This document provides an overview of smart management of electric power grids. It discusses how smart grids use two-way communication between utilities and users to create an automated and distributed energy network. Key components of smart grids include smart meters that monitor energy usage in intervals and can remotely control appliances, information transfer networks to share data, and distributed generation from sources like solar panels. The document outlines benefits like improved reliability, efficiency, and ability to incorporate renewable energy through advanced monitoring and control enabled by smart grid technologies.
DISTRIBUTED GENERATION ENVIRONMENT WITH SMART GRIDNIT MEGHALAYA
This document discusses distributed generation and the smart grid environment. It provides an introduction to the need for changes in energy generation, delivery, and use to establish sustainability and restore environmental balance. The document then discusses different forms of renewable energy sources and distributed generation. It describes some of the challenges of distributed generation and how a smart grid can help solve these issues. Finally, it discusses components of the smart grid like advanced metering infrastructure and phasor measurement units, and the benefits of integrating distributed generation with the smart grid.
These slides present the possibility of cloud computing application to smart grid. Later other technologies like IOT and bigdata applications will be discussed.
The presented lectures are related to the Distribution generation and smart grid. Further,suggestions are highly welcomed for the modifications of the lecture.
This document provides an overview of active power analysis for smart grids using MATLAB. It discusses key concepts like active power flow, smart grid attributes, and power quality issues. It also describes tools in MATLAB like Simscape Power Systems that can be used to model and simulate electrical power systems. Different types of power quality conditioners are explained, including DSTATCOMs, active power filters, and UPQC devices that can address issues like voltage regulation, harmonics compensation, and power factor correction in smart grids. In conclusion, the document discusses performing active power load analysis on a smart grid model in MATLAB to analyze stability and synchronous active power flow under varying load conditions.
GRID INTERCONNECTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES AT DISTRIBUTION LEVEL WITH P...Pradeep Avanigadda
Renewable energy resources (RES) are being increasingly connected in distribution systems utilizing power electronic converters. This project presents a novel control strategy for achieving maximum benefits from these grid-interfacing inverters when installed in 3-phase 4-wire distribution systems. The inverter is controlled to perform as a multi-function device by incorporating active power filter functionality. The inverter can thus be utilized as: 1) power converter to inject power generated from RES to the grid, and 2) shunt APF to compensate current unbalance, load current harmonics, load reactive power demand and load neutral current. All of these functions may be accomplished either individually or simultaneously. With such a control, the combination of grid-interfacing inverter and the 3-phase 4-wire linear/non-linear unbalanced load at point of common coupling appears as balanced linear load to the grid. This new control concept is demonstrated with extensive MATLAB/ Simulink simulation studies and validated through digital signal processor-based laboratory experimental results.
This document discusses distributed generation (DG), also known as on-site power generation located near the load. DG provides benefits to end-users, distribution utilities, and power producers. It examines various DG technologies like reciprocating engines, combustion turbines, fuel cells, and renewables. The document also covers interface options with the utility grid, power quality issues, operating conflicts, and the role of DG in smart grids and rural electrification as supported by India's government policies.
Integration of smart grid with renewable energySAGAR D
This document discusses the integration of smart grid technology with renewable energy sources for energy demand management. It provides motivation for this integration by highlighting issues with India's traditional electric grid like pollution from non-renewable plants that causes health hazards. The solution proposed is a smart grid that reduces pollution and enables demand management through technologies like microgrids. It then summarizes a case study in Puducherry, India where a smart grid pilot project was implemented combining distributed renewable generation, smart homes, and smart meters to automatically manage energy demand during peak hours.
These slides are all about Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs). An introduction to PMU is presented as a preliminary knowledge for the course 'Distribution Generation and Smart Grid'. Your valuable suggestions are welcome.
DISTRIBUTED GENERATION ENVIRONMENT WITH SMART GRIDNIT MEGHALAYA
This document discusses distributed generation and the smart grid environment. It provides an introduction to the need for changes in energy generation, delivery, and use to establish sustainability and restore environmental balance. The document then discusses different forms of renewable energy sources and distributed generation. It describes some of the challenges of distributed generation and how a smart grid can help solve these issues. Finally, it discusses components of the smart grid like advanced metering infrastructure and phasor measurement units, and the benefits of integrating distributed generation with the smart grid.
These slides present the possibility of cloud computing application to smart grid. Later other technologies like IOT and bigdata applications will be discussed.
The presented lectures are related to the Distribution generation and smart grid. Further,suggestions are highly welcomed for the modifications of the lecture.
This document provides an overview of active power analysis for smart grids using MATLAB. It discusses key concepts like active power flow, smart grid attributes, and power quality issues. It also describes tools in MATLAB like Simscape Power Systems that can be used to model and simulate electrical power systems. Different types of power quality conditioners are explained, including DSTATCOMs, active power filters, and UPQC devices that can address issues like voltage regulation, harmonics compensation, and power factor correction in smart grids. In conclusion, the document discusses performing active power load analysis on a smart grid model in MATLAB to analyze stability and synchronous active power flow under varying load conditions.
GRID INTERCONNECTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES AT DISTRIBUTION LEVEL WITH P...Pradeep Avanigadda
Renewable energy resources (RES) are being increasingly connected in distribution systems utilizing power electronic converters. This project presents a novel control strategy for achieving maximum benefits from these grid-interfacing inverters when installed in 3-phase 4-wire distribution systems. The inverter is controlled to perform as a multi-function device by incorporating active power filter functionality. The inverter can thus be utilized as: 1) power converter to inject power generated from RES to the grid, and 2) shunt APF to compensate current unbalance, load current harmonics, load reactive power demand and load neutral current. All of these functions may be accomplished either individually or simultaneously. With such a control, the combination of grid-interfacing inverter and the 3-phase 4-wire linear/non-linear unbalanced load at point of common coupling appears as balanced linear load to the grid. This new control concept is demonstrated with extensive MATLAB/ Simulink simulation studies and validated through digital signal processor-based laboratory experimental results.
This document discusses distributed generation (DG), also known as on-site power generation located near the load. DG provides benefits to end-users, distribution utilities, and power producers. It examines various DG technologies like reciprocating engines, combustion turbines, fuel cells, and renewables. The document also covers interface options with the utility grid, power quality issues, operating conflicts, and the role of DG in smart grids and rural electrification as supported by India's government policies.
Integration of smart grid with renewable energySAGAR D
This document discusses the integration of smart grid technology with renewable energy sources for energy demand management. It provides motivation for this integration by highlighting issues with India's traditional electric grid like pollution from non-renewable plants that causes health hazards. The solution proposed is a smart grid that reduces pollution and enables demand management through technologies like microgrids. It then summarizes a case study in Puducherry, India where a smart grid pilot project was implemented combining distributed renewable generation, smart homes, and smart meters to automatically manage energy demand during peak hours.
These slides are all about Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs). An introduction to PMU is presented as a preliminary knowledge for the course 'Distribution Generation and Smart Grid'. Your valuable suggestions are welcome.
