineering, mechanical engineering, computer science, electrical engineering, and electronics. It also describes campus facilities like the library, WiFi, buses, cultural events, yoga classes, and clubs to develop students' skills.
The Brayton cycle describes the workings of a constant-pressure heat engine and models modern gas turbine engines. It involves isentropic compression of air in a compressor, isobaric heat addition in a combustor, isentropic expansion in a turbine, and isobaric heat rejection. Materials used include superalloys for the compressor and turbine due to high temperatures and stresses, and refractory metals and ceramics for the combustor. The ideal Brayton cycle is analyzed using pressure-volume and temperature-entropy diagrams. Applications include jet engines and gas turbine power generation due to advantages like high power-to-weight ratio.
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation w...IJCNCJournal
Paper Title
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation with Hybrid Beam Forming Power Transfer in WSN-IoT Applications
Authors
Reginald Jude Sixtus J and Tamilarasi Muthu, Puducherry Technological University, India
Abstract
Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) helps to overcome various difficulties in future technology wireless communications. NOMA, when utilized with millimeter wave multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, channel estimation becomes extremely difficult. For reaping the benefits of the NOMA and mm-Wave combination, effective channel estimation is required. In this paper, we propose an enhanced particle swarm optimization based long short-term memory estimator network (PSOLSTMEstNet), which is a neural network model that can be employed to forecast the bandwidth required in the mm-Wave MIMO network. The prime advantage of the LSTM is that it has the capability of dynamically adapting to the functioning pattern of fluctuating channel state. The LSTM stage with adaptive coding and modulation enhances the BER.PSO algorithm is employed to optimize input weights of LSTM network. The modified algorithm splits the power by channel condition of every single user. Participants will be first sorted into distinct groups depending upon respective channel conditions, using a hybrid beamforming approach. The network characteristics are fine-estimated using PSO-LSTMEstNet after a rough approximation of channels parameters derived from the received data.
Keywords
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Bit Error Rate (BER), mm-Wave, MIMO, NOMA, deep learning, optimization.
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Covid Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
CoVID-19 sprang up in Wuhan China in November 2019 and was declared a pandemic by the in January 2020 World Health Organization (WHO). Like the Spanish flu of 1918 that claimed millions of lives, the COVID-19 has caused the demise of thousands with China, Italy, Spain, USA and India having the highest statistics on infection and mortality rates. Regardless of existing sophisticated technologies and medical science, the spread has continued to surge high. With this COVID-19 Management System, organizations can respond virtually to the COVID-19 pandemic and protect, educate and care for citizens in the community in a quick and effective manner. This comprehensive solution not only helps in containing the virus but also proactively empowers both citizens and care providers to minimize the spread of the virus through targeted strategies and education.
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1. Shri Rawatpura Sarkar Institute Of Technology –II New Raipur(C.G.)
Department of Computer Science &Engg.
Branch: Computer Science & Engineering Semester: VI
Subject: Software Engineering & Project Management Laboratory with Minor
Code:322661(22)
Sr.N
O
Objects Remark
1 Phases in software development
project, overview, need, coverage of
topics
2 To assign the requirement
engineering tasks.
3 To perform the system analysis:
Requirement analysis, SRS (Allotted
Project)
4 To perform the function oriented
diagram: DFD and Structured chart
5 To perform the user’s view analysis:
Use case diagram
6 To draw the structural view diagram
: Class diagram, object diagram
7 To draw the behavioral view
diagram : Sequence diagram,
Collaboration diagram
8 To draw the behavioral view
diagram : State-chart diagram,
Activity diagram
9 To draw the implementation view
diagram: Component diagram.
10 To draw the implementation view
diagram: deployment diagram
Experiment No.1
2. Software Development Project: Phases
The typical software project includes the following phases:
1. Requirements Analysis and Definition. System Overview
2. Estimation
3. Functional Specification and UI Prototype
4. Software Architecture and Test Plan
5. Implementation (Coding) and Testing
6. Release. Delivery and Installation
7. Operation and Maintenance
Below you will find a brief description of these phases. Later on, we’re going to publish a separate
article on each phase.
Requirements Analysis and Definition. System Overview
This phase begins with analyzing what exactly you want to have done. The system overview helps
you see the big picture of the project and understand which steps need to be carried out. You should
determine and document the vision for the target product or system; the user profile(s); the hardware
and software environment; the most important components, functions, or features the software must
have; the security requirements, etc. To aid in the needs analysis, it is sometimes necessary to have
prototypes created – or to have them created by professionals, for that matter. All this can and often
should be done in cooperation with your vendor.
