A fantastic PPT on balance of payments. The PPT includes a complete of the meaning and various concepts of balance of payments. It also discusses about the type of transactions recorded in BOP and various types of accounts.
This document provides information about balance of payments (BOP) including:
- BOP is a systematic record of all economic transactions between a country and rest of world, including exports/imports of goods and services, as well as capital and financial flows.
- It has two main components - the current account which covers trade in goods and services, and the capital account which covers financial flows. It also includes unilateral transfers.
- A country aims to maintain a balanced BOP through various monetary and non-monetary policy measures that can influence exchange rates, imports/exports, and capital flows.
The document provides information about balance of payments (BOP):
1. BOP is a systematic record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a period of time, recording inflows and outflows of foreign exchange.
2. The BOP account has two sides - credits for inflows of foreign exchange and debits for outflows. It is prepared using double-entry bookkeeping.
3. The current account records trade in goods and services as well as unilateral transfers, while the capital account records changes in financial assets and liabilities with the rest of the world.
4. The BOP always balances as total receipts must equal total payments. Surpluses
Balance of payment concept, components and trends shivakumar patil
India recorded a trade deficit of $5.07 billion in March 2016, significantly lower than the $11.39 billion deficit in the same month of the previous year. This is the lowest monthly trade deficit since March 2011. Exports declined 5.47% year-over-year while imports fell 21.56% due to lower oil and non-oil imports. For the entire 2015-2016 fiscal year, India's trade deficit narrowed to $118.5 billion from $137.7 billion in the prior year as exports decreased 15.8% and imports fell 15.28%.
The balance of payments is a record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a period of time. It includes exports and imports of visible goods as well as invisible items like services, capital inflows and outflows. The balance of payments statement has a current account, which covers trade in goods and services, and a capital account. India's balance of payments was positive in the early five-year plans but turned negative later as imports grew.
Balance of payment is a systematic record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a period of time, presented in a double-entry bookkeeping format. It includes credits for exports, services provided to foreign countries, and financial inflows; and debits for imports, services received from other countries, and financial outflows. A country has a balance of payments surplus if its credits exceed debits and a deficit if debits exceed credits. Countries use both monetary policies like adjusting exchange rates and non-monetary policies like promoting exports or restricting imports to address balance of payments deficits.
Balance of payments Presentation (complete)E Concepts
The presentation covers all important aspects of balance of payments majorly including;
Rules of Balance Of Payments
Balance of payments vs Balance of trade
Debit vs Credit transactions
Equilibrium vs disequilibrium in BOP
Measures to correct disequilibrium
The balance of payments is a systematic record of all economic transactions between residents of a country and the rest of the world over a period of time. It includes exports and imports of visible goods as well as invisible items. The balance of payments is important as it provides indications of a country's past trade performance and guides monetary, fiscal and other economic policies. It is made up of the current account, capital account, and reserves and errors account. A balanced balance of payments means the total credits equal total debits, while a surplus or deficit represents an imbalance.
This document provides information about a seminar presentation on the balance of payments. It defines the balance of payments as a systematic record of all economic transactions between residents of a country and the rest of the world. It discusses the key components of the balance of payments including the current account, capital account, and official reserve account. It also covers topics such as balance of payments equilibrium and disequilibrium, and causes of imbalance.
This document provides information about balance of payments (BOP) including:
- BOP is a systematic record of all economic transactions between a country and rest of world, including exports/imports of goods and services, as well as capital and financial flows.
- It has two main components - the current account which covers trade in goods and services, and the capital account which covers financial flows. It also includes unilateral transfers.
- A country aims to maintain a balanced BOP through various monetary and non-monetary policy measures that can influence exchange rates, imports/exports, and capital flows.
The document provides information about balance of payments (BOP):
1. BOP is a systematic record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a period of time, recording inflows and outflows of foreign exchange.
2. The BOP account has two sides - credits for inflows of foreign exchange and debits for outflows. It is prepared using double-entry bookkeeping.
3. The current account records trade in goods and services as well as unilateral transfers, while the capital account records changes in financial assets and liabilities with the rest of the world.
4. The BOP always balances as total receipts must equal total payments. Surpluses
Balance of payment concept, components and trends shivakumar patil
India recorded a trade deficit of $5.07 billion in March 2016, significantly lower than the $11.39 billion deficit in the same month of the previous year. This is the lowest monthly trade deficit since March 2011. Exports declined 5.47% year-over-year while imports fell 21.56% due to lower oil and non-oil imports. For the entire 2015-2016 fiscal year, India's trade deficit narrowed to $118.5 billion from $137.7 billion in the prior year as exports decreased 15.8% and imports fell 15.28%.
The balance of payments is a record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a period of time. It includes exports and imports of visible goods as well as invisible items like services, capital inflows and outflows. The balance of payments statement has a current account, which covers trade in goods and services, and a capital account. India's balance of payments was positive in the early five-year plans but turned negative later as imports grew.
Balance of payment is a systematic record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a period of time, presented in a double-entry bookkeeping format. It includes credits for exports, services provided to foreign countries, and financial inflows; and debits for imports, services received from other countries, and financial outflows. A country has a balance of payments surplus if its credits exceed debits and a deficit if debits exceed credits. Countries use both monetary policies like adjusting exchange rates and non-monetary policies like promoting exports or restricting imports to address balance of payments deficits.
Balance of payments Presentation (complete)E Concepts
The presentation covers all important aspects of balance of payments majorly including;
Rules of Balance Of Payments
Balance of payments vs Balance of trade
Debit vs Credit transactions
Equilibrium vs disequilibrium in BOP
Measures to correct disequilibrium
The balance of payments is a systematic record of all economic transactions between residents of a country and the rest of the world over a period of time. It includes exports and imports of visible goods as well as invisible items. The balance of payments is important as it provides indications of a country's past trade performance and guides monetary, fiscal and other economic policies. It is made up of the current account, capital account, and reserves and errors account. A balanced balance of payments means the total credits equal total debits, while a surplus or deficit represents an imbalance.
