The balance of payments (BOP) of a country records all economic transactions between residents of that country and residents of other countries within a given period of time. The BOP has three components: the current account, which covers visible and invisible trade as well as income from investments; the capital account, which covers financial flows; and the reserve account, which covers transactions with the IMF. A country experiences a BOP deficit when total payments exceed total receipts, and a surplus when receipts exceed payments. Disequilibria can be corrected through various monetary and non-monetary policy measures that target exchange rates, exports, imports and capital flows.
The balance of payments records all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a period of time. It includes visible items like exports and imports of goods, as well as invisible items like services. If receipts are greater than payments, the balance of payments is in surplus, while a deficit occurs when payments exceed receipts. Maintaining a balanced balance of payments is important for a country's economic stability. Various policy tools like exchange rate adjustments, import restrictions, export subsidies, and monetary and fiscal policies can be used to correct disequilibriums.
India's balance of payments often shows a deficit as the country requires imports of machinery, technology, and capital goods to fuel industrialization. In recent years, India's current account deficit has narrowed due to a contraction in imports outpacing the decline in exports. While FDI inflows have increased, portfolio investment has declined. Remittances from Indians overseas have also marginally decreased. Overall, India's foreign exchange reserves have seen a small accretion on balance of payments basis. Common reasons for India's poor export performance include high prices, quality issues, lack of marketing skills, inadequate promotion, and poor infrastructure.
India's balance of payments often shows a deficit as the country requires imports of machinery, technology, and capital goods to fuel industrialization. In recent years, India's current account deficit has narrowed due to a contraction in imports outpacing the decline in exports. While FDI inflows have increased, portfolio investment has declined. Remittances from Indians overseas have also marginally decreased. Overall, India's foreign exchange reserves have seen a small accretion on balance of payments basis. Common reasons for India's poor export performance include high prices, quality issues, lack of marketing skills, inadequate promotion, and poor infrastructure.
The balance of payments records all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a period of time. It includes visible items like exports and imports of goods, as well as invisible items like services. It also includes capital transfers. The balance of payments aims to systematically record all these international transactions and ensure receipts and payments are balanced. A country may experience a surplus or deficit in its balance of payments depending on whether receipts from transactions exceed payments or vice versa. Disequilibria can be corrected through various monetary and non-monetary measures that target exchange rates, exports, imports and capital flows.
The document discusses the balance of payments (BOP) of a country. It defines BOP as a systematic record of all economic transactions between residents of a country and the rest of the world over a given period of time. The BOP has two components - the current account, which records trade in goods and services as well as income and transfers, and the capital account, which covers financial transactions such as investments. A disequilibrium in the BOP can result in a surplus or deficit. The government can employ various monetary and non-monetary measures to correct a BOP disequilibrium, such as depreciating the currency, increasing exports, reducing imports, and implementing fiscal policies.
The document discusses the Balance of Payments (BOP) of a country. It defines BOP as a systematic record of all economic transactions between residents of a country and the rest of the world over a given time period. BOP has three key components - the current account, capital account, and reserve account. The current account records exports/imports of goods and services. A surplus in the current account means exports exceed imports, while a deficit means the opposite. The capital account records international investment flows. Disequilibriums in BOP can be addressed through monetary, fiscal and trade policies that aim to boost exports and curb imports.
The document discusses the Balance of Payments (BOP) of a country. It defines BOP as a systematic record of all economic transactions between residents of a country and the rest of the world over a given time period. BOP has three key components - the current account, capital account, and reserve account. The current account covers visible and invisible trade, while the capital account covers financial flows. A country experiences a BOP surplus if receipts exceed payments, and a deficit if payments exceed receipts. The document outlines various factors that can cause BOP disequilibria and measures to correct imbalances, such as monetary policy tools, export promotion, and import controls.
The document discusses the balance of payments of a country. It defines balance of payments as a systematic record of all economic transactions between residents of a country and the rest of the world over a period of time. It includes visible transactions like imports and exports as well as invisible transactions like services. The balance of payments has two components - the current account, which covers trade in goods and services as well as income and transfers, and the capital account, which covers investment flows. A disequilibrium in the balance of payments can be corrected through various monetary and non-monetary measures that aim to reduce deficits and boost surpluses.
The balance of payments records all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a period of time. It includes visible items like exports and imports of goods, as well as invisible items like services. If receipts are greater than payments, the balance of payments is in surplus, while a deficit occurs when payments exceed receipts. Maintaining a balanced balance of payments is important for a country's economic stability. Various policy tools like exchange rate adjustments, import restrictions, export subsidies, and monetary and fiscal policies can be used to correct disequilibriums.
