This document provides an introduction to object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD). It defines key OOAD concepts like analysis, design, objects, classes, and relationships. It explains that analysis involves understanding problem domains while design defines software solutions as objects. OOAD uses an object-oriented approach in both analysis and design, with a logical solution based on objects. The document also outlines objectives of an OOAD introduction, basic OOAD principles like abstraction and encapsulation, and modeling techniques like the three model concept of class, state, and interaction models.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standardized modeling language used in software engineering to visualize the design of a system. There are two main types of UML diagrams: structural diagrams that depict the static elements of a system, and behavioral diagrams that show the dynamic interactions between structural elements over time. Behavioral diagrams include sequence diagrams, activity diagrams, and state machine diagrams. Sequence diagrams specifically depict the sequential order of interactions between objects in a system through message passing and lifelines.
The document discusses the GRASP (General Responsibility Assignment Software Principles) patterns and principles for assigning responsibilities in object-oriented design. It defines GRASP as helping to clearly outline which objects are responsible for which actions. There are nine GRASP principles covered: Creator, Controller, Information Expert, Low Coupling, High Cohesion, Indirection, Polymorphism, Protected Variations, and Pure Fabrication. These principles provide guidelines for assigning responsibilities to classes to achieve well-structured and maintainable code. The document then explains each principle in more detail using a chess game as an example domain.
Rumbaugh's Object Modeling Technique (OMT) is an object-oriented analysis and design methodology. It uses three main modeling approaches: object models, dynamic models, and functional models. The object model defines the structure of objects in the system through class diagrams. The dynamic model describes object behavior over time using state diagrams and event flow diagrams. The functional model represents system processes and data flow using data flow diagrams.
Unit 1( modelling concepts & class modeling)Manoj Reddy
The document discusses object-oriented modeling and design. It covers key concepts like classes, objects, inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation. It also discusses the Unified Modeling Language (UML) which provides standard notation for visualizing, specifying, constructing, and documenting models. The document is a lecture on object-oriented concepts for students to understand modeling using classes, objects, and relationships.
Object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) is a popular approach for analyzing, designing, and developing applications using the object-oriented paradigm. It involves modeling a system as a group of interacting objects at various levels of abstraction. Key concepts in OOAD include objects, classes, attributes, methods, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and relationships like association, aggregation, and composition. Common OOAD techniques include use case diagrams, which show interactions between actors and the system, and class diagrams, which describe the structure and behavior of system objects and their relationships.
Dbms classification according to data modelsABDUL KHALIQ
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO DATA MODELS
Hierarchal Model
In a hierarchical data model, data are organized into a tree-like structure.
Network Model
based on an enlargement of the concept of hierarchical data bases.
Relational Model
Data are stored in tables
Object Oriented model
Object oriented data base systems are the most recent development in data base technology.
Introduction
Definations
Advantages and Disadvantages
PowerPoint Presentation
PowerPoint Presentation for free
This document provides an introduction to design patterns. It begins by explaining what design patterns are, their benefits, and common elements of design patterns like name, problem, solution, and consequences. It then discusses different types of design patterns classified by purpose (creational, structural, behavioral) and scope (class, object). An example of applying the strategy pattern to a duck simulation is used to illustrate how patterns can solve common object-oriented design problems by separating variable aspects from those that remain the same. The document advocates programming to interfaces rather than implementations to avoid tight coupling and allow independent extension of behavior.
Object Oriented Methodologies discusses several object-oriented analysis and design methodologies including Rambaugh's Object Modeling Technique (OMT), Booch methodology, and Jacobson's Object-Oriented Software Engineering (OOSE). OMT separates modeling into object, dynamic, and functional models represented by diagrams. Booch methodology uses class, object, state transition, module, process, and interaction diagrams. OOSE includes use case, domain object, analysis object, implementation, and test models.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standardized modeling language used in software engineering to visualize the design of a system. There are two main types of UML diagrams: structural diagrams that depict the static elements of a system, and behavioral diagrams that show the dynamic interactions between structural elements over time. Behavioral diagrams include sequence diagrams, activity diagrams, and state machine diagrams. Sequence diagrams specifically depict the sequential order of interactions between objects in a system through message passing and lifelines.
The document discusses the GRASP (General Responsibility Assignment Software Principles) patterns and principles for assigning responsibilities in object-oriented design. It defines GRASP as helping to clearly outline which objects are responsible for which actions. There are nine GRASP principles covered: Creator, Controller, Information Expert, Low Coupling, High Cohesion, Indirection, Polymorphism, Protected Variations, and Pure Fabrication. These principles provide guidelines for assigning responsibilities to classes to achieve well-structured and maintainable code. The document then explains each principle in more detail using a chess game as an example domain.
Rumbaugh's Object Modeling Technique (OMT) is an object-oriented analysis and design methodology. It uses three main modeling approaches: object models, dynamic models, and functional models. The object model defines the structure of objects in the system through class diagrams. The dynamic model describes object behavior over time using state diagrams and event flow diagrams. The functional model represents system processes and data flow using data flow diagrams.