This document provides information about a seminar presentation on the balance of payments. It defines the balance of payments as a systematic record of all economic transactions between residents of a country and the rest of the world. It discusses the key components of the balance of payments including the current account, capital account, and official reserve account. It also covers topics such as balance of payments equilibrium and disequilibrium, and causes of imbalance.
This document provides an overview of a country's balance of payments. It defines the balance of payments as a systematic record of all economic transactions between residents of a country and foreign countries over a period of time, usually annually. It notes that the balance of payments has two sides, credits and debits, with receipts recorded on the credit side and payments on the debit side. It also distinguishes between different types of transactions that affect the current account and capital account and discusses using balance of payments data to analyze a country's economic strength and identify needed policy measures.
The document provides information about terms of trade including:
- Terms of trade measures the price of a country's exports relative to its imports. It is calculated as the index of export prices divided by the index of import prices.
- Types of terms of trade include net barter, gross barter, income, single factorial, double factorial, real cost, and utility terms of trade. Each type has strengths and limitations in measuring trade.
- Factors influencing terms of trade include the elasticity of demand and supply for exports and imports, as well as the relative size of demand for exports and imports. Changes in terms of trade can impact standards of living, import prices, and a country's balance of payments.
This document provides an overview of balance of payments (BOP) accounting. It defines BOP as a systematic record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world. It notes that BOP has three main components: the current account balance, capital account balance, and the overall BOP. The current account tracks goods/services exports and imports, while the capital account tracks financial flows. The document also discusses factors that can cause BOP disequilibriums and monetary/non-monetary policy tools to correct imbalances, such as devaluation, export promotion, and tariffs.
The document discusses factors that determine the money supply and the money multiplier. It defines the monetary base (MB) as currency in circulation plus reserves, and M1 as currency plus checkable deposits. The money multiplier relates these, with M1 equal to the multiplier times MB. The multiplier depends on the currency ratio, reserve ratio, and excess reserves ratio. Changes in these ratios, such as due to bank panics, can impact the money supply by altering the multiplier. The Fed has more control over MB than M1 due to additional influencing factors.
An offer curve shows the quantities of imports and exports that a country is willing to trade at different relative prices (terms-of-trade). It combines a country's demand for imports and supply of exports. Offer curves can be drawn for two countries trading two goods to determine the trading equilibrium and equilibrium terms-of-trade. The equilibrium occurs where the quantities exported and imported are equal for both goods and countries.
The document summarizes the Heckscher-Ohlin (H-O) theory of international trade. The H-O theory states that countries will export goods that use their abundant and cheap factors of production intensively and import goods that use their scarce factors intensively. It assumes countries differ in their endowments of capital and labor. The theory shows that capital-abundant countries will export and produce capital-intensive goods, while labor-abundant countries will export and produce labor-intensive goods. The theory represents an improvement over previous theories in explaining the basis of trade between countries within a general equilibrium framework.
The document discusses the concept of balance of trade. It defines balance of trade as the difference between a country's imports and exports over a period of time. A positive balance of trade occurs when exports are greater than imports, while a negative balance happens when imports are greater than exports. The document also examines the importance of balance of trade, types of trade, factors that can affect a country's balance of trade, and provides examples of Pakistan's balance of trade over time.
Public debt in India has increased over 7 times from 1990-1991 to 2005-2006. It includes money borrowed by the government through internal loans within India and external loans from international organizations. There are several types of public debt like short-term, long-term, productive and unproductive debts. While public debt allows the government to fund development projects, it also burdens citizens with increased taxes and can adversely affect growth. Proper management of public debt is needed in India through reducing expenditures, encouraging foreign investment, and monitoring public spending.
The balance of payments records all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a period of time. It includes visible items like exports and imports of goods, as well as invisible items like services. It also includes capital transfers. The balance of payments aims to systematically record all these international transactions and ensure receipts and payments are balanced. A country may experience a surplus or deficit in its balance of payments depending on whether receipts from transactions exceed payments or vice versa. Disequilibria can be corrected through various monetary and non-monetary measures that target exchange rates, exports, imports and capital flows.
Brief PPT on Balance of payment Vs Balance of TradeShubham Parsekar
The ppt is based on Balance of payment and Balance of trade, their meaning ,factors affecting them and difference between both i.e BOP & BOT.
i hope this presentation will be helpful to you , as everything is tried to fit in these slides. i suggest everyone to just go through the economics text book and gain more insights if one is very much interested in it.
please like the presentation and comment below your views about it.
follow me on slideshare for more informative power point presentations.
BOP or Balance of International Payments is the systematic and summary record of a country’s economic and financial transactionswith the rest of the worldover a period of time. As per IMF, BOP is a statistical statement for a given period showing: (a) transactions in goods & services and income between an economy and the rest of the world; (b) changes of ownership and other changes in that country’s monetary gold, SDRs, and claims on and liabilities to the rest of the world; and (c) unrequited transfersand counterpart entries that are needed to balance, in the accounting sense any entries for the foregoing transactions and changes which are not mutually offsetting. – IMF, Balance of Payments Manual.
The document discusses India's balance of payments over the past 10 years. It defines the balance of payments and its key components: current account, capital account, and official reserves account. The current account covers trade in goods and services and investment income. The capital account covers investment flows. The official reserves account covers assets like gold and foreign currencies. Recent trends show India running a current account deficit from 2004-05 onward, with the deficit peaking in 2012-13 at 4.8% of GDP. Measures to address imbalances include export promotion, import restrictions, and managing the exchange rate. Quarterly data from 2014-2016 shows the current account deficit improving but still in deficit.
The document discusses the balance of payments (BOP) of a country. It defines BOP as a systematic record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world. The BOP has three components - the current account, capital account, and official settlements account. The current account covers exports and imports of goods and services. The capital account covers financial flows. Disequilibriums in the BOP can be corrected through automatic measures like changes in exchange rates or deliberate measures like trade policy changes and monetary policy tools.