India's balance of payments often shows a deficit as the country requires imports of machinery, technology, and capital goods to fuel industrialization. In recent years, India's current account deficit has narrowed due to a contraction in imports outpacing the decline in exports. While FDI inflows have increased, portfolio investment has declined. Remittances from Indians overseas have also marginally decreased. Overall, India's foreign exchange reserves have seen a small accretion on balance of payments basis. Common reasons for India's poor export performance include high prices, quality issues, lack of marketing skills, inadequate promotion, and poor infrastructure.
India's balance of payments often shows a deficit as the country requires imports of machinery, technology, and capital goods to fuel industrialization. In recent years, India's current account deficit has narrowed due to a contraction in imports outpacing the decline in exports. While FDI inflows have increased, portfolio investment has declined. Remittances from Indians overseas have also marginally decreased. Overall, India's foreign exchange reserves have seen a small accretion on balance of payments basis. Common reasons for India's poor export performance include high prices, quality issues, lack of marketing skills, inadequate promotion, and poor infrastructure.
The balance of payments records all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a period of time. It includes visible items like exports and imports of goods, as well as invisible items like services. It also includes capital transfers. The balance of payments aims to systematically record all these international transactions and ensure receipts and payments are balanced. A country may experience a surplus or deficit in its balance of payments depending on whether receipts from transactions exceed payments or vice versa. Disequilibria can be corrected through various monetary and non-monetary measures that target exchange rates, exports, imports and capital flows.
The document discusses the balance of payments (BOP) of a country. It defines BOP as a systematic record of all economic transactions between residents of a country and the rest of the world over a given period of time. The BOP has two components - the current account, which records trade in goods and services as well as income and transfers, and the capital account, which covers financial transactions such as investments. A disequilibrium in the BOP can result in a surplus or deficit. The government can employ various monetary and non-monetary measures to correct a BOP disequilibrium, such as depreciating the currency, increasing exports, reducing imports, and implementing fiscal policies.
The document discusses the Balance of Payments (BOP) of a country. It defines BOP as a systematic record of all economic transactions between residents of a country and the rest of the world over a given time period. BOP has three key components - the current account, capital account, and reserve account. The current account records exports/imports of goods and services. A surplus in the current account means exports exceed imports, while a deficit means the opposite. The capital account records international investment flows. Disequilibriums in BOP can be addressed through monetary, fiscal and trade policies that aim to boost exports and curb imports.
The document discusses the Balance of Payments (BOP) of a country. It defines BOP as a systematic record of all economic transactions between residents of a country and the rest of the world over a given time period. BOP has three key components - the current account, capital account, and reserve account. The current account covers visible and invisible trade, while the capital account covers financial flows. A country experiences a BOP surplus if receipts exceed payments, and a deficit if payments exceed receipts. The document outlines various factors that can cause BOP disequilibria and measures to correct imbalances, such as monetary policy tools, export promotion, and import controls.
The document discusses the balance of payments of a country. It defines balance of payments as a systematic record of all economic transactions between residents of a country and the rest of the world over a period of time. It includes visible transactions like imports and exports as well as invisible transactions like services. The balance of payments has two components - the current account, which covers trade in goods and services as well as income and transfers, and the capital account, which covers investment flows. A disequilibrium in the balance of payments can be corrected through various monetary and non-monetary measures that aim to reduce deficits and boost surpluses.
The document summarizes India's balance of payments (BOP) over several years. It finds that:
1. India's trade balance has consistently been in deficit as imports have exceeded exports. Imports of petroleum products in particular have increased steadily.
2. The current account, which includes both visible and invisible items, recorded deficits from 1990-2001 but surpluses in 2003-2004 and 2005-2006. Invisibles like services and remittances have helped cover trade deficits.
3. Capital account has remained positive due to large inflows of foreign direct investment, foreign institutional investment, and deposits from non-resident Indians. Foreign exchange reserves have fluctuated depending on current and capital accounts.
The document discusses the balance of payments (BOP) of a country. It defines BOP as a systematic record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world. The BOP has three components - the current account, capital account, and official settlements account. The current account covers exports and imports of goods and services. The capital account covers financial flows. Disequilibriums in the BOP can be corrected through automatic measures like changes in exchange rates or deliberate measures like trade policy changes and monetary policy tools.
