The report gives the complete in view of smart grid technology. This document is about the smart grids and its infrastructure. It describes the smart grid’s vision and the framework. It also briefs about the smart grids initiatives and platforms. It presents the current standards and how well are they implemented in the real system.
1) The presentation discusses the smart grid, including its motivation due to issues with the current electric grid like fossil fuel scarcity and reliability concerns. It outlines the history and definitions of the smart grid.
2) Key requirements and characteristics of the smart grid are described, such as advanced monitoring and communication infrastructure to integrate renewable energy and provide two-way energy and information flow.
3) A case study of a smart grid deployment in Boulder, Colorado is summarized, including installing smart meters and fiber optic lines to provide customers with energy usage monitoring and more pricing options. Results showed potential cost savings and standardization needs.
The document discusses smart grids, providing definitions and comparisons to traditional grids. It outlines key features of smart grids like reliability, efficiency, sustainability, and flexibility. Smart meters are defined as measuring electricity use and allowing two-way communication between utilities and customers. Security is an important aspect to protect smart grid data and ensure integrity, availability, and confidentiality. The document reviews recent literature on smart grid techniques and applications in areas like home energy management, electric vehicle charging, and grid control systems.
The document discusses smart grid technology. It begins with an introduction and then covers related work, components of a smart grid like connectivity networks and access networks, how smart grids work using two-way communication, features, comparisons to traditional grids, advantages like reduced losses and carbon footprint, and disadvantages like intermittent renewable sources. It concludes that smart grids will modernize energy supply and create smart homes and cities. The future scope is improved infrastructure and widespread adoption like the Internet. References are provided.
The document discusses the key aspects and technologies of the smart grid, including smart meters, demand response, renewable energy integration, energy storage, wide area monitoring, and standards development. It outlines the vision of a highly instrumented and interconnected grid that can better accommodate new technologies and optimize operations.
The document discusses the smart grid, which aims to address issues with today's electrical grid such as blackouts and one-way communication. It introduces the concept of adding "intelligence infrastructure" like smart meters, transmission upgrades, energy storage, and networked appliances. This smart infrastructure enables features like demand response, distributed generation, electric vehicles, optimized asset use, and problem detection. Key components are discussed in more detail, including smart meters, electric vehicles, and potential partners for building smart grid cities. The conclusion outlines how the smart grid facilitates changes to electricity production, transmission and consumption while supporting environmental and customer control goals.
A survey on smart grid technologies and applicationsdileep punalur
This document provides a survey of smart grid technologies and applications. It defines smart grid and discusses its key characteristics and functions. The smart grid uses digital technologies to provide a two-way power flow system that is self-healing, resilient, and sustainable. It allows for integration of renewable energy and distributed generation. Smart grid technologies discussed include smart meters, smart sensors, vehicle-to-grid, and home and building automation. The document also explores smart grid applications for metering, communication, and substation, feeder, and home automation. Overall, the smart grid is expected to provide economic and environmental benefits through improved efficiency, reliability, and integration of renewable energy.
This document discusses smart grid technology in India. It begins with an introduction to smart grids and the current one-way electricity transmission system. It then discusses India's increasing electricity needs and deficits. The main points are:
- A smart grid uses communication technology to collect data from suppliers and consumers to automate distribution management.
- Smart grids have two-way interaction and include components like smart meters, distributed generation, and information transfer.
- Smart grids can help reduce carbon footprints, improve efficiency, enable self-healing of outages, and increase use of renewable energy through technologies like smart meters and distributed generation.
This document discusses smart grid technology. It defines smart grid as an electric grid that uses information and communication technology to gather data and act on information about supplier and consumer behavior. The key components of a smart grid are smart meters, phasor measurement, information transfer, and distributed generation. A smart grid offers benefits like reduced carbon footprint, improved distribution management, self-healing capabilities, and increased efficiency. Specific ideas presented for a smart grid include a power management app that provides household electricity usage insights and allows selling regenerative power back to the grid.
1) The presentation discusses the smart grid, including its motivation due to issues with the current electric grid like fossil fuel scarcity and reliability concerns. It outlines the history and definitions of the smart grid.
2) Key requirements and characteristics of the smart grid are described, such as advanced monitoring and communication infrastructure to integrate renewable energy and provide two-way energy and information flow.
3) A case study of a smart grid deployment in Boulder, Colorado is summarized, including installing smart meters and fiber optic lines to provide customers with energy usage monitoring and more pricing options. Results showed potential cost savings and standardization needs.
The document discusses smart grids, providing definitions and comparisons to traditional grids. It outlines key features of smart grids like reliability, efficiency, sustainability, and flexibility. Smart meters are defined as measuring electricity use and allowing two-way communication between utilities and customers. Security is an important aspect to protect smart grid data and ensure integrity, availability, and confidentiality. The document reviews recent literature on smart grid techniques and applications in areas like home energy management, electric vehicle charging, and grid control systems.
The document discusses smart grid technology. It begins with an introduction and then covers related work, components of a smart grid like connectivity networks and access networks, how smart grids work using two-way communication, features, comparisons to traditional grids, advantages like reduced losses and carbon footprint, and disadvantages like intermittent renewable sources. It concludes that smart grids will modernize energy supply and create smart homes and cities. The future scope is improved infrastructure and widespread adoption like the Internet. References are provided.
The document discusses the key aspects and technologies of the smart grid, including smart meters, demand response, renewable energy integration, energy storage, wide area monitoring, and standards development. It outlines the vision of a highly instrumented and interconnected grid that can better accommodate new technologies and optimize operations.
The document discusses the smart grid, which aims to address issues with today's electrical grid such as blackouts and one-way communication. It introduces the concept of adding "intelligence infrastructure" like smart meters, transmission upgrades, energy storage, and networked appliances. This smart infrastructure enables features like demand response, distributed generation, electric vehicles, optimized asset use, and problem detection. Key components are discussed in more detail, including smart meters, electric vehicles, and potential partners for building smart grid cities. The conclusion outlines how the smart grid facilitates changes to electricity production, transmission and consumption while supporting environmental and customer control goals.
A survey on smart grid technologies and applicationsdileep punalur
This document provides a survey of smart grid technologies and applications. It defines smart grid and discusses its key characteristics and functions. The smart grid uses digital technologies to provide a two-way power flow system that is self-healing, resilient, and sustainable. It allows for integration of renewable energy and distributed generation. Smart grid technologies discussed include smart meters, smart sensors, vehicle-to-grid, and home and building automation. The document also explores smart grid applications for metering, communication, and substation, feeder, and home automation. Overall, the smart grid is expected to provide economic and environmental benefits through improved efficiency, reliability, and integration of renewable energy.
This document discusses smart grid technology in India. It begins with an introduction to smart grids and the current one-way electricity transmission system. It then discusses India's increasing electricity needs and deficits. The main points are:
- A smart grid uses communication technology to collect data from suppliers and consumers to automate distribution management.
- Smart grids have two-way interaction and include components like smart meters, distributed generation, and information transfer.
- Smart grids can help reduce carbon footprints, improve efficiency, enable self-healing of outages, and increase use of renewable energy through technologies like smart meters and distributed generation.
This document discusses smart grid technology. It defines smart grid as an electric grid that uses information and communication technology to gather data and act on information about supplier and consumer behavior. The key components of a smart grid are smart meters, phasor measurement, information transfer, and distributed generation. A smart grid offers benefits like reduced carbon footprint, improved distribution management, self-healing capabilities, and increased efficiency. Specific ideas presented for a smart grid include a power management app that provides household electricity usage insights and allows selling regenerative power back to the grid.
The document outlines a student project to develop a prototype for a smart grid system. A group of 4 students - Zeeshan Shabbir, Umer Sohail, Haroon Sikandar, and Awais Yunis - along with their supervisor Dr. Shahid Khattak, plan to build a single-phase smart grid prototype that can harvest energy from renewable sources like solar panels, store it in batteries, and use it or supply it back to the grid. The presentation covers the vision, scope, basic operation, synchronization of PV and grid, energy management, required equipment, and project schedule of the smart grid prototype.
SMART GRID DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA - by Mr. S.R. Sethi, Senior Advisor UPES UPES Dehradun
This document provides an overview of power generation and distribution in India. It discusses the various modes of power generation including thermal (~65%), hydro (~22%), and renewable (~10%) sources. Power is transmitted through central and state transmission utilities and distributed to end users through distribution agencies. The key end user segments are industries (38%), domestic (22%), agriculture (22%), and commercial (8%). The document also discusses India's goals for renewable energy capacity addition and integration through its 12th and 13th five year plans.
This document provides an overview of smart grid technology. It begins by describing the conventional power grid and its drawbacks, such as aging equipment, obsolete systems, and lack of storage. It then introduces the smart grid as an infrastructure that supports advanced electricity generation, delivery, consumption, metering, monitoring, management, and communication technologies. Key differences between the conventional and smart grids are discussed. The document outlines various components that can be made smart, such as generation, transmission, distribution, and consumption. It proposes using optimization techniques and algorithms like genetic algorithms and particle swarm optimization to design an energy efficient and cost effective smart grid model.
seminar on SMART GRID is the best seminar of my branch
technology based on smart to integration of information technology on traditional power system
It may be best to understood Smart Grid as the overlaying of a unified communications and control system on the existing power delivery infrastructure to provide the right information to the right entity (e.g. end-use devices, transmission and distribution, system controls, customers, etc.) at the right time to take the right action. It is a system that optimizes power supply and delivery, minimizes losses, is self-healing, and enables next-generation energy efficiency and demand response applications.
To have connections between suppliers, distributors and consumers.
In definition, Smart Grid is a form of electricity network utilizing digital technology.
Its delivers electricity from suppliers to consumers using two-way digital communications to control appliances at consumers' homes; which in deed will saving the energy, reduce costs and increase reliability.
A key feature of the smart grid is automation technology that lets the utility adjust and control each individual device or millions of devices from a central location.
A Smart Grid must functions as followings
1. Be able to heal itself
Smart Grid is designed with a control system that self-analyzes its performance using intelligent autonomous reinforcement learning controllers that are able to learn new strategies and successfully implementing such strategies to govern the behavior of the grid in the face of an ever changing environment such as equipment failures.
2. Motivate consumers to actively participate in operations of the grid
If consumers have freedom to control own usage of energy, they will be motivated to participate and be part of the system. They can monitor their usage and manipulate by the assistance of “smart appliances” and “intelligent equipment” in homes or businesses. Advanced communications capabilities equip customers with tools to exploit real-time electricity pricing, incentive-based load reduction signals, or emergency load reduction signals.
3. Resist attack
Most important issues of resist attack is the smart monitoring of power grids, which is the basis of control and management of smart grids to avoid or mitigate the system-wide disruptions like blackouts.
4. Accommodate all energy generation and storage options
Smart Grid integrates two power generation source; traditional power generation likes fossil fuel powered power plant with renewable power generations either generates from residential, commercial, and industrial customers that will improves reliability and power quality, reduces electricity costs, and offers more customer choice.
5. High quality power
Outages and power quality issues is common for any country especially for major industrial-based countries. Smart Grid provides more stable power provided that will reduce downtime and prevent such high losses because of
By using smart grid technology energy can be utilized to the maximum and would not be wasted. It refers to the modernized version of the earlier traditional method of energy supply. Allows consumers to interact with the grid.
This document provides a summary of a presentation on the design of a smart off-grid energy system. It discusses India's energy scenario and the need for smart grids. It describes the components, software, and standards used for hybrid and smart grid system design. It covers the sizing, modeling, and scheduling of a wind-diesel-battery storage system including wind speed forecasting and load assessment. Circuit diagrams and results are presented for a developed smart off-grid energy system model that integrates renewable energy and allows for smart utilization of energy through various sensors and controls.
A power point presentation on smart grid : transforming the traditional grid including difference with traditonal grid ,components , advantage , disadvantages.
This document provides an overview of smart grids, including:
- The introduction summarizes smart grids as adding new technologies and equipment to existing power grids to allow two-way energy and information flows.
- Key features of smart grids include distributed power generation, self-monitoring, adaptive micro-grids, and giving consumers control over their energy usage.