This document defines and compares different types of terms of trade, including commodity terms of trade, gross barter terms of trade, income terms of trade, single factoral terms of trade, and double factoral terms of trade. It provides formulas for calculating each type and examples to demonstrate how they are used. It also discusses the limitations and criticisms of each approach.
Balance of Payment Disequilibrium and CausesNeema Gladys
1.Balance of Payment
The balance of payment of a country is a systematic accounting record of all economic transactions during a given period of time between the residents of the country and residents of foreign countries.
2.Componets of BOP
Current Account
It includes imports and exports of goods and services and unilateral transfer of goods and services.
Capital Account
Under this are grouped transactions leading to changes in foreign assets and liabilities of the country.
3. Accounting Treatment of Items (Debit and Credit Items)
Any item which gives rise to a sale of foreign exchange (an inflow) is recorded as a credit item (+) in the accounts e.g. export of goods and services
Any item which gives rise to the purchase of foreign exchange (an outflow) is recorded as a debit item (-) in the accounts e.g imports of goods and services.
4. BOP Disequilibrium
BOP is a double entry accounting record, then apart from errors and omissions, it must always balance.
The BOP deficit or surplus indicate imbalance in the BOP.
This imbalance is interpreted as BOP Disequilibrium.
A country’s balance of payments is said to be in disequilibrium when its autonomous receipts (credits) are not equal to its autonomous payments (debits).
5.BOP Deficit
A deficit or an unfavorable balance exists when the value of autonomous debit items exceeds the value of autonomous credit items.
6. BOP Surplus
A surplus or a favourable balance exists when the value of autonomous credit items exceeds the value of autonomous debit items.
This document discusses various investment concepts including:
1. Types of investments such as induced, autonomous, physical, financial and business assets.
2. Key determinants of investment including income, interest rates, Tobin's Q, and marginal efficiency of capital.
3. Multiplier effects including money, fiscal, and investment multipliers which measure the response of endogenous variables to exogenous changes.
4. The accelerator effect whereby growth in GDP encourages businesses to invest more in fixed assets like factories and machinery, further stimulating economic growth.
balance of payment and its components, types.
difference between bop &bot.
foreign exchange rate and system.
determination of exchange rate.
exchange market.
The document discusses India's balance of payments position in 2013. It provides definitions and explanations of key terms like balance of payments, current account, and capital account.
India had a current account deficit of $88.16 billion in 2013, which was 4.2% of GDP. The trade deficit was $195.66 billion due to higher imports, especially of oil. Software exports and private transfers helped offset this deficit. Foreign direct investment and portfolio investment contributed to the capital account surplus of $88.16 billion, balancing out the current account deficit. However, more policy measures were needed to attract long term funds and improve the external accounts position.
Foreing exchange control objectives & featuresPrakyath Palan
Foreign exchange control is a method by which governments intervene in a country's international payments and currency exchange rates. It aims to conserve foreign exchange reserves, correct deficits in the balance of payments, and stabilize exchange rates. Control mechanisms restrict the flow of capital in/out of the country and regulate the purchase/sale of foreign currencies. The document defines foreign exchange control and outlines its key objectives, including protecting domestic industries and planning economic development.
This presentation discusses the balance of payments of India. It begins with defining the balance of payments as a systematic record of all monetary transactions between a country and other countries over a period of time, usually one year. It then discusses India's balance of payments position from 1985-2005, noting it experienced deficits from 1985-1990 but surpluses from 2001-2005. The presentation outlines the main components of a balance of payments statement including the current account, capital account, reserve accounts, and errors and omissions. It discusses the importance of monitoring a country's balance of payments and concludes with causes of imbalances and measures to correct adverse balance of payments situations.
BOP Components: Current Account, Capital Account and Reserve Account; Disequilibrium of BOP; Factors Affecting BOP and Methods of Correcting BOP Disequilibrium
The balance of payments document discusses key aspects of a country's balance of payments (BOP) account including:
- The BOP uses double-entry bookkeeping and has debit and credit sides to record international transactions. It can be balanced, in surplus, or in deficit.
- The BOP provides information to governments about international trade and capital flows so they can implement appropriate policies.
- It is a systematic record of all economic transactions between residents of a country and foreign countries over a period, usually a year. These transactions include exports/imports of goods and services, as well as capital account flows.
This document provides an overview of a country's balance of payments. It defines the balance of payments as a systematic record of all economic transactions between residents of a country and foreign countries over a period of time, usually annually. It notes that the balance of payments has two sides, credits and debits, with receipts recorded on the credit side and payments on the debit side. It also distinguishes between different types of transactions that affect the current account and capital account and discusses using balance of payments data to analyze a country's economic strength and identify needed policy measures.
The document provides information about terms of trade including:
- Terms of trade measures the price of a country's exports relative to its imports. It is calculated as the index of export prices divided by the index of import prices.
- Types of terms of trade include net barter, gross barter, income, single factorial, double factorial, real cost, and utility terms of trade. Each type has strengths and limitations in measuring trade.
- Factors influencing terms of trade include the elasticity of demand and supply for exports and imports, as well as the relative size of demand for exports and imports. Changes in terms of trade can impact standards of living, import prices, and a country's balance of payments.
This document provides an overview of balance of payments (BOP) accounting. It defines BOP as a systematic record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world. It notes that BOP has three main components: the current account balance, capital account balance, and the overall BOP. The current account tracks goods/services exports and imports, while the capital account tracks financial flows. The document also discusses factors that can cause BOP disequilibriums and monetary/non-monetary policy tools to correct imbalances, such as devaluation, export promotion, and tariffs.
The document discusses factors that determine the money supply and the money multiplier. It defines the monetary base (MB) as currency in circulation plus reserves, and M1 as currency plus checkable deposits. The money multiplier relates these, with M1 equal to the multiplier times MB. The multiplier depends on the currency ratio, reserve ratio, and excess reserves ratio. Changes in these ratios, such as due to bank panics, can impact the money supply by altering the multiplier. The Fed has more control over MB than M1 due to additional influencing factors.
