The document discusses key concepts in object-oriented analysis and design including objects, classes, attributes, operations, relationships, inheritance, and polymorphism. It also provides an overview of the software development life cycle (SDLC) including common process models like waterfall and iterative development. The unified process model is introduced as a iterative approach used in SDLC.
Object-oriented analysis and design is an evolutionary development method built upon past proven concepts. The document discusses object-oriented systems development processes including use case driven analysis, the Object Modeling Technique (OMT), class diagrams, relationships between classes, and object-oriented modeling. It provides examples of class diagrams showing classes, attributes, operations, and relationships. It also explains the four views of OMT - the object model, dynamic model, functional model, and how OMT separates modeling.
Assignment 1 SYD601 2012 rick_danby completed with audioRickNZ
The document provides an overview of object-oriented systems development. It discusses object-oriented analysis, design, and programming. It covers key concepts like classes, objects, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction. It also discusses the unified process, a popular iterative software development process, and its four phases: inception, elaboration, construction, and transition.
Object oriented analysis emphasizes investigating the problem domain to identify relevant objects and their relationships. The key goals are to define relevant classes and their attributes, operations, relationships, and behaviors through iterative refinement. Various analysis methods take different approaches, but generally involve use case modeling, class modeling, and behavior modeling.
This document provides an overview of object oriented analysis and design using the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It discusses key concepts in object oriented programming like classes, objects, encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism. It also outlines the software development lifecycle and phases like requirements analysis, design, coding, testing and maintenance. Finally, it introduces UML and explains how use case diagrams can be used to model the user view of a system by defining actors and use cases.
This document discusses object-oriented concepts and modeling. It begins by listing three textbooks on these topics. It then provides an overview of object-oriented concepts like objects, classes, inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation. It describes the stages of object-oriented analysis, design and implementation. It discusses the three main models used in object-oriented modeling: class models, state models, and interaction models. Finally, it covers object-oriented themes like abstraction, encapsulation, and polymorphism and the purposes of modeling.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
The document discusses key concepts in object-oriented analysis and design including objects, classes, attributes, operations, relationships, inheritance, and polymorphism. It also provides an overview of the software development life cycle (SDLC) including common process models like waterfall and iterative development. The unified process model is introduced as a iterative approach used in SDLC.
Object-oriented analysis and design is an evolutionary development method built upon past proven concepts. The document discusses object-oriented systems development processes including use case driven analysis, the Object Modeling Technique (OMT), class diagrams, relationships between classes, and object-oriented modeling. It provides examples of class diagrams showing classes, attributes, operations, and relationships. It also explains the four views of OMT - the object model, dynamic model, functional model, and how OMT separates modeling.
Assignment 1 SYD601 2012 rick_danby completed with audioRickNZ
The document provides an overview of object-oriented systems development. It discusses object-oriented analysis, design, and programming. It covers key concepts like classes, objects, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction. It also discusses the unified process, a popular iterative software development process, and its four phases: inception, elaboration, construction, and transition.
Object oriented analysis emphasizes investigating the problem domain to identify relevant objects and their relationships. The key goals are to define relevant classes and their attributes, operations, relationships, and behaviors through iterative refinement. Various analysis methods take different approaches, but generally involve use case modeling, class modeling, and behavior modeling.
This document provides an overview of object oriented analysis and design using the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It discusses key concepts in object oriented programming like classes, objects, encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism. It also outlines the software development lifecycle and phases like requirements analysis, design, coding, testing and maintenance. Finally, it introduces UML and explains how use case diagrams can be used to model the user view of a system by defining actors and use cases.
This document discusses object-oriented concepts and modeling. It begins by listing three textbooks on these topics. It then provides an overview of object-oriented concepts like objects, classes, inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation. It describes the stages of object-oriented analysis, design and implementation. It discusses the three main models used in object-oriented modeling: class models, state models, and interaction models. Finally, it covers object-oriented themes like abstraction, encapsulation, and polymorphism and the purposes of modeling.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Object Oriented Approach for Software DevelopmentRishabh Soni
This document provides an overview of object-oriented design methodologies. It discusses key object-oriented concepts like abstraction, encapsulation, and polymorphism. It also describes the three main models used in object-oriented analysis: the object model, dynamic model, and functional model. Finally, it outlines the typical stages of the object-oriented development life cycle, including system conception, analysis, system design, class design, and implementation.