- Benefits of smart grids are more efficient transmission, quicker restoration after outages, lower costs for utilities and consumers, increased renewable energy integration, and improved security.
- Challenges include developing wireless mesh routing protocols, ensuring security and quality of service, and designing effective communication networks.
(a).What is smart grid technology?
(b).Role and necessity of smart grid technology
(c).Benefits and application of grid
(d).Various challenge of grid
(e).Best possible location
Smart Grid - Overview of Market Segment & Technology David Sidhu
This document provides an overview of the smart grid market and technologies. It discusses the US electricity sector and how electricity is delivered through transmission and distribution systems. The global smart grid market is projected to grow substantially between 2009-2014, driven by investments in smart metering, communications, and other technologies. The document describes various smart grid technologies like smart meters, demand response, and dynamic pricing programs. It also outlines the evolution of demand response equipment from simple switches to embedded controls with two-way communication.
This presentation is about Smart Grid, its benefits over traditional grid system, technologies and components used in smart grid, characteristics of smart grid, and smart grid system in India.
The document discusses smart grids in India. It defines a smart grid as an electrical grid that uses information technology to improve efficiency and reliability of electricity production and distribution. It describes the different domains of a smart grid including bulk generation, transmission, distribution, customers, operations, markets, and service providers. The document outlines the potential benefits of smart grids such as optimizing costs, integrating more renewables, improving power quality and reliability. It then provides an overview of India's status with smart grids, including smart city projects, demand side management programs, and renewable energy integration efforts.
The document discusses the concept of a smart grid, which aims to modernize and add intelligence to existing electrical infrastructure. It describes how a smart grid would use two-way communication and sensing technologies to better balance supply and demand of electricity. This would help maximize output, improve reliability and efficiency, reduce costs and energy consumption. Key aspects of a smart grid discussed include smart generation, transmission, distribution and consumer components. Advantages include better energy management and reliability, while disadvantages include high costs and potential security issues due to its computerized nature. Implementation examples in India are also provided.
The document discusses the need for and vision of smart power grids. It notes that increasing population and energy demand, exhausting non-renewable resources, and the negative environmental impacts of current power generation require more reliable, efficient, and sustainable energy infrastructure. A smart grid aims to optimize grid use, improve efficiency and security, better align supply and demand, enable distributed renewable generation, and empower customers. It will feature more flexible, accessible, and reliable systems based on open standards to facilitate innovation.
concept of resilience and self healing in smart gridKundan Kumar
The document discusses concepts related to resilience and self-healing in smart grids. It defines a smart grid as an electrical grid using communications technologies to improve efficiency. Key functions include enabling customer participation and accommodating different generation options. Self-healing is the ability of a system to automatically restore itself without human intervention. For the electrical grid, this means timely detection of issues and minimizing loss of service through reconfiguring resources. The transmission and distribution components can be modeled using graph theory to analyze resilience. Automatic meter reading is one approach for distribution grids.
The presented lectures are related to the Distribution generation and smart grid. Further,suggestions are highly welcomed for the modifications of the lecture.
This document summarizes a chapter on smart electrical grids from a course on smart cities. It discusses key issues with current electrical systems including aging infrastructure, lack of maintenance, suboptimal fuel mix, and high transmission losses. This has led to poor system performance and reliability issues. The chapter then introduces the concept of a smart grid which aims to address these challenges through modernization and digitization of the electrical grid using technologies like smart meters and sensors to improve efficiency, reliability and integration of renewable energy sources.
This document provides an introduction to smart grids. It defines a smart grid as an electricity network that intelligently integrates generators and consumers to efficiently deliver sustainable, economic and secure power. The document outlines the historical development of grids, the functions and features of smart grids, and opportunities they provide like integrating electric vehicles and renewable energy. It also discusses barriers to smart grids like cost and technology integration challenges. Benefits over conventional grids include active consumer participation and optimization of resources. The document concludes by discussing India's smart city projects and how smart grids can help reduce carbon emissions.
Long-Term Fundamentals Intact Though Headwinds Persist
The “Smart Grid” is often described as the “Internet for Electricity” in which will
modernize our aging electricity distribution grids with the goals of reducing excess
energy and incorporating renewable energy sources. Numerous factors are forcing
the outdated energy distribution grids around the world to become ‘smarter’, from
rising energy costs to environmental concerns. That said, three challenges remain:
1) absence of bold incentives as utilities struggle with their return on investment
case, 2) unclear regulatory guidelines, and 3) a lack of standards and international
harmonization.
The document is a report on the status of smart grid deployments in the United States as mandated by the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007. Some of the key findings are:
- Distributed energy resources like solar and storage are growing but still low penetration levels. Microgrids, electric vehicles, and demand response are in early phases.
- Infrastructure upgrades like advanced metering and transmission automation are progressing but also at low penetration levels currently. Distribution automation is increasing due to improved cost/benefit analyses.
- The business cases and policies around smart grid development are emerging but understanding of environmental and consumer impacts remains limited.
- A cultural change is needed to fully integrate automation across the electric system and among stakeholders from a technical
The document outlines a student project to develop a prototype for a smart grid system. A group of 4 students - Zeeshan Shabbir, Umer Sohail, Haroon Sikandar, and Awais Yunis - along with their supervisor Dr. Shahid Khattak, plan to build a single-phase smart grid prototype that can harvest energy from renewable sources like solar panels, store it in batteries, and use it or supply it back to the grid. The presentation covers the vision, scope, basic operation, synchronization of PV and grid, energy management, required equipment, and project schedule of the smart grid prototype.
SMART GRID DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA - by Mr. S.R. Sethi, Senior Advisor UPES UPES Dehradun
This document provides an overview of power generation and distribution in India. It discusses the various modes of power generation including thermal (~65%), hydro (~22%), and renewable (~10%) sources. Power is transmitted through central and state transmission utilities and distributed to end users through distribution agencies. The key end user segments are industries (38%), domestic (22%), agriculture (22%), and commercial (8%). The document also discusses India's goals for renewable energy capacity addition and integration through its 12th and 13th five year plans.
This document provides an overview of smart grid technology. It begins by describing the conventional power grid and its drawbacks, such as aging equipment, obsolete systems, and lack of storage. It then introduces the smart grid as an infrastructure that supports advanced electricity generation, delivery, consumption, metering, monitoring, management, and communication technologies. Key differences between the conventional and smart grids are discussed. The document outlines various components that can be made smart, such as generation, transmission, distribution, and consumption. It proposes using optimization techniques and algorithms like genetic algorithms and particle swarm optimization to design an energy efficient and cost effective smart grid model.
seminar on SMART GRID is the best seminar of my branch
technology based on smart to integration of information technology on traditional power system
It may be best to understood Smart Grid as the overlaying of a unified communications and control system on the existing power delivery infrastructure to provide the right information to the right entity (e.g. end-use devices, transmission and distribution, system controls, customers, etc.) at the right time to take the right action. It is a system that optimizes power supply and delivery, minimizes losses, is self-healing, and enables next-generation energy efficiency and demand response applications.
To have connections between suppliers, distributors and consumers.
In definition, Smart Grid is a form of electricity network utilizing digital technology.
Its delivers electricity from suppliers to consumers using two-way digital communications to control appliances at consumers' homes; which in deed will saving the energy, reduce costs and increase reliability.
A key feature of the smart grid is automation technology that lets the utility adjust and control each individual device or millions of devices from a central location.
A Smart Grid must functions as followings
1. Be able to heal itself
Smart Grid is designed with a control system that self-analyzes its performance using intelligent autonomous reinforcement learning controllers that are able to learn new strategies and successfully implementing such strategies to govern the behavior of the grid in the face of an ever changing environment such as equipment failures.
2. Motivate consumers to actively participate in operations of the grid
If consumers have freedom to control own usage of energy, they will be motivated to participate and be part of the system. They can monitor their usage and manipulate by the assistance of “smart appliances” and “intelligent equipment” in homes or businesses. Advanced communications capabilities equip customers with tools to exploit real-time electricity pricing, incentive-based load reduction signals, or emergency load reduction signals.
3. Resist attack
Most important issues of resist attack is the smart monitoring of power grids, which is the basis of control and management of smart grids to avoid or mitigate the system-wide disruptions like blackouts.
4. Accommodate all energy generation and storage options
Smart Grid integrates two power generation source; traditional power generation likes fossil fuel powered power plant with renewable power generations either generates from residential, commercial, and industrial customers that will improves reliability and power quality, reduces electricity costs, and offers more customer choice.
5. High quality power
Outages and power quality issues is common for any country especially for major industrial-based countries. Smart Grid provides more stable power provided that will reduce downtime and prevent such high losses because of
By using smart grid technology energy can be utilized to the maximum and would not be wasted. It refers to the modernized version of the earlier traditional method of energy supply. Allows consumers to interact with the grid.
This document provides a summary of a presentation on the design of a smart off-grid energy system. It discusses India's energy scenario and the need for smart grids. It describes the components, software, and standards used for hybrid and smart grid system design. It covers the sizing, modeling, and scheduling of a wind-diesel-battery storage system including wind speed forecasting and load assessment. Circuit diagrams and results are presented for a developed smart off-grid energy system model that integrates renewable energy and allows for smart utilization of energy through various sensors and controls.
A power point presentation on smart grid : transforming the traditional grid including difference with traditonal grid ,components , advantage , disadvantages.
This document provides an overview of smart grids, including:
- The introduction summarizes smart grids as adding new technologies and equipment to existing power grids to allow two-way energy and information flows.
- Key features of smart grids include distributed power generation, self-monitoring, adaptive micro-grids, and giving consumers control over their energy usage.
- Benefits of smart grids are more efficient transmission, quicker restoration after outages, lower costs for utilities and consumers, increased renewable energy integration, and improved security.
- Challenges include developing wireless mesh routing protocols, ensuring security and quality of service, and designing effective communication networks.
(a).What is smart grid technology?
(b).Role and necessity of smart grid technology
(c).Benefits and application of grid
(d).Various challenge of grid
(e).Best possible location
Smart Grid - Overview of Market Segment & Technology David Sidhu
This document provides an overview of the smart grid market and technologies. It discusses the US electricity sector and how electricity is delivered through transmission and distribution systems. The global smart grid market is projected to grow substantially between 2009-2014, driven by investments in smart metering, communications, and other technologies. The document describes various smart grid technologies like smart meters, demand response, and dynamic pricing programs. It also outlines the evolution of demand response equipment from simple switches to embedded controls with two-way communication.
This presentation is about Smart Grid, its benefits over traditional grid system, technologies and components used in smart grid, characteristics of smart grid, and smart grid system in India.
The document discusses smart grids in India. It defines a smart grid as an electrical grid that uses information technology to improve efficiency and reliability of electricity production and distribution. It describes the different domains of a smart grid including bulk generation, transmission, distribution, customers, operations, markets, and service providers. The document outlines the potential benefits of smart grids such as optimizing costs, integrating more renewables, improving power quality and reliability. It then provides an overview of India's status with smart grids, including smart city projects, demand side management programs, and renewable energy integration efforts.
The document discusses the concept of a smart grid, which aims to modernize and add intelligence to existing electrical infrastructure. It describes how a smart grid would use two-way communication and sensing technologies to better balance supply and demand of electricity. This would help maximize output, improve reliability and efficiency, reduce costs and energy consumption. Key aspects of a smart grid discussed include smart generation, transmission, distribution and consumer components. Advantages include better energy management and reliability, while disadvantages include high costs and potential security issues due to its computerized nature. Implementation examples in India are also provided.
The document discusses the need for and vision of smart power grids. It notes that increasing population and energy demand, exhausting non-renewable resources, and the negative environmental impacts of current power generation require more reliable, efficient, and sustainable energy infrastructure. A smart grid aims to optimize grid use, improve efficiency and security, better align supply and demand, enable distributed renewable generation, and empower customers. It will feature more flexible, accessible, and reliable systems based on open standards to facilitate innovation.
concept of resilience and self healing in smart gridKundan Kumar
The document discusses concepts related to resilience and self-healing in smart grids. It defines a smart grid as an electrical grid using communications technologies to improve efficiency. Key functions include enabling customer participation and accommodating different generation options. Self-healing is the ability of a system to automatically restore itself without human intervention. For the electrical grid, this means timely detection of issues and minimizing loss of service through reconfiguring resources. The transmission and distribution components can be modeled using graph theory to analyze resilience. Automatic meter reading is one approach for distribution grids.