This document provides an overview of a country's balance of payments. It defines the balance of payments as a systematic record of all economic transactions between residents of a country and foreign countries over a period of time, usually annually. It notes that the balance of payments has two sides, credits and debits, with receipts recorded on the credit side and payments on the debit side. It also distinguishes between different types of transactions that affect the current account and capital account and discusses using balance of payments data to analyze a country's economic strength and identify needed policy measures.
Balance of payment is a systematic record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a period of time, presented in a double-entry bookkeeping format. It includes credits for exports, services provided to foreign countries, and financial inflows; and debits for imports, services received from other countries, and financial outflows. A country has a balance of payments surplus if its credits exceed debits and a deficit if debits exceed credits. Countries use both monetary policies like adjusting exchange rates and non-monetary policies like promoting exports or restricting imports to address balance of payments deficits.
The document discusses balance of payments (BOP), which is an accounting statement that records all economic transactions between residents of a country and the rest of the world over a period of time. It includes current account transactions like trade in goods and services, transfers, and income as well as capital account transactions like borrowing/lending and investments. An adverse BOP means a country's imports exceed exports, which is negative for the economy. Causes of an adverse BOP include developmental activities, inflation, demand changes, and social factors. Corrective measures include deflation, monetary policy, trade policy, fiscal policy, currency devaluation, and exchange controls to boost exports and reduce imports.
This presentation discusses the balance of payments of India. It begins with defining the balance of payments as a systematic record of all monetary transactions between a country and other countries over a period of time, usually one year. It then discusses India's balance of payments position from 1985-2005, noting it experienced deficits from 1985-1990 but surpluses from 2001-2005. The presentation outlines the main components of a balance of payments statement including the current account, capital account, reserve accounts, and errors and omissions. It discusses the importance of monitoring a country's balance of payments and concludes with causes of imbalances and measures to correct adverse balance of payments situations.
The document discusses the balance of payments (BOP) of a country. It defines BOP as a systematic record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a given period of time. The key components of BOP are the current account, capital account, and overall BOP including errors and omissions. Imbalances in BOP can be corrected through monetary measures like deflation, exchange depreciation, and devaluation, as well as non-monetary measures like export promotion, quotas, and tariffs. The balance of trade, which is the difference between a country's exports and imports, is the largest component of a country's BOP.
The document discusses the balance of payments (BOP) of a country. It defines BOP as a systematic record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a given period of time. The BOP has three main components - the current account balance, capital account balance, and the overall BOP balance including errors and omissions. It describes various causes of disequilibrium in a country's BOP and measures that can be taken to correct deficits, including monetary policy tools like devaluation or exchange rate adjustment, and non-monetary measures like export promotion or import quotas/tariffs.
This document provides an overview of balance of payments (BOP) accounting. It defines BOP as a systematic record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world. It notes that BOP has three main components: the current account balance, capital account balance, and the overall BOP. The current account tracks goods/services exports and imports, while the capital account tracks financial flows. The document also discusses factors that can cause BOP disequilibriums and monetary/non-monetary policy tools to correct imbalances, such as devaluation, export promotion, and tariffs.
The document provides an overview of balance of payments (BOP) accounting. It discusses:
- BOP accounts record all monetary transactions between a country and the rest of the world, including exports/imports of goods, services, and financial flows.
- A country's BOP has three components - the current account balance, capital account balance, and overall BOP balance. The current account tracks trade in goods and services, while the capital account covers financial flows.
- A country can experience surpluses or deficits in its different BOP accounts. Disequilibriums can be corrected through monetary measures like exchange rate adjustments or devaluation, and non-monetary measures like export promotion or import
1. The document discusses key aspects of India's balance of payments (BOP) including current account, capital account, and overall BOP.
2. It provides data on India's BOP for July-September 2017 and April-September 2017-18 which shows a widening of the trade deficit and current account deficit over the same periods last year.
3. Factors like a moderate increase in FDI inflows and higher net services earnings helped partly offset the higher trade deficit.
The balance of payments records international transactions between a country and the rest of the world. It has three main components - the current account, capital account, and financial account. The current account covers trade in goods and services as well as transfer payments. A deficit occurs when payments are greater than receipts, while a surplus is when receipts are greater. Disequilibria can be caused by economic, political, and social factors. Countries use automatic and deliberate measures to correct imbalances, with deliberate measures including monetary, trade, and other policies.
The document defines and outlines the key components and structure of a country's balance of payments (BOP). It discusses that the BOP records all monetary transactions between a country and the rest of the world. It is divided into credit and debit items, with credits representing money flowing into the country and debits representing money flowing out. The main components of the BOP are the current account, capital account, and financial account. The current account covers trade in goods and services as well as income flows. A sustained current account deficit can create economic problems for a country if not addressed.