This document discusses object-oriented testing methodologies. It provides an overview of the Rumbaugh, Booch, and Jacobson object-oriented design methodologies. It also covers patterns, frameworks, the unified approach to modeling using UML, and various testing strategies like unit testing, integration testing, and validation testing. Quality assurance testing includes debugging, stress testing, and performance testing. Object-oriented concepts like inheritance can impact testing by making some errors less likely while introducing new types of errors. Guidelines for developing test cases include describing the feature under test and testing normal and abnormal use cases.
This document provides an introduction to object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD). It defines key OOAD concepts like analysis, design, objects, classes, and relationships. It explains that analysis involves understanding problem domains while design defines software solutions as objects. OOAD uses an object-oriented approach in both analysis and design, with a logical solution based on objects. The document also outlines objectives of an OOAD introduction, basic OOAD principles like abstraction and encapsulation, and modeling techniques like the three model concept of class, state, and interaction models.
This study mainly focuses on how object-oriented analysis makes compatible with newly develop or other existing business computing application in a better way. This study also focuses on the modeling of the exact procedure or near to the exact procedure within its application domain which may model by using different objects class. Objects are basically structured into different classes of objects which are generally related to behaviors and characteristics. These methodologies may use different generalization, classification, and different aggregation as a structure object assemblies for the target actions like services or activities which are related to the objects. There are numerous misconceptions related to object oriented analysis which are required to address when we consider the use of any object-oriented method. In this paper try to represent different advantages and various application of the UML in the field of automatic system analysis and modeling. The platform presented here is a comprehensive range of the different UML templates with all other required information.
The document discusses object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD). It states that OOAD is a process of creating abstractions to meet system requirements independently of the programming language. Objects encapsulate state and behavior and communicate via message passing. While OOAD may increase development time, it facilitates reuse, maintenance, and verification. The document also discusses OO principles, the iterative analysis-design-implementation process, object-oriented analysis to identify classes and objects, and techniques for OOAD like use cases, domain modeling, CRC cards, and UML.
Rumbaugh's Object Modeling Technique (OMT) is an object-oriented analysis and design methodology. It uses three main modeling approaches: object models, dynamic models, and functional models. The object model defines the structure of objects in the system through class diagrams. The dynamic model describes object behavior over time using state diagrams and event flow diagrams. The functional model represents system processes and data flow using data flow diagrams.
The document discusses object-oriented design and analysis. It covers key aspects of the design phase including identifying classes, class responsibilities, and relationships between classes. The purposes of the design phase are to gather information for implementation, reduce implementation time and cost, and be the most time-consuming phase. Results of design include text descriptions and diagrams depicting relationships, usage scenarios, and state changes. The document also discusses translating analysis concepts into design, including understanding quality attributes, constraints, and requirements.
Design patterns are commonly used to address problems relating to application architecture and design. The concept originated from Christopher Alexander's work noting common building design problems and solutions. Design patterns ensure problems are addressed through well-known solutions, and most problems have likely been solved before. Common patterns include observer/subject to separate user interface from business logic, singleton to control object construction, strategy to allow multiple algorithms, and template method to define an algorithm's structure. The facade pattern provides different views of subsystems to users by hiding implementation details. The command pattern encapsulates requests as objects with a known interface to decouple senders and receivers.
Object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) uses visual modeling techniques like the Unified Modeling Language (UML) to analyze and design systems based on interacting objects. UML captures system elements and facilitates specification and visualization. It includes static diagrams for non-changing characteristics and dynamic diagrams for changing behaviors. The goal of OOAD and UML is to integrate analysis and development teams through defined processes and modeling.
Object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) uses visual modeling techniques like the Unified Modeling Language (UML) to analyze and design systems based on interacting objects. UML captures system elements and facilitates specification and visualization. It includes static diagrams for non-changing characteristics and dynamic diagrams for changing behaviors. The goal of OOAD and UML is to integrate analysis and development teams through defined processes and modeling.
CS8592 Object Oriented Analysis & Design - UNIT V pkaviya
This document discusses object-oriented methodologies for software development. It describes the Rumbaugh, Booch, and Jacobson methodologies which were influential in the development of the Unified Modeling Language. The Rumbaugh Object Modeling Technique focuses on object models, dynamic models, and functional models. The Booch methodology emphasizes class diagrams, state diagrams, and other modeling tools. Jacobson's methodologies like Objectory emphasize use case modeling and traceability between phases.