The presented lectures are related to the Distribution generation and smart grid. Further,suggestions are highly welcomed for the modifications of the lecture.
This document summarizes a chapter on smart electrical grids from a course on smart cities. It discusses key issues with current electrical systems including aging infrastructure, lack of maintenance, suboptimal fuel mix, and high transmission losses. This has led to poor system performance and reliability issues. The chapter then introduces the concept of a smart grid which aims to address these challenges through modernization and digitization of the electrical grid using technologies like smart meters and sensors to improve efficiency, reliability and integration of renewable energy sources.
This document provides an introduction to smart grids. It defines a smart grid as an electricity network that intelligently integrates generators and consumers to efficiently deliver sustainable, economic and secure power. The document outlines the historical development of grids, the functions and features of smart grids, and opportunities they provide like integrating electric vehicles and renewable energy. It also discusses barriers to smart grids like cost and technology integration challenges. Benefits over conventional grids include active consumer participation and optimization of resources. The document concludes by discussing India's smart city projects and how smart grids can help reduce carbon emissions.
Long-Term Fundamentals Intact Though Headwinds Persist
The “Smart Grid” is often described as the “Internet for Electricity” in which will
modernize our aging electricity distribution grids with the goals of reducing excess
energy and incorporating renewable energy sources. Numerous factors are forcing
the outdated energy distribution grids around the world to become ‘smarter’, from
rising energy costs to environmental concerns. That said, three challenges remain:
1) absence of bold incentives as utilities struggle with their return on investment
case, 2) unclear regulatory guidelines, and 3) a lack of standards and international
harmonization.
The document is a report on the status of smart grid deployments in the United States as mandated by the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007. Some of the key findings are:
- Distributed energy resources like solar and storage are growing but still low penetration levels. Microgrids, electric vehicles, and demand response are in early phases.
- Infrastructure upgrades like advanced metering and transmission automation are progressing but also at low penetration levels currently. Distribution automation is increasing due to improved cost/benefit analyses.
- The business cases and policies around smart grid development are emerging but understanding of environmental and consumer impacts remains limited.
- A cultural change is needed to fully integrate automation across the electric system and among stakeholders from a technical
The document provides an overview of the smart grid concept, including its rationale, taxonomy, benefits, financing and stimulus, initial investment areas, and implementation challenges. It discusses how a smarter grid can help balance supply and demand, integrate renewable energy, reduce costs and emissions. Key points include how $4.5B in stimulus funding will support projects improving transmission efficiency and interoperability standards are needed for large-scale adoption. Initial focus areas for investment include advanced metering infrastructure, distribution networks, pricing models, demand response, home networks, and energy storage.
Blockchain technologies as enabler for decentralized and regional energy bala...Adrian Degode
This document discusses how blockchain technologies could enable decentralized and regional energy balancing services. It begins with an introduction to the topic and outlines the document. It then discusses the need for grid flexibility due to the rise of intermittent renewable energy sources. It also discusses challenges for the sharing economy in the energy market due to outdated systems and regulations. The document then provides an introduction to blockchain technologies and smart contracts, describing their potential benefits for energy trading. It proposes a model for a blockchain implementation using microgrids that could serve as a starting point for new utility business models.
This document is an internship report submitted by Muhammad Ashraf summarizing his internship at PAK-ARAB REFINERY LIMITED (PARCO). The 6-week internship provided hands-on experience in PARCO's utilities department, which is crucial for providing steam, air, water, and other utilities to refinery operations. Key areas covered in the internship included HSE training, the chemical handling unit, and the plant and instrument air unit. The internship helped Ashraf gain practical knowledge to supplement his engineering coursework and better understand refinery processes.
This smart appliance report by Zpryme:
| Begins with a global perspective and progresses into high-growth markets such as China, US, UK, and Australia
| Taps into the consumer and Smart Grid psyche
| Examines the role of Smart Grid integrators, utilities, and manufactures
| And concludes with actionable insights and opportunities to capitalize on the smart appliance market in both the short and long term
| Includes clothes dryers/washers, stoves/ovens, refrigerators, dish washers, and freezers.
Seminar report on a statistical approach to machineHrishikesh Nair
This document is a seminar report on statistical machine translation presented by B Hrishikesh at Rajagiri School of Engineering and Technology. It provides an overview of machine translation techniques, focusing in detail on the basic statistical model. The report discusses the history of machine translation approaches, describes the noisy channel model for statistical machine translation, and covers key components like language modeling using n-grams, alignments, translation modeling, and parameter estimation methods. It also presents results from two pilot experiments on statistical machine translation.
Role of credit rating in the banking sector after introduction of basel ii re...Md. Shahinuzzaman
Abstract: Credit Rating Agencies (CRAs) play a key role in financial markets by helping to reduce the informative asymmetry between lenders and investors, on one side, and issuers on the other side, about the creditworthiness of companies or countries. CRAs' role has expanded with financial globalization and has received an additional boost from Basel II which incorporates the ratings of CRAs into the rules for setting weights for credit risk. Ratings tend to be sticky, lagging markets, and overreact when they do change. This overreaction may have aggravated financial crises in the recent past, contributing to financial instability and cross-country contagion.
The recent bankruptcies of Enron, WorldCom, and Parmalat have prompted legislative scrutiny of the agencies. Criticism has been especially directed towards the high degree of concentration of the industry. Promotion of competition may require policy action at national and international level to encourage the establishment of new agencies and to channel business generated by new regulatory requirements in their direction.
Financial regulators recognize certain credit rating agencies for regulatory purposes. However, it is often argued that credit rating agencies have an incentive to assign inflated ratings. This paper studies the Role of Credit Rating in the Banking Sector after Introduction of Basel II Regulation- A Review on Bangladesh. Credit rating agencies may collude to assign inflated ratings. Yet it is showing that there exists vast role which induces credit rating agencies to assign correct ratings.
Keywords: Credit Rating (CR), Credit Rating Agency (CRA), Basel II, WASO credit Rating Co. (BD) Ltd., Credit Risk, Standard Approach.
The document is a technical seminar report on smart grids. It discusses how smart grids use two-way digital technology to control appliances and save energy. Smart grids can self-heal, incorporate consumer behavior, tolerate attacks, accommodate various generation options, and optimize assets. Key characteristics include being self-healing, empowering consumers, being tolerant of attacks, providing high quality power, and accommodating different generation technologies. The report also discusses functions supported by smart grids like variable pricing, energy monitoring, congestion management, and black start support. It describes needed technologies like integrated communications, sensing/measurement, smart meters, and advanced components. Overall, smart grids aim to provide observability, controllability, improve performance and security,
This document provides information about an internship report submitted by Muhammad Sajid Majeed to the Department of Management Sciences at the University of Education in partial fulfillment of an MBA degree. The report details Muhammad's 6-week internship at Sapphire Dairies (Pvt) Limited, including an overview of the dairy industry in Pakistan, organizational structure of Sapphire Dairies, description of internship activities in the marketing department, and analysis of the company and industry.
The document summarizes an internship report at Madhur Dairy. It discusses the objectives of the internship which were to understand the operations of various departments, learn new production methods, and study the organizational structure. It provides background on the dairy industry in India and Gandhinagar District Cooperative Milk Producers' Union Ltd (Madhur Dairy). It describes the company's establishment, facilities, products, and awards received for performance and innovation.
This document is a technical seminar report submitted by a student to fulfill requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Mechanical Engineering. The report discusses the history and working principles of steam turbines, including their advantages and disadvantages. It describes different types of steam turbines such as impulse and reaction turbines. It also covers topics like compounding, steam supply and exhaust conditions, turbine components, operation principles, applications, and thermodynamics of steam turbines. The document contains detailed information presented over multiple sections and references.
This document describes the components and working of a vacuum braking system used in trains. The key components are the driver's brake valve, exhauster, brake pipe, brake cylinders, and vacuum reservoirs. The exhauster creates a vacuum in the brake pipe to release the brakes. Loss of vacuum causes the brakes to automatically apply. Additional features discussed include accelerators to speed up braking, and two-pipe systems using a reservoir pipe to enable faster brake release. Vacuum brakes were widely used in trains until being replaced by compressed air brakes which provide more braking power.
This document provides an overview of the dairy industry in India and the company Mother Dairy. It discusses the size and growth of the Indian dairy market. It then describes Mother Dairy's history, objectives, products, and operations in Hyderabad. Mother Dairy markets milk and other dairy products in Hyderabad through a network of agents using an outsourced logistics system. The document appears to provide background information in preparation for a study or project on Mother Dairy's milk sales through its card system in Hyderabad.
Seminar report on solar tree (by Vikas)dreamervikas
Now a days with the growing population and energy demand we should take a renewable option of energy source and also we should keep in mind that energy should not cause pollution and other natural hazards. In this case the solar energy is the best option for us.
so based on solar energy the solar tree is formed and it acquire very less land.
The document describes the key components and processes involved in a typical coal-fired thermal power plant, including the boiler, turbine, condenser, coal handling equipment, and other auxiliary systems. It also provides diagrams to illustrate the general layout and flow of energy conversion from coal to steam to mechanical power to electricity. Additionally, it briefly mentions some major thermal power plants located in the state of Rajasthan, India.
This document provides an overview of smart management of electric power grids. It discusses how smart grids use two-way communication between utilities and users to create an automated and distributed energy network. Key components of smart grids include smart meters that monitor energy usage in intervals and can remotely control appliances, information transfer networks to share data, and distributed generation from sources like solar panels. The document outlines benefits like improved reliability, efficiency, and ability to incorporate renewable energy through advanced monitoring and control enabled by smart grid technologies.
This document discusses managing smart grid power systems using Zigbee technology. It begins with an introduction to smart grids and their benefits like more efficient and flexible power system operation using new communication technologies. It then discusses the need for smart grids due to increasing energy demands and inefficiencies in conventional grids. The document outlines the benefits of smart grids like improved efficiency, reliability, and support for renewable energy integration. It describes how Zigbee can be used as a wireless technology for smart grid communication. It provides a block diagram of a smart grid system and discusses challenges like costs and security issues. In conclusion, it states that smart grids can provide electricity more efficiently through better allocation of power.
This document provides an overview of smart grids, including their components, advantages, and limitations. A smart grid uses two-way digital communication technology to detect and automatically respond to local changes in usage. It aims to reduce costs and carbon emissions by integrating renewable energy sources. Key components include smart meters for sensing usage, core networks for connectivity between substations, and distribution networks for transmitting data to databases. Advantages are reduced carbon, automated control, and increased efficiency. Limitations include inadequate existing infrastructure and intermittent renewable sources.
Advancement in Smart grid by Embedding a Last meter in a Internet of Things P...IRJET Journal
This document discusses embedding a smart meter into an Internet of Things platform to advance smart grids. It proposes an architecture that integrates smart grid applications with smart home applications. The architecture allows different wireless protocols to communicate between meters, users and the system. It also provides secure data access and simplifies interaction for non-technical users. Key benefits include integrating smart grids and smart homes on a single infrastructure, gathering data from various sensors securely, and providing a common interface for applications.
The document discusses smart grid control. It defines smart grid control as algorithms or rules to handle smart grid systems. This allows for implementation of renewable energy and microgrids while making power grid control over wide area networks more challenging. The document outlines various smart grid control enablers like sensors, communication channels, and computational platforms. It also discusses frameworks for smart grid control from standards bodies like NIST. Specific control applications discussed include automated demand response, distribution grid optimization, and wide-area control using phasor measurement units.
The document discusses the transformation from a traditional power grid to a smarter power grid, known as a smart grid. A smart grid uses two-way communication and digital technology to improve efficiency. It enables better integration of renewable energy sources and allows consumers to interact more with the grid. Key components of a smart grid include smart meters, phasor measurement units, distributed generation resources, and energy storage from electric vehicles. The benefits of a smart grid are improved efficiency, reliability, and use of renewable energy, while drawbacks include potential security and privacy issues from increased connectivity.