The product of this stage is the general system requirements (and sometimes, draft user manual).
This document will be modified as the project is undertaken.
Estimation
This is a phase that is usually obscure to customers. Vendors tend to supply you with an estimate
itself, and that’s it. Personally, I believe that customers may and should take more active part in the
estimation process. For example, you have to be able to select from different options discussing the
platforms, technologies, and tools that will be used for the target system. Also, make sure your
vendor does a research of the existing libraries and tools that can be used in the project. Remember
that an estimate should explicitly list what is included in the price, as well as why and how much any
additional features will cost. Never let the vendor baffle you with technical jargon and complex
details. Finally, if you are in doubt about the provided estimate, consult an expert; if the vendor
appears to try to take advantage of you, don’t bargain with such a company – just say “thank you”
and look for another OSP. Outsourcing is risky by nature, so you can’t afford to take chances with a
vendor like that.
3. The estimate isn’t the only document that results from this phase. The project contract (or project
bid) and rough project schedule usually come into existence at this point, too.
Functional Specification and UI Prototype
A functional specification determines what exactly the target system must do and the premises for its
implementation. All requirements should be thoroughly defined and documented. The general
system requirements and other documents created in the first phase serve as input here. Depending
on the nature of the system, creating a UI prototype in this phase may be crucially important for the
success of the project.
If your company has appropriate experience, you can have the functional specification and UI
prototype created in-house. However, I recommend ordering the development of the specification
and UI prototype from your OSP. This will help you check the vendor’s expertise; at the same time,
the vendor will have an opportunity to get a better idea of the project and get prepared for its
implementation.
Besides the functional specification and UI prototype, this phase may also result in creating an exact
project plan that contains the project schedule, milestones, and human resources.
Software Architecture and Test Plan
In this phase, it is necessary to determine the system components covering your requirements and
the way these components will work together. The software architecture design may be logically
divided into two parts: general design and detailed design. The general design consists of the
structural design, development strategy, and system design documentation. Working out the general
design, developers break the target system into high-level components and describe them in the
context of the whole system. When it comes to the detailed design, specification and documentation
on each component are developed. The general system requirements, functional specification, and
UI prototype serve as input for this phase.
Completing this phase, your vendor should produce the description of the software architecture, the
algorithmic structure of the system components and their specifications, the documentation of all
design decisions, and a thorough test plan.
Implementation (Coding) and Testing
The goal of this phase is building the target system based on the specifications developed in the
previous phases. Transferring the specification algorithms into a programming language, your
vendor creates and integrates the system components. Performing code reviews and test cases
worked out by the vendor’s QA/QC division, as well as unit, integration, and system tests are other
key activities of this phase. Comprehensive testing and correcting any errors identified ensures that
4. components function together properly, and that the project implementation meets the system
specification.
Outsourcing a software development project, I advise you to have a project delivered and paid for in
parts. This is one of the best ways to minimize the risk for you and your vendor. If you aren’t satisfied
with the way the project is being implemented, you can take to another vendor the specification and
the code that was previously delivered.
Release. Delivery and Installation
In the release phase, your vendor must transfer the target product or system to you. The key
activities usually include installation and configuration in the operational environment, acceptance
testing, and training of the users if necessary.
A crucial point here is formal acceptance testing which comprises a series of end-to-end tests. It is
performed to confirm that the product or system fulfills the acceptance requirements determined by
the functional specification.
After this phase is complete, the product or system is considered formally delivered and accepted. If
iterative development is used, the next iteration should be commenced.
Operation and Maintenance
The Operation and Maintenance phase begins once you have formally accepted the product or
system delivered by the vendor. The task of this phase is the proper functioning of the software. To
improve a product or system, it should be continuously maintained. Software maintenance involves
detecting and correcting errors, as well as extending and improving the software itself.
Conclusion
I’d like to conclude this article with a little advice. You shouldn’t treat the documents resulting from
phases 1, 3, and 4 as a law that can’t be amended. The system requirements, user manual,
functional specification, and even software architecture design often need to be updated and
modified throughout the course of the project implementation. Just be cautious that any changes
introduced in the documentation are consistent with your initial vision for the target product or
system. (Well, let’s face it: the initial vision may eventually change as well.)
