This document discusses semiconductors and provides details about their properties and characteristics. It defines a semiconductor as a material with resistivity between that of a conductor and insulator. Some key points made in the document are:
- Semiconductors have properties like negative temperature coefficient of resistance and their conductivity can change when doped with impurities.
- Common semiconductors include silicon and germanium which form covalent bonds and have small energy gaps between valence and conduction bands.
- Semiconductors can be doped as n-type or p-type to introduce free electrons or holes that serve as majority carriers for current flow. A pn junction is formed when a p-type and n-
This document discusses semiconductors and their classification as conductors, insulators, or semiconductors based on their electrical properties. It describes intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, where intrinsic are pure and extrinsic are doped with impurities. The document focuses on silicon, explaining its crystal structure and energy bands. It also discusses doping to create n-type and p-type semiconductors, the functioning of a p-n junction diode, and forward and reverse biasing of the diode.
This document provides an overview of basic electronics concepts including lattices, semiconductors, diodes, and transistors. It begins by defining lattices and their applications in mathematics. It then discusses superconductors, insulators, intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, and the band theory of conduction. Diodes and rectifiers are introduced, including half-wave and full-wave rectification circuits. The document concludes by explaining transistors, including bipolar junction transistors with npn and pnp configurations and their characteristics curves. Transistors are shown to have applications as amplifiers and switches in devices like LED spotlights and single transistor radios.
Topics of the Presentation
1.Semiconductor
2.Intrinsic and Extrinsic semiconductor
3.Difference between Intrinsic and Extrinsic semiconductor
4.Superconductor
5.Application of Superconductor
Semiconductors are materials that have electrical conductivity between conductors and insulators. Their resistivity decreases as temperature increases, unlike metals. Semiconductors include silicon and gallium arsenide. Doping semiconductors with impurities can alter their conducting properties. The behavior of charge carriers in semiconductor junctions forms the basis of modern electronics like diodes and transistors. Common types of semiconductors are intrinsic, n-type and p-type.
1. The document discusses semiconductors and their energy band structure. Semiconductors have a small forbidden band gap that allows electrons to move between the valence and conduction bands with small amounts of energy.
2. In semiconductors, the conduction band is partially filled or overlaps with the valence band, allowing electrons to move freely. This gives semiconductors the ability to be insulators or conductors depending on conditions.
3. The Fermi level lies between the valence and conduction bands and represents the highest energy level electrons can occupy at absolute zero temperature. Charge carriers in semiconductors include both holes in the valence band and electrons in the conduction band.
This document discusses semiconductor materials and their properties. It introduces intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors. Intrinsic materials like silicon, germanium, and gallium arsenide have characteristic energy band gaps and intrinsic carrier concentrations. Extrinsic materials are formed by doping intrinsic materials with impurities to create excess electrons (n-type) or holes (p-type). The document explores doping processes and how impurities donate or accept electrons to influence a material's conductivity. It also examines bonding structures and carrier mobility in various semiconductors.
A simple cell consists of two different metal electrodes immersed in an electrolyte. Electrons flow from the more reactive metal to the less reactive one through the external circuit, producing an electric current. Batteries can contain one or more simple cells connected in series to increase voltage. Components of a simple cell include the two metal electrodes and an electrolyte like sodium chloride solution or dilute nitric acid.
The following presentation is a part of the level 4 module -- Electrical and Electronic Principles. This resources is a part of the 2009/2010 Engineering (foundation degree, BEng and HN) courses from University of Wales Newport (course codes H101, H691, H620, HH37 and 001H). This resource is a part of the core modules for the full time 1st year undergraduate programme.
The BEng & Foundation Degrees and HNC/D in Engineering are designed to meet the needs of employers by placing the emphasis on the theoretical, practical and vocational aspects of engineering within the workplace and beyond. Engineering is becoming more high profile, and therefore more in demand as a skill set, in today’s high-tech world. This course has been designed to provide you with knowledge, skills and practical experience encountered in everyday engineering environments.
This document discusses semiconductors and their classification as conductors, insulators, or semiconductors based on their electrical properties. It describes intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, where intrinsic are pure and extrinsic are doped with impurities. The document focuses on silicon, explaining its crystal structure and energy bands. It also discusses doping to create n-type and p-type semiconductors, the functioning of a p-n junction diode, and forward and reverse biasing of the diode.