The document discusses the components and advantages of smart grids. It explains that smart grids use digital technology to monitor, control and analyze the electricity supply chain. This allows for more reliable delivery of power from various distributed sources like solar and wind. Key smart grid technologies include intelligent appliances, smart meters, super conducting cables, phasor measurement units, and smart substations. The smart grid provides benefits like better power management, supply/demand management, and remote meter reading. However, security and grid volatility are disadvantages if the network is not developed properly. Overall, smart grids have revolutionized the energy system through increased reliability, efficiency and consumer access.
Substation communication architecture to realize the future smart gridAlexander Decker
This document discusses the role of substation communication architecture in realizing the future smart grid. It proposes exploiting the technical features of IEC 61850, the standard for communication networks and systems in substations, to make the substation communication architecture ready to accommodate smart grid applications and goals. IEC 61850-based substation automation can support smart grid functions by providing seamless communication, interoperability, and integration of distributed energy resources at the distribution level. The substation architecture needs to be resilient and accommodate a large number of components from the distribution side like feeder automation and smart meters to achieve the objectives of a smart grid like improved reliability and power quality.
1. The document discusses smart grid technology, which involves upgrading electrical infrastructure to allow for two-way communication across power grids. This will enable more efficient distribution of power from diverse energy sources like wind and solar.
2. Key components of smart grids include advanced metering infrastructure for two-way utility communication, distribution management systems to model the power network, and geographic information systems to manage critical infrastructure data.
3. While smart grids promise benefits like increased reliability and efficiency, challenges include potential privacy and security issues if communication networks are hacked and ability to control individual buildings' power supply is gained. Increased intelligence is also needed to control the middle portions of grids as more distributed energy sources are added.
The document provides an introduction to smart grids. It discusses how smart grids enable two-way communication between utilities and customers as well as integration of renewable energy sources. Key components of smart grids include smart meters, phasor measurement units, distributed generation, and information transfers. Smart grids provide benefits like improved efficiency, reliability, and support for renewable energy while also posing challenges around security and complex rate systems. India has several smart grid pilot projects underway to modernize its electrical infrastructure.
The document discusses the need to transform the existing power grid into a smart grid to address issues like poor monitoring, increasing energy demands, and high carbon footprints. It outlines several key priorities and technologies needed for smart grid development, including wide area situational awareness, advanced metering infrastructure, distributed grid management, demand response, electric storage, cyber security, electric transportation, and network communications standards. The goal is to create a modern, intelligent power grid that can efficiently transmit electricity from diverse energy sources to customers through a distributed architecture enabled by digital technologies and two-way communication networks.
Smart grids integrate traditional and renewable energy sources to create an efficient, reliable, and sustainable electricity system. They use two-way communication between utilities and consumers to manage energy production and consumption. This allows for more efficient transmission of power, better integration of distributed energy resources, and demand response programs. Real-time monitoring throughout the network improves reliability, power quality, and integration of electric vehicles. However, fully implementing smart grid capabilities requires upgrading infrastructure like meters, distribution automation, and communication networks.
This document provides an overview of smart grids and discusses their implementation in India. It acknowledges Power Grid Corporation of India for allowing the author to intern with them. The document contains 5 chapters that discuss: 1) introduction to smart grids and their basic components like communication and EMS, 2) smart grids in the power sector and implementation strategies, 3) wide area management systems, 4) security challenges, and 5) conclusions and recommendations. The document aims to provide information on smart grids and their role in India's power transmission network.
The document discusses India's power grid network and the transition to a smart grid system. It provides information on:
- India's existing regional power grids and their interconnections.
- The definition and key characteristics of a smart grid, including its use of digital technology, smart meters, and two-way communication.
- The advantages of a smart grid like enabling renewable energy integration, demand response programs, and modernizing transmission and distribution systems.
This document discusses smart grids, which use information and communication technologies to improve the efficiency, reliability, and sustainability of electricity production and distribution. It defines smart grids and outlines their key components, including intelligent appliances, smart meters, smart substations, superconducting cables, integrated communications, and phasor measurement units. The document also explores the role of IoT in smart grids and the benefits of smart grids like better energy management, demand response, power quality, reduced emissions, and facilitating renewable energy integration.
The document discusses smart grids and their evolution in India. It provides three key points:
1. Smart grids allow for a modernized electricity delivery system that can monitor, protect and optimize the interconnected elements of the power system through advanced communications and sensing technologies. This enables better operational efficiency, integration of renewable energy, and consumer service.
2. India's power system has evolved from isolated state grids to integrated regional and national grids to optimize resource utilization across states. However, challenges remain in meeting growing demand, improving efficiency, and enhancing consumer services.
3. The development of smart grid technologies can help transform India's existing grid to address these challenges through features like self-healing, demand response, distributed generation integration
Smart Grid Components Control Elements & Smart Grid TechnologySurajPrakash115
1. The document discusses the key components of a smart grid, including monitoring and control technology, transmission systems, smart devices interfaces, distribution systems, storage, and demand side management.
2. It describes each component in detail, explaining their functions and how they improve reliability, integration of renewable resources, and two-way power flow.
3. The technologies that will drive smart grids are identified as integrated communications, sensing and measurement, advanced components, and advanced control methods.
One promising means of reducing the transmission and distribution losses is through the distributed generation of electricity closer to the end user such as net metering schemes. And the other approach is managing customer consumption of electricity in response to supply conditions, for example, stimulating electricity customers to reduce their consumption at critical times or in response to market prices, thereby reducing the peak demand for electricity. In order to assist consumers to make informed decisions on how to manage and control their electricity consumption, consumers should have a system to monitor their real-time electricity consumption as well as a communication network with the service provider. But traditional electricity meters only record energy consumption progressively over time, normally in monthly basis and provide no information of when the energy was consumed. Therefore the necessity of Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) has been emerged to address the above matters. Nowadays most of the nations are looking to rollout into Smart Meters enabling faster automated communication of information to consumers on their real time electricity consumption, and to service providers.
a smart meter electronically measures how much energy is being used and how much it costs, and then communicates it to the energy supplier and the customer. Smart meters can also enable the provision of new services to consumers as it can record consumption of electric energy in intervals of an hour or less, and also gather data for remote reporting using two-way communication between the meter and central system.
Report on smart metering& control of transmission systemDurgarao Gundu
This document provides an overview of smart metering and smart grid infrastructure. It discusses key components of a smart metering infrastructure including smart meters, communication systems, meter data management systems, and home area networks. Smart meters can record and store energy usage data at intervals, communicate bidirectionally, and support time-of-use pricing and demand response. Communication systems enable transmission of data from smart meters to utilities. Meter data management systems collect, store, analyze and utilize energy usage data. Home area networks allow customers to access their energy usage data and receive signals from utilities. The document also compares automatic meter reading and smart metering infrastructure and examines smart meter communication technologies suitable for the Indian context.
The document provides an introduction to smart grid technologies. It defines a smart grid as an electricity network that uses digital computing and communication technologies to intelligently integrate generators, consumers, and prosumers. The key components of a smart grid include smart meters, home energy management systems, renewable generation integration, and technologies like sensing and advanced control methods. While smart grids provide benefits like improved reliability and sustainability, challenges remain around costs, policy and regulation, and ensuring interoperability between new and old equipment. Overall, smart grids are seen as revolutionizing the electrical network for more efficient, reliable and green energy in the future.
Facilitation Skills - When to Use and Why.pptxKnoldus Inc.
In this session, we will discuss the world of Agile methodologies and how facilitation plays a crucial role in optimizing collaboration, communication, and productivity within Scrum teams. We'll dive into the key facets of effective facilitation and how it can transform sprint planning, daily stand-ups, sprint reviews, and retrospectives. The participants will gain valuable insights into the art of choosing the right facilitation techniques for specific scenarios, aligning with Agile values and principles. We'll explore the "why" behind each technique, emphasizing the importance of adaptability and responsiveness in the ever-evolving Agile landscape. Overall, this session will help participants better understand the significance of facilitation in Agile and how it can enhance the team's productivity and communication.
This time, we're diving into the murky waters of the Fuxnet malware, a brainchild of the illustrious Blackjack hacking group.
Let's set the scene: Moscow, a city unsuspectingly going about its business, unaware that it's about to be the star of Blackjack's latest production. The method? Oh, nothing too fancy, just the classic "let's potentially disable sensor-gateways" move.
In a move of unparalleled transparency, Blackjack decides to broadcast their cyber conquests on ruexfil.com. Because nothing screams "covert operation" like a public display of your hacking prowess, complete with screenshots for the visually inclined.
Ah, but here's where the plot thickens: the initial claim of 2,659 sensor-gateways laid to waste? A slight exaggeration, it seems. The actual tally? A little over 500. It's akin to declaring world domination and then barely managing to annex your backyard.
For Blackjack, ever the dramatists, hint at a sequel, suggesting the JSON files were merely a teaser of the chaos yet to come. Because what's a cyberattack without a hint of sequel bait, teasing audiences with the promise of more digital destruction?
-------
This document presents a comprehensive analysis of the Fuxnet malware, attributed to the Blackjack hacking group, which has reportedly targeted infrastructure. The analysis delves into various aspects of the malware, including its technical specifications, impact on systems, defense mechanisms, propagation methods, targets, and the motivations behind its deployment. By examining these facets, the document aims to provide a detailed overview of Fuxnet's capabilities and its implications for cybersecurity.
The document offers a qualitative summary of the Fuxnet malware, based on the information publicly shared by the attackers and analyzed by cybersecurity experts. This analysis is invaluable for security professionals, IT specialists, and stakeholders in various industries, as it not only sheds light on the technical intricacies of a sophisticated cyber threat but also emphasizes the importance of robust cybersecurity measures in safeguarding critical infrastructure against emerging threats. Through this detailed examination, the document contributes to the broader understanding of cyber warfare tactics and enhances the preparedness of organizations to defend against similar attacks in the future.
ScyllaDB Leaps Forward with Dor Laor, CEO of ScyllaDBScyllaDB
Join ScyllaDB’s CEO, Dor Laor, as he introduces the revolutionary tablet architecture that makes one of the fastest databases fully elastic. Dor will also detail the significant advancements in ScyllaDB Cloud’s security and elasticity features as well as the speed boost that ScyllaDB Enterprise 2024.1 received.
So You've Lost Quorum: Lessons From Accidental DowntimeScyllaDB
The best thing about databases is that they always work as intended, and never suffer any downtime. You'll never see a system go offline because of a database outage. In this talk, Bo Ingram -- staff engineer at Discord and author of ScyllaDB in Action --- dives into an outage with one of their ScyllaDB clusters, showing how a stressed ScyllaDB cluster looks and behaves during an incident. You'll learn about how to diagnose issues in your clusters, see how external failure modes manifest in ScyllaDB, and how you can avoid making a fault too big to tolerate.
TrustArc Webinar - Your Guide for Smooth Cross-Border Data Transfers and Glob...TrustArc
Global data transfers can be tricky due to different regulations and individual protections in each country. Sharing data with vendors has become such a normal part of business operations that some may not even realize they’re conducting a cross-border data transfer!
The Global CBPR Forum launched the new Global Cross-Border Privacy Rules framework in May 2024 to ensure that privacy compliance and regulatory differences across participating jurisdictions do not block a business's ability to deliver its products and services worldwide.
To benefit consumers and businesses, Global CBPRs promote trust and accountability while moving toward a future where consumer privacy is honored and data can be transferred responsibly across borders.
This webinar will review:
- What is a data transfer and its related risks
- How to manage and mitigate your data transfer risks
- How do different data transfer mechanisms like the EU-US DPF and Global CBPR benefit your business globally
- Globally what are the cross-border data transfer regulations and guidelines
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 2DianaGray10
This session is focused on setting up Project, Train Model and Refine Model in Communication Mining platform. We will understand data ingestion, various phases of Model training and best practices.
• Administration
• Manage Sources and Dataset
• Taxonomy
• Model Training
• Refining Models and using Validation
• Best practices
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Discover the Unseen: Tailored Recommendation of Unwatched ContentScyllaDB
The session shares how JioCinema approaches ""watch discounting."" This capability ensures that if a user watched a certain amount of a show/movie, the platform no longer recommends that particular content to the user. Flawless operation of this feature promotes the discover of new content, improving the overall user experience.