Experiment No. 2
Requirements Engineering
• Must be adapted to the needs of a specific process, project, product, or people doing the
work.
5. • Begins during the software engineering communication activity and continues into the
modeling activity.
• In some cases requirements engineering may be abbreviated, but it is never abandoned.
• It is essential that the software engineering team understand the requirements of a problem
before the team tries to solve the problem.
Requirements Engineering Tasks
• Inception (software engineers use context-free questions to establish a basic understanding
of the problem, the people who want a solution, the nature of the solution, and the
effectiveness of the collaboration between customers and developers)
• Elicitation (find out from customers what the product objectives are, what is to be done, how
the product fits into business needs, and how the product is used on a day to day basis)
• Elaboration (focuses on developing a refined technical model of software function, behavior,
and information)
• Negotiation (requirements are categorized and organized into subsets, relations among
requirements identified, requirements reviewed for correctness, requirements prioritized
based on customer needs)
• Specification (written work products produced describing the function, performance, and
development constraints for a computer-based system)
• Requirements validation (formal technical reviews used to examine the specification work
products to ensure requirement quality and that all work products conform to agreed upon
standards for the process, project, and products)
• Requirements management (activities that help project team to identify, control, and track
requirements and changes as project proceeds, similar to software configuration
management (SCM) techniques
Initiating Requirements Engineering Process
• Identify stakeholders
• Recognize the existence of multiple stakeholder viewpoints
• Work toward collaboration among stakeholders
• These context-free questions focus on customer, stakeholders, overall goals, and benefits of
the system
o Who is behind the request for work?
o Who will use the solution?
o What will be the economic benefit of a successful solution?
o Is there another source for the solution needed?
• The next set of questions enable developer to better understand the problem and the
customer’s perceptions of the solution
o How would you characterize good output form a successful solution?
o What problem(s) will this solution address?
o Can you describe the business environment in which the solution will be used?
o Will special performance constraints affect the way the solution os approached?
• The final set of questions focuses on communication effectiveness
o Are you the best person to give “official” answers to these questions?
o Are my questions relevant to your problem?
o Am I asking too many questions?
6. o Can anyone else provide additional information?
o Should I be asking you anything else?
Eliciting Requirements
• Goal is to identify the problem, propose solution elements, negotiate approaches, and
specify preliminary set of solutions requirements
• Collaborative requirements gathering guidelines
o Meetings attended by both developers and customers
o Rules for preparation and participation are established
o Flexible agenda is used
o Facilitator controls the meeting
o Definition mechanism (e.g. stickers, flip sheets, electronic bulletin board) used to
gauge group consensus
Quality function deployment (QFD)
• Quality management technique that translates customer needs into technical software
requirements expressed as a customer voice table
• Identifies three types of requirements (normal, expected, exciting)
• In customer meetings function deployment is used to determine value of each function
that is required for the system
• Information deployment identifies both data objects and events that the system must
consume or produce (these are linked to functions)
• Task deployment examines the system behavior in the context of its environment
• Value analysis is conducted to determine relative priority of each requirement generated by
the deployment activities
Elicitation Work Products
• Statement of need and feasibility
• Bounded statement of scope for system or product
• List of stakeholders involved in requirements elicitation
• Description of system’s technical environment
• List of requirements organized by function and applicable domain constraints
• Set of usage scenarios (use-cases) that provide use insight into operation of deployed
system
• Prototypes developed to better understand requirements
Elicitation Problems
• Scope – system boundaries ill-defined
• Understanding – customers not sure what’s needed or can’t communicate it
• Volatility – requirements changes over time
7. Developing Use-Cases
• Each use-case tells stylized story about how end-users interact with the system under a
specific set of circumstances
• First step is to identify actors (people or devices) that use the system in the context of the
function and behavior of the system to be described
o Who are the primary (interact with each other) or secondary (support system)
actors?
o What are the actor’s goals?
o What preconditions must exist before story begins?
o What are the main tasks or functions performed by each actor?
o What exceptions might be considered as the story is described?
o What variations in actor interactions are possible?
o What system information will the actor acquire, produce, or change?
o Will the actor need to inform the system about external environment changes?
o What information does the actor desire from the system?
o Does the actor need to be informed about unexpected changes?