Unit 1( modelling concepts & class modeling)Manoj Reddy
The document discusses object-oriented modeling and design. It covers key concepts like classes, objects, inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation. It also discusses the Unified Modeling Language (UML) which provides standard notation for visualizing, specifying, constructing, and documenting models. The document is a lecture on object-oriented concepts for students to understand modeling using classes, objects, and relationships.
Object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) is a popular approach for analyzing, designing, and developing applications using the object-oriented paradigm. It involves modeling a system as a group of interacting objects at various levels of abstraction. Key concepts in OOAD include objects, classes, attributes, methods, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and relationships like association, aggregation, and composition. Common OOAD techniques include use case diagrams, which show interactions between actors and the system, and class diagrams, which describe the structure and behavior of system objects and their relationships.
Dbms classification according to data modelsABDUL KHALIQ
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO DATA MODELS
Hierarchal Model
In a hierarchical data model, data are organized into a tree-like structure.
Network Model
based on an enlargement of the concept of hierarchical data bases.
Relational Model
Data are stored in tables
Object Oriented model
Object oriented data base systems are the most recent development in data base technology.
Introduction
Definations
Advantages and Disadvantages
PowerPoint Presentation
PowerPoint Presentation for free
This document provides an introduction to design patterns. It begins by explaining what design patterns are, their benefits, and common elements of design patterns like name, problem, solution, and consequences. It then discusses different types of design patterns classified by purpose (creational, structural, behavioral) and scope (class, object). An example of applying the strategy pattern to a duck simulation is used to illustrate how patterns can solve common object-oriented design problems by separating variable aspects from those that remain the same. The document advocates programming to interfaces rather than implementations to avoid tight coupling and allow independent extension of behavior.
Object Oriented Methodologies discusses several object-oriented analysis and design methodologies including Rambaugh's Object Modeling Technique (OMT), Booch methodology, and Jacobson's Object-Oriented Software Engineering (OOSE). OMT separates modeling into object, dynamic, and functional models represented by diagrams. Booch methodology uses class, object, state transition, module, process, and interaction diagrams. OOSE includes use case, domain object, analysis object, implementation, and test models.
The document discusses requirements analysis and modeling approaches. It covers:
1) The objectives and types of requirements models, including scenario-based, data, class-oriented, flow-oriented, and behavioral models.
2) Elements of analysis models like use cases, classes, attributes, operations, and relationships.
3) Approaches to requirements modeling like structured analysis, object-oriented analysis, and CRC modeling.
4) Concepts of data modeling including data objects, attributes, and relationships.
Unit 2(advanced class modeling & state diagram)Manoj Reddy
This document discusses state modeling concepts in UML including states, transitions, events, and state diagrams. It provides examples of state diagrams for a phone and traffic lights. States represent conditions an object can be in, such as idle or running. Transitions are changes between states triggered by events like receiving a call. State diagrams visually depict the flow between states.
Object oriented analysis emphasizes investigating the problem domain to identify relevant objects and their relationships. The key goals are to define relevant classes and their attributes, operations, relationships, and behaviors through iterative refinement. Various analysis methods take different approaches, but generally involve use case modeling, class modeling, and behavior modeling.
The document provides an overview of the GoF design patterns including the types (creational, structural, behavioral), examples of common patterns like factory, abstract factory, singleton, adapter, facade, iterator, observer, and strategy, and UML diagrams illustrating how the patterns can be implemented. Key aspects of each pattern like intent, relationships, pros and cons are discussed at a high level. The document is intended to introduce software engineers to design patterns and how they can be applied.
Processes are heavyweight flows of execution that run concurrently in separate address spaces, while threads are lightweight flows that run concurrently within the same process address space. Active classes represent concurrent flows of control and can be stereotyped as <<process>> or <<thread>>. There are four types of communication between active and passive objects: active to active, active to passive, passive to active, and passive to passive. Synchronization coordinates concurrent flows using sequential, guarded, or concurrent approaches.
The document discusses state modeling and state diagrams. It defines states as representations of intervals of time that describe an object's behavioral condition. Events trigger transitions between states. A state diagram uses a graph to represent an object's states and the transitions between them caused by events. It specifies the object's response to input events over time. The document provides examples of how to notationally represent states, transitions, events, and other elements in a state diagram.
The document discusses object-oriented analysis and design concepts. It introduces key concepts like objects, classes, encapsulation, inheritance etc. It then describes Object Modeling Technique (OMT), which is an object-oriented modeling methodology developed in 1991. OMT consists of three models - object model, dynamic model and functional model. It also discusses Unified Modeling Language (UML) conceptual model, including building blocks like things, relationships and diagrams. It describes different structural things, behavioral things and grouping things in UML. Finally, it covers various relationship types in UML like dependency, association, generalization etc.
This document discusses entity-relationship (E-R) modeling concepts including specialization, generalization, aggregation, and redundant relationships. It provides definitions and examples of each concept. Specialization defines subclasses based on distinguishing attributes. Generalization defines a superclass from common attributes of subclasses. Aggregation treats relationships as higher-level entities. An E-R diagram example shows representing aggregation. Another example shows a diagram with redundant relationships.
The document discusses UML (Unified Modeling Language) and object-oriented software development. It describes the software development life cycle and various modeling techniques used in UML, including use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and collaboration diagrams. It explains key UML concepts such as classes, objects, attributes, operations, actors, and relationships. The benefits of visual modeling and UML are also summarized.