The document discusses object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD), providing an overview of OO concepts like objects, classes, relationships, and the OO development life cycle, and outlines 5 units that will be covered including introduction to OO, UML, OO analysis, OO design, and CASE tools.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented concepts, principles, and software development. It defines key object-oriented terms like class, object, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. It also describes the three phases of object-oriented software development: object-oriented analysis, design, and construction. Object-oriented analysis identifies classes, objects, relationships, and system requirements. Design further develops the static and dynamic models. Construction implements the analysis and design models based on the programming language environment.
Unit 1( modelling concepts & class modeling)Manoj Reddy
The document discusses object-oriented modeling and design. It covers key concepts like classes, objects, inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation. It also discusses the Unified Modeling Language (UML) which provides standard notation for visualizing, specifying, constructing, and documenting models. The document is a lecture on object-oriented concepts for students to understand modeling using classes, objects, and relationships.
This document provides an introduction to object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) using the Unified Process as an example iterative development process. It discusses OO concepts like objects, classes, attributes, methods, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and relationships. It also defines analysis as investigating requirements while design emphasizes a conceptual solution that fulfills requirements. Object-oriented analysis focuses on identifying real-world concepts as objects, while object-oriented design defines software objects and how they will collaborate.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented programming and Java. It defines object-oriented programming as organizing programs around objects and their interfaces rather than functions. The key concepts of OOP discussed include classes, objects, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction. It also provides details on the history and characteristics of Java, the most popular language for OOP. The document is serving as course material for a programming paradigms class focusing on OOP using Java.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented programming concepts and Java programming. It discusses key OOP concepts like classes, objects, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. It then covers the history and development of Java, describing how it was initially created at Sun Microsystems in the 1990s to be a platform-independent language for programming consumer electronics. The document outlines some of Java's key features like being simple, secure, portable, robust, and architecture-neutral. It also discusses Java's object-oriented nature and support for multithreading.
An introduction to systems design process. We have a look at an in-depth overview of topics in architectural design patterns such as SOLID principles, hexagonal architecture etc. Then we proceed to software design patterns and explore topics such as creational patterns, structural patterns etc. We also have a look at hardware design patterns with examples such as Modularity, pipelining, redundancy etc. And finally, we go through project management methodologies, explaining methodologies such as waterfall, agile, lean etc. Further information was provided on sources to learn more about the presentation.
This document provides an overview of software architectures and architectural structures. It discusses different types of architectural structures, including module structures, component-and-connector structures, and allocation structures. Module structures focus on modules and their relationships, component-and-connector structures examine runtime components and connectors, and allocation structures show how software elements map to environments. The document then examines specific architectural structures like modules, layers, classes, processes, repositories, and deployment. It emphasizes that an architect should focus on a few key structures like logical, process, development, and physical views to validate that the architecture meets requirements.
An In-Depth Exploration of Natural Language Processing: Evolution, Applicatio...DharmaBanothu
Natural language processing (NLP) has
recently garnered significant interest for the
computational representation and analysis of human
language. Its applications span multiple domains such
as machine translation, email spam detection,
information extraction, summarization, healthcare,
and question answering. This paper first delineates
four phases by examining various levels of NLP and
components of Natural Language Generation,
followed by a review of the history and progression of
NLP. Subsequently, we delve into the current state of
the art by presenting diverse NLP applications,
contemporary trends, and challenges. Finally, we
discuss some available datasets, models, and
evaluation metrics in NLP.
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The document discusses object-oriented design and analysis. It covers key aspects of the design phase including identifying classes, class responsibilities, and relationships between classes. The purposes of the design phase are to gather information for implementation, reduce implementation time and cost, and be the most time-consuming phase. Results of design include text descriptions and diagrams depicting relationships, usage scenarios, and state changes. The document also discusses translating analysis concepts into design, including understanding quality attributes, constraints, and requirements.
Design patterns are commonly used to address problems relating to application architecture and design. The concept originated from Christopher Alexander's work noting common building design problems and solutions. Design patterns ensure problems are addressed through well-known solutions, and most problems have likely been solved before. Common patterns include observer/subject to separate user interface from business logic, singleton to control object construction, strategy to allow multiple algorithms, and template method to define an algorithm's structure. The facade pattern provides different views of subsystems to users by hiding implementation details. The command pattern encapsulates requests as objects with a known interface to decouple senders and receivers.