This document discusses India's balance of payments. It begins by defining the balance of payments as a systematic record of all economic transactions between residents of a country and the rest of the world. It then explains the importance of the balance of payments for understanding currency demand and supply, exchange rates, and monetary policy shifts. The document outlines the key components of a balance of payments statement, including the current account, capital account, and errors and omissions. It also discusses accounting treatments for balance of payments surpluses and deficits and the effects of disequilibriums on the economy. In less than 3 sentences.
The document provides information about a country's Balance of Payments (BOP), including:
- BOP is a systematic record of all economic transactions between residents of a country and the rest of the world over a period of time.
- The key components of BOP are the current account (covering trade in goods and services), capital account (covering movement of capital), and official reserves account.
- Disequilibriums in BOP can be caused by economic, political, and social factors and governments use various monetary, trade, and other measures to correct BOP deficits.
This document provides information about balance of payments (BOP) including:
- BOP is a systematic record of all economic transactions between a country and rest of world, including exports/imports of goods and services, as well as capital and financial flows.
- It has two main components - the current account which covers trade in goods and services, and the capital account which covers financial flows. It also includes unilateral transfers.
- A country aims to maintain a balanced BOP through various monetary and non-monetary policy measures that can influence exchange rates, imports/exports, and capital flows.
India's balance of payments witnessed improvements in 2009-10 as the global economic recovery was visible. Exports and imports both increased during the third quarter, with the trade deficit lower than the previous year. The current account deficit was marginally higher for April-December 2009 compared to the same period in 2008, due to a fall in invisibles surplus despite a lower trade deficit. Capital flows remained strong, led by FDI, portfolio investments, and trade credits. Foreign exchange reserves increased by $27.1 billion for the year, reaching $279.1 billion in March 2010. The turnaround in exports and continued capital inflows inflows buoyed India's external sector.
The document discusses India's balance of payments (BoP). It defines BoP as a systematic record of all economic transactions between residents of a country and foreign countries over a period. India's BoP includes a current account for trade in goods/services and transfers, and a capital account for financial flows. In the early 1990s, India faced a BoP crisis due to rising oil prices and falling equity prices. To address this, India introduced economic reforms like decontrolling the rupee and liberalizing foreign investment and trade. These reforms expanded India's foreign trade and improved its BoP position over time.
BOP Components: Current Account, Capital Account and Reserve Account; Disequilibrium of BOP; Factors Affecting BOP and Methods of Correcting BOP Disequilibrium
The document summarizes India's balance of payments (BOP) over several years. It finds that:
1. India's trade balance has consistently been in deficit as imports have exceeded exports. Imports of petroleum products in particular have increased steadily.
2. The current account, which includes both visible and invisible items, recorded deficits from 1990-2001 but surpluses in 2003-2004 and 2005-2006. Invisibles like services and remittances have helped cover trade deficits.
3. Capital account has remained positive due to large inflows of foreign direct investment, foreign institutional investment, and deposits from non-resident Indians. Foreign exchange reserves have fluctuated depending on current and capital accounts.
The document discusses the balance of payments (BOP) of a country. It defines BOP as a systematic record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world. The BOP has three components - the current account, capital account, and official settlements account. The current account covers exports and imports of goods and services. The capital account covers financial flows. Disequilibriums in the BOP can be corrected through automatic measures like changes in exchange rates or deliberate measures like trade policy changes and monetary policy tools.
This document provides an overview of a country's balance of payments. It defines the balance of payments as a systematic record of all economic transactions between residents of a country and foreign countries over a period of time, usually annually. It notes that the balance of payments has two sides, credits and debits, with receipts recorded on the credit side and payments on the debit side. It also distinguishes between different types of transactions that affect the current account and capital account and discusses using balance of payments data to analyze a country's economic strength and identify needed policy measures.
Balance of payment is a systematic record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a period of time, presented in a double-entry bookkeeping format. It includes credits for exports, services provided to foreign countries, and financial inflows; and debits for imports, services received from other countries, and financial outflows. A country has a balance of payments surplus if its credits exceed debits and a deficit if debits exceed credits. Countries use both monetary policies like adjusting exchange rates and non-monetary policies like promoting exports or restricting imports to address balance of payments deficits.