This document discusses the evolution of the object model in programming. It describes how programming languages have evolved from procedural to object-oriented over several generations, with each generation incorporating new features like data abstraction, modularity, and object-oriented concepts. The core elements of the object model are explained as abstraction, encapsulation, hierarchy, and modularity. Minor elements like typing, concurrency, and persistence are also discussed. Examples are given throughout to illustrate object-oriented concepts.
The document discusses advanced structural modeling concepts in object-oriented software engineering, including advanced classes, relationships, interfaces, types and roles, packages, and object diagrams. It defines these concepts and provides examples to illustrate their usage and relationships.
Object modeling represents the static structure of objects and their relationships using object diagrams. An object diagram shows instances of classes, their attributes and values, and relationships between objects through links representing associations, generalizations, or aggregations. Object diagrams are useful for understanding object behavior and relationships in a system, as well as its static view and for forward and reverse engineering.
The document discusses the process of designing view layer classes in a user interface. It involves:
1) Identifying view layer objects during analysis by examining use cases and interaction diagrams.
2) Designing individual view layer objects by applying design principles like simplicity and usability testing.
3) Iteratively refining the design by getting feedback and making improvements.
Java Bean is a reusable software component that can be visually assembled into applications using visual development tools. It follows specific conventions like having public no-arg constructors, allowing properties to be read and written with get/set methods, and firing events. Beans are customizable, portable, and can persist their state. Introspection allows determining a bean's properties, methods, and events at runtime.
The document discusses frameworks and patterns in object-oriented analysis and design. It defines frameworks as reusable solutions for common problems in a domain that increase reusability and reduce development time. Patterns provide standard solutions to common problems and enable reusable designs. The document describes various creational, structural, and behavioral design patterns including factory, singleton, composite, proxy, and decorator patterns. It explains when and how to apply these patterns to object-oriented analysis and design problems.
This document describes the three level architecture of a database management system (DBMS): the external, conceptual, and internal levels. The external level defines different views of the database for users. The conceptual level defines the logical structure and relationships of the entire database. The internal level defines the physical storage and implementation of the data. The document also discusses logical and physical data independence, which refer to the ability to modify schemas at different levels without affecting higher levels.
Coupling refers to the interdependence between software modules. There are several types of coupling from loose to tight, with the tightest being content coupling where one module relies on the internal workings of another. Cohesion measures how strongly related the functionality within a module is, ranging from coincidental to functional cohesion which is the strongest. Tight coupling and low cohesion can make software harder to maintain and reuse modules.
The document discusses context models and their use in system modeling. Context models illustrate the operational context of a system by showing what lies outside its boundaries, including other systems in the environment. They help define a system's boundaries and show how IT applications fit into the context of people and organizations. Two examples are provided: (1) a Mental Health Care Patient Management System (MHC-PMS) and its connections to other clinical systems; (2) an Automated Teller Machine (ATM) and its links to banking systems. Context models on their own do not show relationships between external systems, so additional models are needed.
The document provides an introduction to the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It discusses what UML is, why it is used, its history and development, core concepts like models, views and diagrams, and basic modeling elements like use cases, classes, and relationships. The key information covered in the document includes an overview of UML, its origins and standardization, conceptual modeling with models and views, and basic modeling techniques using use cases and class diagrams.
This chapter discusses analysis and design modeling. It describes various analysis modeling approaches like structured analysis and object-oriented analysis. Structured analysis uses diagrams like data flow diagrams, entity-relationship diagrams, and state transition diagrams. Object-oriented analysis focuses on identifying classes, objects, attributes, and relationships. The chapter also covers data modeling concepts, flow-oriented modeling using data flow diagrams, scenario-based modeling with use cases, and developing behavioral models to represent system behavior. Analysis modeling creates representations of the system to understand requirements and lay the foundation for design.
Object Oriented Approach for Software DevelopmentRishabh Soni
This document provides an overview of object-oriented design methodologies. It discusses key object-oriented concepts like abstraction, encapsulation, and polymorphism. It also describes the three main models used in object-oriented analysis: the object model, dynamic model, and functional model. Finally, it outlines the typical stages of the object-oriented development life cycle, including system conception, analysis, system design, class design, and implementation.
The document discusses requirements analysis and modeling approaches. It covers:
1) The objectives and types of requirements models, including scenario-based, data, class-oriented, flow-oriented, and behavioral models.
2) Elements of analysis models like use cases, classes, attributes, operations, and relationships.
3) Approaches to requirements modeling like structured analysis, object-oriented analysis, and CRC modeling.
4) Concepts of data modeling including data objects, attributes, and relationships.
Unit 2(advanced class modeling & state diagram)Manoj Reddy
This document discusses state modeling concepts in UML including states, transitions, events, and state diagrams. It provides examples of state diagrams for a phone and traffic lights. States represent conditions an object can be in, such as idle or running. Transitions are changes between states triggered by events like receiving a call. State diagrams visually depict the flow between states.
Object oriented analysis emphasizes investigating the problem domain to identify relevant objects and their relationships. The key goals are to define relevant classes and their attributes, operations, relationships, and behaviors through iterative refinement. Various analysis methods take different approaches, but generally involve use case modeling, class modeling, and behavior modeling.