Renewable Integration & Energy Strage Smart Grid Pilot ProjectPartha Deb
The document discusses a roadmap for integrating renewable energy through large-scale energy storage in Puducherry's smart grid pilot project. It provides background on India's renewable energy targets and challenges of integrating intermittent renewables. The objectives are to develop a techno-commercial model to guide decisions on energy storage and set up India's first 5MW grid-integrated energy storage pilot project. Different energy storage technologies are compared and international case studies presented, including a wind/solar plus storage project in China. The document models how energy storage could improve a renewable energy plant's capacity utilization factor and revenue by storing excess power for sale during peak periods.
This document discusses monitoring in smart power grids using phasor measurement units (PMUs). It describes how PMUs provide real-time measurements that allow monitoring of key phenomena like islanding detection, line thermal monitoring, power system stability, and out-of-step stability. Monitoring is important for power assurance, visibility, efficiency and planning. PMU data supports applications like real-time monitoring, protection, and control and allows detection of oscillations and instability that could lead to blackouts. The conclusion emphasizes that modern monitoring delivers confidence in power system performance and ability to predict and prevent problems.
Renewable Energy Sources are being used in Off-Grid mode. By integrating all these sources to a common point energy efficiency can be improved and frequent dynamic faults can be avoided. This approach needs to implement smart grid and technologies.
This document discusses the smart grid, which is an enhanced power grid that uses two-way flows of electricity and information. It explores three major smart grid systems: 1) the smart infrastructure system, which supports two-way energy and information flows through smart energy, information, and communication subsystems; 2) the smart management system, which provides advanced management and control through objectives like efficiency and reliability; 3) the smart protection system, which improves reliability through failure protection and addresses security and privacy issues. Specifically, it discusses how distributed generation and microgrids allow two-way electricity flows in the smart energy subsystem.
SSD2014 Invited keynote: Research challenges in Microgrid technolgiesJuan C. Vasquez
microgrid could be defined as a part of the grid with elements like distributed energy sources, power electronics converters, energy storage devices and controllable local loads that could operate autonomously islanded but also interacting with the main power network in a controlled, coordinated way. Following the introduction of distributed control of these elements, cooperative control and hierarchical control schemes for coordination of the power electronics converters in order to control the power flow and to enhance the power quality will be elaborated. The focus will be on the analysis, modelling, and control design of power electronics based microgrids as well as power electronics control and communications. Further, the interconnection of microgrid clusters will be emphasized as an important step towards utilization of the Smartgrid concept.
This document discusses issues related to connecting renewable energy sources to the electric grid. It notes that renewable resources like wind and solar are intermittent and lack flexibility, posing challenges to balancing supply and demand. Various technical issues are explored, such as voltage fluctuations, frequency variation, power quality issues like harmonics. Solutions discussed include using inverters with voltage regulation modes, frequency ride-through systems, and distributing generation sources across three phases. The document advocates for grid-tied renewable systems and the development of new technologies to better integrate intermittent renewables at high penetration levels.
The document provides an introduction to smart grids. It discusses how smart grids enable two-way communication between utilities and customers as well as integration of renewable energy sources. Key components of smart grids include smart meters, phasor measurement units, distributed generation, and information transfers. Smart grids provide benefits like improved efficiency, reliability, and support for renewable energy while also posing challenges around security and complex rate systems. India has several smart grid pilot projects underway to modernize its electrical infrastructure.
Class-20: These slides present the related standards and specifications for the smart grid. Details about each standards can be accessed from the reference book specified.
SMART GRID DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA - by Mr. S.R. Sethi, Senior Advisor UPES UPES Dehradun
This document provides an overview of power generation and distribution in India. It discusses the various modes of power generation including thermal (~65%), hydro (~22%), and renewable (~10%) sources. Power is transmitted through central and state transmission utilities and distributed to end users through distribution agencies. The key end user segments are industries (38%), domestic (22%), agriculture (22%), and commercial (8%). The document also discusses India's goals for renewable energy capacity addition and integration through its 12th and 13th five year plans.
The document describes a syllabus for a course on smart grid technologies. It covers four modules: introduction to smart grids; information and communication technologies for smart grids; sensing, measurement, control and automation; and power electronics and energy storage. It provides details on the topics that will be covered in each module, such as smart metering and demand-side integration. The goal is for students to gain a clear understanding of smart grid technologies to enable research in the area.
Smart Grid The Role of Electricity Infrastructure in Reducing Greenhouse Gas ...Gruene-it.org
This white paper discusses how implementing a smart grid using information and communications technology can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the electricity sector in three ways: 1) By reducing growth in electricity demand through tools like smart meters and demand response programs. 2) By accelerating adoption of renewable electricity sources like microgeneration and electric vehicles. 3) By delaying construction of new power plants and transmission lines by prolonging the life of existing infrastructure. The paper outlines the key applications of a smart grid and their potential environmental and economic impacts.
Control technique for single phase inverter photovoltaic system connected to ...jbpatel7290
In photovoltaic system connected to the grid, the main goal is to control the power that the inverter injects into the grid
from the energy provided by the photovoltaic generator. The power quality injected into the grid and the performance of the
converter system depend on the quality of the inverter current control. In this paper, a control technique for a photovoltaic
system connected to the grid based on digital pulse-width modulation (DSPWM) which can synchronize a sinusoidal output
current with a grid voltage and control the power factor is proposed. This control is based on the single phase inverter controlled
by bipolar PWM Switching and lineal current control. The electrical scheme of the system is presented. The approach is widely
explained. Simulations results of output voltage and current validate the impact of this method to determinate the appropriate
control of the system. A digital design of the control based on generator PWM using VHDL is proposed and implemented on
Field-Programmable Gate Array “FPGA”.
This presentation discusses networked control and power management in AC/DC hybrid microgrids. The objectives are hassle-free microgrid operation under various grid conditions and evaluating microgrid stability. The system block diagram shows multiple local loads, a remote load, and DC/DC converters interfacing the loads. Communication topology and converter parameters are presented. Several cases are analyzed: 1) a converter failure which removes its communication, 2) a communication link failure separating one converter, 3) an adaptive droop control handling communication failures between converters, and 4) the impact of communication latencies.
The document describes a real-time analysis and simulation of a multi-string grid-connected photovoltaic inverter using an FPGA. It proposes a system structure with multiple PV arrays connected to a 3-level central inverter. It discusses control algorithms including maximum power point tracking and voltage/current control loops. The system is implemented on an FPGA using Xilinx System Generator. Hardware co-simulation results validate the real-time performance of the proposed system.
Smart grids integrate traditional and renewable energy sources to create an efficient, reliable, and sustainable electricity system. They use two-way communication between utilities and consumers to manage energy production and consumption. This allows for more efficient transmission of power, better integration of distributed energy resources, and demand response programs. Real-time monitoring throughout the network improves reliability, power quality, and integration of electric vehicles. However, fully implementing smart grid capabilities requires upgrading infrastructure like meters, distribution automation, and communication networks.