The document discusses balance of payments (BOP), which is an accounting statement that records all economic transactions between residents of a country and the rest of the world over a period of time. It includes current account transactions like trade in goods and services, transfers, and income as well as capital account transactions like borrowing/lending and investments. An adverse BOP means a country's imports exceed exports, which is negative for the economy. Causes of an adverse BOP include developmental activities, inflation, demand changes, and social factors. Corrective measures include deflation, monetary policy, trade policy, fiscal policy, currency devaluation, and exchange controls to boost exports and reduce imports.
This presentation discusses the balance of payments of India. It begins with defining the balance of payments as a systematic record of all monetary transactions between a country and other countries over a period of time, usually one year. It then discusses India's balance of payments position from 1985-2005, noting it experienced deficits from 1985-1990 but surpluses from 2001-2005. The presentation outlines the main components of a balance of payments statement including the current account, capital account, reserve accounts, and errors and omissions. It discusses the importance of monitoring a country's balance of payments and concludes with causes of imbalances and measures to correct adverse balance of payments situations.
The document discusses the balance of payments (BOP) of a country. It defines BOP as a systematic record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a given period of time. The key components of BOP are the current account, capital account, and overall BOP including errors and omissions. Imbalances in BOP can be corrected through monetary measures like deflation, exchange depreciation, and devaluation, as well as non-monetary measures like export promotion, quotas, and tariffs. The balance of trade, which is the difference between a country's exports and imports, is the largest component of a country's BOP.
The document discusses the balance of payments (BOP) of a country. It defines BOP as a systematic record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a given period of time. The BOP has three main components - the current account balance, capital account balance, and the overall BOP balance including errors and omissions. It describes various causes of disequilibrium in a country's BOP and measures that can be taken to correct deficits, including monetary policy tools like devaluation or exchange rate adjustment, and non-monetary measures like export promotion or import quotas/tariffs.
This document provides an overview of balance of payments (BOP) accounting. It defines BOP as a systematic record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world. It notes that BOP has three main components: the current account balance, capital account balance, and the overall BOP. The current account tracks goods/services exports and imports, while the capital account tracks financial flows. The document also discusses factors that can cause BOP disequilibriums and monetary/non-monetary policy tools to correct imbalances, such as devaluation, export promotion, and tariffs.
The document provides an overview of balance of payments (BOP) accounting. It discusses:
- BOP accounts record all monetary transactions between a country and the rest of the world, including exports/imports of goods, services, and financial flows.
- A country's BOP has three components - the current account balance, capital account balance, and overall BOP balance. The current account tracks trade in goods and services, while the capital account covers financial flows.
- A country can experience surpluses or deficits in its different BOP accounts. Disequilibriums can be corrected through monetary measures like exchange rate adjustments or devaluation, and non-monetary measures like export promotion or import
1. The document discusses key aspects of India's balance of payments (BOP) including current account, capital account, and overall BOP.
2. It provides data on India's BOP for July-September 2017 and April-September 2017-18 which shows a widening of the trade deficit and current account deficit over the same periods last year.
3. Factors like a moderate increase in FDI inflows and higher net services earnings helped partly offset the higher trade deficit.
The balance of payments records international transactions between a country and the rest of the world. It has three main components - the current account, capital account, and financial account. The current account covers trade in goods and services as well as transfer payments. A deficit occurs when payments are greater than receipts, while a surplus is when receipts are greater. Disequilibria can be caused by economic, political, and social factors. Countries use automatic and deliberate measures to correct imbalances, with deliberate measures including monetary, trade, and other policies.
The document defines and outlines the key components and structure of a country's balance of payments (BOP). It discusses that the BOP records all monetary transactions between a country and the rest of the world. It is divided into credit and debit items, with credits representing money flowing into the country and debits representing money flowing out. The main components of the BOP are the current account, capital account, and financial account. The current account covers trade in goods and services as well as income flows. A sustained current account deficit can create economic problems for a country if not addressed.
This document discusses India's balance of payments. It begins by defining the balance of payments as a systematic record of all economic transactions between residents of a country and the rest of the world. It then explains the importance of the balance of payments for understanding currency demand and supply, exchange rates, and monetary policy shifts. The document outlines the key components of a balance of payments statement, including the current account, capital account, and errors and omissions. It also discusses accounting treatments for balance of payments surpluses and deficits and the effects of disequilibriums on the economy. In less than 3 sentences.
The document provides information about a country's Balance of Payments (BOP), including:
- BOP is a systematic record of all economic transactions between residents of a country and the rest of the world over a period of time.
- The key components of BOP are the current account (covering trade in goods and services), capital account (covering movement of capital), and official reserves account.