The document provides an overview of the GoF design patterns including the types (creational, structural, behavioral), examples of common patterns like factory, abstract factory, singleton, adapter, facade, iterator, observer, and strategy, and UML diagrams illustrating how the patterns can be implemented. Key aspects of each pattern like intent, relationships, pros and cons are discussed at a high level. The document is intended to introduce software engineers to design patterns and how they can be applied.
Processes are heavyweight flows of execution that run concurrently in separate address spaces, while threads are lightweight flows that run concurrently within the same process address space. Active classes represent concurrent flows of control and can be stereotyped as <<process>> or <<thread>>. There are four types of communication between active and passive objects: active to active, active to passive, passive to active, and passive to passive. Synchronization coordinates concurrent flows using sequential, guarded, or concurrent approaches.
The document discusses state modeling and state diagrams. It defines states as representations of intervals of time that describe an object's behavioral condition. Events trigger transitions between states. A state diagram uses a graph to represent an object's states and the transitions between them caused by events. It specifies the object's response to input events over time. The document provides examples of how to notationally represent states, transitions, events, and other elements in a state diagram.
The document discusses object-oriented analysis and design concepts. It introduces key concepts like objects, classes, encapsulation, inheritance etc. It then describes Object Modeling Technique (OMT), which is an object-oriented modeling methodology developed in 1991. OMT consists of three models - object model, dynamic model and functional model. It also discusses Unified Modeling Language (UML) conceptual model, including building blocks like things, relationships and diagrams. It describes different structural things, behavioral things and grouping things in UML. Finally, it covers various relationship types in UML like dependency, association, generalization etc.
This document discusses entity-relationship (E-R) modeling concepts including specialization, generalization, aggregation, and redundant relationships. It provides definitions and examples of each concept. Specialization defines subclasses based on distinguishing attributes. Generalization defines a superclass from common attributes of subclasses. Aggregation treats relationships as higher-level entities. An E-R diagram example shows representing aggregation. Another example shows a diagram with redundant relationships.
The document discusses UML (Unified Modeling Language) and object-oriented software development. It describes the software development life cycle and various modeling techniques used in UML, including use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and collaboration diagrams. It explains key UML concepts such as classes, objects, attributes, operations, actors, and relationships. The benefits of visual modeling and UML are also summarized.
This document discusses the evolution of the object model in programming. It describes how programming languages have evolved from procedural to object-oriented over several generations, with each generation incorporating new features like data abstraction, modularity, and object-oriented concepts. The core elements of the object model are explained as abstraction, encapsulation, hierarchy, and modularity. Minor elements like typing, concurrency, and persistence are also discussed. Examples are given throughout to illustrate object-oriented concepts.
The document discusses advanced structural modeling concepts in object-oriented software engineering, including advanced classes, relationships, interfaces, types and roles, packages, and object diagrams. It defines these concepts and provides examples to illustrate their usage and relationships.
Object modeling represents the static structure of objects and their relationships using object diagrams. An object diagram shows instances of classes, their attributes and values, and relationships between objects through links representing associations, generalizations, or aggregations. Object diagrams are useful for understanding object behavior and relationships in a system, as well as its static view and for forward and reverse engineering.
The document discusses the process of designing view layer classes in a user interface. It involves:
1) Identifying view layer objects during analysis by examining use cases and interaction diagrams.
2) Designing individual view layer objects by applying design principles like simplicity and usability testing.
3) Iteratively refining the design by getting feedback and making improvements.
Java Bean is a reusable software component that can be visually assembled into applications using visual development tools. It follows specific conventions like having public no-arg constructors, allowing properties to be read and written with get/set methods, and firing events. Beans are customizable, portable, and can persist their state. Introspection allows determining a bean's properties, methods, and events at runtime.
The document discusses frameworks and patterns in object-oriented analysis and design. It defines frameworks as reusable solutions for common problems in a domain that increase reusability and reduce development time. Patterns provide standard solutions to common problems and enable reusable designs. The document describes various creational, structural, and behavioral design patterns including factory, singleton, composite, proxy, and decorator patterns. It explains when and how to apply these patterns to object-oriented analysis and design problems.
This document describes the three level architecture of a database management system (DBMS): the external, conceptual, and internal levels. The external level defines different views of the database for users. The conceptual level defines the logical structure and relationships of the entire database. The internal level defines the physical storage and implementation of the data. The document also discusses logical and physical data independence, which refer to the ability to modify schemas at different levels without affecting higher levels.
Coupling refers to the interdependence between software modules. There are several types of coupling from loose to tight, with the tightest being content coupling where one module relies on the internal workings of another. Cohesion measures how strongly related the functionality within a module is, ranging from coincidental to functional cohesion which is the strongest. Tight coupling and low cohesion can make software harder to maintain and reuse modules.
The document discusses context models and their use in system modeling. Context models illustrate the operational context of a system by showing what lies outside its boundaries, including other systems in the environment. They help define a system's boundaries and show how IT applications fit into the context of people and organizations. Two examples are provided: (1) a Mental Health Care Patient Management System (MHC-PMS) and its connections to other clinical systems; (2) an Automated Teller Machine (ATM) and its links to banking systems. Context models on their own do not show relationships between external systems, so additional models are needed.