• Next step is to elaborate the basic use case to provide a more detailed description needed
to populate a use-case template
Use case template
• Use Case Name
• Primary actor
• Goal in context
• Preconditions
• Trigger
• Scenario details
• Exceptions
• Priority
• When available
• Frequency of use
• Channel to actor
• Secondary actors
• Channels to secondary actors
• Open issues
Analysis Model
• Intent is to provide descriptions of required information, functional, and behavioral domains
for computer-based systems
• Analysis Model Elements
o Scenario-based elements (use cases describe system from user perspective)
o Class-based elements (relationships among objects manipulated by actors and their
attributes are depicted as classes)
8. o Behavioral elements (depict system and class behavior as states and transitions
between states)
o Flow-oriented elements (shows how information flows through the system and is
transformed by the system functions)
Analysis Patterns
• Suggest solutions (a class, a function, or a behavior) that can be reused when modeling
future applications
• Can speed up the development of abstract analysis models by providing reusable analysis
models with their advantages and disadvantages
• Facilitate the transformation of the analysis model into a design model by suggesting design
patterns and reliable solutions to common patterns
Negotiating Requirements
• Intent is to develop a project plan that meets stakeholder needs and real-world constraints
(time, people, budget) placed on the software team
• Negotiation activities
o Identification of system key stakeholders
o Determination of stakeholders’ “win conditions”
o Negotiate to reconcile stakeholders’ win conditions into “win-win” result for all
stakeholders (including developers)
• Goal is to produce a win-win result before proceeding to subsequent software engineering
activities
Requirement Review (Validation)
• Is each requirement consistent with overall project or system objective?
• Are all requirements specified at the appropriate level off abstraction?
• Is each requirement essential to system objective or is it an add-on feature?
• Is each requirement bounded and unambiguous?
• Do you know the source for each requirement?
• Do requirements conflict with one another?
• Is each requirement achievable in the technical environment that will house the system or
product?
• Is each requirement testable once implemented?
• Does the requirements model reflect the information, function, and behavior of the system to
be built?
• Has the requirements model been partitioned in a way that exposes more detailed system
information progressively?
9. • Have all the requirements patterns been properly validated and are they consistent w with
customer requirements?
Experiment No. 3
To perform the system analysis: Requirement analysis, SRS (Allotted Project)
Procedure:
Step 1:
Introduction:
Purpose
Identify the product whose software requirements are specified in this document, including the revision or
release number. Describe the scope of the product that is covered by this SRS, particularly if this SRS
describes only part of the system or a single subsystem.
Intended Audience and Reading Suggestions
Describe the different types of reader that the document is intended for, such as developers, project
managers, marketing staff, users, testers, and documentation writers. Describe what the rest of this SRS
contains and how it is organized. Suggest a sequence for reading the document, beginning with the
overview sections and proceeding through the sections that are most pertinent to each reader type.
Project Scope
Provide a short description of the software being specified and its purpose, including relevant benefits,
objectives, and goals. Relate the software to corporate goals or business strategies. If a separate vision and
scope document is available, refer to it rather than duplicating its contents here. An SRS that specifies the
next release of an evolving product should contain its own scope statement as a subset of the long-term
strategic product vision.
Step 2:
Overall Description
Product Perspective
Describe the context and origin of the product being specified in this SRS. For example, state whether this
product is a follow-on member of a product family, a replacement for certain existing systems, or a new,
self-contained product. If the SRS defines a component of a larger system, relate the requirements of the
larger system to the functionality of this software and identify interfaces between the two. A simple
diagram that shows the major components of the overall system, subsystem interconnections, and external
interfaces can be helpful.
Product Features
Summarize the major features the product contains or the significant functions that it performs or lets the
user perform. Only a high level summary is needed here. Organize the functions to make them
understandable to any reader of the SRS. A picture of the major groups of related requirements and how
they relate, such as a top level data flow diagram or a class diagram, is often effective.
10. User Classes and Characteristics
Identify the various user classes that you anticipate will use this product. User classes may be
differentiated based on frequency of use, subset of product functions used, technical expertise, security or
privilege levels, educational level, or experience. Describe the pertinent characteristics of each user class.
Certain requirements may pertain only to certain user classes. Distinguish the favored user classes from
those who are less important to satisfy.
Operating Environment
Describe the environment in which the software will operate, including the hardware platform, operating
system and versions, and any other software components or applications with which it must peacefully
coexist.