- Disequilibriums in BOP can be caused by economic, political, and social factors and governments use various monetary, trade, and other measures to correct BOP deficits.
This document provides information about balance of payments (BOP) including:
- BOP is a systematic record of all economic transactions between a country and rest of world, including exports/imports of goods and services, as well as capital and financial flows.
- It has two main components - the current account which covers trade in goods and services, and the capital account which covers financial flows. It also includes unilateral transfers.
- A country aims to maintain a balanced BOP through various monetary and non-monetary policy measures that can influence exchange rates, imports/exports, and capital flows.
India's balance of payments witnessed improvements in 2009-10 as the global economic recovery was visible. Exports and imports both increased during the third quarter, with the trade deficit lower than the previous year. The current account deficit was marginally higher for April-December 2009 compared to the same period in 2008, due to a fall in invisibles surplus despite a lower trade deficit. Capital flows remained strong, led by FDI, portfolio investments, and trade credits. Foreign exchange reserves increased by $27.1 billion for the year, reaching $279.1 billion in March 2010. The turnaround in exports and continued capital inflows inflows buoyed India's external sector.
The document discusses India's balance of payments (BoP). It defines BoP as a systematic record of all economic transactions between residents of a country and foreign countries over a period. India's BoP includes a current account for trade in goods/services and transfers, and a capital account for financial flows. In the early 1990s, India faced a BoP crisis due to rising oil prices and falling equity prices. To address this, India introduced economic reforms like decontrolling the rupee and liberalizing foreign investment and trade. These reforms expanded India's foreign trade and improved its BoP position over time.
BOP Components: Current Account, Capital Account and Reserve Account; Disequilibrium of BOP; Factors Affecting BOP and Methods of Correcting BOP Disequilibrium
Biography and career of Gerry Falletta.pdfGerry Falletta
Gerry Falletta, hailing from Hamilton, Ontario, is notably the son of Italian immigrants in a locale revered for its strong Italian presence. As the first in his lineage to attain a university education and a law degree, he represents a beacon of achievement and pride for his family.
UZZAL MAZUMDER, IT Consultant/Head of IT, Frannan International Ltd. (UK), Fu...UzzalMazumder1
Having achieved excellent academic results, I worked in information technology-related positions for more than 15 (Fifteen) years in the government, INGO, autonomous, and development organizations. I have sound knowledge about MS O365, MS Outlook, MS Sharepoint, MS Onedrive, CCTV, access control system, NAS drive management, Windows server 2016, audio and video conferencing device, computer hardware, software development, core computer networking, My SQL, power Bi, cloud computing, domain and hosting, web development etc. I constantly attempt to maintain a cheerful outlook to prove how much I appreciate my work. I always have a smile on my face when I arrive at work. I approach each scenario with original solutions rather than relying on tried-and-true techniques to solve problems. I approach each issue from a different angle. I am a person of many talents and languages. I am able to manage ten tasks at once, I never get weary, and I will take on any challenge. I am a creative thinker who is prepared to take on the world.
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Counter Terrorism Department Jobs 2024 | CTD Jobs in Punjab PoliceMerrie rp
Counter Terrorism Department Jobs in Punjab Police are announced through Punjab Public Service Commission. The details of Jobs in Punjab Police Counter Terrorism Department is given below:
Carporal (BS-11)
TOTAL POSTS:467
AGE:
Male:
18 to 25
Female:
18 to 25 years
Age & Sex of the Transgender will be based on the contents of their CNIC
GENDER:
Male, Female
DOMICILE:
All Punjab Basis
PLACE OF POSTING:
Anywhere in Punjab
SYLLABUS FOR WRITTEN EXAMINATION/ TEST (IF HELD)
One Paper MCQs Type Written Test of 100 marks
(90 minutes duration) comprising following
subjects:
a) General Knowledge, Pakistan Studies, Current Affairs, Geography. Questions related to Counter Terrorism Department and its functions, NACTA, FATF, Terrorism, National Action Plan and Basics of Anti-Terrorism Laws in Pakistan.
b) English language comprehension including Synonyms, Antonyms, Sentence Correction/ Completion, One word substitution and idioms.
c) Usage of Basic Softwares like M.S Office, Electronic Record Keeping, Internet, E-mail etc.
2. A country has to deal with other countries in
respect of the following
1. Visible items which include all types of physical
goods exported and imported.
2. Invisible items which include all those services whose
export and import are not visible. e.g. transport
services, medical services etc.
3. Capital transfers which are concerned with capital
receipts and capital payment.