The document provides an introduction to the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It discusses what UML is, why it is used, its history and development, core concepts like models, views and diagrams, and basic modeling elements like use cases, classes, and relationships. The key information covered in the document includes an overview of UML, its origins and standardization, conceptual modeling with models and views, and basic modeling techniques using use cases and class diagrams.
This chapter discusses analysis and design modeling. It describes various analysis modeling approaches like structured analysis and object-oriented analysis. Structured analysis uses diagrams like data flow diagrams, entity-relationship diagrams, and state transition diagrams. Object-oriented analysis focuses on identifying classes, objects, attributes, and relationships. The chapter also covers data modeling concepts, flow-oriented modeling using data flow diagrams, scenario-based modeling with use cases, and developing behavioral models to represent system behavior. Analysis modeling creates representations of the system to understand requirements and lay the foundation for design.
Object Oriented Approach for Software DevelopmentRishabh Soni
This document provides an overview of object-oriented design methodologies. It discusses key object-oriented concepts like abstraction, encapsulation, and polymorphism. It also describes the three main models used in object-oriented analysis: the object model, dynamic model, and functional model. Finally, it outlines the typical stages of the object-oriented development life cycle, including system conception, analysis, system design, class design, and implementation.
The document discusses object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD). It states that OOAD is a process of creating abstractions to meet system requirements independently of the programming language. Objects encapsulate state and behavior and communicate via message passing. While OOAD may increase development time, it facilitates reuse, maintenance, and verification. The document also discusses OO principles, the iterative analysis-design-implementation process, object-oriented analysis to identify classes and objects, and techniques for OOAD like use cases, domain modeling, CRC cards, and UML.
This document discusses object-oriented concepts and modeling. It begins by listing three textbooks on these topics. It then provides an overview of object-oriented concepts like objects, classes, inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation. It describes the stages of object-oriented analysis, design and implementation. It discusses the three main models used in object-oriented modeling: class models, state models, and interaction models. Finally, it covers object-oriented themes like abstraction, encapsulation, and polymorphism and the purposes of modeling.
Object-oriented analysis and design is an evolutionary development method built upon past proven concepts. The document discusses object-oriented systems development processes including use case driven analysis, the Object Modeling Technique (OMT), class diagrams, relationships between classes, and object-oriented modeling. It provides examples of class diagrams showing classes, attributes, operations, and relationships. It also explains the four views of OMT - the object model, dynamic model, functional model, and how OMT separates modeling.
The document discusses key aspects of software requirement specification (SRS) documents and system modeling. It describes that an SRS document outlines the functional and non-functional requirements of the system as well as implementation goals. Functional requirements specify the system's functions while non-functional requirements describe characteristics like security and usability. System modeling involves process modeling using tools like data flow diagrams and conceptual data modeling using entity-relationship diagrams. The document provides examples and explanations of these modeling techniques.
The document discusses analysis modeling principles and techniques used in requirements analysis. It covers key topics such as:
1. The purpose of requirements analysis is to specify a software system's operational characteristics, interface with other systems, and constraints. Models are built to depict user scenarios, functions, problem classes, system behavior, and data flow.
2. Analysis modeling follows principles such as representing the information domain, defining functions, modeling behavior, partitioning models, and moving from essential to implementation details. Common techniques include use case modeling, class modeling, data flow diagrams, state diagrams, and CRC modeling.
3. The objectives of analysis modeling are to describe customer requirements, establish a basis for software design, and define a set
The document discusses requirements analysis and analysis modeling principles for software engineering. It covers key topics such as:
1. Requirements analysis specifies a software's operational characteristics and interface with other systems to establish constraints. Analysis modeling focuses on what the software needs to do, not how it will be implemented.
2. Analysis modeling principles include representing the information domain, defining functions, modeling behavior, partitioning complex problems, and moving from essential information to implementation details.
3. Common analysis techniques involve use case diagrams, class diagrams, state diagrams, data flow diagrams, and data modeling to define attributes, relationships, cardinality and modality between data objects.
Object-oriented modeling and design.pdfSHIVAM691605
Person
Patient: Person
Treats: Association
- assistant: Person
- patient: Person
Role names for a ternary association
Generalization
Generalization is a taxonomic relationship
between a more general class and a more
specific subclass.
The general class is called a superclass and
the specific class is called a subclass.
The subclass inherits all the attributes and
operations of the superclass.
The subclass may add its own attributes and
operations.
Person
name
age
address
Employee
salary
department
Student
marks
Student
Employee
Generalization
Object Modeling Guidelines
Model real
This document provides an overview of object oriented analysis and design using the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It discusses key concepts in object oriented programming like classes, objects, encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism. It also outlines the software development lifecycle and phases like requirements analysis, design, coding, testing and maintenance. Finally, it introduces UML and explains how use case diagrams can be used to model the user view of a system by defining actors and use cases.
The document discusses object-oriented design and analysis. It covers key aspects of the design phase including identifying classes, class responsibilities, and relationships between classes. The purposes of the design phase are to gather information for implementation, reduce implementation time and cost, and be the most time-consuming phase. Results of design include text descriptions and diagrams depicting relationships, usage scenarios, and state changes. The document also discusses translating analysis concepts into design, including understanding quality attributes, constraints, and requirements.