This document provides an overview of basic electronics concepts including lattices, semiconductors, diodes, and transistors. It begins by defining lattices and their applications in mathematics. It then discusses superconductors, insulators, intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, and the band theory of conduction. Diodes and rectifiers are introduced, including half-wave and full-wave rectification circuits. The document concludes by explaining transistors, including bipolar junction transistors with npn and pnp configurations and their characteristics curves. Transistors are shown to have applications as amplifiers and switches in devices like LED spotlights and single transistor radios.
Topics of the Presentation
1.Semiconductor
2.Intrinsic and Extrinsic semiconductor
3.Difference between Intrinsic and Extrinsic semiconductor
4.Superconductor
5.Application of Superconductor
Semiconductors are materials that have electrical conductivity between conductors and insulators. Their resistivity decreases as temperature increases, unlike metals. Semiconductors include silicon and gallium arsenide. Doping semiconductors with impurities can alter their conducting properties. The behavior of charge carriers in semiconductor junctions forms the basis of modern electronics like diodes and transistors. Common types of semiconductors are intrinsic, n-type and p-type.
1. The document discusses semiconductors and their energy band structure. Semiconductors have a small forbidden band gap that allows electrons to move between the valence and conduction bands with small amounts of energy.
2. In semiconductors, the conduction band is partially filled or overlaps with the valence band, allowing electrons to move freely. This gives semiconductors the ability to be insulators or conductors depending on conditions.
3. The Fermi level lies between the valence and conduction bands and represents the highest energy level electrons can occupy at absolute zero temperature. Charge carriers in semiconductors include both holes in the valence band and electrons in the conduction band.
This document discusses semiconductor materials and their properties. It introduces intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors. Intrinsic materials like silicon, germanium, and gallium arsenide have characteristic energy band gaps and intrinsic carrier concentrations. Extrinsic materials are formed by doping intrinsic materials with impurities to create excess electrons (n-type) or holes (p-type). The document explores doping processes and how impurities donate or accept electrons to influence a material's conductivity. It also examines bonding structures and carrier mobility in various semiconductors.
A simple cell consists of two different metal electrodes immersed in an electrolyte. Electrons flow from the more reactive metal to the less reactive one through the external circuit, producing an electric current. Batteries can contain one or more simple cells connected in series to increase voltage. Components of a simple cell include the two metal electrodes and an electrolyte like sodium chloride solution or dilute nitric acid.
The following presentation is a part of the level 4 module -- Electrical and Electronic Principles. This resources is a part of the 2009/2010 Engineering (foundation degree, BEng and HN) courses from University of Wales Newport (course codes H101, H691, H620, HH37 and 001H). This resource is a part of the core modules for the full time 1st year undergraduate programme.
The BEng & Foundation Degrees and HNC/D in Engineering are designed to meet the needs of employers by placing the emphasis on the theoretical, practical and vocational aspects of engineering within the workplace and beyond. Engineering is becoming more high profile, and therefore more in demand as a skill set, in today’s high-tech world. This course has been designed to provide you with knowledge, skills and practical experience encountered in everyday engineering environments.
The document summarizes different types of semiconductor diodes. It discusses the theory of p-n junctions and how a p-n junction forms a diode. It describes the ideal behavior of a diode under forward and reverse bias. The characteristics of a diode are shown in its volt-current curve. Different types of diodes are described briefly, including Zener diodes, light emitting diodes, photo diodes, and their uses.
The document summarizes key concepts about semiconductors and pn junctions. It discusses how semiconductors have properties between conductors and insulators. Intrinsic semiconductors have few charge carriers, while extrinsic semiconductors are doped with impurities to increase charge carriers, making them n-type or p-type. A pn junction forms at the interface of a p-type and n-type semiconductor, creating a depletion region and potential barrier. Forward biasing reduces and reverse biasing increases the potential barrier.
This document is a lecture on semiconductors by Dr. K. Vagdevi. It discusses different types of semiconductors including intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors. Extrinsic semiconductors are further divided into n-type and p-type semiconductors depending on whether they are doped with pentavelent or trivalent impurities. The key differences between n-type and p-type semiconductors are also summarized. The document also explains carrier generation, recombination, diffusion, drift, and the Hall effect in semiconductors.