Design and Implementation Constraints
Describe any items or issues that will limit the options available to the developers. These might include:
corporate or regulatory policies; hardware limitations (timing requirements, memory requirements);
interfaces to other applications; specific technologies, tools, and databases to be used; parallel operations;
language requirements; communications protocols; security considerations; design conventions or
programming standards (for example, if the customer s organization will be responsible for maintaining‟
the delivered software).
Step 3:
System Features
This template illustrates organizing the functional requirements for the product by system features, the
major services provided by the product. You may prefer to organize this section by use case, mode of
operation, user class, object class, functional hierarchy, or combinations of these, whatever makes the
most logical sense for your product.
System Feature 1
Don t really say “System Feature 1.” State the feature name in just a few words.‟
1 Description and Priority
Provide a short description of the feature and indicate whether it is of High, Medium, or Low priority.
You could also include specific priority component ratings, such as benefit, penalty, cost, and risk (each
rated on a relative scale from a low of 1 to a high of 9).
Step 4:
External Interface Requirements
User Interfaces
Describe the logical characteristics of each interface between the software product and the users. This
may include sample screen images, any GUI standards or product family style guides that are to be
followed, screen layout constraints, standard buttons and functions (e.g., help) that will appear on every
screen, keyboard shortcuts, error message display standards, and so on. Define the software components
for which a user interface is needed. Details of the user interface design should be documented in a
separate user interface specification.
Hardware Interfaces
11. Describe the logical and physical characteristics of each interface between the software product and the
hardware components of the system. This may include the supported device types, the nature of the data
and control interactions between the software and the hardware, and communication protocols to be used.
Software Interfaces
Describe the connections between this product and other specific software components (name and
version), including databases, operating systems, tools, libraries, and integrated commercial components.
Identify the data items or messages coming into the system and going out and describe the purpose of
each. Describe the services needed and the nature of communications. Refer to documents that describe
detailed application programming interface protocols. Identify data that will be shared across software
components. If the data sharing mechanism must be implemented in a specific way (for example, use of a
global data area in a multitasking operating system), specify this as an implementation constraint.
Communications Interfaces
Describe the requirements associated with any communications functions required by this product,
including e-mail, web browser, network server communications protocols, electronic forms, and so on.
Define any pertinent message formatting. Identify any communication standards that will be used, such as
FTP or HTTP. Specify any communication security or encryption issues, data transfer rates, and
synchronization mechanisms.
Nonfunctional Requirements
Performance Requirements
If there are performance requirements for the product under various circumstances, state them here and
explain their rationale, to help the developers understand the intent and make suitable design choices.
Specify the timing relationships for real time systems. Make such requirements as specific as possible.
You may need to state performance requirements for individual functional requirements or features.
Safety Requirements
Specify those requirements that are concerned with possible loss, damage, or harm that could result from
the use of the product. Define any safeguards or actions that must be taken, as well as actions that must be
prevented. Refer to any external policies or regulations that state safety issues that affect the product s‟
design or use. Define any safety certifications that must be satisfied.
Security Requirements
Specify any requirements regarding security or privacy issues surrounding use of the product or
protection of the data used or created by the product. Define any user identity authentication
requirements. Refer to any external policies or regulations containing security issues that affect the
product. Define any security or privacy certifications that must be satisfied.
Software Quality Attributes
Specify any additional quality characteristics for the product that will be important to either the customers
or the developers. Some to consider are: adaptability, availability, correctness, flexibility, interoperability,
maintainability, portability, reliability, reusability, robustness, testability, and usability. Write these to be
specific, quantitative, and verifiable when possible. At the least, clarify the relative preferences for
various attributes, such as ease of use over ease of learning.
Other Requirements
Define any other requirements not covered elsewhere in the SRS. This might include database
requirements, internationalization requirements, legal requirements, reuse objectives for the project, and
so on. Add any new sections that are pertinent to the project.
12. Experiment No. 4
To perform the function oriented diagram: DFD and Structured chart
OVERALL DESCRIPTION :
Data analysis attempts to answer four specific questions:
What processes make up a system?
What data are used in each process?
What data are stored?
What data enter and leave the system?
Data drive business activities and can trigger events (e.g. new sales order data) or be processed to provide
information about the activity. Data flow analysis, as the name suggests, follows the flow of data through
business processes and determines how organisation objectives are accomplished. In the course of
handling transactions and completing tasks, data are input, processed, stored, retrieved, used, changed and
output. Data flow analysis studies the use of data in each activity and documents the findings in data flow
diagrams, graphically showing the relation between processes and data.