An offer curve shows the quantities of imports and exports that a country is willing to trade at different relative prices (terms-of-trade). It combines a country's demand for imports and supply of exports. Offer curves can be drawn for two countries trading two goods to determine the trading equilibrium and equilibrium terms-of-trade. The equilibrium occurs where the quantities exported and imported are equal for both goods and countries.
The document summarizes the Heckscher-Ohlin (H-O) theory of international trade. The H-O theory states that countries will export goods that use their abundant and cheap factors of production intensively and import goods that use their scarce factors intensively. It assumes countries differ in their endowments of capital and labor. The theory shows that capital-abundant countries will export and produce capital-intensive goods, while labor-abundant countries will export and produce labor-intensive goods. The theory represents an improvement over previous theories in explaining the basis of trade between countries within a general equilibrium framework.
The document discusses the concept of balance of trade. It defines balance of trade as the difference between a country's imports and exports over a period of time. A positive balance of trade occurs when exports are greater than imports, while a negative balance happens when imports are greater than exports. The document also examines the importance of balance of trade, types of trade, factors that can affect a country's balance of trade, and provides examples of Pakistan's balance of trade over time.
Public debt in India has increased over 7 times from 1990-1991 to 2005-2006. It includes money borrowed by the government through internal loans within India and external loans from international organizations. There are several types of public debt like short-term, long-term, productive and unproductive debts. While public debt allows the government to fund development projects, it also burdens citizens with increased taxes and can adversely affect growth. Proper management of public debt is needed in India through reducing expenditures, encouraging foreign investment, and monitoring public spending.
The balance of payments records all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a period of time. It includes visible items like exports and imports of goods, as well as invisible items like services. It also includes capital transfers. The balance of payments aims to systematically record all these international transactions and ensure receipts and payments are balanced. A country may experience a surplus or deficit in its balance of payments depending on whether receipts from transactions exceed payments or vice versa. Disequilibria can be corrected through various monetary and non-monetary measures that target exchange rates, exports, imports and capital flows.
Brief PPT on Balance of payment Vs Balance of TradeShubham Parsekar
The ppt is based on Balance of payment and Balance of trade, their meaning ,factors affecting them and difference between both i.e BOP & BOT.
i hope this presentation will be helpful to you , as everything is tried to fit in these slides. i suggest everyone to just go through the economics text book and gain more insights if one is very much interested in it.
please like the presentation and comment below your views about it.
follow me on slideshare for more informative power point presentations.
BOP or Balance of International Payments is the systematic and summary record of a country’s economic and financial transactionswith the rest of the worldover a period of time. As per IMF, BOP is a statistical statement for a given period showing: (a) transactions in goods & services and income between an economy and the rest of the world; (b) changes of ownership and other changes in that country’s monetary gold, SDRs, and claims on and liabilities to the rest of the world; and (c) unrequited transfersand counterpart entries that are needed to balance, in the accounting sense any entries for the foregoing transactions and changes which are not mutually offsetting. – IMF, Balance of Payments Manual.
The document discusses India's balance of payments over the past 10 years. It defines the balance of payments and its key components: current account, capital account, and official reserves account. The current account covers trade in goods and services and investment income. The capital account covers investment flows. The official reserves account covers assets like gold and foreign currencies. Recent trends show India running a current account deficit from 2004-05 onward, with the deficit peaking in 2012-13 at 4.8% of GDP. Measures to address imbalances include export promotion, import restrictions, and managing the exchange rate. Quarterly data from 2014-2016 shows the current account deficit improving but still in deficit.
The document discusses the balance of payments (BOP) of a country. It defines BOP as a systematic record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world. The BOP has three components - the current account, capital account, and official settlements account. The current account covers exports and imports of goods and services. The capital account covers financial flows. Disequilibriums in the BOP can be corrected through automatic measures like changes in exchange rates or deliberate measures like trade policy changes and monetary policy tools.
This document defines and compares different types of terms of trade, including commodity terms of trade, gross barter terms of trade, income terms of trade, single factoral terms of trade, and double factoral terms of trade. It provides formulas for calculating each type and examples to demonstrate how they are used. It also discusses the limitations and criticisms of each approach.
Balance of Payment Disequilibrium and CausesNeema Gladys
1.Balance of Payment
The balance of payment of a country is a systematic accounting record of all economic transactions during a given period of time between the residents of the country and residents of foreign countries.
2.Componets of BOP
Current Account
It includes imports and exports of goods and services and unilateral transfer of goods and services.
Capital Account
Under this are grouped transactions leading to changes in foreign assets and liabilities of the country.
3. Accounting Treatment of Items (Debit and Credit Items)
Any item which gives rise to a sale of foreign exchange (an inflow) is recorded as a credit item (+) in the accounts e.g. export of goods and services
Any item which gives rise to the purchase of foreign exchange (an outflow) is recorded as a debit item (-) in the accounts e.g imports of goods and services.
4. BOP Disequilibrium
BOP is a double entry accounting record, then apart from errors and omissions, it must always balance.
The BOP deficit or surplus indicate imbalance in the BOP.
This imbalance is interpreted as BOP Disequilibrium.
A country’s balance of payments is said to be in disequilibrium when its autonomous receipts (credits) are not equal to its autonomous payments (debits).
5.BOP Deficit
A deficit or an unfavorable balance exists when the value of autonomous debit items exceeds the value of autonomous credit items.
6. BOP Surplus
A surplus or a favourable balance exists when the value of autonomous credit items exceeds the value of autonomous debit items.
This document discusses various investment concepts including:
1. Types of investments such as induced, autonomous, physical, financial and business assets.
2. Key determinants of investment including income, interest rates, Tobin's Q, and marginal efficiency of capital.
3. Multiplier effects including money, fiscal, and investment multipliers which measure the response of endogenous variables to exogenous changes.