JioCinema is an Indian over-the-top media streaming service owned by Viacom18.
Lee Barnes - Path to Becoming an Effective Test Automation Engineer.pdfleebarnesutopia
So… you want to become a Test Automation Engineer (or hire and develop one)? While there’s quite a bit of information available about important technical and tool skills to master, there’s not enough discussion around the path to becoming an effective Test Automation Engineer that knows how to add VALUE. In my experience this had led to a proliferation of engineers who are proficient with tools and building frameworks but have skill and knowledge gaps, especially in software testing, that reduce the value they deliver with test automation.
In this talk, Lee will share his lessons learned from over 30 years of working with, and mentoring, hundreds of Test Automation Engineers. Whether you’re looking to get started in test automation or just want to improve your trade, this talk will give you a solid foundation and roadmap for ensuring your test automation efforts continuously add value. This talk is equally valuable for both aspiring Test Automation Engineers and those managing them! All attendees will take away a set of key foundational knowledge and a high-level learning path for leveling up test automation skills and ensuring they add value to their organizations.
LF Energy Webinar: Carbon Data Specifications: Mechanisms to Improve Data Acc...DanBrown980551
This LF Energy webinar took place June 20, 2024. It featured:
-Alex Thornton, LF Energy
-Hallie Cramer, Google
-Daniel Roesler, UtilityAPI
-Henry Richardson, WattTime
In response to the urgency and scale required to effectively address climate change, open source solutions offer significant potential for driving innovation and progress. Currently, there is a growing demand for standardization and interoperability in energy data and modeling. Open source standards and specifications within the energy sector can also alleviate challenges associated with data fragmentation, transparency, and accessibility. At the same time, it is crucial to consider privacy and security concerns throughout the development of open source platforms.
This webinar will delve into the motivations behind establishing LF Energy’s Carbon Data Specification Consortium. It will provide an overview of the draft specifications and the ongoing progress made by the respective working groups.
Three primary specifications will be discussed:
-Discovery and client registration, emphasizing transparent processes and secure and private access
-Customer data, centering around customer tariffs, bills, energy usage, and full consumption disclosure
-Power systems data, focusing on grid data, inclusive of transmission and distribution networks, generation, intergrid power flows, and market settlement data
MySQL InnoDB Storage Engine: Deep Dive - MydbopsMydbops
This presentation, titled "MySQL - InnoDB" and delivered by Mayank Prasad at the Mydbops Open Source Database Meetup 16 on June 8th, 2024, covers dynamic configuration of REDO logs and instant ADD/DROP columns in InnoDB.
This presentation dives deep into the world of InnoDB, exploring two ground-breaking features introduced in MySQL 8.0:
• Dynamic Configuration of REDO Logs: Enhance your database's performance and flexibility with on-the-fly adjustments to REDO log capacity. Unleash the power of the snake metaphor to visualize how InnoDB manages REDO log files.
• Instant ADD/DROP Columns: Say goodbye to costly table rebuilds! This presentation unveils how InnoDB now enables seamless addition and removal of columns without compromising data integrity or incurring downtime.
Key Learnings:
• Grasp the concept of REDO logs and their significance in InnoDB's transaction management.
• Discover the advantages of dynamic REDO log configuration and how to leverage it for optimal performance.
• Understand the inner workings of instant ADD/DROP columns and their impact on database operations.
• Gain valuable insights into the row versioning mechanism that empowers instant column modifications.
Supercell is the game developer behind Hay Day, Clash of Clans, Boom Beach, Clash Royale and Brawl Stars. Learn how they unified real-time event streaming for a social platform with hundreds of millions of users.
Northern Engraving | Modern Metal Trim, Nameplates and Appliance PanelsNorthern Engraving
What began over 115 years ago as a supplier of precision gauges to the automotive industry has evolved into being an industry leader in the manufacture of product branding, automotive cockpit trim and decorative appliance trim. Value-added services include in-house Design, Engineering, Program Management, Test Lab and Tool Shops.
QR Secure: A Hybrid Approach Using Machine Learning and Security Validation F...AlexanderRichford
QR Secure: A Hybrid Approach Using Machine Learning and Security Validation Functions to Prevent Interaction with Malicious QR Codes.
Aim of the Study: The goal of this research was to develop a robust hybrid approach for identifying malicious and insecure URLs derived from QR codes, ensuring safe interactions.
This is achieved through:
Machine Learning Model: Predicts the likelihood of a URL being malicious.
Security Validation Functions: Ensures the derived URL has a valid certificate and proper URL format.
This innovative blend of technology aims to enhance cybersecurity measures and protect users from potential threats hidden within QR codes 🖥 🔒
This study was my first introduction to using ML which has shown me the immense potential of ML in creating more secure digital environments!
For senior executives, successfully managing a major cyber attack relies on your ability to minimise operational downtime, revenue loss and reputational damage.
Indeed, the approach you take to recovery is the ultimate test for your Resilience, Business Continuity, Cyber Security and IT teams.
Our Cyber Recovery Wargame prepares your organisation to deliver an exceptional crisis response.
Event date: 19th June 2024, Tate Modern
1. INTERNSHIP REPORT ON SMART GRID
Author:
Kamaldeep Singh
Aravind Avvar
Supervisor:
Prof. Matti Latva-aho
Prof. Premanandana Rajatheva
1
Report on Smart GridsReport on Smart Grid VisionReport on Smart Grid's VisionReport on Smart Grid's Vision
2. ABSTRACT
In this report we analyze the background work required to cognize on
Smart Grid technology and how it can be effectively implemented. The main
objective of this report is to consider about the channel models, different
ways of measurement, standards and tools used to optimize and allocate
the resources Smart Grid. Firstly we report briefly the definition of Smart
Grid and how data is communicated in Smart Grids.Secondly we study on
the different ways of measuring and optimizing the allocation of resources.
Finally we study about the present standards and how well are they imple-
mented in the real system. At last we conclude with the present scenario in
Smart Grids and how we can improve on the present implications.
Key words: Power Line Communications, Smart Grid Technology, Stan-
dards, Research Areas in Smart Grids.
2
3. Contents
1 INTRODUCTION 6
1.1 What is Smart Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2 Data Communication on Smart Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2 CHANNEL MODELS IN SMART GRID 11
2.1 Channels used in Smart Grids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2 FSK System for Smart Utility Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.1 Communication Network Architecture . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2.2 Power Line Intelligent Metering Evolution . . . . . . . 14
3 POWER FLOW MANAGEMENT IN SMART GRID 16
3.1 CDMA Channel Model in Smart Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.2 Smart wires (SW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4 TOOLS USED IN SMART GRID 20
4.1 Simulations Tools used in Smart Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5 OPTIMIZATION IN SMART GRID 24
5.1 Optimization Models for Energy Reallocation in a Smart Grid 24
6 RESOURCE ALLOCATION IN SMART GRID 26
6.1 Cost Aware Grid Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
6.2 Game Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
7 STANDARDS USED IN SMART GRID 29
7.1 IEEE P2030 Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
7.1.1 IEEE P1901- Broadband over the power line Networks 31
7.1.2 Next Generation Service Overlay Network IEEE P1903 32
8 SMART GRID DEVELOPMENT VISION 34
9 CONCLUSION 36
10 REFERENCES 37
3
4. FOREWORD
This Internship report is based on the practical training which we performed
in the department of CWC at the University of Oulu. The purpose of this
Internship is to do the literature review on Smart Grids and to understand
its functionality.
Oulu, 15th June 2011
Kamaldeep Singh
Aravind Avvar
4
5. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
FSK Frequency Shift Keying
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
AMI Advance Metering System
OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
PLC Power Line Communications
MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output
MISO Multiple Input Single Output
3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
IDMA Interleave Division Multiple Access
Wimax Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
SUN Smart Utility Networks
CPE Customer-premises equipment
EPS Electrical Power System
QOS Quality of Service
OSI Open System Interconnection
BPL Broadband over Power Lines
CTP Capacitated Transshipment Problem
IP Internet Protocol
BER Bit Error Rate
QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying
DPSK Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
5
6. Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
This chapter gives a brief outlook of the Smart Grid and its functionality.
Data communication on the Smart Grid is explained in detail.
1.1 What is Smart Grid
Smart Grid is a vision that how to generate, distribute and consume en-
ergy. In addition to this, it is how to overcome the shortcomings of today’s
electricity grids. The main goal is to mitigate the impact of disruptions of
the energy supply as well as to enhance security and reliability of energy
infrastructure. The operation and meaning of the smart grid can be best
understood with the figure given below.
Figure 1.1: Smart Grid[26]
6
7. The topology of Smart Grid is shown in the fig. 1.1. It mainly consists
of domains, interfaces and its distribution. There have been radical changes
in a way to generate, distribute and consume energy. The electric grids were
originally designed to distribute the electricity from small number of gener-
ators to millions of the consumers based on the concept that supply must
follow the demand [28]. This phenomenon required additional generators
to be instantly being available to balance the increase in demand and also
the installed generation capacity is sufficient to satisfy the demand at the
peak time. In addition, consumers are charged for electricity on a per unit
basis however the real cost of generating the electricity varies throughout
the day [27]. Clearly, because of the inefficiencies in the previous electricity
grid system, a more dynamic and smarter grid system was paramount.
This vision has led to the innovation of smart grids, which are improved
electricity grids where household and businesses act as both generators as
well as consumer of electricity, and were the information and electricity flow
together in network.Smart Grid is an electricity delivery system with com-
munication facilities and information facilities for the efficient and reliable
grid operation with improved customer satisfaction and cleaner environ-
ment. Smart Grids are also called Green Communication because it is na-
ture friendly technology. By using the Two-way communication capabilities
of the smart meter one can enhance the current power system. Smart Grid
will allow the flow of energy from consumers to outside network depending
on demand and supply conditions. Features of smart grid Includes real time
monitoring and exchange of the Information [28]. Consumers can adjust
electric supply according to their needs, cost, power, level of reliability and
environmental Impact.
Smart Grids will remove any hindrance in economic growth and facili-
tates the delivery of the energy from the renewable sources of energy like
wind, sun and water. There would be faster detection of outages and black-
outs and rapid system restoration will improve the security and reliability
of the grid [30]. Moreover, Grid will be less vulnerable to potential attacks
and threats. The current electric power grid is outdated and cannot support
the increase in the energy consumption. Hence, it is expected that smart
grids which are more reliable, secure, economic, efficient and environmental
friendly grids will replace the old power grids.
The backbone of the Smart Grids is the Advance Metering Infrastruc-
ture (AMI) consisting of the Smart Meters and the communication network
which has capability to monitor and repair the faulty network in the real
time [1].The utilization structure of smart grid needs to be analyzed before
implementation of the AMI. The utilization or the component structure of
the smart gird is shown in the below figure.
The fig. 1.2 describes the utilization structure of grid from the generation
to the consumption. The figure mainly explains the component utilization.
The vision of the Smart Grid is to research, develop and demonstrate a
7
8. Figure 1.2: Smart Grid Structure[29]
two-way electricity network that will meet the increasing energy demands.
Electricity power Grids must be:
• Flexible: Grid should easily adapt to the changing and challenging
environment.
• Accessible: Grid must be accessible to all users and should have high
efficiency local generation with zero or low carbon emission.
• Reliable: Grid must assure improved quality of supply and security
and must adapt itself with increase in demand without any hazards
and uncertainties.
• Economic: Grid is best valued through innovations and efficient energy
management.
1.2 Data Communication on Smart Grid
The smart grid system requires high speed sensing of the date from all the
sensor nodes within few power cycles [1]. The AMI is employ the meters
on the grid and which are used to provide all the vital information to the
master head end within very short duration of time. The two head end
and the meter are located on the different parts of the network. Orthogo-
nal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) based communication is
used over low voltage power line in CENELEC band A and B [3]. In Or-
thogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access channel model time varying
and frequency selectivity power grid channels and noise is undertaken. AMI
provides an ability to use electricity more efficiently and monitor and repair
the networks in the real time.