3. BALANCE OF PAYMENT
• Balance of Payments According to Kindle Berger, "The balance of
payments of a country is a systematic record of all economic
transactions between the residents of the reporting country and
residents of foreign countries during a given period of time".
• It is a double entry system of record of all economic transactions
between the residents of the country and the rest of the world
carried out in a specific period of time when we say “a country’s
balance of payments” we are referring to the transactions of its
citizens and government.
4. BALANCE OF PAYMENT : DEFINITION
• The balance of payments of a country is a systematic record of all
economic transactions between the residents of a country and the
rest of the world.
• It presents a classified record of all receipts on account of goods
exported, services rendered and capital received by residents and
payments made by them on account of goods imported and services
received from the capital transferred to non-residents or foreigners. -
Reserve Bank of India
5. FEATURES OF BOP
• It is a systematic record of all economic transactions between one
country and the rest of the world.
• It includes all transactions, visible as well as invisible.
• It relates to a period of time. Generally, it is an annual statement.
• It adopts a double-entry book-keeping system. It has two sides: credit
side and debit side. Receipts are recorded on the credit side and
payments on the debit side.
6. BALANCE OF TRADE
• The difference between a country's imports and its exports.
• Balance of trade is the largest component of a country's balance of
payments.
• Debit items include imports, foreign aid, domestic spending abroad
and domestic investments abroad.
• Credit items include exports, foreign spending in the domestic
economy and foreign investments in the domestic economy.
• When exports are greater than imports than the BOT is favourable
and if imports are greater than exports then it is unfavourable
7. BALANCE OF TRADE V/S BALANCE OF PAYMENT
•The Balance of Payment takes into account all
the transaction with the rest of the worlds
•The Balance of Trade takes into account all the
trade transaction with the rest of the worlds
8. BALANCE OF TRADE V/S BALANCE OF PAYMENT
BOP BOT
1 It is a broad term. It is a narrow term.
2
It includes all transactions related to visible, invisible and
capital transfers.
It includes only visible items.
3
It is always balances itself. It can be favourable or unfavourable.
4BOP = Current Account + Capital Account + or - Balancing
item (Errors and omissions)
BOT = Net Earning on Export - Net payment for imports.
5Following are main factors which affect BOP a)Conditions
of foreign lenders. b)Economic policy of Govt. c) all the
factors of BOT
Following are main factors which affect BOT a) cost of
production b) availability of raw materials c) Exchange
rate d) Prices of goods manufactured at home
9. IMPORTANCE OF BALANCE OF PAYMENTS
1. BOP records all the transactions that create demand for and supply
of a currency.
2. Judge economic and financial status of a country in the short-term
3. BOP may confirm trend in economy’s international trade and
exchange rate of the currency. This may also indicate change or reversal
in the trend.
4. This may indicate policy shift of the monetary authority (RBI) of the
country. 5. BOP may confirm trend in economy’s international trade
and exchange rate of the currency. This may also indicate change or
reversal in the trend.
10. THE GENERAL RULE IN BOP ACCOUNTING
a. If a transaction earns foreign currency for the nation, it is a credit
and is recorded as a plus item.
b. If a transaction involves spending of foreign currency it is a debit and
is recorded as a negative item.
11. THE VARIOUS COMPONENTS OF A BOP
STATEMENT
1. Current Account
2. Capital Account
3. Reserve Account
4. Errors & Omissions
12. CURRENT ACCOUNT BALANCE
• BOP on current account is a statement of actual receipts and
payments in short period.
• It includes the value of export and imports of both visible and
invisible goods. There can be either surplus or deficit in current
account.
• The current account includes:- export & import of services, interests,
profits, dividends and unilateral receipts/payments from/to abroad.
• BOP on current account refers to the inclusion of three balances of
namely – Merchandise balance, Services balance and Unilateral
Transfer balance
13. TYPES OF BALANCES
• Trade Balance Merchandise: exports - imports of goods
• Services: exports - imports of services Income Balance Net investment
income: net income receipts from assets Net international
compensation to employees: net compensation of Employees Net
Unilateral Transfers Gifts from foreign countries minus gifts to foreign
countries
14. CAPITAL ACCOUNT BALANCE
• The capital account records all international transactions that involve
a resident of the country concerned changing either his assets with or
his liabilities to a resident of another country. Transactions in the
capital account reflect a change in a stock – either assets or liabilities.
• It is difference between the receipts and payments on account of
capital account. It refers to all financial transactions.