4. The accelerator effect whereby growth in GDP encourages businesses to invest more in fixed assets like factories and machinery, further stimulating economic growth.
balance of payment and its components, types.
difference between bop &bot.
foreign exchange rate and system.
determination of exchange rate.
exchange market.
The document discusses India's balance of payments position in 2013. It provides definitions and explanations of key terms like balance of payments, current account, and capital account.
India had a current account deficit of $88.16 billion in 2013, which was 4.2% of GDP. The trade deficit was $195.66 billion due to higher imports, especially of oil. Software exports and private transfers helped offset this deficit. Foreign direct investment and portfolio investment contributed to the capital account surplus of $88.16 billion, balancing out the current account deficit. However, more policy measures were needed to attract long term funds and improve the external accounts position.
Foreing exchange control objectives & featuresPrakyath Palan
Foreign exchange control is a method by which governments intervene in a country's international payments and currency exchange rates. It aims to conserve foreign exchange reserves, correct deficits in the balance of payments, and stabilize exchange rates. Control mechanisms restrict the flow of capital in/out of the country and regulate the purchase/sale of foreign currencies. The document defines foreign exchange control and outlines its key objectives, including protecting domestic industries and planning economic development.
This presentation discusses the balance of payments of India. It begins with defining the balance of payments as a systematic record of all monetary transactions between a country and other countries over a period of time, usually one year. It then discusses India's balance of payments position from 1985-2005, noting it experienced deficits from 1985-1990 but surpluses from 2001-2005. The presentation outlines the main components of a balance of payments statement including the current account, capital account, reserve accounts, and errors and omissions. It discusses the importance of monitoring a country's balance of payments and concludes with causes of imbalances and measures to correct adverse balance of payments situations.
BOP Components: Current Account, Capital Account and Reserve Account; Disequilibrium of BOP; Factors Affecting BOP and Methods of Correcting BOP Disequilibrium
The balance of payments document discusses key aspects of a country's balance of payments (BOP) account including:
- The BOP uses double-entry bookkeeping and has debit and credit sides to record international transactions. It can be balanced, in surplus, or in deficit.
- The BOP provides information to governments about international trade and capital flows so they can implement appropriate policies.
- It is a systematic record of all economic transactions between residents of a country and foreign countries over a period, usually a year. These transactions include exports/imports of goods and services, as well as capital account flows.
The balance of payments is a systematic record of all economic transactions between residents of a country and residents of foreign countries over a period of time. It includes visible items like exports and imports of goods, and invisible items like services. The balance of payments provides a more comprehensive picture than just the balance of trade. It has two main components - the current account, which covers trade in goods and services, and the capital account, which covers financial flows like investments and official transactions between governments. Autonomous items in the balance of payments refer to transactions undertaken for economic motives, while accommodating items balance out the account. Disequilibria can arise due to various economic, political, and social factors.
The balance of payments is a systematic record of all economic transactions between residents of a country and residents of foreign countries over a period of time. It includes visible items like exports and imports of goods, and invisible items like services. The balance of payments provides a more comprehensive picture than just the balance of trade. It has two main components - the current account, which covers trade in goods and services, and the capital account, which covers financial flows like investments and official transactions between governments. Autonomous items in the balance of payments refer to transactions undertaken for economic motives, while accommodating items balance out the account. Disequilibria can arise due to various economic, political, and social factors.
India's balance of payments witnessed improvements in 2009-10 as the global economic recovery was visible. Exports and imports both increased during the third quarter, with the trade deficit lower than the previous year. The current account deficit was marginally higher for April-December 2009 compared to the same period in 2008, due to a fall in invisibles surplus despite a lower trade deficit. Capital flows remained strong, led by FDI, portfolio investments, and trade credits. Foreign exchange reserves increased by $27.1 billion for the year, reaching $279.1 billion in March 2010. The turnaround in exports and continued capital inflows inflows buoyed India's external sector.
Balance of trade (BOT) is the difference between a country's exports and imports of goods, while balance of payments (BOP) is a broader record of all economic transactions between a country and rest of the world. BOP includes BOT, plus exports/imports of services, unilateral transfers like remittances, and capital transactions. While BOT only considers the flow of goods, BOP provides a fuller picture of a country's economic interactions by incorporating additional components beyond just trade in goods.
The Balance of Payments is an accounting record of all monetary transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a specific period, usually a year. It summarizes exports and imports of goods, services, and financial capital. Sources of funds like exports are recorded as credits, while uses of funds like imports are recorded as debits. Overall the Balance of Payments must balance to zero. It includes the current account, which covers transactions like trade, and the capital account, which covers financial flows and investments.
this PPT contains explanation of balance of payments. current account, capital account,official reserve account, equilibrium of bop are explained here in it.autonomous and accommodating items, bop and bot difference.
This document discusses accounting principles for balance of payments (BOP) accounting. It outlines that BOP accounting follows double-entry bookkeeping, with debits equal to credits. Transactions are recorded based on whether they represent payments from or receipts to a country. Exports are credited on the current account and debited on the capital account. Imports are debited on the current account and credited on the capital account. The BOP consists of the current account balance, capital and financial account balance, and official settlements account balance. Valuation and timing of recording transactions can pose challenges to uniform BOP accounting practices.
The balance of payments is a systematic record of all economic transactions between residents of a country and the rest of the world over an accounting year. It includes a current account, capital account, and official reserve account. The current account records exports/imports of goods and services and transfers. The capital account records transactions involving foreign assets/liabilities. Official reserve transactions help balance the overall payments. The balance of trade is the net difference between exports and imports of visible items. Autonomous items relate to profit-maximizing transactions, while accommodating items work to restore the balance of payments identity. A deficit occurs when foreign exchange inflows are less than outflows from autonomous transactions.
The document discusses balance of payments (BOP), which is an accounting statement that records all economic transactions between residents of a country and the rest of the world over a period of time. It includes current account transactions like trade in goods and services, transfers, and income as well as capital account transactions like borrowing/lending and investments. An adverse BOP means a country's imports exceed exports, which is negative for the economy. Causes of an adverse BOP include developmental activities, inflation, demand changes, and social factors. Corrective measures include deflation, monetary policy, trade policy, fiscal policy, currency devaluation, and exchange controls to boost exports and reduce imports.