8
9. The multiuser communication over the low voltage undergoes various
challenges such as large number of sensors, time varying circuits, high back-
ground noise, and varying Grid topologies [18]. The channel model views
current grid configuration as a Multiple Input Multiple Output/Multiple In-
put Single Output (MIMO/MISO) channel and use the channel information
to develop on OFDMA based transrecievers.
The time variation of the loads represent the complex frequency depen-
dent, switching behavior in the CENELEC band of the residential and com-
mercial powered equipment’s. The communication is established between
the head end and the meter [3]. Not only the channel frequency selectivity
causes the fading but switching on/off of loads also causes fading. This is
due to the time varying behavior of the circuit elements. Time varying loads
causes non-linear behavior [18]. However, non-linearity changes slowly. We
can use quasi static approximation and Fourier analysis for time varying and
stochastic impedance.
Monte Carlo simulations can be used to estimate various parameters
like mean, correlation etc. OFDMA system have been in use for various
wireless system includes Wimax and 3rd Generation Partnership Project
(3GPP) for optimizing the simultaneous use of available bandwidth for the
data transmission from the mobile station to the base station [2].
A unique subset of subcarrier is assigned to each user in an OFDMA
system to simultaneously transmit the data.
Figure 1.3: Smart Grid Architecture[25]
In OFDM based systems the available bandwidth is divided into number
of sub bands and each sub band is assigned to different users [3]. The Low
voltage power lines are used in the real time communication, and hence can
9
10. be used in the smart grid monitoring systems [5]. Any system functionality
can be best understood with the layered architecture. The architecture of
the present smart grid is shown in the fig 1.3. It analyzes each function
of the grid to match with the definite layer so that the total automation
doesn’t need any human intervention.
The fig.1.3 describes layer architecture from the bulk generation to trans-
mission, distribution and finally end customer who is going to get the ser-
vice. The physical layer basically constitutes the generation, distribution.
The next layer is communication network layer and it takes cares of the net-
working functionality in smart grid. The next layer which is most important
layer i.e. communication network security layer which take security in to
consideration for the network functionality. Each layer is interdependent on
each another for the efficient smart grid implementation. In this chapter,
we reviewed the various definitions on Smart Grids and how the data is
communicated in Smart Grids.
10
11. Chapter 2
CHANNEL MODELS IN
SMART GRID
We will analyze the use of Channel Models in Smart Grids. There are
many Channels Models used in Smart Grid. But we will mainly concentrate
and narrow down to the main Communication Channel Models employed in
present Smart Grids.
2.1 Channels used in Smart Grids
Power Line Communications (PLC) plays an important role in Smart Grids
for its cost efficiency [13]. Number of methods has been used to deal with
the challenges in PLC like selectivity fading and impulsive noise.
One of the methods namely Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex-
ing Interleave Division Multiple Access (OFDM-IDMA), which can be used
to solve the problems caused by the frequency selective channel and im-
pulse noise. There are two major problems in the PLC that are frequency
selectivity which is caused by the Reflections generated by the impedance
discontinuities [11]. The second problem is noise which consists of back-
ground noise and impedance noise. The impedance noise is caused due to
the switching behavior of transient elements.
OFDM systems are used to convert the frequency selective channel into
the frequency flat channels so that use of the complicated equalizers is
avoided. However, OFDM is not able to handle the busty errors caused
by the impulsive noise in PLC. Interleavers can be used to separate the sub-
sequent affected symbols. Hence, to get the better performance than OFDM
systems, a new system have been proposed which is known as OFDM-IDMA
which is enhanced version of OFDM systems.
OFDM-IDMA is interleave division multiple access uses different chip
level interleaving sequences in contract to the differential spreading sequences
in OFDM systems to distinguish different users [11] .If the interleaving se-
11
12. quences are treated as spreading codes then IDMA can regarded as a special
case of the CDMA.
The performance of OFDM-IDMA is better than the OFDMA because
of the following reasons:-
• Use of the spreader of long length in OFDM-IDMA enables the col-
lection of multipath diversity provided by the PLC channels while
OFDMA fails to collect multipath diversity.
• Spreader couples with interleaver in OFDM-IDMA to alleviate the
effect of impulsive noise by averaging the impulse affected subcarriers
with number of unaffected subcarriers.
OFDM is a feasible solution for converting the frequency fading channels
into the flat fading channels over and IDMA alleviates the effect of impulsive
noise by averaging a number of sub-carriers.
2.2 FSK System for Smart Utility Network
In parallel to the Smart Grids, Smart Utility Networks generally known as
SUN are also gaining popularity these days. SUN is the networking system
that is used in the utility services such as electricity, water, gas, so as to
cover the information from millions of supported nodes across the diverse
geographical environment. SUN design is called IEEE 802.15.4g [4]. SUN
system supports a large number of nodes within the network therefore it
takes into account the homogenous co-existence among its devices. Ho-
mogenous co-existence is handled by the physical layer and medium access
control sub layer.
Advantage of low duty cycle is that it provides technical strength, low
power consumption and good co-existence capabilities but it reduces the
data rate. There is a long silent period in between the two consecutive
signal transmissions. The silent period enables features such as power saving
and effective multiple access [4]. Application of Low duty systems is in the
impulse radios and the spread spectrum radio, both related to the ultra-
wideband technology. Low duty systems are also used extensively in several
specifications of the wireless personal area networks.
The Utility meters are connected through a wireless channel to the data
collectors and further data collectors are further connected to the utility
provider control center servers through the main station.
In SUN systems the data flows from the end nodes to the utility providers
facilitating billing data collection, load assessment and other relaxed mea-
surement [4]. On the other hand, the SUN also facilitates control and man-
agement of utilities services such as service connection/disconnection, service
monitoring and load balancing.
12
13. There are two types of devices in the network, the coordinator capable
devices and the normal devices. In a network cluster, coordinator capable
device are used to manage the network timing and resources, while the other
devices become network nodes. In a cluster, devices may be formed in a star
or tree cluster formulation. Multiple clusters can be joined through the net-
work coordinator capable devices from the respective clusters. This enables
a topology that extends to complex multicluster architecture, supporting
mesh and peer to peer networks [4]. The data collection from the customer
side and to implement back to their components needs intelligence and that
is done with the smart meter system. The following figure shows the imple-
mentation of data collection and distribution in smart meter system.
Figure 2.1: Analysis of Data Collection and Distribution[29]
The fig. 2.1 analyzes the data collection and distribution form the smart
metering system. The data from the CPE smart meter collects the data
and sends it to the EPN agent which transfers it to the EPN edge collection
point. The data is transferred to many EPN edge points before it reaches
the smart grid. The grid analyzes the data and production and distribution
is done depending on the utilization.
2.2.1 Communication Network Architecture
An IP-centric heterogeneous and integrated communication network may
be used to meet the communication demands of Smart Grid applications
that can included in different power grid segments and in multiple network
technologies [25]. The integrated IP network supports data communication
required for controlling and managing applications such as smart metering,
automated demand response, rapid inter-substation response, and distri-
bution automation, synch phasors, SCADA systems, EVs and micro grid
connectivity. The communication network is also expected to support other
utility enterprise traffic.
To provide more reliable services to the consumers there is a need of
robust and real time communication between the remote points of the net-
13
14. work and the control room [17]. One way to achieve this is to use the
existing power line infrastructure as the communications medium, a process
generally known as PLC. Though PLC is not a new concept, advancements
in modulation performance and the ever decreasing cost of implementing
modems in hardware now means that a network wide multi-point to point
network without the need for expensive line traps is possible.
2.2.2 Power Line Intelligent Metering Evolution
The Power Line Intelligent Metering Evolution(PRIME) architecture for the
implementation of metering system in smart grid is shown in the following
figure [17]. It basically constitute exchange agent which gets the information
from the different consumption points. The exchange will implement the
smart metering system. The exchange agent will route the data accordingly
based on the consumption.
Figure 2.2: Intelligent Metering System[30]
The fig. 2.2 shows the implemented power line metering system which
intelligently can take decision depending on the utilization Power line Intel-
ligent Metering Evolution is one of the power line communication technolo-
gies, which is used in smart metering applications. PRIME calls for a new
public, open and non-proprietary telecommunications architecture that will
support the new AMM functionality and enable the building of the elec-
tricity networks of the future, or Smart Grids. The PRIME PHY / MAC
specifications are open, publicly available. PRIME employs OFDM modu-
lation in the CENELEC A band (9 - 95 kHz), and achieves data rates from
21 kbps to 128 kbps at the PHY layer.
14
15. There are two basic communication scenarios, one is where we cannot
afford to have delays such as control signals in the power system opera-
tions currently carried out by Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (
SCADA) system, the other is some delay can be allowed. Application of
wireless and wire line access in these areas should be carefully considered.
The other critical aspect is the communication security. With the ad-
vent of smart meters, ’always on’ security is essential as opposed to ’on off’
security provided for E-commerce applications. Universal, intelligent and
multifunctional devices controlling power distribution and measurement will
become the enabling technology of the ICT-driven Smart Grid. Agents can
be used for acquiring and monitoring data, support decision making, rep-
resent devices and controls etc. They act autonomously and communicate
with each other across open and distributed environments.
In this chapter, we made a study on the present channel models available
and deployed in smart grids for efficient functionality.
15
16. Chapter 3
POWER FLOW
MANAGEMENT IN
SMART GRID
In recent years, there has been an increased demand for more efficient ways
of managing the power distribution in electricity networks; in particular it
is desired to reduce the wasteful electricity consumption in order to reduce
costs and the adverse effect of electricity generation on the environment.
3.1 CDMA Channel Model in Smart Grid
In order to meet the changing requirements, more sophisticated methods of
measuring and controlling the power consumption are desirable. More, so-
phisticated networks, sometimes known as Smart Grids, have been proposed,
which may include features such as a capability to turn off certain house-
hold appliances or factory processes at times of peak demand [25]. These
Smart Grids may use sophisticated meters, sometimes known as Smart Me-
ters, capable of intermittently measuring power consumption in near real
time, and of indicating energy prices to consumers. However, such meters
are typically located at the premises of a customer or provider, and measure
the amount of electrical power flow as a total of all devices located in the
premises [25]. This means that power flows relating to individual devices at
a given premises, or a group of devices distributed across multiple premises,
cannot easily be measured, particularly in view of the relatively high cost
of smart meters making it prohibitive to install a separate meter at each
power consuming and/or providing unit to be measured. There is provided
a method of controlling electricity power within an electricity distribution
network, the electricity distribution network comprising a measured node,
the measured node being arranged to access data store storing data indica-
tive of one or more predefined power flow patterns, in which a power unit is
16
17. electrically connected to the electricity distribution network and is arranged
to consume electric power from/or provide electric power to the electricity
distribution network such that a change in consumption and/or provision of
electricity distribution network such that a change in consumption and/or
provision of electric power by the power unit results in a change in power
flow in the network.
The method comprises of controlling the power flow to and from the
power unit in accordance with a control sequence, such that the consumption
and /or provision of power by the power unit results in a power flow having
a said predefined power flow pattern, and a characteristic of the power flow
resulting from the unit is measured by the measurement node.
By controlling the power flow at the power unit according to a predefined
power flow pattern, a measurement node in a network to which the unit is
connected having the access to the pattern can detect and measure the
power flow resulting from the power unit, allowing the power flow to be
remotely detected and measured. Further, since the method requires only
that the power flow to and/or from a power unit to be controlled, it does
not require complicated and expensive measuring equipment, such as smart
meters [25]. Each of a distributed group said power units is connected to
the electricity distribution network, each of which having an associated said
power flow control device, and the method comprises using the power flow
control devices to control the power flow to and/or from the plurality of
units in accordance with the control sequence, such that the consumption
and/or provision of power by the plurality of power units is coordinated to
collectively provide a power flow having the predefined power flow pattern
and a characteristic measurable by the measured node.