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This document provides an introduction to object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) using the Unified Process as an example iterative development process. It discusses OO concepts like objects, classes, attributes, methods, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and relationships. It also defines analysis as investigating requirements while design emphasizes a conceptual solution that fulfills requirements. Object-oriented analysis focuses on identifying real-world concepts as objects, while object-oriented design defines software objects and how they will collaborate.
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Paper Title
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation with Hybrid Beam Forming Power Transfer in WSN-IoT Applications
Authors
Reginald Jude Sixtus J and Tamilarasi Muthu, Puducherry Technological University, India
Abstract
Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) helps to overcome various difficulties in future technology wireless communications. NOMA, when utilized with millimeter wave multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, channel estimation becomes extremely difficult. For reaping the benefits of the NOMA and mm-Wave combination, effective channel estimation is required. In this paper, we propose an enhanced particle swarm optimization based long short-term memory estimator network (PSOLSTMEstNet), which is a neural network model that can be employed to forecast the bandwidth required in the mm-Wave MIMO network. The prime advantage of the LSTM is that it has the capability of dynamically adapting to the functioning pattern of fluctuating channel state. The LSTM stage with adaptive coding and modulation enhances the BER.PSO algorithm is employed to optimize input weights of LSTM network. The modified algorithm splits the power by channel condition of every single user. Participants will be first sorted into distinct groups depending upon respective channel conditions, using a hybrid beamforming approach. The network characteristics are fine-estimated using PSO-LSTMEstNet after a rough approximation of channels parameters derived from the received data.
Keywords
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Bit Error Rate (BER), mm-Wave, MIMO, NOMA, deep learning, optimization.
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Online train ticket booking system project.pdfKamal Acharya
Rail transport is one of the important modes of transport in India. Now a days we
see that there are railways that are present for the long as well as short distance
travelling which makes the life of the people easier. When compared to other
means of transport, a railway is the cheapest means of transport. The maintenance
of the railway database also plays a major role in the smooth running of this
system. The Online Train Ticket Management System will help in reserving the
tickets of the railways to travel from a particular source to the destination.
2. Abstraction-OOAD
An abstraction denotes the essential characteristics of
an object that distinguish it from all other kinds of
objects, relative to the perspective of the viewer.”
Example − When a class Student is designed, the
attributes enrolment_number, name, course, and
address are included while characteristics like
pulse_rate and size_of_shoe are eliminated, since they
are irrelevant in the perspective of the educational
institution
3. Encapsulation
Encapsulation is the process of binding both attributes and
methods together within a class.
Through encapsulation, the internal details of a class can be
hidden from outside.
The class has methods that provide user interfaces by which
the services provided by the class may be used.
4. Class Hierarchy
In Grady Booch’s words,
“Hierarchy is the ranking or ordering of abstraction”.
It uses the principle of “divide and conquer”. Hierarchy allows
code reusability.
The two types of hierarchies in OOA are −
5. “IS–A” hierarchy − It defines the hierarchical relationship in
inheritance, whereby from a super-class, a number of
subclasses may be derived which may again have subclasses
and so on.
For example, if we derive a class Rose from a class Flower, we
can say that a rose “is–a” flower.
6. “PART–OF” hierarchy − It defines the hierarchical
relationship in aggregation by which a class may be composed
of other classes.
For example, a flower is composed of sepals, petals, stamens,
and carpel. It can be said that a petal is a “part–of” flower.
7. Persistence
In files or databases, the object lifespan is longer than the
duration of the process creating the object.
This property by which an object continues to exist even after
its creator ceases to exist is known as persistence.
8. Dynamic binding
Static binding is a binding in which name can be associated
with the class during compilation time , and it is also called as
early Binding.
Dynamic binding is a binding in which name can be associated
with the class during execution time , and it is also called as
Late Binding
9. Inheritance
Inheritance is the property of object-oriented systems that
allows objects to be built from other objects.
Inheritance is a relationship between classes where one class is
the parent class of another derived class called base class or
super class.
10. Types of inheritance
Dynamic inheritance.
It allows objects to change and evolve over time. Since base
classes provide properties and attributes for objects, changing
base classes changes the properties and attributes of a class.
.
11. Multiple inheritance.
Some object-oriented systems permit a class to inherit its state
(attributes) and behaviors form more than one super class
12. Polymorphism
Polymorphism means that the same operation may behave
differently on different classes.