Physical and Logical DFDs
There are two types of data flow diagrams, namely physical data flow diagrams and logical data flow
diagrams and it is important to distinguish clearly between the two:
Physical Data Flow Diagrams
An implementation-dependent view of the current system, showing what tasks are carried out and how
they are performed. Physical characteristics can include:
Names of people
Form and document names or numbers
Names of departments
Master and transaction files
Equipment and devices used
Logical Data Flow Diagrams
An implementation-independent view of the a system, focusing on the flow of data between processes
without regard for the specific devices, storage locations or people in the system. The physical
characteristics listed above for physical data flow diagrams will not be specified.
13. Data Flow Diagram (DFD)
The DFD (also known as a bubble chart) is a hierarchical graphical model of a system that shows the different
processing activities or functions that the system performs and the data interchange among these functions. Each
function is considered as a processing station (or process) that consumes some input data and produces some output
data. The system is represented in terms of the input data to the system, various processing carried out on these data,
and the output data generated by the system. A DFD model uses a very limited number of primitive symbols [as
shown in fig. 5.1(a)] to represent the functions performed by a system and the data flow among these functions.
14. Experiment No.5
To perform the user’s view analysis: Use case diagram
Objective :
To understand the users view of a project using Use case Diagram
Software Required :-
Visual Paradigm for UML 8.2
Procedure :-
You can draw use case diagrams in VP-UML as well as to document the event flows of use cases using
the flow-of-events editor of UML 8.2 .The steps are as follows.
Step 1:
Right click Use Case Diagram on Diagram Navigator and select New Use Case Diagram from the pop-up
menu.
15. Step 2:-
Enter name for the newly created use case diagram in the text field of pop-up box on the top left corner.
Step 3:
Drawing a system
To create a system, select System on the diagram toolbar and then click it on the diagram pane. Finally,
name the newly created system when it is created.
16. Step 4:
Drawing an actor
To draw an actor, select Actor on the diagram toolbar and then click it on the diagram pane. Finally,
name the newly created actor when it is created.
Step 5 :- Drawing a use case
Besides creating a use case through diagram toolbar, you can also create it through resource icon.
Move the mouse over a shape and press a resource icon that can create use case. Drag it and then release
the mouse button until it reaches to your preferred place. The source shape and the newly created use case
are connected. Finally, name the newly created use case.
Step 6:- Create a use case through resource icon
17. Line wrapping use case name
If a use case is too wide, for a better outlook, you may resize it by dragging the filled selectors. As a
result, the name of use case will be line-wrapped automatically.
Step 7:
Resize a use
case
To create an extend relationship, move the mouse over a use case and press its resource iconExtend ->
Use Case. Drag it to your preferred place and then release the mouse button. The use case with
extension points and a newly created use case are connected. After you name the newly created use
case, a pop- up dialog box will ask whether you want the extension point to follow the name of use
case. Click Yes if you want it to do so; click NO if you want to enter another name for extension point.
Step 8: Create an extend relationship
Drawing <<Include>> relationship
To create an include relationship, mouse over a use case and press its resource icon Include -> Use Case.
Drag it to your preferred place and then release the mouse button. A new use case together with an
include relationship is created. Finally, name the newly created use case.
Step 9:
Include relationship is created
Structuring use cases with package
You can organize use cases with package when there are many of them on the diagram.
18. Select Package on the diagram toolbar (under Common category).
Step 10:
Step 11: Surround use cases with package
Step 12 Name the package
Assigning IDs to actors/Use cases
19. You may assign IDs to actors and use cases. By default, IDs are assigned with the order of object
creation, starting from one onwards. However, you can define the format or even enter an ID manually.
Defining the format of ID
To define the format of ID, select Tools > Options from the main menu to unfold the Options dialog box.
Select Diagramming from the list on the left hand side and select the Use Case Diagram tab on the right
hand side. You can adjust the format of IDs under Use Case Diagram tab. The format of ID consists of
prefix, number of digits and suffix.
Step 13: Use Case
Diagram tab
Showing ID on diagram
By default, ID is just a text property. It usually doesn't appear on diagram. However, you can make it
shown within a use case.
Right click on the diagram background, select Presentation Options and the specific model element
display option from the pop-up menu.
20. Step 14 : Show ID on diagram
Experiment No. 6
To draw the structural view diagram : Class diagram, object diagram
Objective:-
To show diagrammatically the objects required and the relationships between them while developing
a software product.