By providing a group of, perhaps distribute, power units with the same
control sequence, so that they collectively provide a combined power flow
according to the predefined pattern, the combined power flow resulting from
group can be measured [25]. In some embodiments, a plurality of the groups
is connected to the network, and the method comprises controlling the power
flow to and/or from each of the groups according to different control se-
quences, such that the power flow patterns resulting from the said groups
mutually orthogonal, or quasi orthogonal, such that a power flow character-
istic associated with each of the power flow patterns can be measured at the
measurement node independently of each of the other patterns.
By using orthogonal power flow patterns, power flow from multiple groups
of devices can be measured simultaneously[25]. There is provided a method
of controlling the electricity flow in an electricity distribution network, the
electricity distribution network comprising a plurality of distributed groups
of power units, each of said power units being arranged to consume and
/or provide electricity associated with the electricity distribution network,
wherein each power unit in a given group is arranged to be controlled by
a control sequence assigned to the group, the control sequence controlling
17
18. power consumption and/or provision by each unit of the group according to
a predefined pattern, resulting in a power flow pattern and each of the mea-
surement nodes being arranged to measure a characteristic of power flowing
in the network according to power consumption of one or more group.
The distribution network is 105 which are distributing the energy to 108
networks which has different types of consumption units with the CDMA
spreading code separation. The CDMA code is used to separate the groups
and users in the smart grid.
3.2 Smart wires (SW)
SW is a technology which enables to realize low cost transmission line mon-
itoring and power flow control in meshed networks. SW allows to utilities
increased power transfer in meshed networks by increasing average line uti-
lization. Georgia Tech has developed the SW technology which converted
existing transmission line to a smart asset, able to monitor and regulate
its power flow, thereby shifting excess power to underutilized lines in the
network [7]. The smart wire circuit schematic constitutes the power line
where it is received by the step down transformer. The smart wire has a
control circuit which controls the flow of electricity in the network. The
circuit schematic of the smart wire is shown in the below figure.
Figure 3.1: Smart Wire Circuit Schematic[7]
The fig. 3.2 describes the circuit schematic of SW when it connected.
The simplest version of the technology, SW, monitors line current and takes
autonomous action. As current builds up on SW, the modules autonomously
take action, gradually increasing the impedance of the line by sensing line
current and comparing it against a reference current based on the line ca-
pacity.
The heart of each module is a ’single-turn transformer’(STT) coupling
the line current with control circuitry, along with a fast acting switch that
18
19. inserts the leakage impedance of the STT in series with the transmission
line when the switch is closed. When the switch is open, the leakage and
magnetizing impedances of the STT are inserted in series.
The SW modules are self-powered using the line current and do not
require communications among the devices or to a central control center.
The module operates at line potential and does not connect to the ground,
eliminating isolation issues.
We have analyzed different ways of measuring power which would be
essential for the implementation of smart grids.
19
20. Chapter 4
TOOLS USED IN SMART
GRID
In this chapter, we will analyze Tools that are utilized in Smart Grids. The
Tools used in Smart Grids are done by Simulation as it requires lot of cost
for its implementation. We will also study, the methods used for evaluation
of performance of particular Modulation Technique.
4.1 Simulations Tools used in Smart Grid
There are many parameters which should be taken in to consideration while
modeling and simulating power line communication models. To simulate
most likely integrated /hybrid communication architecture consisting both
PLC and wireless connections is needed. This leads to rather challenging
mathematical and simulation models. Furthermore, user mobility models
giving different scenarios of plug-in electric vehicle charging is also important
given the predictions of high level of penetration over the coming years.
Weather forecasting models to optimize the network in a predictive manner
for wind, solar or hydro energy production will be needed for fostering the
implementation of smart grids with renewable energy resources [6]. The
other aspects such as distribution analysis tools, market models, building
models, renewable resource models and also simulation models for more
theoretical research also play a crucial role.
Communication network model are used by information technology com-
panies and national defense researchers and application developers for com-
munication network design, engineering, and planning. Some of the commu-
nication models for designing communications models are Qualnet, Opnet,
Washington State University [6]. One of the most important enabling com-
ponents of Smart Grid is reliable communications infrastructure that links
together many elements of the grid. The design of communication model is
quite very prominent in the implementation of the smart grid.
20
21. The next step is how to distribute and analyze the smart grid resources.
This can be done with the help of Distribution Engineering Analysis Tool.
Dynamic analysis tools are used primarily by utilities, ISOs and RTOs for
transmission system engineering and planning, including offline studies of
dynamic stability issues and the production of nomograms describing stabil-
ity limits. The dynamic analysis tool helps us to determine the distribution
point of view and analyze it much more effectively. Some of the tools which
are presently used are PSCad (Manitoba HVDC Research), SIM power sys-
tems (The Math works). Renewable resource models are used by utility
planners and operators, researchers, and investors to analyze resource avail-
ability and energy output for wind and solar generation thereby the sys-
tem become much more efficient. Some of the models used for analysis are
LEAP, BCHP Screening Tool, energy PRO, Solar Advisor Model (SAM),
TRNSYS16 [19].Market Models study market design and consumer impact
issues, Transmission companies, market operators: to analyze system and
market performance. Some generation companies study market models to
analyze corporate strategies.
Research-Oriented Simulation Environments is used for analysis of dis-
tribution and smart grid assets, controls, and operational strategies, to in-
vestigate the technical and economic potential of smart grids, developing
and analyzing operational strategies, control algorithms, market/incentive
structures, and communication requirements. The research oriented simu-
lation environments allow us for determining the requirements of the smart
grids which would be useful for design of smart grids [19]. co-simulation
environment would allow engineers to assess the reliability of using a given
network technology to support communication-based Smart Grid control
schemes on an existing segment of the electrical grid; and conversely, to
determine the range of control schemes that differing communications tech-
nologies can support. It helps us to analyze and compare different strategies
of technologies before the implementation of the actual desired grid. In this
report we described simulation of different modulation techniques so as to
determine the performance.
To assess the performances of modulation schemes for PLC is to de-
velop a channel model that attempts to accurately describe the power line
communication channel.
One of the first channel models to gain widespread acceptance was made
by Zimmerman and Dostert. In this model, the multipath effects are re-
solved by attributing a weighting factor, attenuation portion and delay to
each path. The model is verified for simple networks but loses accuracy as
the number of paths increases [19]. To resolve this problem, the modulation
scheme is directly implemented within the ATP-EMTP software environ-
ment using the native FORTRAN based models language. The modulated
signal can be injected into the network at any point using any coupling
scheme. The extracted signal is exported to MATLAB and demodulated.
21
22. Synchronization algorithms allow the simulation to be ’free running’ in the
sense that a frame sent from any node can be demodulated by any other
node without additional user intervention. The main idea of the simulation
is to evaluate the performance of modulation schemes employed in power line
communication channels. The simulation setup is split into three domains:
1) ATP-EMTP domain, where the network model and the inductive
coupler is constructed and simulated.
2) ATP Models domain, where the modulator is simulated in FORTRAN.
3) MATLAB domain, where demodulation and post processing takes
place.
The overall simulation scheme facilitates the simulation of OFDM mod-
ulation on any ATP- EMTP network model [19]. Within ATP-EMTP, one
may replicate network events such as fault transients or switching surges to
study the effect on the communication link. Furthermore, the scheme al-
lows the noise inherent to the power line to be incorporated in the model. A
number of modulator can be considered simultaneously, giving the user an
indication on how time domain multiplexing schemes operate on the power
line channel. The main disadvantage of the presented simulation scheme is
the uncertainty in the accuracy of the line model at high frequencies.
Figure 4.1: BER vs Cyclic Prefix Length of OFDM system [6]
The outcome of the OFDM simulation is found that for an 11 KV rural
overhead networks, channel is extremely frequency selective. For frequency
domain differential PSK, the BER varies depending on the phase rotation
between the adjacent subcarriers. The multipath channel component de-
grades BER is also frequency dependent. Positioning on the network was
observed to affect the BER less than the frequency provided the cyclic prefix
exceeded the RMS delay spread of the channel [19]. The BER curves for the
three different modulation techniques DQPSK, D8PSK, DBPSK of OFDM
can be seen in the shown graphs.
22
23. Figure 4.2: Comparison of Modulation Schemes with OFDM in Smart Grid
[6]
The graph 5.2 shows the plot of BER vs. the cyclic prefix of OFDM
system when implemented in Smart Grids. From the above figure we can
see that higher the cyclic prefix lower is the bit error rate. Even frequency
has also some effect on the performance on the system as it is evident from
the graph.
We studied on the tool deployed in smart grids for their implementation.
These tools are very useful while analyzing for particular topology, technique
or environment.
23
24. Chapter 5
OPTIMIZATION IN
SMART GRID
In this chapter we study on the performance of smart grid and to optimize
the parameters which would contribute to increase it.
5.1 Optimization Models for Energy Reallocation
in a Smart Grid
A Smart Grid is a fully automated electrical distribution and generation
system that is networked, instrumented and controlled. A Smart Grid is a
important system, in which the devices are addressable with digital meth-
ods such as (IP) addresses (Internet Protocol). Many components are also
equipped with processors and sensors that are capable of carrying out in-
telligent actions. The energy produced in the grid can be conventional or
non-conventional like distributed Energy renewable resources [8].
Self-Healing is very much important and needed in today’s new technolo-
gies. Smart Grid should have the ability to take corrective decision to carry
on autonomously without human intervention. When there is a fault state
in the smart grid, the grid should dynamically adapt to the change and
maintain the same power by dynamic algorithms or either quality issues.
Some of the common examples of failure are power outage, poor quality of
power supply and service disruptions. The topology of the Smart Grid as a
network of nodes representing demand sites, supply sources and junctions,
all connected that represent transmission lines. Failures affect the capability
of certain supply sources to meet the demands for energy at certain sites [9].
The main criteria of optimization is to ideally design the grid in such
a way that it does not cause any outage at supply site by maximizing the
cost effectiveness, overall efficiency and reliability of the system. The mod-
els which we design should possess reliability, cost-effectiveness, availabil-
ity, and uncertainty and consumer preference. The basic modeling template
24
25. used while formulating a problem is the Capacitated Transshipment Problem
(CTP). The uncertainty of is modeled with the integer linear programming
framework using chance-constrained programming methods. The optimiza-
tion models have objective functions that optimize a utility function, and
constraints that ensure feasibility of the resource allocations. The agent-
based simulation provides a realistic means of evaluating the performance
of the integer linear programming solutions that would function in a smart
grid when it is on state. The agent-oriented simulation of Smart grid oper-
ation is used to test and evaluate optimization parameters. In constructing
a Smart Grid self-healing model, there are multiple issues. Some pertain to
the physical infrastructure, such as the generators, buses, relays, and trans-
mission lines. Others constitute the cyber information infrastructure they
are related to communication, IP protocols etc.
We concentrate here on the physical issues which are needed to be taken
in to consideration while maximizing the output with minimum resources.
Distributed Device Control Functions: All the devices which are con-
nected should be able to be accessed remotely and can be monitored re-
motely. The best example of such remote monitoring is the ability of circuit
tripping if the input voltage is beyond the threshold.
Selective Load Control: The ability to switch selectively for customers
under undesirable condition and switch on under desirable conditions is very
much important. It also helps to increase the efficiency of the system. This
allows customer also to manage their energy consumption according to their
usage.
Micro-grid Islanding: The customer cluster constitutes small scale power
generators such as solar arrays, fuel cell and wind farms. The cluster is
termed as a micro-grid. This micro-grid disconnects itself when there is
some issue with the main grid and it connects back when it is in normal
condition [10]. The above mentioned conditions seem quite small but it
affects a lot in the efficiency, cost effectiveness and reliability of the smart
grid.
In this chapter we analyzed different ways to optimize the parameters
for better performance.
25
26. Chapter 6
RESOURCE ALLOCATION
IN SMART GRID
Resource allocation is very essential part of the grid which has direct in-
fluence on the performance of the grid. The resources should be properly
utilized as has lot of effect on the cost function.
6.1 Cost Aware Grid Implementation
Resource Allocation is important issue which maximizes the utility function
and helps us use our resources effectively. It brings high performance and
swift flow in the smart grid. The resource allocation problem is modeled as
Knapsack problem and design of the resource allocation is mainly to reduce
the turnaround time of the grid workflow [14].