Grid Interconnection of Renewable Energy Sources at the Distribution Level Wi...Pradeep Avanigadda
Renewable energy resources (RES) are being increasingly
connected in distribution systems utilizing power electronic
converters. This paper presents a novel control strategy for
achieving maximum benefits from these grid-interfacing inverters
when installed in 3-phase 4-wire distribution systems. The inverter
is controlled to perform as a multi-function device by incorporating
active power filter functionality. The inverter can thus be
utilized as: 1) power converter to inject power generated from
RES to the grid, and 2) shunt APF to compensate current unbalance,
load current harmonics, load reactive power demand and
load neutral current. All of these functions may be accomplished
either individually or simultaneously. With such a control, the
combination of grid-interfacing inverter and the 3-phase 4-wire
linear/non-linear unbalanced load at point of common coupling
appears as balanced linear load to the grid. This new control
concept is demonstrated with extensive MATLAB/Simulink simulation
studies and validated through digital signal processor-based
laboratory experimental results.
Index Terms—Active power filter
Smart Grid presentation for educators, scholars and public. Case studies were done for smart meters, AT&C loss, Desertec, CEE, other smart grid initiatives like ABB. General lectures can be deliver like climate change mitigation, environment, climatechange, economy etc.
1. The document discusses smart grid technology, which involves upgrading electrical infrastructure to allow for two-way communication across power grids. This will enable more efficient distribution of power from diverse energy sources like wind and solar.
2. Key components of smart grids include advanced metering infrastructure for two-way utility communication, distribution management systems to model the power network, and geographic information systems to manage critical infrastructure data.
3. While smart grids promise benefits like increased reliability and efficiency, challenges include potential privacy and security issues if communication networks are hacked and ability to control individual buildings' power supply is gained. Increased intelligence is also needed to control the middle portions of grids as more distributed energy sources are added.
This document provides an overview of smart grids, including their components, advantages, and limitations. A smart grid uses two-way digital communication technology to detect and automatically respond to local changes in usage. It aims to reduce costs and carbon emissions by integrating renewable energy sources. Key components include smart meters for sensing usage, core networks for connectivity between substations, and distribution networks for transmitting data to databases. Advantages are reduced carbon, automated control, and increased efficiency. Limitations include inadequate existing infrastructure and intermittent renewable sources.
The report gives the complete in view of smart grid technology. This document is about the smart grids and its infrastructure. It describes the smart grid’s vision and the framework. It also briefs about the smart grids initiatives and platforms. It presents the current standards and how well are they implemented in the real system.
Renewable Integration & Energy Strage Smart Grid Pilot ProjectPartha Deb
The document discusses a roadmap for integrating renewable energy through large-scale energy storage in Puducherry's smart grid pilot project. It provides background on India's renewable energy targets and challenges of integrating intermittent renewables. The objectives are to develop a techno-commercial model to guide decisions on energy storage and set up India's first 5MW grid-integrated energy storage pilot project. Different energy storage technologies are compared and international case studies presented, including a wind/solar plus storage project in China. The document models how energy storage could improve a renewable energy plant's capacity utilization factor and revenue by storing excess power for sale during peak periods.
This document discusses monitoring in smart power grids using phasor measurement units (PMUs). It describes how PMUs provide real-time measurements that allow monitoring of key phenomena like islanding detection, line thermal monitoring, power system stability, and out-of-step stability. Monitoring is important for power assurance, visibility, efficiency and planning. PMU data supports applications like real-time monitoring, protection, and control and allows detection of oscillations and instability that could lead to blackouts. The conclusion emphasizes that modern monitoring delivers confidence in power system performance and ability to predict and prevent problems.
Renewable Energy Sources are being used in Off-Grid mode. By integrating all these sources to a common point energy efficiency can be improved and frequent dynamic faults can be avoided. This approach needs to implement smart grid and technologies.
This document discusses the smart grid, which is an enhanced power grid that uses two-way flows of electricity and information. It explores three major smart grid systems: 1) the smart infrastructure system, which supports two-way energy and information flows through smart energy, information, and communication subsystems; 2) the smart management system, which provides advanced management and control through objectives like efficiency and reliability; 3) the smart protection system, which improves reliability through failure protection and addresses security and privacy issues. Specifically, it discusses how distributed generation and microgrids allow two-way electricity flows in the smart energy subsystem.
SSD2014 Invited keynote: Research challenges in Microgrid technolgiesJuan C. Vasquez
microgrid could be defined as a part of the grid with elements like distributed energy sources, power electronics converters, energy storage devices and controllable local loads that could operate autonomously islanded but also interacting with the main power network in a controlled, coordinated way. Following the introduction of distributed control of these elements, cooperative control and hierarchical control schemes for coordination of the power electronics converters in order to control the power flow and to enhance the power quality will be elaborated. The focus will be on the analysis, modelling, and control design of power electronics based microgrids as well as power electronics control and communications. Further, the interconnection of microgrid clusters will be emphasized as an important step towards utilization of the Smartgrid concept.
This document discusses issues related to connecting renewable energy sources to the electric grid. It notes that renewable resources like wind and solar are intermittent and lack flexibility, posing challenges to balancing supply and demand. Various technical issues are explored, such as voltage fluctuations, frequency variation, power quality issues like harmonics. Solutions discussed include using inverters with voltage regulation modes, frequency ride-through systems, and distributing generation sources across three phases. The document advocates for grid-tied renewable systems and the development of new technologies to better integrate intermittent renewables at high penetration levels.
The document provides an introduction to smart grids. It discusses how smart grids enable two-way communication between utilities and customers as well as integration of renewable energy sources. Key components of smart grids include smart meters, phasor measurement units, distributed generation, and information transfers. Smart grids provide benefits like improved efficiency, reliability, and support for renewable energy while also posing challenges around security and complex rate systems. India has several smart grid pilot projects underway to modernize its electrical infrastructure.
Class-20: These slides present the related standards and specifications for the smart grid. Details about each standards can be accessed from the reference book specified.
SMART GRID DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA - by Mr. S.R. Sethi, Senior Advisor UPES UPES Dehradun
This document provides an overview of power generation and distribution in India. It discusses the various modes of power generation including thermal (~65%), hydro (~22%), and renewable (~10%) sources. Power is transmitted through central and state transmission utilities and distributed to end users through distribution agencies. The key end user segments are industries (38%), domestic (22%), agriculture (22%), and commercial (8%). The document also discusses India's goals for renewable energy capacity addition and integration through its 12th and 13th five year plans.
The document describes a syllabus for a course on smart grid technologies. It covers four modules: introduction to smart grids; information and communication technologies for smart grids; sensing, measurement, control and automation; and power electronics and energy storage. It provides details on the topics that will be covered in each module, such as smart metering and demand-side integration. The goal is for students to gain a clear understanding of smart grid technologies to enable research in the area.