• The capital account involves inflows and outflows relating to
investments, short term borrowings/lending, and medium term to
long term borrowing/lending.
15. CAPITAL ACCOUNT BALANCE
• There can be surplus or deficit in capital account.
• It includes: - private foreign loan flow, movement in banking capital,
official capital transactions, reserves, gold movement etc.
• These are classifies into two categories- 1. Direct foreign investments
2. Portfolio investments & Other capital
16. THE RESERVE ACCOUNT
• Three accounts: IMF, SDR, & Reserve and Monetary Gold are
collectively called as The Reserve Account.
• The IMF account contains purchases (credits) and repurchase (debits)
from International Monetary Fund.
• Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) are a reserve asset created by IMF and
allocated from time to time to member countries. It can be used to
settle international payments between monetary authorities of two
different countries.
17. ERRORS & OMISSIONS
• The entries under this head relate mainly to leads and lags in
reporting of transactions
• It is of a balancing entry and is needed to offset the overstated or
understated components.
18. DISEQUILIBRIUM IN THE BALANCE OF
PAYMENTS
• A disequilibrium in the balance of payment means its condition of
Surplus Or deficit.
• A Surplus in the BOP occurs when Total Receipts exceeds Total
Payments. Thus, BOP= CREDIT>DEBIT.
• A Deficit in the BOP occurs when Total Payments exceeds Total
Receipts. Thus, BOP= CREDIT<DEBIT.
19. CAUSES OF DISEQUILIBRIUM IN THE BOP
• Cyclical fluctuations
• Short fall in the exports
• Economic Development
• Rapid increase in population
• Structural Changes
• Natural Calamites
• International Capital Movements
20. MEASURES TO CORRECT DISEQUILIBRIUM IN
THE BOP
1. Monetary Measures :
a) Monetary Policy The monetary policy is concerned with money
supply and credit in the economy. The Central Bank may expand or
contract the money supply in the economy through appropriate
measures which will affect the prices.
b) Fiscal Policy Fiscal policy is government's policy on income and
expenditure. Government incurs development and non -
development expenditure,. It gets income through taxation and non
- tax sources. Depending upon the situation governments
expenditure may be increased or decreased.
21. MEASURES TO CORRECT DISEQUILIBRIUM IN
THE BOP
c) Exchange Rate Depreciation By reducing the value of the domestic
currency, government can correct the disequilibrium in the BOP in the
economy. Exchange rate depreciation reduces the value of home
currency in relation to foreign currency. As a result, import becomes
costlier and export become cheaper. It also leads to inflationary trends
in the country
d) Devaluation devaluation is lowering the exchange value of the
official currency. When a country devalues its currency, exports
becomes cheaper and imports become expensive which causes a
reduction in the BOP deficit.
22. MEASURES TO CORRECT DISEQUILIBRIUM IN
THE BOP
e) Deflation Deflation is the reduction in the quantity of money to
reduce prices and incomes. In the domestic market, when the currency
is deflated, there is a decrease in the income of the people. This puts
curb on consumption and government can increase exports and earn
more foreign exchange.
f) Exchange Control All exporters are directed by the monetary
authority to surrender their foreign exchange earnings, and the total
available foreign exchange is rationed among the licensed importers.
The license-holder can import any good but amount if fixed by
monetary authority.
23. MEASURES TO CORRECT DISEQUILIBRIUM IN
THE BOP
2. Non- Monetary measures :
a) Export Promotion To control export promotions the country may
adopt measures to stimulate exports like: export duties may be
reduced to boost exports ;cash assistance, subsidies can be given to
exporters to increase exports ;goods meant for exports can be
exempted from all types of taxes.
b) Import Substitutes Steps may be taken to encourage the
production of import substitutes. This will save foreign exchange in
the short run by replacing the use of imports by these import
substitutes.
24. MEASURES TO CORRECT DISEQUILIBRIUM IN
THE BOP
c) Import Control Import may be kept in check through the adoption of a
wide variety of measures like quotas and tariffs. Under the quota system, the
government fixes the maximum quantity of goods and services that can be
imported during a particular time period.
1. Quotas – Under the quota system, the government may fix and permit the
maximum quantity or value of a commodity to be imported during a given
period. By restricting imports through the quota system, the deficit is
reduced and the balance of payments position is improved.
2. Tariffs – Tariffs are duties (taxes) imposed on imports. When tariffs are
imposed, the prices of imports would increase to the extent of tariff. The
increased prices will reduced the demand for imported goods and at the
same time induce domestic producers to produce more of import substitutes