Software Required :-
Visual Paradigm for UML 8.2
Procedure :-
Step 1:-
Right click Class Diagram on Diagram Navigator and select New Class Diagram from the pop-up menu
to create a class diagram
21. Step 2:-
Creating class
To create class, click Class on the diagram toolbar and then click on the diagram.
A class will be created.
Creating association
To create association from class, click the Association -> Class resource beside it and drag.
Drag to empty space of the diagram to create a new class, or drag to an existing class to connect to it.
Release the mouse button to create the association.
22. To create aggregation, use the Aggregation -> Class resource instead.
Step 3:-
To edit multiplicity of an association end, right-click near the association end, select Multiplicityfrom the
popup menu and then select a multiplicity.
To show the direction of an association, right click on it and select Presentation Options > Show
Direction from the pop-up menu.
23. Step 4:-
The direction arrow is shown beside the association.
Creating generalization
To create generalization from class, click the Generalization -> Class resource beside it and drag.
Drag to empty space of the diagram to create a new class, or drag to an existing class to connect to it.
Release the mouse button to create the generalization.
24. Creating attribute
To create attribute, right click the class and select Add > Attribute from the pop-up menu.
An attribute is created.
An attribute is created.
Creating attribute with enter key
After creating an attribute, press the Enter key, another attribute will be created. This method lets you
create multiple attributes quickly and easily.
25. Creating operation
To create operation, right click the class and select Add > Operation from the pop-up menu.
An operation is created.
Similar to creating attribute, you can press the Enter key to create multiple operations continuously.
Drag-and-Drop reordering, copying and moving of class members
To reorder a class member, select it and drag within the compartment, you will see a thick black line
appears indicating where the class member will be placed.
Release the mouse button, the class member will be reordered.
26. To copy a class member, select it and drag to the target class while keep pressing the Ctrl key, you will
see a thick black line appears indicating where the class member will be placed. A plus sign is shown
beside the mouse cursor indicating this is a copy action.
Release the mouse button, the class member will be copied.
To move a class member, select it and drag to the target class, you will see a thick black line appears
indicating where the class member will be placed. Unlike copy, do not press the Ctrl key when drag, the
mouse cursor without the plus sign indicates this is a move action.
Release the mouse button, the class member will be moved.
Model name completion for class
The model name completion feature enables quick creation of multiple views for the same class model.
When create or rename class, the list of cla sses is shown.
Type text to filter classes in the list.
27. Press up or down key to select class in the list, press Enter to confirm. Upon selecting an existing class,
all class members and relationships are shown immediately.
Step 5:-
Continue to complete the diagram.
28. Generalization set
A generalization set defines a particular set of generalization relationships that describe the way in
which a general classifier (or superclass) may be divided using specific subtypes. To define a
generalization set, select the generalizations to include, right click and select Generalization set > Create
Generalization Set... from the popup menu.
Step 6:-
Name the set in the Manage Generalization Sets dialog box, and confirm by pressing OK.
29. The selected generalizations are grouped. Adjust the connector to make the diagram tidy.
Repeat the steps for other generalizations.
30. Experiment No.7
To draw the behavioral view diagram : Sequence diagram, Collaboration diagram
Software Required :-
Visual Paradigm for UML 8.2
Procedure :-
A sequence diagram is used primarily to show the interactions between objects that are represented
as lifelines in a sequential order.
Step 1:-
Right click Sequence diagram on Diagram Navigator and select New Sequence Diagram from the pop-
up menu to create a sequence diagram.
Step 2:-
Enter name for the newly created sequence diagram in the text field of pop-up box on the top left corner.
Creating actor
To create actor, click Actor on the diagram toolbar and then click on the diagram.
Creating lifeline
To create lifeline, you can click LifeLine on the diagram toolbar and then click on the diagram.
Alternatively, a much quicker and more efficient way is to use the resource-centric interface. Click on
the Message -> LifeLine resource beside an actor/lifeline and drag.
31. Step 3:-
Move the mouse to empty space of the diagram and then release the mouse button. A new lifeline will
be created and connected to the actor/lifeline with a message.
Auto extending activation
When create message between lifelines/actors, activation will be automatically extended.
Step 4:-
Using sweeper and magnet to manage sequence diagram
Sweeper helps you to move shapes aside to make room for new shapes or connectors. To use sweeper,
click Sweeper on the diagram toolbar (under the Tools category).