Inductors store energy in the form of a magnetic field and deliver it when needed. An inductor consists of a coil of wire wrapped around a ferromagnetic core. The three main factors that affect inductance are the number of turns in the coil, the permeability of the core material, and the size of the core. There are three main types of fixed inductors: air core inductors which have the lowest inductance, iron core inductors which are useful at low frequencies, and ferrite core inductors which are used for high frequency applications due to their high resistivity and lack of hysteresis losses.
1) The document discusses different types of PN junction devices including PN junction diodes, rectifiers, LEDs, laser diodes, and Zener diodes.
2) It explains the structure and operation of PN junction diodes, describing how a PN junction is formed and how diffusion causes a depletion region and barrier potential.
3) The characteristics of PN junction diodes under forward and reverse bias are discussed, including their V-I characteristics and the factors that determine diode current.
This ppt is about semiconductor diodes.You can get every basic information about PN junction diode and its working and some more information about the semiconductors.
Introduction to Semiconductor Devices.
In modern world no other technology permeates every nook and cranny of our existence as does electronics.
Application of electronics are : Televisions, radios, stereo equipment, computers, scanners, electronic control systems (in cars for example) etc.
The document discusses the basics of semiconductor materials. It begins by reviewing the atomic model and how electrons are arranged in energy levels. Intrinsic semiconductors like silicon have electrons that can be excited into the conduction band to allow current flow. Semiconductor crystals form a lattice structure through covalent bonding. Doping introduces impurities to semiconductors to improve electrical properties by adding extra electrons or holes. A p-n junction forms the basis of semiconductor devices like diodes, which allow current to flow in one direction depending on bias polarity.
This document discusses direct and indirect bandgap semiconductors. Direct bandgap semiconductors have their valence band maximum and conduction band minimum occur at the same value of k, allowing for energy and momentum conservation. Examples include GaAs, InP, CdS. Indirect bandgap semiconductors have their bands offset in k, making them unsuitable for optical devices. The document also describes methods to determine if a bandgap is direct or indirect using absorption spectroscopy plots of the absorption coefficient. Finally, it introduces 1D, 2D and 3D quantum confinement structures and how quantum confinement can modify electron-hole pair energies and radiation wavelengths.
Thermionic (vacuum tube) diodes and solid state (semiconductor) diodes were developed separately in the early 1900s as radio receiver detectors. Vacuum tube diodes were more commonly used in radios until the 1950s due to early semiconductor diodes being less stable. Semiconductor diodes are made from materials like silicon and germanium that have precise atomic structures that allow controlled current flow. A p-n junction is formed at the interface between p-type and n-type semiconductor materials and enables diode rectification properties. Diodes have various applications including rectification, clamping, clipping, and lighting.
This document discusses semiconductors and their types. It defines a semiconductor as a material with conductivity between a metal and an insulator. There are two types of semiconductors - intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic semiconductors are pure, while extrinsic are doped with impurities to be either N-type (excess electrons) or P-type (excess holes). The document explains the carrier concentrations and energy band diagrams of the different semiconductor types.
This document discusses semiconductor devices and their characteristics. It introduces P-type and N-type semiconductors, diodes, and their I-V characteristics including forward and reverse bias. Transistors are also introduced as amplifiers that can control current flow. Semiconductor devices are compact, reliable, and low cost components that are widely used in electronics due to their ability to be integrated into complex circuits.
This document provides an overview of semiconductor fundamentals and classifications. It discusses the properties of metals, insulators, and semiconductors. Semiconductors are classified as elemental, compound, narrow band-gap, wide band-gap, oxide, magnetic, organic, and low-dimensional. Elemental semiconductors like silicon are widely used but have limitations for optoelectronics. Compound semiconductors like GaAs have advantages for applications requiring high speeds or light emission/detection.
The document provides an overview of basic electrical and electronics concepts and components. It begins with definitions of key terms like electricity, voltage, current and atomic structure. It then explains components like resistors, capacitors, diodes, transistors and how they work. Different circuit applications using these components are discussed, including rectifiers, amplifiers and oscillators. The document serves as training material for an introductory workshop on circuit design and analysis.
This presentation gives a lot of information about
Semiconductor Devices.This is presented by Rajesh Kumar Sangani from Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies,Basar Dist
Adilabad,A.P,India.
Semiconductors are substances that can conduct electricity under some conditions but not others. They have resistivity between metals and insulators. There are two types - elemental semiconductors consisting of a single element like silicon or germanium, and compound semiconductors consisting of multiple elements like indium phosphide. In semiconductors, energy levels split into permitted energy bands separated by a forbidden energy gap when atoms are close together. The valence band is filled with electrons and the conduction band above it is empty or partially filled, with a gap between them through which electrons need energy to move.