Smart Grid The Role of Electricity Infrastructure in Reducing Greenhouse Gas ...Gruene-it.org
This white paper discusses how implementing a smart grid using information and communications technology can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the electricity sector in three ways: 1) By reducing growth in electricity demand through tools like smart meters and demand response programs. 2) By accelerating adoption of renewable electricity sources like microgeneration and electric vehicles. 3) By delaying construction of new power plants and transmission lines by prolonging the life of existing infrastructure. The paper outlines the key applications of a smart grid and their potential environmental and economic impacts.
Control technique for single phase inverter photovoltaic system connected to ...jbpatel7290
In photovoltaic system connected to the grid, the main goal is to control the power that the inverter injects into the grid
from the energy provided by the photovoltaic generator. The power quality injected into the grid and the performance of the
converter system depend on the quality of the inverter current control. In this paper, a control technique for a photovoltaic
system connected to the grid based on digital pulse-width modulation (DSPWM) which can synchronize a sinusoidal output
current with a grid voltage and control the power factor is proposed. This control is based on the single phase inverter controlled
by bipolar PWM Switching and lineal current control. The electrical scheme of the system is presented. The approach is widely
explained. Simulations results of output voltage and current validate the impact of this method to determinate the appropriate
control of the system. A digital design of the control based on generator PWM using VHDL is proposed and implemented on
Field-Programmable Gate Array “FPGA”.
This presentation discusses networked control and power management in AC/DC hybrid microgrids. The objectives are hassle-free microgrid operation under various grid conditions and evaluating microgrid stability. The system block diagram shows multiple local loads, a remote load, and DC/DC converters interfacing the loads. Communication topology and converter parameters are presented. Several cases are analyzed: 1) a converter failure which removes its communication, 2) a communication link failure separating one converter, 3) an adaptive droop control handling communication failures between converters, and 4) the impact of communication latencies.
The document describes a real-time analysis and simulation of a multi-string grid-connected photovoltaic inverter using an FPGA. It proposes a system structure with multiple PV arrays connected to a 3-level central inverter. It discusses control algorithms including maximum power point tracking and voltage/current control loops. The system is implemented on an FPGA using Xilinx System Generator. Hardware co-simulation results validate the real-time performance of the proposed system.
Smart grids integrate traditional and renewable energy sources to create an efficient, reliable, and sustainable electricity system. They use two-way communication between utilities and consumers to manage energy production and consumption. This allows for more efficient transmission of power, better integration of distributed energy resources, and demand response programs. Real-time monitoring throughout the network improves reliability, power quality, and integration of electric vehicles. However, fully implementing smart grid capabilities requires upgrading infrastructure like meters, distribution automation, and communication networks.
Grid Interconnection of Renewable Energy Sources at the Distribution Level Wi...Pradeep Avanigadda
Renewable energy resources (RES) are being increasingly
connected in distribution systems utilizing power electronic
converters. This paper presents a novel control strategy for
achieving maximum benefits from these grid-interfacing inverters
when installed in 3-phase 4-wire distribution systems. The inverter
is controlled to perform as a multi-function device by incorporating
active power filter functionality. The inverter can thus be
utilized as: 1) power converter to inject power generated from
RES to the grid, and 2) shunt APF to compensate current unbalance,
load current harmonics, load reactive power demand and
load neutral current. All of these functions may be accomplished
either individually or simultaneously. With such a control, the
combination of grid-interfacing inverter and the 3-phase 4-wire
linear/non-linear unbalanced load at point of common coupling
appears as balanced linear load to the grid. This new control
concept is demonstrated with extensive MATLAB/Simulink simulation
studies and validated through digital signal processor-based
laboratory experimental results.
Index Terms—Active power filter
Smart Grid presentation for educators, scholars and public. Case studies were done for smart meters, AT&C loss, Desertec, CEE, other smart grid initiatives like ABB. General lectures can be deliver like climate change mitigation, environment, climatechange, economy etc.
1. The document discusses smart grid technology, which involves upgrading electrical infrastructure to allow for two-way communication across power grids. This will enable more efficient distribution of power from diverse energy sources like wind and solar.
2. Key components of smart grids include advanced metering infrastructure for two-way utility communication, distribution management systems to model the power network, and geographic information systems to manage critical infrastructure data.
3. While smart grids promise benefits like increased reliability and efficiency, challenges include potential privacy and security issues if communication networks are hacked and ability to control individual buildings' power supply is gained. Increased intelligence is also needed to control the middle portions of grids as more distributed energy sources are added.
This document provides an overview of smart grids, including their components, advantages, and limitations. A smart grid uses two-way digital communication technology to detect and automatically respond to local changes in usage. It aims to reduce costs and carbon emissions by integrating renewable energy sources. Key components include smart meters for sensing usage, core networks for connectivity between substations, and distribution networks for transmitting data to databases. Advantages are reduced carbon, automated control, and increased efficiency. Limitations include inadequate existing infrastructure and intermittent renewable sources.
The report gives the complete in view of smart grid technology. This document is about the smart grids and its infrastructure. It describes the smart grid’s vision and the framework. It also briefs about the smart grids initiatives and platforms. It presents the current standards and how well are they implemented in the real system.
This document discusses managing smart grid power systems using Zigbee technology. It begins with an introduction to smart grids and their benefits like more efficient and flexible power system operation using new communication technologies. It then discusses the need for smart grids due to increasing energy demands and inefficiencies in conventional grids. The document outlines the benefits of smart grids like improved efficiency, reliability, and support for renewable energy integration. It describes how Zigbee can be used as a wireless technology for smart grid communication. It provides a block diagram of a smart grid system and discusses challenges like costs and security issues. In conclusion, it states that smart grids can provide electricity more efficiently through better allocation of power.
Smart Grid Components Control Elements & Smart Grid TechnologySurajPrakash115
1. The document discusses the key components of a smart grid, including monitoring and control technology, transmission systems, smart devices interfaces, distribution systems, storage, and demand side management.
2. It describes each component in detail, explaining their functions and how they improve reliability, integration of renewable resources, and two-way power flow.
3. The technologies that will drive smart grids are identified as integrated communications, sensing and measurement, advanced components, and advanced control methods.
The document discusses the components and advantages of smart grids. It explains that smart grids use digital technology to monitor, control and analyze the electricity supply chain. This allows for more reliable delivery of power from various distributed sources like solar and wind. Key smart grid technologies include intelligent appliances, smart meters, super conducting cables, phasor measurement units, and smart substations. The smart grid provides benefits like better power management, supply/demand management, and remote meter reading. However, security and grid volatility are disadvantages if the network is not developed properly. Overall, smart grids have revolutionized the energy system through increased reliability, efficiency and consumer access.