Trends and challenges of BOP of India,Balance Of Payments Position in India,Balance Of Payments – Introduction
Components Of A BOP Statement
Balance Of Payment in India
Bop Crisis In India
Developments In India’s Bop During April-June 2014
Measures of Correcting Balance of Payment
Finance refers to the management of money and funds for activities. It involves planning, organizing and controlling the procurement and use of financial resources. International finance deals with monetary and economic relations between countries. It refers to managing the financial functions of international businesses. Key aspects of international finance include foreign exchange risk, political risk, market imperfections, and expanded investment opportunities from operating in multiple countries and currencies. The balance of payments accounts for and balances all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a period of time. It is classified into the current, capital and official reserve accounts.
The balance of payments is a statistical statement that shows:
a) Transactions of goods, services, and income between a country and the rest of the world.
b) Changes in ownership of that country's monetary gold, SDRs, and claims and liabilities to other countries.
c) Transfers needed to balance entries that do not offset each other.
The document discusses the balance of payments (BOP) and its relationship to key macroeconomic variables. It defines BOP as a systematic record of economic transactions between residents of a country and foreign countries. The BOP includes current account, capital account, and financial account balances. It interacts with GDP, exchange rates, interest rates, and inflation. A BOP deficit or surplus can impact the exchange rate, and central banks may intervene to address imbalances. Inflation can also negatively affect the BOP by impacting export competitiveness and demand for a country's currency.
This document presents information about balance of payments. It defines balance of payments as a statement that records all monetary transactions between residents of a country and the rest of the world. It has three components - the current account, capital account, and financial account. The current account records trade in goods and services, while the capital and financial accounts record international capital transactions and flows of funds through assets. Maintaining a balanced balance of payments is important for a country's monetary policy and economic stability.
The document discusses key concepts related to a country's balance of trade and balance of payments. It defines balance of trade as the difference between a country's imports and exports, with a deficit occurring when imports are greater than exports. The balance of payments is described as a record of all international transactions between a country and the rest of the world. It has two components - the current account, which covers trade in goods and services, and the capital account, which covers financial flows. Causes of disequilibrium in a country's balance of payments are also outlined, such as changes in national income, inflation, economic development, and borrowing/lending between countries.
The balance of payments (BOP) of a country records all economic transactions between residents of that country and residents of other countries within a given period of time. The BOP has three components: the current account, which covers visible and invisible trade as well as income from investments; the capital account, which covers financial flows; and the reserve account, which covers transactions with the IMF. A country experiences a BOP deficit when total payments exceed total receipts, and a surplus when receipts exceed payments. Disequilibria can be corrected through various monetary and non-monetary policy measures that target exchange rates, exports, imports and capital flows.
The balance of payments (BOP) of a country records all economic transactions between residents of that country and residents of other countries within a given period of time. The BOP has three components: the current account, which covers visible and invisible trade as well as income from investments; the capital account, which covers financial flows; and the reserve account, which covers transactions with international institutions like the IMF. A country aims for a balanced BOP but may experience a surplus or deficit. Deficits can be addressed through various monetary and non-monetary policy measures that target exchange rates, exports, imports and capital flows.
The balance of payments records all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a period of time. It includes visible items like exports and imports of goods, invisible items like services, and capital transfers. The balance of payments has a current account for trade in goods and services and a capital account for financial flows. A deficit or surplus in the balance of payments can be corrected through monetary measures like changing exchange rates or interest rates, or non-monetary measures like promoting exports and controlling imports.
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2. Introduction
• The Balance of Payment (BOP) accounts are
an important aspect of the study of
macroeconomy.
• Macroeconomic phenomena cannot be
confined with a particular economy. Open
economies react sharply to events that are
occurring in ROW sector.
• In order to record the overseas transactions
of a country, the BOP accounts are
maintained and they constitute an important
part of national income accounts.
3. Meaning of Balance of Payments
● The balance of payments of the country is an
accounting statement that provides a
systematic record of all economic transactions
between the residents of a country and the
rest of the world in a given period of time.
● In other words, BOP is the difference
between inflow of foreign exchange and
outflow of foreign exchange on account of
economic transactions.
● It reflects the international economic
position of a country in a given period.
4.
5. 1. Visible items (Flow of Goods) – Visible
items include all types of physical goods
exported and imported. These are visible
in the sense that they can be touched and
seen.
2. Invisible items (Flow of services) –
Invisible items include all types of
services such as shipping, banking,
insurance etc. These are invisible in the
sense that they cannot be touched or
see.
Economic Transactions in BOP
6. 3. Unilateral Transfers – It refers to one
sided receipts or one sided payments. For
example -donations, remittances etc.
4. Capital transfers – Capital transfers are
related to capital receipts, e.g., borrowings or
sale of assets and capital payments, e.g.,
repayments of loans or purchase of assets.
Economic
Transactions in BOP
Visible
Items
Invisible
Items
Unilateral
Transfers
Capital
Transfers
7. Meaning of Balance of Payment
Accounting
• The transactions are recorded in the
balance of payments account in the double
entry book keeping system.
• Each international transaction undertaken
by the country will result in a credit entry
and debit entry of equal amount.
• Debit side is the payment side and credit
side is the receipts side.
8. • Payments received from ROW are called
credits.
• Payments made to ROW are called debits.
• As international transactions are recorded
in double entry accounting, the BOP
accounting must be always balanced, that
is, total amount of debits must be equal to
total amounts of credits.
• The balancing item “errors and omissions”
must be included to ‘balance’ the BOP
account.
• If BOP account is still not balanced then
accommodating transactions are
undertaken to balance the BOP account.
9.
10. Components of Balance of Payments
Components of BOP
Current
A/c
Capital
A/c
Does not affect
assets or
liabilities status.
Affects the
assets or
liabilities status.