Polymorphism allows us to write generic, reusable code more
easily, specify general instructions and delegate the
implementation details to the objects involved.
13. Meta Classes
If a class is an object, it must belong to a class which is called
as meta-class or a class of classes.
All the objects are instances of a class and all classes are
instances of a meta-class.
Meta-classes are used by the compiler.
14. Aggregations
All objects except the most basic ones, are composed of
and may contain other objects
Ex : a spreadsheet is an object composed of cells, and
cells are objects that may
contain text, mathematical formulas, etc.,
15. Aggregation – Attribute can be an
object itself
Ex : A car object is an agrregation of
engine, seat, wheels and other
objects
16. Object-oriented Systems
Development Life Cycle
The object-oriented life cycle model considers 'objects'
as the basis of the software engineering process.
The development team starts by observing and
analyzing the system they intend to develop before
defining the requirements.
Once the process is over, they focus on identifying the
objects of the system.
17. Advantages of Object-Oriented
Life Cycle Model
Since it is data-focused and easy to work with problem
domains.
It uses encapsulation and data hiding process that
allows a developer to build tamper-proof systems.
It enables software modularity, making it easier to
manage and maintain complex software.
It allows developers to create new modules using
existing models, saving time and development cost of
organizations.
18. The primary objectives of the
Object-Oriented Model
Object-oriented Analysis
Object-oriented Design
Object-oriented Implementation
19. SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT
PROCESS
Process to change, refine, transform & add to existing product
Transformation 1(analysis) - translates user’s need into system’s
requirements & responsibilitiesthey use system can give insight into
requirements, eg: analyzing incentive payroll - capacity must be
included in requirements
Transformation 2 (design) - begins with problem statement, ends with
detailed design that can be transformed into operational system
–bulk of development activity, include definition on how to build
software, its development, its testing, design description + program +
testing material
Transformation 3 (implementation) - refines detailed design into
system deployment that will satisfy users’needs
takes account of equipment, procedures, resources, people, etc - how to
embed software product within its operational environment, eg: new
compensation method prg needs new form, gives new report.
21. Waterfall Model
The waterfall model is also called as 'Linear sequential
model' or 'Classic life cycle model'.
In this model, each phase is fully completed before the
beginning of the next phase.
This model is used for the small projects.
In this model, feedback is taken after each phase to
ensure that the project is on the right path.
Testing part starts only after the development is
complete.
22.
23. Advantages of waterfall model The waterfall model is simple and easy to
understand, implement, and use.
All the requirements are known at the beginning of the project, hence it
is easy to manage.
It avoids overlapping of phases because each phase is completed at once.
This model works for small projects because the requirements are
understood very well.
This model is preferred for those projects where the quality is more
important as compared to the cost of the project.
Disadvantages of the waterfall model This model is not good for complex
and object oriented projects.
It is a poor model for long projects.
The problems with this model are uncovered, until the software testing.
The amount of risk is high.
24. Building high quality software
Goal is user satisfaction
how do we determine system is ready for delivery
is it now an operational system that satisfies users’needs
is it correct and operating as we thought it should ?
Does it pass an evaluation process ?
Approaches to systems testing
Test according to
how it has been built
what it should do
25. 4 quality measures
correspondence
measures how well delivered system matches needs of
operational environment, as described in original requirements
statement
validation
task of predicting correspondence (true correspondence only
determined after system is in place)
correctness
measures consistency of product requirements with respect to
design specification
verification
exercise of determining correctness (correctness objective =>
always possible to determine if product precisely satisfies
requirements of specification)
26.
27. Object-oriented approach: A
use-case driven approach
Object-oriented software development life cycle
consists of
Object-oriented analysis
Object-oriented design
Object-oriented implementation
Use-case model can be employed throughout most
activities of software development
designs traceable across requirements, analysis, design,
implementation & testing can be produced
all design decisions can be traced back directly to user
requirements
usage scenarios can be test scenarios
30. Activities
Object-oriented analysis - use case driven
Object-oriented design
Prototyping
Component-based development
Incremental testing
31. Object-oriented analysis - use-case driven
Use Case, is a name for a scenario to describe the user–
computer system interaction.
Determine system requirements, identify classes & their
relationship to other classes in domain
To understand system requirements
need to identify the users or actors - who are the actors ?
How do they use system ?