Report on smart metering& control of transmission systemDurgarao Gundu
This document provides an overview of smart metering and smart grid infrastructure. It discusses key components of a smart metering infrastructure including smart meters, communication systems, meter data management systems, and home area networks. Smart meters can record and store energy usage data at intervals, communicate bidirectionally, and support time-of-use pricing and demand response. Communication systems enable transmission of data from smart meters to utilities. Meter data management systems collect, store, analyze and utilize energy usage data. Home area networks allow customers to access their energy usage data and receive signals from utilities. The document also compares automatic meter reading and smart metering infrastructure and examines smart meter communication technologies suitable for the Indian context.
Smart grid will become the next-generation electrical power system to provide reliable, efficient, secure, and cost-effective energy generation, distribution, and consumption. To achieve these goals, communications infrastructure and wireless networking will play an important role in supporting data transfer and information exchange in smart grid. There has been a desire for a long time to increase the efficiency of the way in which power is generated and delivered to customers. The technology currently in use by the grid is outdated and in many cases unreliable. There have been three major blackouts in the past ten years. The old technology leads to n systems, costing unnecessary money to the utilities, consumers, and taxpayers.
To upgrade the grid, and to operate an improved grid, will require significant dependence on distributed intelligence and communication capabilities. To address the challenges of the existing power grid, the new concept of smart grid has emerged. The smart grid can be considered as a modern electric power grid infrastructure for enhanced efficiency and reliability through automated control, high-power converters, modern communications infrastructure, sensing and metering technologies, and modern energy management techniques based on the optimization of demand, energy and network availability ,and so on. For the system, we explore various failure protection mechanisms which improve the reliability of the Smart Grid, and explore the security and privacy issues in the Smart Grid. .
MODERN SMART GRIDS AND LEVERAGING SMART METER DATA.pptxJasmeet939104
The document discusses leveraging smart meter data to recognize appliances. It proposes a scheme to analyze recorded consumption information from smart meters to provide an appliance-specific breakdown of energy use. It describes simulating smart meter data for resistive, inductive and capacitive loads. Changes in power characteristics when appliances are switched on/off could be detected and compared to signature databases to identify individual appliances. However, challenges include smaller appliances being masked by larger household activity and continuously variable appliances being difficult to detect.
People are talking about the smart grid to television commercials on this topic, we have a plethora of activities around the world where engineers, policy makers, entrepreneurs, and businesses have shown a keen interest in various aspects of this technology. There are smart-grid-related funding opportunities, projects, seminars, conferences, and training programs going on in Europe, the United States, Japan, India and China to name a few. With all this hope and expectation about the smart grid, the question needs to be asked— what it will take to make it real. For the smart grid to be practical and beneficial to society, the following are some of the expectation from the civic society.
Advancement in Smart grid by Embedding a Last meter in a Internet of Things P...IRJET Journal
This document discusses embedding a smart meter into an Internet of Things platform to advance smart grids. It proposes an architecture that integrates smart grid applications with smart home applications. The architecture allows different wireless protocols to communicate between meters, users and the system. It also provides secure data access and simplifies interaction for non-technical users. Key benefits include integrating smart grids and smart homes on a single infrastructure, gathering data from various sensors securely, and providing a common interface for applications.
This document provides an overview of smart grids and their goals and challenges. It discusses how smart grids use digital technologies to monitor electricity transport from generation to users. The goals of smart grids include self-healing, demand response, resilience, power quality, and optimization. Key challenges are integrating variable renewable generation, consumer engagement, distribution automation, and transmission automation. It also outlines how technologies like phasor measurement units and GPS help with issues like wide-area protection and control.
this slide shows what is smart grid ,its comparison between the electromechanical grids . smart meters and devises for the smart grid . benefit of smart grid . and a conclution
since our electrical system consists of many interconnections .in order to have a proper transmission we need grid if we incorporate some sensors it results in smart grid .today grid system consists of all interconnection tapping points
The document provides an overview of smart grids and the technological advancements that convert normal power grids into smart grids. Some key points:
1. Traditional power grids are inefficient and not well-suited for renewable energy sources, but smart grids use information technology to actively monitor and respond to changes in power demand, supply, costs, and emissions across the entire electrical system.
2. Smart grids are achieved by designing green building energy systems that use locally generated electricity from renewable sources and implement a smart energy management network.
3. Key components of green building energy systems include thermal power networks, DC electric power networks linking different renewable energy sources, AC electric power networks to power existing equipment, and a smart energy management network
(a).What is smart grid technology?
(b).Role and necessity of smart grid technology
(c).Benefits and application of grid
(d).Various challenge of grid
(e).Best possible location
The definition of the "Smart Grid" is something that is taking shape. Utility professionals concur on some aspects and ideas of what the smart grid should be, but there are still grey areas that, however, promise to become clearer soon.
Advantages and recent advances of smart energy gridjournalBEEI
Smart grid is widely recognized technology used to improve the stability and losses of the electric power system. It is encouraging reliability, efficiency, and effective control of the supply of electrical energy. However, it is a hot topic for recent publications and still has a limited understanding among researchers. This review work is to provide insight and support to the beginner researchers since this topic needs a multidisciplinary background knowledge. The conventional electric transmission system and distribution networks struggle to provide resilient performance and reliable service and real-time data. Also, smart grid id a promising network maneuver to stabilize the system once any disturbances break out by using the distributed renewable energy generators, while the conventional networks lack for flexibility to integrate with renewable energy generators or microgrids. This comprehensive work is conducted to map previous controbution in a coherent manar, including the specifications, features, and fundamentals that are presented to benefit the interested readers interested in smart grid development.
The document discusses smart grids and their components. Some key points:
- A smart grid uses information and communications technologies to improve the efficiency, reliability, economics and sustainability of electricity production and distribution.
- It consists of applying digital processing and communications to the power grid, making data flow and information central.
- Smart grids allow for two-way communication between electricity producers and consumers, enabling functions like remote meter reading, demand response and outage detection.
- Advanced metering infrastructure, demand response, distributed generation and energy storage are some of the major smart grid applications and market segments.
- Widespread smart grid deployment faces challenges of high upfront costs, integrating new technologies with existing grid systems, and
The document discusses the transformation from a traditional power grid to a smarter power grid, known as a smart grid. A smart grid uses two-way communication and digital technology to improve efficiency. It enables better integration of renewable energy sources and allows consumers to interact more with the grid. Key components of a smart grid include smart meters, phasor measurement units, distributed generation resources, and energy storage from electric vehicles. The benefits of a smart grid are improved efficiency, reliability, and use of renewable energy, while drawbacks include potential security and privacy issues from increased connectivity.
This document summarizes several FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems) devices that can be installed in power systems to better control power flows. It discusses both shunt and series FACTS controllers, including the Static VAR Compensator (SVC), Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC), Thyristor Controlled Phase Angle Regulator (TCPAR), Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC), Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC), Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) and others. It provides an overview of how these devices work and their benefits, such as increasing transmission capacity, improving stability, and allowing for more optimal
This document presents a simulation study of a hysteresis current controlled series active power filter to improve power quality by compensating for harmonics and reactive power from a non-linear load. The series active filter uses a simple method to calculate the reference compensation voltage based on p-q theory. Simulation results show the active filter maintains total harmonic distortion well within IEEE standards, effectively mitigating harmonic distortion, compensating reactive power, and improving the power factor.