Visible
Items
Invisible
Items
Unilateral
Transfers
Official
Transactions
Unofficial
Transactions
FDI
Portfolio
Investment
Change in
Forex
Reserve
11. Meaning and Components of
Current Account
• Current account of BOP records all those
transactions between the residents of a
country and the rest of the world, which do
not cause a change in the assets or liabilities
of the residents of the country or its
government.
• Current account contains the receipts and
payments relating to all the transactions of
visible items, invisible items and unilateral
transfers.
12. (i) Visible Items (Exports and Imports of Goods)
• This category includes all exports and imports
of physical goods.
• All exports of goods are recorded as positive (+)
items as they create inflow of foreign money and
are recorded on the credit side.
• All imports of visible items (goods) are recorded
as negative (-) items as these cause the flow of
foreign exchange out of the country and are
recorded on the debit side.
• The difference between export and import of
goods is termed as balance of visible items,
merchandise trade or simply balance of trade
(BOT).
13.
14. (ii) Invisible Items (Exports and Imports of
Services)
• It includes a large variety of non- factor
services (like shipping, banking, insurance,
interest, dividend, tourism etc.) sold to and
purchased by the residents of a country to and
from rest of the world.
• Exports of services are recorded as positive (+)
items. Receipts are put on the credit side.
• Imports of services are recorded as negative (-)
items. Payments are put on the debit side.
• Balance occurring on account of exports and
imports of services is recorded as balance of
invisible trade.
15.
16. (iii) Unilateral Transfers (Unrequited Receipts
and Payments)
• Unilateral transfers refer to these receipts
and payments which take place without any
services in return these are one side or one
way transactions.
• These include gifts, remittances, indemnities
aid etc. to and from foreign.
• Receipts of unilateral transfers are recorded
as positive (+) items and put on the credit
side.
• Payments of unilateral transfers are recorded
as negative (-) items and put on the debit side.
• Balance of receipts and payments of unilateral
transfers is balance of unilateral transfers.
17.
18. Balance on Current Account
• Receipts from exports of goods, services and
unilateral receipts are recorded as credits (+)
items as they represent inflow of foreign
exchange.
• Payments for imports of goods services and
unilateral payments are entered as debit (-)
items as they represent outflow of foreign
exchange.
• The net value of these credits and debits is
the balance on current account.
19. • Surplus on current account (when credit items
are more than debit items) implies net inflow
of foreign exchange.
• Deficit on current account (when debit items
are more than credit items) implies net outflow
of foreign exchange.
• Surplus or deficit of current account is
adjusted through capital account.
Debit Side (Negative Items) Credit Side (Positive Items)
1. Import of Goods
2. Import of Services
3. Unilateral Payments
* Surplus on Current A/c
(Balancing Figure)
1. Export of Goods
2. Export of Services
3. Unilateral Receipts
* Deficit on Current A/c
(Balancing Figure)
20.
21.
22. Meaning and Components of
Capital Account
• Capital Account of BOP records all those
transactions between the residents of a
country and the rest of the world, which
cause a change (increase or decrease) in the
assets or liability status of the residents of
a country or its government.
• Capital account is related to assets and
liabilities of financial nature.
23. 1. Official Transactions
• These are those transaction which affect
assets and liability status of the government
of a country.
For example, Indian Government borrows money
from IMF, World Bank or from any other
country to finance the deficit in the balance of
payments.
• Receipts of such loans are recorded on the
positive (credit) side.
• Repayments of loans by the governments are
recorded on the negative (debit) side.
24. (ii) Non- Official/ Private Transactions
• These are those transactions which affect
assets and liabilities of non-government
entities or private sector.
For example, private sector of the country
receives short-term and long-term foreign loans.
• Receipts of such loans are recorded on the
positive (credit) side.
• Repayments of loans by the governments are
recorded on the negative (debit) side.
Receipts of Loans – Inflow of Foreign Exchange – Credit Side (+)
Repayments of Loans – Outflow of Foreign Exchange – Debit Side (-)
25. (iii) Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
• It refers to purchase of an asset in rest of
the world which gives full control to the buyer
over the asset.
For example, acquisition of a foreign firm by
ITC limited.
• Purchase of assets abroad is recorded on the
negative (debit) side.
• Sale of assets abroad is recorded on positive
(credit) side of BOP.
Sale of Assets – Inflow of Foreign Exchange – Credit Side (+)
Purchase of Assets – Outflow of Foreign Exchange – Debit Side (-)
26. (iv) Portfolio Investment
• It refers to purchase of assets in abroad
which does not give full control over the
asset.
• For example, purchase of shares or bonds of a
foreign firm by TATA industry.
• Purchase of assets abroad is recorded on the
negative (debit) side.
• Sale of assets abroad is recorded on positive
(credit) side of BOP.
Sale of Assets – Inflow of Foreign Exchange – Credit Side (+)
Purchase of Assets – Outflow of Foreign Exchange – Debit Side (-)
27. (v) Change in foreign exchange reserves
• Foreign exchange reserves are the financial
assets of a country held in the central bank.
• When addition to these reserves is made, it
implies negative item and entered in the debit
side of BOP.
• Any withdrawal from these reserves is
recorded on the positive (credit) side of BOP.
Increase in Forex Reserves – Outflow of Forex– Debit Side (-)
Decrease in Forex Reserves – Inflow of Forex– Credit Side (+)
28. Balance on Capital Account
• The transactions which lead to inflow of
foreign exchange, are recorded on the credit
side (positive items).
• The transactions which lead to outflow of
foreign exchange, are recorded on the debit
side (negative items).
• Surplus on capital account (when credit items
are more than debit items) implies net inflow
of foreign exchange.
• Deficit on capital account (when debit items
are more than credit items) implies net
outflow of foreign exchange.
29. Note: Current account is that part of BOP account which
shows all payments made or received in respect of goods
and services including payments of interest on past
lending and borrowing .Capital account is that part of BOP
account which shows all payments made or received by
the way of setting old debts or creating new debts.