The document discusses object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD), including an introduction to basic OO principles like encapsulation, abstraction, hierarchy, and modularity. It then covers various techniques for object-oriented analysis like noun lists and use cases. Finally, it discusses the process of transforming analysis models into design models using object-oriented design.
The document discusses object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD), providing an overview of OO concepts like objects, classes, relationships, and the OO development life cycle, and outlines 5 units that will be covered including introduction to OO, UML, OO analysis, OO design, and CASE tools.
CS8592 Object Oriented Analysis & Design - UNIT Ipkaviya
This document provides an introduction to Object Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD) and the Unified Process (UP). It discusses key OOAD concepts like objects, classes, inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation. It then describes the Unified Process, an iterative software development approach that involves inception, elaboration, construction, and transition phases. Each phase includes requirements analysis, design, implementation, and testing activities. The document also discusses the Unified Modeling Language (UML) and diagrams used in OOAD like use case diagrams, class diagrams, and sequence diagrams.
The document discusses key concepts in object-oriented analysis and design including objects, classes, attributes, operations, relationships, inheritance, and polymorphism. It also provides an overview of the software development life cycle (SDLC) including common process models like waterfall and iterative development. The unified process model is introduced as a iterative approach used in SDLC.
Handout on Object orienetd Analysis and DesignSAFAD ISMAIL
Object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) is introduced as an approach to analyzing, designing, and developing applications through applying the object-oriented paradigm and visual modeling. Key concepts in OOAD include modeling systems as interacting objects, object-oriented analysis to understand concepts in the problem domain, and object-oriented design to define software objects representing analysis concepts. The document then discusses object basics, the object-oriented development life cycle, benefits of the object-oriented approach, and unified modeling language (UML) as a standard modeling notation for object-oriented systems development.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
1-SDLC - Development Models – Waterfall, Rapid Application Development, Agile...JOHNLEAK1
This document provides information about different types of data models:
1. Conceptual data models define entities, attributes, and relationships at a high level without technical details.
2. Logical data models build on conceptual models by adding more detail like data types but remain independent of specific databases.
3. Physical data models describe how the database will be implemented for a specific database system, including keys, constraints and other features.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented concepts, principles, and software development. It defines key object-oriented terms like class, object, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. It also describes the three phases of object-oriented software development: object-oriented analysis, design, and construction. Object-oriented analysis identifies classes, objects, relationships, and system requirements. Design further develops the static and dynamic models. Construction implements the analysis and design models based on the programming language environment.
Similar to OOAD unit1 introduction to object orientation (20)
Better Builder Magazine brings together premium product manufactures and leading builders to create better differentiated homes and buildings that use less energy, save water and reduce our impact on the environment. The magazine is published four times a year.
Cricket management system ptoject report.pdfKamal Acharya
The aim of this project is to provide the complete information of the National and
International statistics. The information is available country wise and player wise. By
entering the data of eachmatch, we can get all type of reports instantly, which will be
useful to call back history of each player. Also the team performance in each match can
be obtained. We can get a report on number of matches, wins and lost.
This is an overview of my current metallic design and engineering knowledge base built up over my professional career and two MSc degrees : - MSc in Advanced Manufacturing Technology University of Portsmouth graduated 1st May 1998, and MSc in Aircraft Engineering Cranfield University graduated 8th June 2007.
Online train ticket booking system project.pdfKamal Acharya
Rail transport is one of the important modes of transport in India. Now a days we
see that there are railways that are present for the long as well as short distance
travelling which makes the life of the people easier. When compared to other
means of transport, a railway is the cheapest means of transport. The maintenance
of the railway database also plays a major role in the smooth running of this
system. The Online Train Ticket Management System will help in reserving the
tickets of the railways to travel from a particular source to the destination.
Data Communication and Computer Networks Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Networking is a telecommunications network that allows computers to exchange data. In
computer networks, networked computing devices pass data to each other along data
connections. Data is transferred in the form of packets. The connections between nodes are
established using either cable media or wireless media.
We have designed & manufacture the Lubi Valves LBF series type of Butterfly Valves for General Utility Water applications as well as for HVAC applications.
2. Analysis — understanding, finding and describing
concepts in the problem domain.
Design — understanding and defining software solution /
objects that represent the analysis concepts and will eventually be
implemented in code.
OOAD — Analysis is object-oriented and design is object-
oriented. A software development approach that emphasizes a
logical solution based on objects.
What is OOAD?
3. Knowledge
Representation (in A.I.)
•Psychological Validity
•Philosophical Validity
•Computational Validity
Databases
Emphasis in Persistent
Data (ACID properties)
•Relational DB
•Network DB
•Hierarchical DB
•OODB
Programming
Languages
Emphasis in Efficiency
Simula, SmallTalk, C++,
Protel, Java
ERD
SDM
CM
ADT
ERD: Entity Relationship Diagram
SDM: Semantic Data Model
ADT: Abstract Data Type
CM: Conceptual Model
Why Object-Oriented
- Who’s Behind Object-Orientation
System /
Software
Engineering
4. How to Do OOAD
OO Prog. Languages
Direct
Programming
OO Design
First designing and
then Program
OO Analysis
Process PerspectiveOO Technology
First we do Analysis (use
case & by UML) and then
designing and at last
computer program
Where are we heading?