This document describes a simulation study of a PI-controlled three-phase shunt active power filter using hysteresis current control. Shunt active power filters can compensate for harmonics and reactive power required by non-linear loads. The filter employs fast Fourier transform to calculate the reference compensation current. Hysteresis current control is used to inject the compensation current into the line. Simulation results show the filter is able to mitigate harmonic distortion, reactive power compensation, and improve power factor, while maintaining total harmonic distortion within IEEE standards.
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This document summarizes research on approaches to managing congestion in deregulated electricity markets. It reviews various congestion management methods that have been proposed, including nodal pricing, price area congestion management, available transfer capability based approaches, using thyristor controlled phase shifting transformers, and flexible AC transmission systems devices. It also discusses optimization techniques that have been applied to congestion management problems, such as genetic algorithms and particle swarm optimization. The document provides examples of research on applying these different congestion management methods and optimization techniques to address transmission network congestion issues in deregulated power systems.
The document summarizes research on using a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) to mitigate voltage flickers caused by wind speed variations in a wind farm. It describes a simulation of a 60MW wind farm connected to the grid through a transformer and transmission line. Simulation results show that without a STATCOM, wind speed variations from 5-13 m/s cause the voltage to vary from 91-103% of the base value. The addition of a 30MVar STATCOM controlled using PI control significantly reduces the voltage variations to 0.99-1.005 pu, improving power quality. The STATCOM supplies or absorbs reactive power according to the voltage level to regulate it.
The document describes the use of active power filters to improve power quality by compensating for harmonics and reactive power required by nonlinear loads. It discusses shunt active power filters, which compensate for harmonic currents, and series active power filters, which compensate for voltage harmonics. The key points are:
1) Shunt active power filters inject harmonic currents to cancel out load current harmonics and maintain the DC link voltage. Series active power filters inject a compensating voltage to cancel out supply voltage harmonics.
2) Reference compensation currents/voltages are estimated using techniques like Fast Fourier Transform and p-q theory.
3) Unified Power Quality Conditioners (UPQC) consist of back-to-
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Smart grid management an overview
1. Smart Management of Electric Power Grid: An Overview
Dr. S.K. Srivastava
Dept. of Electrical Engineering
Madan Mohan Malviya University of Technology
Gorakhpur, India
Abstract: Due to frequently occurrence of blackouts in recent past, worldwide, have necessitated the use of more
intelligent and automated systems for online monitoring, protection and control of power systems. Security needs
are required to be systematically addresses to mitigate future vulnerability of the system. Wide Area Monitoring,
Protection and Control (WAMPC) systems with intelligent grid control are being increasingly used in power
system network to enhance the grid security. The smart grid regarded as the next future generation power grid, it is
also called a intelligent grid or future grid, uses two-way flow electricity and information i.e. from the grid to user
and from user to grid by this way its create widely distributed automated energy delivery network which is not
possible in a traditional grid which is a single way of electricity flow i.e. from grid to user. In this paper it has
explored comparative analysis of smart grid with traditional grid and also explain some of term which is mostly
require in smart grid like communication channel between the service provider and the user, smart meter,
distributed generation.
Index terms: smart grid, information transfer, distributed generation, smart meter.
(1) Introduction: Traditionally, the grid is used for the
electricity system may support all or some of the following
four operations; electricity generation, electricity
transmission, electricity distribution and electricity control.
The traditional power grids are generally used to carry power
from a few central generators to a large number of users or
customers. But in case of smart grid user two-way flow of
electricity and information to create an automated and
distributed advanced energy delivered network. For instance,
once a medium voltage transformer failure occur in the
distribution grid ,the traditionally take to much time to
correct its but in case of smart grid may automatically
change the power flow and recover the power delivery
service. Below shown a brief comparison between the
existing grid with the smart grid.
Table 1: A brief comparison between the existing grid and
smart grid.
Existing Grid Smart Grid
Electromechanical Digital
One-way communication Two-way communication
Centralized generation Distributed generation
Few sensors Sensor throughout
Manual monitoring Self monitoring
Manual restoration Self healing
Failure and blackouts Adaptive and islanding
Limited control Pervasive control
Few customer choices Many customer choices
The ultimate smart grid is a vision. It is a loose integration of
complementary component, subsystems, functions and
service under the pervasive control of highly intelligent
management and control system. The smart grid represents
the full suite of current and proposed responses to the
challenges of electricity supply. Because of the diverse range
of factors there are numerous competing taxonomies and no
agreement on a universal definition. Nevertheless, one
possible categorisation is given here;
1.1 Reliability;
The smart grid will make use of technologies that improve
fault detection and allow self-healing of the network without
the intervention of technicians. This will ensure more
reliable supply of electricity, and reduced vulnerability to
natural disasters or attack.
2. 1.2 Flexibility in network topology;
Next-generation transmission and distribution infrastructure
will be better able to handle possible bidirectional energy
flows, allowing for distributed generation such as from
photovoltaic panels on building roofs, but also the use of fuel
cells, charging to/from the batteries of electric cars, wind
turbines, pumped hydroelectric power, and other sources.
Classic grids were designed for one-way flow of electricity,
but if a local sub-network generates more power than it is
consuming, the reverse flow can raise safety and reliability
issues. A smart grid aims to manage these situations.
1.3 Efficiency;
Numerous contributions to overall improvement of the
efficiency of energy infrastructure is anticipated from the
deployment of smart grid technology, in particular including
demand-side management, for example turning off air
conditioners during short-term spikes in electricity price.
The overall effect is less redundancy in transmission and
distribution lines, and greater utilization of generators,
leading to lower power prices.
1.4 Load adjustment;
The total load connected to the power grid can vary
significantly over time. Although the total load is the sum of
many individual choices of the clients, the overall load is not
a stable, slow varying, cement of the load if a popular
television program starts and millions of televisions will
draw current instantly. Traditionally, to respond to a rapid
increase in power consumption, faster than the start-up time
of a large generator, some spare generators are put on a
dissipative standby mode.
.A smart grid may warn all
individual television sets, or another larger customer, to
reduce the load temporarily (to allow time to start up a larger
generator) or continuously (in the case of limited resources).
1.5 Sustainability
The improved flexibility of the smart grid permits greater
penetration of highly variable renewable energy sources such
as solar power and wind power, even without the addition of
energy storage. Current network infrastructure is not built to
allow for many distributed feed-in points, and typically even
if some feed-in is allowed at the local (distribution) level; the
transmission-level infrastructure cannot accommodate it.
Rapid fluctuations in distributed generation, such as due to
cloudy or gusty weather, present significant challenges to
power engineers who need to ensure stable power levels
through varying the output of the more controllable
generators such as gas turbines and hydroelectric generators.