32. The picture below shows the message specify visit time is being swept downwards, thus new room is
made for new messages.
Step 5:-
33. You can also use magnet to pull shapes together. To use magnet, click Magnet on the
diagram toolbar (under the Tools category).
Magnet
Click on empty space of the diagram and drag towards top, right, bottom or left. Shapes affected will be
pulled to the direction you dragged.
The picture below shows when drag the magnet upwards, shapes below dragged position are pulled
upwards.
Step 6:-
34. Creating combined fragment for messages
To create combined fragment to cover messages, select the messages, right-click on the selection and
select Create Combined Fragment, and then select a combined fragment type (e.g. loop) from the
popup menu.
Step 7:-
A combined fragment of selected type will be created to cover the messages.
Step 8:-
Adding/removing covered lifelines
After you've created a combined fragment on the messages, you can add or remove the covered lifelines.
1. Move the mouse over the combined fragment and select Add/Remove Covered Lifeline... from the
pop-up menu.
35. In the Add/Remove Covered Lifelines dialog box, check the lifeline(s) you want to cover or uncheck the
lifeline(s) you don't want to cover. Click OK button.
3. As a result, the area of covered lifelines is extended or narrowed down according to your selection.
Managing Operands
After you've created a combined fragment on the messages, you can also add or remove operand(s).
36. 1. Move the mouse over the combined fragment and select Operand > Manage Operands... from the
pop-up menu.
Step 9:-
1. To remove an operand, select the target operand from Operands and click Remove button. ClickOK
button.
2. Otherwise, click Add button to add a new operand and then name it. Click OK button.
Developing sequence diagram with quick editor or keyboard shortcuts
In sequence diagram, an editor appears at the bottom of diagram by default, which enables you to
construct sequence diagram with the buttons there. The shortcut keys assigned to the buttons provide a
37. way to construct diagram through keyboard. Besides constructing diagram, you can also access diagram
elements listing in the editor.
There are two panes, Lifelines and Messages. The Lifelines pane enables you to create different kinds of
actors and lifelines.
Button Shortcut Description
Alt-Shift-A To create an actor
Alt-Shift-L To create a general lifeline
Alt-Shift-E To create an <<entity>> lifeline
Alt-Shift-C To create a <<control>> lifeline
Alt-Shift-B To create a <<boundary>> lifeline
Alt-Shift-O To open the specification of the element chosen in quick
editor
38. Ctrl-Del To delete the element chosen in quick editor
Ctrl-L To link with the diagram, which cause the diagram
element to be selected when selecting an element in
editor, and vice versa
Step 10:- Buttons in Lifelines pane
Messages pane in quick editor
Button Shortcut Description
Alt-Shift-M To create a message that connects actors/lifelines in diagram
Alt-Shift-D To create a duration message that connects actors/lifelines in
diagram
Alt-Shift-C To create a create message that connects actors/lifelines in diagram
Alt-Shift-S To create a self message on an actor/lifeline in diagram
Alt-Shift-R To create a recursive message on an actor/lifeline in diagram
Alt-Shift-F To create a found message that connects to an actor/lifeline
Alt-Shift-L To create a lost message from an actor/lifeline
Alt-Shift-E To create a reentrant message that connects actors/lifelines in
diagram
Ctrl-Shift-Up To swap the chosen message with the one above
Ctrl-Shift-Down To swap the chosen message with the one below
Ctrl-R To revert the direction of chosen message
Alt-Shift-O To open the specification of the message chosen in quick editor
Ctrl-Del To delete the message chosen in quick editor
Ctrl-L To link with the diagram, which cause the message to be selected
when selecting a message in editor, and vice versa
Collapse the quick editor
Setting different ways of numbering sequence messages
You are able to set the way of numbering sequence messages either on diagram base or frame base.
Diagram-based sequence message
Right click on the diagram's background, select Sequence Number and then either Single Levelor Nested
Level from the pop-up menu.
39. Step 11:-
If you choose Single Level, all sequence messages will be ordered with integers on diagram base. On the
other hand, if you choose Nested Level, all sequence messages will be ordered with decimal place on
diagram base.
Right click on the diagram's background, select Sequence Number and then either Frame-based Single
Level or Frame-based Nested Level from the pop-up menu.
40. When you set the way of numbering sequence messages on frame base, the sequence messages in
frame will restart numbering sequence message since they are independent and ignore the way of
numbering sequence message outside the frame.