5.
6. Objectives: Introduction to Object Orientation
1. Understand the basic principles of object
orientation
2. Understand the basic concepts and terms of
object orientation and the associated UML
notation
3. Appreciate the strengths of object orientation
4. Understand some basic UML modeling
mechanisms
7. Abstraction
Encapsulation
Modularity
Hierarchy
Object Orientation
Basic Principles of Object Orientation
Hide implementation from
clients
It separate the external aspect
of an object from the internal
implementation
The breaking up of something
complex into manageable
pieces
Manage level of abstraction
Focus on the essential
Avoid Complexity and
description
8. Basic Concepts of Object Orientation
Data: A piece of Information
Or
anything which perform communication
Or
Anything which are the combination of text, characters, digits,
images, video, audio, special characters, special symbols, graphs,
statistics etc
Information: Its an analyzes form of data
Or
Information is also called the an “Application form of data”)
Analysis
Data (Question & Answers) Information
9. • Knowledge: It is an act of understanding and Applying the
meaningful data or information
Or
Knowledge is the organized form of data or information that may used
for some useful purposes.
Data Information Knowledge
Computer Program : A set of computer instructions which are
get executed and provide specific output.
Software: Software is nothing but the collection of computer
programs that are integrated together (incorporates together ) and
deliver the desired results to its users.
“Software is the collection of objects (Objects are the combinations of Data structure
and its behavior)”
10. What is Object Orientations:
“Object orientation means Organizing software as a collection of
Discrete Objects that incorporate both Data Structure and Its
Behavior”
1. Class: “A class is the abstraction that describes important properties
to an application and ignore the rest of others”
Or
A class describe a group of objects with
same properties (attributes) & behavior (operations)
kind of relationships
and semantics.Student
Name
Roll No
Add ()
Delete ()
Update ()
Class Name
Attributes
Name
Operations
Class Structure
11. 3.Object: “Its an instance of class or It is the concept, abstraction
or thing with identity that has meaning for an application”
4. Identity: Data is quantized into discrete distinguishable entities
called objects
5. Classification: When an objects with same Data Structure
(attributes) and Behavior (operations or features) are grouped into a
class.
6. Development: Development refers to the overall
construction, production, design and assembling of software
Ram
21
Object
Structure
12. Object Oriented Development or Properties
1. Inheritance: It is a sharing of Attributes and Operations among classes
based on hierarchical relationship.
2. Polymorphism: Same operations behaves differently for different classes
or situations
3. Encapsulation: also called Information Hiding. It separate the external
aspects of an object from the internal implementation details. So that object can access
only those data which is allowed by encapsulation
4. Operation: An operation is a procedure or transformation that an object
perform or subject to.
Operation modify the values of operand or transform it into another state or value.
Operation may also the combination of operand and operator.
5. Method: It is a systematic arrangement or Sequence of implementation of an
operations. Or Implementation of an operations in specific way.
6. Procedure: Sequential of execution instructions or procedures.
13. Planning
Data Collection
Analysis
Designing
Development
Testing
Implementation &
Deployment
Software Development life Cycle – SDLC
Find Goal, Objectives, Purpose and do all planning
Data Collection / gathering from all sources
Analyze the gathered data and prepare UML, SRS.
Design DB, Front End, H/W and Interfaces
Do Programming & Coding, Write Source Code
Test code, design, interface. Find bug, error, fault
Deploy the SW to customer & do support
14. Object Oriented Methodology
Domain Model: Describe real
world objects referred to
system
Application
Model:
Describe part of
system which
are visible to
users
•Architecture
•UML Diagrams
•Database & Schema
•Front End / Interfaces /
Services
•Forms / Windows /NW
Connection
15. Three Model Concept
1. Class Model: It describe the static structure of the Object in a system
and their relationships, identity, attributes & operations
Class Diagram: It is graph which nodes and classes and arcs are
relationships.
Or
“It is a type of static structure diagram that describes the structure
of a system by showing the system's classes and their attributes,
operations (or methods), and the relationships among objects.
The purpose of the class diagram can be summarized as −
• Analysis and design of the static view of an application.
• Describe responsibilities of a system.
• Base for component and deployment diagrams.
• Forward and reverse engineering.
16.
17. 2. State Model: It describe an aspect of the object that change over a
time.
State Diagram: It is a graph in which nodes are states and arcs are
transactions between the states caused by events.
Or
State diagrams are used to give an abstract
description of the behavior of a system.
Following are the main purposes of using State chart diagrams −
To model the dynamic aspect of a system.
To model the life time of a reactive system.
To describe different states of an object during its life time.
Define a state machine to model the states of an object.
State Diagram
18. 3. Interaction Model: It describe “ How an Object in a system
cooperate to achieve the desired result”
or
“ Interaction Model describe interaction between objects. i.e How an
individual object collaborate to achieve the behavior (operation) of a system”
Object Interaction Object
(DOB) (Age on present date) today's date
Use Cases: It focus on the functionality of the system.