Smart grid technology is a necessary condition for very large
amounts of renewable electricity on the grid for this reason.
2.0 What is Smart Grid?
The initial concept of smart grid started with the idea of
advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) with the aim of
improving demand side management and energy efficiency
and constructing self-healing reliable grid protection against
malicious storage and natural disaster. Smart Grid refer to a
class of technology people are using to bring utility
electricity deliver systems into the 21century using
computer-based remote control and automation .These
system are made possible by two-way communication
technology and computer processing that has been used for
decades in other industries. Each device on the network can
be given sensors to gather data (power meter, voltage
sensors, fault detectors etc.) plus two-way digital
communication between the device in the field and the
utility’s network operations center.
Whereas the traditional grid is based on design requirement
written in the 1950s, when the primary objective was to keep
the light on. This approach to electric power involves large,
centralized power plant that feed power over an elecro-
mechanical grid. In this producer controlled model, power
flow in one direction controlled model, power flow in one
direction only. There is no two-way communication that
allows interactivity between ends users and the grid. The
anticipated benefits and requirement of smart grid are the
following;
Improved power reliability and quality.
Optimizing facility utilization and averting construction
of back-up (peak load) power plants.
Enhancing capacity and efficiency of existing electric
power network.
Improving resilience to disruption
Enabling predictive maintenance and self-healing
responses to system disturbances;
Facilitating expanded deployment of renewable energy
sources;
Accommodating distributed power sources;
Automating maintenance and operation;
Reducing greenhouse gas emissions by enabling
electric vehicles and new power sources;
3. Reducing oil consumption by reducing the need for
inefficient generation during peak usage periods;
Presenting opportunities to improve grid security;
Enabling transition to plug-in electric vehicles and
new energy storage options;
Increasing consumer choice;
Enabling new products, services, and markets.
In order to realize this new grid paradigm, provided a
conceptual model (as shown in Fig. 1), which can be used as
a reference for the various parts of the electric system where
SG standardization work is taking place.
Figure 1: Conceptual model
The brief descriptions of the domains and actors are given
below:
Domain Actors in the Domain
Customers The end users of electricity. May also
generate,store, and manage the use of energy.
Markets The operators and participants in electricity
markets.
Service
Providers
The organizations providing services to
electrical customers and utilities.
Operations The managers of the movement of electricity.
Bulk
Generation
The generators of electricity in bulk
quantities. May also store energy for later
distribution.
Transmissi
on
The carriers of bulk electricity over long
distances. May also store and generate
electricity
Distributio
n
The distributors of electricity to and from
customers. May also store and generate
electricity.
3.0 Smart Grid Component;
(a) Smart Meter
(b) Information Transfer
(c ) Distributed Generation
(a) Smart Meter:- Smart metering is the most important
mechanism used in the SG for obtaining information from
end users’ devices and appliances, while also controlling the
behavior of the devices. Automatic metering infrastructure
(AMI) systems [1], which are themselves built upon
automatic meter reading (AMR) systems [2], are widely
regarded as a logical strategy to realize SG. AMR is the
technology of automatically collecting diagnostic,
consumption, and status data from energy metering devices
and transferring that data to a central database for billing,
troubleshooting, and analyzing. AMI differs from traditional
AMR in that it enables two-way communications with the
meter. Therefore nearly all of this information is available in
real time and on demand, allowing for improved system
operations and customer power demand management.
Smart meters, which support two-way communications
between the meter and the central system, are similar in
many aspects to AMI meters, or sometimes are regarded as
part of the AMI. A smart meter is usually an electrical meter
that records consumption in intervals of an hour or less and
sends that information at least daily back to the utility for
monitoring and billing purposes [3]. Also, a smart meter has
the ability to disconnect-reconnect remotely and controls the
user appliances and devices to manage loads and demands
within the future “smart-buildings.” Fig. 2 shows a typical
usage scenario for smart meters.
Fig. 2: An Example of the Smart Metering Structure:
4. The smart meter collects the power consumption information
of the dishwasher, TV, and the refrigerator, and also sends
the control commands to them if necessary. The data
generated by the smart meters in different buildings is
transmitted to a data aggregator. This aggregator could be an
access point or gateway. This data can be further routed to
the electric utility or the distribution substation.
From a consumer’s perspective, smart metering offers a
number of potential benefits. For example, end users are able
to estimate bills and thus manage their energy consumptions
to reduce bills. From a utility’s perspective, they can use
smart meters to realize real-time pricing, which tries to
encourage users to reduce their demands in peak load
periods, or to optimize power flows according to the
information sent from demand sides.
An important function in the vision of SG is monitoring and
measurement of grid status. We review the following two
major monitoring and measurement approaches, namely
sensors and phasor measurement units.
Sensors or sensor networks have already been used as a
monitoring and measurement approach for different
purposes [5]. In order to detect mechanical failures in power
grids such as conductor failures, tower collapses, hot spots,
and extreme mechanical conditions, Leon et al. [6] proposed
that sensor networks should be embedded into the power
grid and help to assess the real-time mechanical and
electrical conditions of transmission lines, obtain a complete
physical and electrical picture of the power system in real
time, diagnose imminent as well as permanent faults, and
determine appropriate control measures that could be
automatically taken and/or suggested to the system operators
once an extreme mechanical condition appears in a
transmission line. The use of sensor networks in the SG has
many requirements [7-9].
i) Quality-of-Service (QoS) requirements: The information
generated by sensor networks may be associated with some
data QoS requirements, such as reliability, latency, and
network throughput. For example, the critical sensed data
related to grid failures should be received by the controller in
a timely manner. The communication subsystem supporting
sensor networks must provide mechanisms to satisfy these
QoS requirements.
ii) Resource constraints: Sensor nodes are often low cost
and resource limited devices. Thus the control programs for
sensor networks should be energy efficient.
iii) Remote maintenance and configuration: Sensors must
be remotely accessible and configurable, so that the sensor
networks could be maintained remotely, conveniently, and
promptly.
iv) High security requirements: Security is very important
for electric power systems. By compromising sensors,
attackers can jeopardize the power grid operation.
v) Harsh environmental conditions: In SG environments,
sensors may be subject to radio frequency (RF) interference,
highly caustic or corrosive environments, high humidity
levels, vibrations, dirt and dust, or other conditions that may
cause a portion of sensor nodes to malfunction. Hence the
sensor network design must consider the survivability
requirement, i.e., the sensor network is still connected or the
critical areas are still monitored if some sensors fail.
Phasor Measurement Unit, use of phasor measurement units
(PMUs) to help create a reliable power transmission and
distribution infrastructure [10]. A PMU measures the
electrical waves on an electrical grid to determine the health
of the system. Technically speaking, a phasor is a complex
number that represents both the magnitude and phase angle
of the sine waves found in electricity. Phasor measurements
that occur at the same time are called synchrophasor, as are
the PMU devices that allow their measurement. Typically,
PMU readings are obtained from widely dispersed locations
in a power system network and synchronized using the
global positioning system (GPS) radio clock. With a large
number of PMUs and the ability to compare shapes from
alternating current (AC) readings everywhere on the grid,
system operators can use the sampled data to measure the
state of the power system and respond to system conditions
in a rapid and dynamic fashion. Refer to [11] for a technical
introduction to the PMU.