30. Difference between Current Account
and Capital Account
Basis Current Account Capital Account
1. Meaning
2. Compon-
ents
3. Lending
&
Borrowing
4. Concept
It records all such
transactions between the
residents of a country and
the rest of the world, which
do not cause a change in the
assets or liabilities of the
residents of the country or
its government.
Visible items, invisible items
and unilateral transfers.
It includes interest on past
lending and borrowing.
It is a flow concept as it is
measured over a period of
time.
It records all such transactions
between the residents of a
country and rest of the world
which cause a change in the
assets or liability status of the
residents of a country or its
government.
Official transactions, unofficial
transactions, FDI, portfolio
investments, official reserve.
It records all payments made or
received by way of settling old
debts or creating new debts.
It is stock concept as it is
measured at a point of time.
31. Meaning of Autonomous and Accommodating
Items
(A) Autonomous Items in BOP
• These are those international economic
transactions which are done for some economic
motive or economic considerations such as profit
maximization.
• These transactions are independent of the state of
the country's BOP.
• Autonomous transactions take place on both,current
and capital account.
• These items are generally called ‘above the line
items’ in BOP.
• Deficit or Surplus in BOP depends upon the balance
of autonomous items.
32. (B) Accommodating Items in BOP
• These are those transactions which are
undertaken to cover the deficit or surplus in
balance of payments.
• These are conditioned by BOP status of the
country. These are not related to those
transactions which are determined by profit
maximization.
• Accommodating transactions take place on capital
account only.
• These items are also called ‘below the line items’.
• Government financing, official settlements are
used as accommodating items to keep the BOP
identity.
33. • The official settlement approach is based on
the assumption that monetary authority or the
central bank of the country is the ultimate
finances of any deficit in the BOP or the
ultimate recipient of any surplus.
34.
35. Types of Balance of Payments
Equilibrium in
BOP
Disequilibrium
in BOP
Surplus
BOP
Deficit
BOP
36. Types of Balance of Payments
Equilibrium in BOP
• It occurs when the
net balance of all
receipts and
payments is zero.
• In other words,
when the total of
debit side is equal to
total of credit side
in BOP.
Disequilibrium in BOP
• It occurs when the
net balance of all
receipts and payments
is not zero.
• In other words, when
the total of debit side
does not match with
the total of credit
side in BOP.
37. Disequilibrium in BOP
Disequilibrium in BOP is a state of either
surplus (favorable) BOP status or deficit
(unfavorable or adverse) BOP status.
(i) Surplus BOP – When the payments (debit) of
the country are less than its receipts (credit),
the BOP is said to be surplus BOP. In other
words, when inflow of foreign exchange is more
than its outflow, BOP is in surplus.
Credits
Debits
38. (ii) Deficit BOP – When the payments (debit)
of the country are more than its receipts
(credit), the BOP is said to be deficit BOP. In
other words, when outflow of foreign exchange
is more than its inflow, BOP is in deficit.
• A surplus in the BOP generally does not create
much of a problem. However the deficit BOP
often creates difficult problem for the
economy.
Debits
Credits
39. Meaning of Balance of Trade
(BOT)
• Balance of Trade is the difference
between the value of exports and imports
of visible items (goods) only.
BOT = Exports of visible items (goods)-
Imports of visible items (goods)
• Balance of trade is just a part of the BOP
account.
• It is also termed as balance of visible
items of BOP or merchandise trade.
40. (i) Surplus in BOT
• If a country exports more goods than it
imports.
• It has a favorable or surplus in the BOT.
(Exports > Imports)
41. (ii) Deficit in BOT
• If a country imports more goods than it
exports.
• It has an unfavorable or deficit in the
BOT. (Imports > Exports)
42. Basis Balance of Trade Balance of Payments
1. Meaning
2. Items
3. Capital
Transaction
4. Scope
5. Nature
of Record
Balance of trade is the
difference between the
money value of exports and
imports of goods or Balance
of visible items of BOP.
Visible items.
Does not record transactions
of capital nature.
Narrow concept as it is a part
of current account of BOP.
It is an incomplete record of
economic transactions with
ROW.
The Balance of payments of the
country is a systematic record
of all transaction between the
residents of the country and
the rest of the world in a given
period of time.
Visible, invisible items,
unilateral and capital receipts.
Records transactions of capital
nature.
Broad concept as it includes
BOT.
It is a complete record of
economic transactions with
ROW.
43. Balance of Payment Always
Balances
• The BOP always balances in the accounting
sense according to the principle of
accounting.
• BOP accounts are prepared on the basis of
double entry system of book- keeping under
which receipts (credit side) are always equal
to payments (debit side).
• As a result accounts are always in balance.
• The Balance of current account need not be
equal but can show surplus or deficit.
44. • Deficit or surplus in current account is
balanced by an equal amount of surplus or
deficit in capital account.
• If there is a deficit in current account of a
country, it is offset by a matching surplus in
the capital account by borrowings from abroad
or with drawing out of its gold and foreign
exchange reserves.
• On the other hand, if there is a surplus in
current account, it is offset by a matching
deficit in the capital account.
• So, surplus or deficit of current account is
accommodated by capital account. Therefore
BOP is always in equilibrium or balance.
45. An Extra Mile
I. Causes for Disequilibrium in the BOP
(Deficit BOP)
(i) Developmental Activities
(ii) High rate of inflation
(iii) Trade Cycles
(iv) Change in Cost Structure of Trading
Partners
(v) Development of Import Substitutes
(vi) Political Instability
(vii) Policies of the Government
46. II. Measures to Correct Disequilibrium
in BOP
(i) Export Promotion
(ii) Depreciation of Domestic Currency
(iii) Import Control
(iv) Exchange Control
(v) Devaluation of Domestic currency
(vi) Reducing Inflation
47.
48. Presented by –
Ritvik Tolumbia
CS, CWA, M.Com (ABST), M.A (Eco), B.Ed
Author & Faculty of Commerce