Means what system can do for users
what system can deliver to users.
Sequence Diagram: It shows the object interaction and the time slice
of their interactions.
Mean it present the Sequential Interactions of Program/Object.
Activity Diagram: It shows or Present important Processing Steps.
19. Object Oriented Themes
1. Abstraction: Show only Essential things and hide or ignore the
details
2. Encapsulation: Hiding the information from unauthorized
access.
3. Sharing: Also called it an Inheritance. Both Data Structure and
behavior can share with subclasses or with child
4. Importance of an object: Importance on an object depends
on Application (uses of system) and often changes happens during
the developments. (S/W development DS & Procedure are more imp than
functional development methodologies)
5. Synergy: A collective work of more than one things or objects.
(when only one object is there then efficiency is calculated but when more
than one objects are there then collective efficiency are considered which is
called synergy [efficacy])
20. Modeling
Model: “It is defined as the representation of a system for the purpose of
studying the system”
Simulation: “It is a process of creating and analyzing the prototype of
physical model to predict the performance of actual system in the real
world”
Need of Modeling / Phases of Modeling/ Purpose of Modeling
1. Testing the Physical Entity before building
Modeling and simulation “Generate huge amount of information which required to
design and build an actual system”
2. Communication with customers
• It identify the “Need, Expectation and Requirement” of customers /consumers
• It generate Row Data for analysis and SRS (documentation of system)
3. Visualization
• It shows how Ideas / Concepts flows
• It improve the creativity level
4. Reduction of Complexity
Reduce the complexity and make it user friendly
21. Link & Association
1. Link: A link is a physical or Conceptual Connection among Objects
Two Object – Binary Association
Three Objects- Ternary Association
Four or more Objects – N-ary Association
2. Associations: An association is a description of a group of links
Or
If there are group of links are available between objects to objects or
classes to classes then such group of links are called an Association
• The Link of an association connect objects from the same classes
• An association describe a set of potential links, in the same way that a class
describe the potential objects
23. Key Points: Links & Associations
1. To show link in UML, we used LINE.
2. A link is relationship among objects.
3. If link has name then it should be UNDERLINED.
4. An association connects the classes and objects and it also denoted by LINE.
5. The Association name is optional if the model is unambiguous.
6. Association are hierarchically bidirectional.
7. Developer often used an association in programming languages as references
from one object to another.
8. A REFERENCE is an attribute in one object that refers to another object.
9. Association are important because they break ENCAPSULATIONS
10.Association never be a private to the class because they transcend the
classes.
24. 3. Multiplicity: It specify the number of instances (objects) of one class may
relates to instances (objects) of an associated class.
27. 4. Association End Name:
• Sometime it specify the role of objects or classes in an association
• It has two ends
• Association end names are mandatory for association between two
objects of same class.
28. 5 . Ordering:
Mostly an objects have no order in an association that’s why
ordering help to maintain their specific order in an associations
29. 6 . Bag and Sequence
A Bag is a collection of Elements (Duplication Allowed)
A Sequence is an Ordered collection of Elements (Duplication Allowed)
30. 7 . Association Classes:
An Association class is an Association that is also a class.
The Instance of an association class derive identity from instances of the
constituent classes.
31. 8 . Qualified Association:
An qualified associations is an associations in which an attribute called
QUALIFIER disambiguates the object from many association ends .
A qualified association has a qualifier that is used to select an object
(or objects) from a larger set of related objects, based upon the
qualifier key.
32. 9. Generalization & Inheritance:
Generalization:
• It’s a relation between super class and child class
• It organize classes by their similarities, differences and structuring the
description of objects
• It is a process to make more general form of class
• It is also called “Is-A” relationship
33. Key Points: Generalization:
1. Generalization is transitive across arbitrary number of levels.
2. The term ANCENSTOR and DESCENDENT refers to generalization of
classes across multiple levels.
3. An instance of a subclass is also the instance of super class
4. An instance can invoke the any operations of an ancestor class
5. Each subclass may free to access the function from ancestor classes but also
have free to add their own functions too.
34. Uses of Generalization:
1. It support to Polymorphism.
2. It increases the flexibility of software
3. It provide description of an object
4. It formed the taxonomy (the branch of science concerned with
classification, especially of organisms, systematic) & organize the objects
on their similarities and differences
5. It enable the reuse of code
6. It also allow to adjust the code
7. It provide Specialization (opposite to generalization)
8. Specialization refers to the fact that subclass refined or specialize the super
class
9. Generalization is generalize the subclass.
35. Object Constraints Language –OCL
OCL uses these sequence to traverse the class model
1. Attributes
2. Operations
3. Simple Association
4. Qualified Association
5. Association Classes
6. Generalization / Specialization
7. Filters
36. Customer
Name
Phone No
Credit Card
Max Limit
Balance
Bank
IFSC Code
MICR Code
Statement
Payment
Date
Payment
Amt.
Transaction
Date
Amount
Mailing
Address
Per. Address
Contact No.
Statement
Date
Account
No
Payment Vendor
Processing
Fees
Discount
Merchant
Bank
Transacti
on
Number
1 * 0..1 1
*
*
1
0..
1
0..
1
1
*
*
Class Diagram of Banking Transaction for Credit
Card
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