Phasor measurements using GPS based time synchronization
were introduced in the mid-1980s [12-15]. A Virginia Tech
research team developed the first prototype PMU in 1988
[16]. Later, the frequency monitoring network (FNET)
project utilized a network of low-cost, high-precision
frequency disturbance recorders to collect synchrophasor
data from the U.S. power grid [17]. Early research on the
applications of PMU technology was mainly focused on
validation of system models and accurate postmortem
analysis. However, now with wide-scale real-time PMU data
being obtainable, system operators have the capability of
deploying system state estimation procedures and system
protection functionalities in power grids, with the goal of
5. making the power system immune to catastrophic failures.
PMU is an exciting area being explored by both industry and
academia. Industry is investigating how to install the PMUs,
collect the data, and establish communication transfers of
this data to the utility control centers [18, 19]. In academia,
typical research fields are the applications of PMU for grid
protection functions, such as providing loss-of-mains
protection [20], monitoring fault event [21, 22, 23], locating
disturbance [24], estimating grid state [25, 26], studying
synchronous islanded operation [27], monitoring power
quality [28], and devising experimental applications for the
monitoring of active distribution grids [29].
(b) Information Management:
In SG, a large amount of data and information will be
generated from metering, sensing, monitoring, etc. SG must
support advanced information management. The task of the
information management is data modeling, information
analysis, integration, and optimization.
(i) Data Modeling:-As stated by IEEE P2030 [30], the goal
of SG information technology data modeling is to provide a
guide to creating persistent, displayable, compatible,
transferable, and editable data representation for use within
the emerging SG. In other words, the objective is to make it
as interoperable as possible using relevant standards. That is
specifically addressing the data that represents state
information about the grid and individual items in it. This
would include nearly all connected items from generation
down to individual consuming devices. They all have state
information that may need to be read, stored, transmitted,
etc. There is two reason of using of data modeling;
First, the information exchange between two application
elements is meaningful only when both of them can use the
information exchanged to perform their respective tasks.
Therefore, the structure and meaning of the exchanged
information must be understood by both application
elements. Although within the context of a single
application, developers can strive to make the meaning clear
in various user interfaces,when data is transferred to another
context (another system), the meaning could be lost due to
incompatible data representation. Considering that the SG is
a complicated system of systems, design of a generally
effective data representation is very important.
Second, the data modeling is also related to the system
forward compatibility and backward compatibility. On one
hand, a well-defined data model should make legacy
program adjustments easier. We hope that the data
representation designed for SG can also be (or at least
partially) understood by the current power system, in order
to take advantage of the existing infrastructure as much as
possible. On the other hand, thus far SG is more like a
vision. Its definition and functionality keep evolving.
Suppose that in the current implementation, all the data is
particularly designed to be stored in an optimized way that
can be understood by a current application X. After some
time, a new application Y is integrated into SG. Data
modeling is the key to whether this new application can
understand the historical data and obtain enough information
from the historical data.
ii) Information Analysis, Integration, and Optimization:
Information analysis is needed to support the processing,
interpretation, and correlation of the flood of new grid
observations, since the widely deployed metering and
monitoring systems in SG will generate a large amount of
data for the utility. As mentioned in [31], one part of the
analytics would be performed by existing applications, and
another part of the analytics dimension is with new
applications and the ability of engineers to use a workbench
to create their customized analytics dashboard in a self-
service model.
Information integration aims at the merging of information
from disparate sources with differing conceptual, contextual,
and typographical representations. In SG, a large amount of
information has to be integrated. First one, the data
generated by new components enabled in SG may be
integrated into the existing applications, and metadata stored
in legacy systems may also be used by new applications in
SG to provide new interpretations. Secondly, as stated in
[32, 33], currently most utility companies have limited
installed capability for integration across the applications
associated with system planning, power delivery, and
customer operations. In most cases, this information in each
department is not easily accessible by applications and users
in other departments or organizations. These “islands of
information” correspond to islands of autonomous business
activities. Therefore, the emerging SG calls for enterprise
level integration of these islands to improve and optimize
information utilization throughout the organization.
Information optimization is used to improve information
effectiveness. The data size in the future SG is expected to
be fairly large as a result of the large-scale monitoring,
sensing, and measurement. However,the generated data may
have a large amount of redundant or useless data. Therefore,
6. we need to use advanced information technology to improve
the information effectiveness, in order to reduce
communication burden and store only useful information.
There may be two type of communication technologies use
as in shown in figure 3,
Fig 3. Classification of Relevant Research in
Communication Technologies in SG
A communication subsystem in an SG must at least satisfy
the following basic requirements:
(a) The communication subsystem must support the quality
of service (QoS) of data [34]. This is because the critical
data (e.g. the grid status information) must be delivered
promptly.
(b) The communication subsystem must be highly reliable.
Since a large number of devices will be connected and
different devices and communication technologies will be
used, guaranteeing the reliability of such a large and
heterogeneous network is not a trivial task.
(c) The communication subsystem must be pervasively
available and have a high coverage. This is mandated by the
principle that the SG can respond to any event in the grid in
time.
(d) The communication subsystem must guarantee security
and privacy.
(C) Distributed Generation; Smarter power generation
becomes possible as the two-way flows of electricity and
information are supported. A key power generation
paradigm enabled by SG will be the distributed generation
(DG). DG takes advantage of distributed energy resource
(DER) systems (e.g. solar panels and small wind turbines),
which are often small-scale power generators (typically in
the range of 3 kW to 10,000 kW), in order to improve the
power quality and reliability. For example, a micro grid,
which is a localized grouping of electricity generators and
loads, can disconnect from the macro grid so that distributed
generators continue to power the users in this micro grid
without obtaining power from outside. Thus, the disturbance
in the macro grid can be isolated and the electric power
supply quality is improved. A study [35] from the
International Energy Agency pointed out that a power
system based on a large number of reliable small DGs can
operate with the same reliability and a lower capacity margin
than a system of equally reliable large generators. A review
of different distributed energy technologies such as micro
turbines, photovoltaic, fuel cells, and wind power turbines
can be found in [36].
4.0 CONCLUSION:
This paper explained how that smart grid improve existing
electrical infrastructure like reliability, efficiency,
economically, environmentally. Also by use of distributed
generation used like solar, wind etc we reduce the dependent
on conventional generation system and also reduce pollution
level. Using of smart meter consumer check price of supply
and used according to that i.e. save of money. By using of
smart grid it’s also help in automating maintenance and
operation of supply system and also reducing greenhouse gas
emissions by enabling electric vehicles and new power
sources.
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