Scenarios - Jacobson introduces concept of use case -
scenario to describe user- computer system interaction
32. Usecase - Typical interaction between user & system that captures
users’ goal & needs
use cased modeling - expressing high level processes & interactions
with customers in a scenario & analyzing it
developing use case is iterative - when use case model better
understood & developed, start identifying classes & create their
relationship
Identifying objects - What are physical objects in system ?
Documentation - 80-20 rule , 80% work can be done with 20%
documentation
modeling & documentation inseparatable - good modeling implies good
documentation
33. Object-oriented Design
Goal : to design classes identified during analysis phase
& user interface
Identify additional objects & classes that support
implementation of requirements
First, build object model based on objects &
relationship
Then iterate & refine model
Design & refine classes
Design & refine attributes
Design & refine methods
34. Guidelines in Object-oriented Design
Reuse rather than build new classes
Know existing classes
Design large number of simple classes rather than small
number of complex classes
Design methods
Critique what has been proposed
Go back & refine classes
35. Prototyping
Prototype – version of software product developed in early
stages of product’s life cycle for specific, experimental
purposes
Prototyping: old & new
Before: prototype thrown away when industrial strength
version developed
New trend: (eg. rapid application development)
prototype refined into final product
36. Categories of Prototypes
Horizontal prototype
A Horizontal prototype displays the user interface for the product
and gives a broader view of the entire system, without concentrating
on internal functions.
Simulation of interface (entire interface in full-featured system)
Contain no functionality
Vertical prototype
A Vertical prototype on the other side is a detailed elaboration of a
specific function or a sub system in the product.
Subset of system features with complete functionality
Few implemented functions can be tested in great depth
Hybrid prototypes
Major portions of interface established, features having high degree of
risk are prototyped with more functionality
37. Analysis prototype
Aid in exploring problem domain, used to inform user &
demonstrate proof of concept
Not used as basis of development, discarded when it has serve
purpose
Final product use prototype concepts, not code
Domain prototype
Aid for incremental development of the ultimate software
solution
Often used as tool for staged delivery of subsystems to
users/other members of development team
Demonstrate the feasibility of implementation
Eventually evolve into deliverable product
38. Implementation - Component-
based development
Industrialized approach to system development, move
form custom development to assembly of pre-built, pre-
tested, reusable software components that operate with
each other
Components themselves can be constructed from other
components, down to prebuilt components/old-
fashioned code written in prg languages like C
Less development effort, faster, increase flexibility
39. Rapid Application Development (RAD)
Set of tools & techniques to build application faster than typically
possible with traditional methods
Often used with software prototyping
Iterational development
Begins when design completed
Do we actually understood problem (analysis) ?
Does the system do what it is supposed to do (design) ?
Make improvement in each iteration
40. Reusability
Major benefit of Object-oriented approach
For objects to be reusable, much effort must be spent
of designing it – Design reusability
Effectively evaluate existing software components
Has my problem been solved ?
Has my problem been partially solved ?
What has been done before to solve problem similar to
this one ?
Need - detailed summary info about existing software
components
41. Reuse Strategy
Information hiding
Conformance to naming standards
Creation & administration of an object repository
Encouragement by strategic management of reuse as
opposed to constant redevelopment
Establish target for % of object in project to be reuse
42. Identity
The identity provides a mechanism for referring to such
parts of the object that are not exposed in the
interface.
Thus, identity is the basis for polymorphism in object-
oriented programming.
Object identity is a property of data that is created in
the context of an object data model, where an object is
assigned a unique internal object identifier, or oid. For
example, the fridge can not become the T.V.
43. Identity
The identity of an object makes it unique.
You can use the unique identity of an object
to differentiate between multiple instances of
a class if each instance has the same state.
Identity allows comparison of references.
Two references can be compared whether they
are equal or not.
44. UML Diagrams
A UML diagram is a diagram based on the UML (Unified
Modeling Language) with the purpose of visually
representing a system along with its main actors, roles,
actions, artifacts or classes, in order to better
understand, alter, maintain, or document information
about the system.
45. Use Case Diagram
Actor – Person
Organization
Another System
External Device
Types
Primary Actors – Initiates the use of the system
Secondary Actors – Reactionary
Use Case – Represents an action accomplishes some sort of task within the
system.
-> Login -> Transfer funds
-> Check Balance -> Make Payment
46. Relationship
Association – Basic Communication
Include – Base use case , Included use case
Extend – Base use case, Extend use case
Generalization
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