Dielectrics are materials that contain permanently aligned electric dipoles. When an electric field is applied, the dipoles in dielectric materials can undergo several types of polarization, including electronic, ionic, orientational, and space charge polarization. This polarization leads to an increase in the electric flux density and dielectric constant within the material. The dielectric constant is the ratio of the material's permeability to the permeability of free space and determines the material's behavior in electric fields.
This is small Power point presentation about different types of capacitors. It deals with different applications of different capacitors.This ppt has some important classification of different capacitors
1) Semiconductors exhibit characteristics between conductors and insulators. Diodes and transistors are early components made from semiconductors.
2) There are two types of semiconductors - intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic semiconductors do not contain any foreign atoms while extrinsic are created by diffusing or implanting impurities into intrinsic semiconductors.
3) Extrinsic semiconductors can be n-type or p-type depending on the impurity used - n-type uses elements like phosphorus that add free electrons, while p-type uses elements like boron that create holes. The combination of n-type and p-type materials creates the PN
This document discusses intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors. It explains that intrinsic semiconductors have equal numbers of electrons and holes generated by thermal excitation across the band gap. Extrinsic semiconductors are made by doping intrinsic semiconductors with impurities to create majority charge carriers. N-type semiconductors are doped with pentavalent impurities, making electrons the majority carriers. P-type semiconductors are doped with trivalent impurities, making holes the majority carriers. The document provides details on generation and recombination of carriers, the crystalline structure of semiconductors, and the differences between intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors.
semiconductor and hall effect.pptx chemistry .....amruthatk3
Semiconductors are materials with an electrical conductivity between conductors and insulators. They have energy bands consisting of a valence band, conduction band, and a forbidden band or bandgap between them. The small bandgap in semiconductors allows electrons to move between bands with small amounts of energy. Semiconductors can be intrinsic, consisting of pure elements like silicon, or extrinsic through doping with impurities. N-type semiconductors are doped with donor atoms that provide extra electrons, while P-type are doped with acceptor atoms that create holes. The document discusses the band structure and carrier concentrations that give semiconductors their unique electronic properties.
The document summarizes different types of semiconductor diodes. It discusses the theory of p-n junctions and how a p-n junction forms a diode. It describes the ideal behavior of a diode under forward and reverse bias. The characteristics of a diode are shown in its volt-current curve. Different types of diodes are described briefly, including Zener diodes, light emitting diodes, photo diodes, and their uses.
The document summarizes key concepts about semiconductors and pn junctions. It discusses how semiconductors have properties between conductors and insulators. Intrinsic semiconductors have few charge carriers, while extrinsic semiconductors are doped with impurities to increase charge carriers, making them n-type or p-type. A pn junction forms at the interface of a p-type and n-type semiconductor, creating a depletion region and potential barrier. Forward biasing reduces and reverse biasing increases the potential barrier.
This document is a lecture on semiconductors by Dr. K. Vagdevi. It discusses different types of semiconductors including intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors. Extrinsic semiconductors are further divided into n-type and p-type semiconductors depending on whether they are doped with pentavelent or trivalent impurities. The key differences between n-type and p-type semiconductors are also summarized. The document also explains carrier generation, recombination, diffusion, drift, and the Hall effect in semiconductors.
Inductors store energy in the form of a magnetic field and deliver it when needed. An inductor consists of a coil of wire wrapped around a ferromagnetic core. The three main factors that affect inductance are the number of turns in the coil, the permeability of the core material, and the size of the core. There are three main types of fixed inductors: air core inductors which have the lowest inductance, iron core inductors which are useful at low frequencies, and ferrite core inductors which are used for high frequency applications due to their high resistivity and lack of hysteresis losses.
1) The document discusses different types of PN junction devices including PN junction diodes, rectifiers, LEDs, laser diodes, and Zener diodes.
2) It explains the structure and operation of PN junction diodes, describing how a PN junction is formed and how diffusion causes a depletion region and barrier potential.
3) The characteristics of PN junction diodes under forward and reverse bias are discussed, including their V-I characteristics and the factors that determine diode current.
This ppt is about semiconductor diodes.You can get every basic information about PN junction diode and its working and some more information about the semiconductors.
Introduction to Semiconductor Devices.