The linear programming models which are described in the optimization
of smart grid form the edifice for making intelligent decision making in the
grid. The parameter Grid workflow turnaround is the execution time of the
service offered. The service offered by the grid has also some cost factor
which needs to be taken in to consideration. More services means shorter
turnaround time for allocated grid service. The final outcome expected
from the return of investment need proper resource management. There are
currently three alternative methods [12]: 1. Hierarchical 2. Abstract Owner
3. Market Model
We can analyze grid workflow as M/M/C queuing network. The flow
of service from the starting till the end of grid is critical path and has
the average longest execution time. The service average execution time is
very much critical service. This average execution time can be reduced by
increasing the number of abstract owners which is a constraint for cost [15].
26
27. 6.2 Game Theory
Game theory can be used as a potential solution to the above mentioned
optimization and resource allocation problems. It helps us to analyze the
equilibriums of the energy infrastructure. Learning and control theory in
game theory allow us to optimize the usage and storage profile of the total
grid. It also focuses on the system dynamics where all the agents in the sys-
tem are given an opportunity to get electricity whenever and wherever they
want. Game theory takes to consideration of the market model while design-
ing efficiently utilizing the resources. The operators take peak demands as
their prior importance so that the design, development and implementation
become efficient with reduced cost [21].
Game theory model decision based on distributed decision making pro-
cess. Thereby the roles of the customers are end players in the game. These
customers play the game in such a way to maximize their energy consump-
tion with reduced costs. They make the strategies for distribution of energy
consumption depending on their usage. Each customer has their own util-
ity function where they try to maximize their utility function and naturally
resulting in better smart grid systems. Each customer while playing their
game tries to account for preferences ’subscriber preferences’. An optimiza-
tion problem can be formulated to maximize the utility of all subscribers
by reducing the energy cost. From the operator point of view he can deter-
mine the pattern of preferences of the customer depending on his usage and
design it appropriately. The energy consumption can also change among
different users. Each user has different utility function which is determined
by adopting from the concept of microeconomics.
The game theory also provides flexibility to determine when the devices
have to interact with the main grid or to make decision when to get con-
nected. We can determine when the agent is connected to the main grid
and when it gets disconnected we can create a storage profile depending on
the connection thereby minimizing the cost of unnecessary production. This
storage profile know the total consumption of the customer and intelligently
maintain a particular strategy to maximize the parameters which we would
like and minimize the cost factor and other factors [18].
Game theory provide strategies to reduce peak demand sites to satiate
with the energy generation and consumption, load management, load shift-
ing technologies by storage profiles. In game theory we use distributed load
management profile to control the power demand. This can be done with
dynamic pricing algorithms with a focus on real time interaction among
subscribers. Optimal values of energy consumption optimal price can be
advertised by the operator. We can find distributed energy consumption
solutions based on congestion games which finally lead us to Nash equilib-
rium solution. The optimality criteria designed when implemented in reality
need to be adjusted depending on the implementation. The application of
27
28. coalition formation in smart grid systems allows us to minimize the cost of
the whole systems [21].
In this chapter we analyzed the different way to allocate resources as per
the requirement based on different models.
28
29. Chapter 7
STANDARDS USED IN
SMART GRID
In this chapter, we will concentrate on the different standards that are de-
signed for smart grids. Some of the standards we studied are IEEE P2030,
P1901, and P1903. These standards play a very important role in the de-
sign of grid. IEEE Standard 2030 Guide for Smart Grid Interoperability of
Energy Technology and Information Technology operation with the Electric
Power System (EPS) and End-Use Applications and Loads. The first and
foremost thing to analyze where we need a standard and why we need it.
The reason why we need a standard is to maintain good Quality of Service
(QOS) and make each manufacturer understand the minimum requirements
for the implementation. The reason where we need standard is analyzed in
the following fig..
7.1 IEEE P2030 Standard
Figure 7.1: IEEE P2030 Standard Implementation[27]
29
30. The fig. 4.1 shows the requirement of standards required for implementa-
tion of IEEE P2030 Standard as it specifies interoperability. In recent years,
there has been an increased demand for more efficient ways of managing the
power distribution in electricity networks; in particular it is desired to re-
duce the wasteful electricity consumption in order to reduce costs and the
adverse effect of electricity generation on the environment. In order to meet
the changing requirements, more sophisticated methods of measuring and
controlling the power consumption are desirable. More, sophisticated net-
works, sometimes known as Smart Grids, have been proposed, which may
include features such as a capability to turn off certain household appliances
or factory processes at times of peak demand. These Smart Grids may use
sophisticated meters, sometimes known as Smart Meters, capable of inter-
mittently measuring power consumption in near real time, and of indicating
energy prices to consumers [16]. The three main components energy, in-
formation, communication are very vital in the design of smart grid. They
form basis for increasing the efficiency of the system.
Figure 7.2: Interoperability of components in Grid[28]
The fig. 4.2 shows the need for interoperability in the components in
Smart Grid. Energy Information and Communication are major compo-
nents in the implementation of the Smart Grid.
Why we need interoperability?
Interoperability is very much important while dealing on broad range of
networks. Interoperability the ability of multiple networks, devices and com-
ponents to communicate and operate together effectively, securely, without
user intervention [29]. The new systems and infrastructure that have been
evolved from the last decade of years are interoperable for better services.
Smart Grid deployment needs lot of planning and analysis to sustain to
the changes after implementation of the system. For this sustainability it
needs to be interoperable and understand the other technologies so as to
adapt and become smart. The final aspect of interoperability is backward
compatibility and smart grid should be able to cope with the previous and
present standards to become more reliable and efficient. Standards create
platform for the devices and grid for communication irrespective of the lo-
30
31. cation of the device and the service provider [26]. The introduction of new
technologies and standards has to be properly secured with proper cyber
security technologies in order to prevent any breach in the smart grids. The
secured means of utilization allows providing more efficient smart grids and
better consumption with smarter networks.
We describe here some of the present standards that are available in
the present day market. So any research or development should take in to
consideration the present standards for interoperability for efficient smart
grid networks.
P2030 Standard Scope and Purpose This standard provides understand-
ing and defines smart grid interoperability of the electric power system with
end-use applications and loads [26]. Smart grid is a combination of en-
ergy technology, Information technology, communication technology which
together work for the energy generation, transmission, delivery and com-
munication flow among the components. This standard mainly addresses
Interconnection and intrafacing frameworks and strategies with design defi-
nitions, providing guidance in expanding the current knowledge base. This
knowledge base is very much required for the architectural design and pro-
duction of the efficient electric system. It provides basic knowledge on the
interoperability issues of electric power system with end user taken in to
consideration. It tries to integrate three main domain groups of technol-
ogy which are required for implementation of smart grid technology. They
are information, communication and energy technology. It aims to achieve
seamless operation of smart grid technology with the help of the above de-
scribed motives. The interoperability of IEEE P2030 can be best understood
by the corresponding fig.4.3
The fig. 4.3 shows the interoperability standard of IEEE which basically
constitutes the operation of Smart grid with the interoperability of different
standards.
7.1.1 IEEE P1901- Broadband over the power line Networks
The P1901 is IEEE working group of the Broadband over power line net-
works. The draft published by this group on 1st Feb 2011, mainly address
the Medium access control and physical layer specifications of the Broad-
band over power line networks.
This standard aims to develop communication devices which work at
speeds greater than 100 MBPS over the electric power system. The devices
are termed as Broadband over power line devices BPL. The transmission
frequencies are below 100 MHZ and they are for both used for first/last mile
wireless solution for wireless local area network and for distribution points.
This standard defines how these devices are interoperable for all classes
of BPLS devices. The standard will take in to consideration of the necessary
security questions to ensure the privacy between communicating users and
31
32. Figure 7.3: IEEE P2030 Interoperability Standard[28]
allow the use of BPL for security sensitive services. This standard is limited
to the physical layer and the medium access sub-layer of the data link layer,
as defined by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Open
Systems Interconnection (OSI). Purpose of this Standard:
High speed communication links use new modulation techniques and new
media which are open, and locally shared by several BPL devices. With-
out an independent, openly defined standard, BPL devices serving different
applications will not co-operate with one another and provide unacceptable
service to all parties. The main idea of this standard is fair existence of the
BPL devices without getting separated from the main domain. The imple-
mentation of this standard will provide with the interoperability with neigh-
boring protocols, such as bridging for seamless interconnection via 802.1.
The standard also complies with EMC limits set by national regulators, so
as to ensure successful co-existence with wireless systems [30].
7.1.2 Next Generation Service Overlay Network IEEE P1903
Next Generation Service Overlay Network IEEE P1903 describes a frame-
work of Internet Protocol (IP)-based service overlay networks and specifies
context-aware, dynamically adaptive services. Some of the services are using
locally derived information to discover, organize, and maintain traffic flow
in the network within a specified local area network. One way is to develop
network structures, routing and forwarding schemes based on the needs and
capabilities of network structures depending on the customers [30]. The fig.
4.4 shows the overlay network of IEEE P1903 standard which uses different
32
33. Figure 7.4: Overlay Network IEEE P1903[26]
forwarding schemes depending on the load of customers. It describes the
components of overlay network IEEE P1903. It shows the options available
for the networks to switch their load accordingly depending on the customers
and network availability.
We have studied different standards which are from IEEE for the better
implementation of the Smart Grid.
33
34. Chapter 8
SMART GRID
DEVELOPMENT VISION
In this chapter we study on the future expectations of the smart grid devel-
opment in different countries. We study the outcome of grid development
in the future.
The vision shows the new technologies while retaining the flexibility to
adapt to the future developments .Network technologies will increase the
power transfer and will reduce the energy loss and this will improve the
quality of services .Advances in the simulation tools will greatly assist to
convert the innovation into the practical application which is beneficial for
both consumers and utilities. Development in the communication, metering
and business system will open up the opportunity at every level on the
system to increase the market size for technical and commercial field [22].
The development vision of the smart grid can be assessed based on the
utilization and its functionality. The below figure shows the smart grid
vision in future.
The figure 8.1 shows the futuristic vision of Smart Grid which basi-
cally constitutes the infrastructure automation utility and data. It needs
to support applications from operator to customer which require efficient
structure.
Smart grids are systems which are complicated and composed of intricate
design that incorporate consumer interactions and decision points. That is
the reason why it makes it difficult for design and development of smart
gird. Smart grids are implemented in many countries so development and
demonstration needs to be discussed in global context. But the deployment
is treated to be regional as we need to take in to consideration lot of local
factors which decide efficient deployment. The reason why it needs to be
discussed regional because of the infrastructure, demand growth, generation
and market structures [23].
Many countries are motivated by economic, security and environmental
34
35. Figure 8.1: Smart Grid Vision[26]
factors to choose their own priorities while implementing smart grid tech-
nologies. These countries analyze different approaches to assess the impact
of potential smart grid deployment [24]. Some of the regional characteristics
which countries will be taking in to consideration are
• Industry, residential load prevalence or the deployment of electric ve-
hicles.
• Status of existing and planned new transmission and distribution net-
works.
• Current and planned mix of supply, including fossil, nuclear and re-
newable generation.
• Current and future demand and sectoral make-up of demand, such as
manufacturing.
• Ability to interconnect with neighboring regions.
• Regulatory and market structure.
• Climatic conditions and resource availability.
We analyzed on the different ways to implement the smart grid in the
near future with the operator and customer taking in to consideration.
35
36. Chapter 9
CONCLUSION
In this report we have studied about the Smart Grid technology. It in-
cludes the communication on the grid, channel model, resource allocation,
optimization, standards and distribution. We have analyzed that current
grids are outdated, inefficient and overburdened. Smart grids are actually
designed to optimize the efficiency and stability. We have studied about the
data communication in Smart Grids and have seen that the communication
in the grid is mainly done using OFDMA technology. We have analyzed how
these channel models are used in practical systems in different applications.
We even analyzed how to perform power flow measurement in Smart Grid
using CDMA technology. We then analyzed how we can do simulations to
improve the efficiency of Smart Grid performance. We then analyzed pa-
rameters which can optimize and allocate resources in Smart Grids. Finally,
we understood the concept behind the present implemented standards in
Smart Grids.
36
37. Chapter 10
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