In modern world no other technology permeates every nook and cranny of our existence as does electronics.
Application of electronics are : Televisions, radios, stereo equipment, computers, scanners, electronic control systems (in cars for example) etc.
The document discusses the basics of semiconductor materials. It begins by reviewing the atomic model and how electrons are arranged in energy levels. Intrinsic semiconductors like silicon have electrons that can be excited into the conduction band to allow current flow. Semiconductor crystals form a lattice structure through covalent bonding. Doping introduces impurities to semiconductors to improve electrical properties by adding extra electrons or holes. A p-n junction forms the basis of semiconductor devices like diodes, which allow current to flow in one direction depending on bias polarity.
This document discusses direct and indirect bandgap semiconductors. Direct bandgap semiconductors have their valence band maximum and conduction band minimum occur at the same value of k, allowing for energy and momentum conservation. Examples include GaAs, InP, CdS. Indirect bandgap semiconductors have their bands offset in k, making them unsuitable for optical devices. The document also describes methods to determine if a bandgap is direct or indirect using absorption spectroscopy plots of the absorption coefficient. Finally, it introduces 1D, 2D and 3D quantum confinement structures and how quantum confinement can modify electron-hole pair energies and radiation wavelengths.
Thermionic (vacuum tube) diodes and solid state (semiconductor) diodes were developed separately in the early 1900s as radio receiver detectors. Vacuum tube diodes were more commonly used in radios until the 1950s due to early semiconductor diodes being less stable. Semiconductor diodes are made from materials like silicon and germanium that have precise atomic structures that allow controlled current flow. A p-n junction is formed at the interface between p-type and n-type semiconductor materials and enables diode rectification properties. Diodes have various applications including rectification, clamping, clipping, and lighting.
This document discusses semiconductors and their types. It defines a semiconductor as a material with conductivity between a metal and an insulator. There are two types of semiconductors - intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic semiconductors are pure, while extrinsic are doped with impurities to be either N-type (excess electrons) or P-type (excess holes). The document explains the carrier concentrations and energy band diagrams of the different semiconductor types.
This document discusses semiconductor devices and their characteristics. It introduces P-type and N-type semiconductors, diodes, and their I-V characteristics including forward and reverse bias. Transistors are also introduced as amplifiers that can control current flow. Semiconductor devices are compact, reliable, and low cost components that are widely used in electronics due to their ability to be integrated into complex circuits.
This document provides an overview of semiconductor fundamentals and classifications. It discusses the properties of metals, insulators, and semiconductors. Semiconductors are classified as elemental, compound, narrow band-gap, wide band-gap, oxide, magnetic, organic, and low-dimensional. Elemental semiconductors like silicon are widely used but have limitations for optoelectronics. Compound semiconductors like GaAs have advantages for applications requiring high speeds or light emission/detection.
The document provides an overview of basic electrical and electronics concepts and components. It begins with definitions of key terms like electricity, voltage, current and atomic structure. It then explains components like resistors, capacitors, diodes, transistors and how they work. Different circuit applications using these components are discussed, including rectifiers, amplifiers and oscillators. The document serves as training material for an introductory workshop on circuit design and analysis.
This presentation gives a lot of information about
Semiconductor Devices.This is presented by Rajesh Kumar Sangani from Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies,Basar Dist
Adilabad,A.P,India.
Semiconductors are substances that can conduct electricity under some conditions but not others. They have resistivity between metals and insulators. There are two types - elemental semiconductors consisting of a single element like silicon or germanium, and compound semiconductors consisting of multiple elements like indium phosphide. In semiconductors, energy levels split into permitted energy bands separated by a forbidden energy gap when atoms are close together. The valence band is filled with electrons and the conduction band above it is empty or partially filled, with a gap between them through which electrons need energy to move.
Dielectrics are materials that contain permanently aligned electric dipoles. When an electric field is applied, the dipoles in dielectric materials can undergo several types of polarization, including electronic, ionic, orientational, and space charge polarization. This polarization leads to an increase in the electric flux density and dielectric constant within the material. The dielectric constant is the ratio of the material's permeability to the permeability of free space and determines the material's behavior in electric fields.
This is small Power point presentation about different types of capacitors. It deals with different applications of different capacitors.This ppt has some important classification of different capacitors
1) Semiconductors exhibit characteristics between conductors and insulators. Diodes and transistors are early components made from semiconductors.
2) There are two types of semiconductors - intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic semiconductors do not contain any foreign atoms while extrinsic are created by diffusing or implanting impurities into intrinsic semiconductors.
3) Extrinsic semiconductors can be n-type or p-type depending on the impurity used - n-type uses elements like phosphorus that add free electrons, while p-type uses elements like boron that create holes. The combination of n-type and p-type materials creates the PN
This document discusses intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors. It explains that intrinsic semiconductors have equal numbers of electrons and holes generated by thermal excitation across the band gap. Extrinsic semiconductors are made by doping intrinsic semiconductors with impurities to create majority charge carriers. N-type semiconductors are doped with pentavalent impurities, making electrons the majority carriers. P-type semiconductors are doped with trivalent impurities, making holes the majority carriers. The document provides details on generation and recombination of carriers, the crystalline structure of semiconductors, and the differences between intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors.
semiconductor and hall effect.pptx chemistry .....amruthatk3
Semiconductors are materials with an electrical conductivity between conductors and insulators. They have energy bands consisting of a valence band, conduction band, and a forbidden band or bandgap between them. The small bandgap in semiconductors allows electrons to move between bands with small amounts of energy. Semiconductors can be intrinsic, consisting of pure elements like silicon, or extrinsic through doping with impurities. N-type semiconductors are doped with donor atoms that provide extra electrons, while P-type are doped with acceptor atoms that create holes. The document discusses the band structure and carrier concentrations that give semiconductors their unique electronic properties.
Advancements of Semi conductors and Superconductorsadnanalvi051
explained what are semiconductors and superconductors and their uses. Also nowadays revolutions and advancements in semiconductors as superconductors. After reading these Slides one can easily understand about semiconductors and Superconductors, Nowadays our life is full of semiconductor usage.
This document provides an overview of semiconductors. It discusses intrinsic semiconductors, which have few charge carriers, and extrinsic semiconductors, which are doped with impurities to increase conductivity. N-type materials are doped with elements like phosphorus that contribute free electrons, while P-type materials are doped with elements like boron that contribute holes. The document explains current flow in semiconductors, with electrons as the majority carrier in N-type and holes as the majority carrier in P-type. When P-type and N-type materials are combined, they form a PN junction, which allows the creation of semiconductor devices.
This document provides information on advancements in semiconductors and superconductors. It defines semiconductors and describes their intrinsic and extrinsic types. Applications of semiconductors include displays, RFID tags, and solar cells. Superconductors are materials that conduct electricity without resistance below a critical temperature. The document defines key terms related to superconductors like critical temperature and Meissner effect, and provides examples of superconducting materials like YBa2Cu307.
Semiconductors are materials with electrical conductivity between conductors and insulators. They play an important role in modern electronics as their conductivity can be controlled through doping with impurities. Semiconductors form the foundation of devices like transistors and diodes and are used to build modern electronics like computers and phones. Silicon is the most widely used semiconductor and intrinsic semiconductors can be made conductive by doping with n-type or p-type impurities, creating an excess or deficiency of electrons or holes respectively. The combination of different semiconductor types generates devices that can control electrical signals.
The document discusses semiconductors and PN junction diodes. It defines semiconductors as materials with conductivity between conductors and insulators. Semiconductors can be intrinsic, consisting of pure semiconductor material, or extrinsic, doped with impurities to create excess electrons (N-type) or holes (P-type). A PN junction forms when a P-type and N-type semiconductor are joined. It acts as a diode, allowing current in one direction (forward bias) but blocking it in the other (reverse bias) due to the potential barrier created at the junction.
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT ON SEMICONDUCTOR by shivam jhade bhopal
This document appears to be a student project on semiconductors. It includes an acknowledgment section thanking teachers and parents for their support. The main body contains sections on the introduction, theory/definition, effects of temperature on conductivity, intrinsic/extrinsic semiconductors including n-type and p-type types. It also discusses electrical resistivity and how it relates to number density and mobility of electrons and holes. In total, it provides a concise overview of key concepts regarding semiconductors in about 10 sections for a school science fair project.
This document provides information about the EE-3111 Electrical and Electronic Systems course taught by Engr. Neelam Mughees. It outlines the course materials, policy, marks distribution, academic dishonesty policy, and introduces some key concepts about semiconductors and PN junctions. The course covers topics like introduction to semiconductors, current in semiconductors, N-type and P-type semiconductors, formation of the depletion region, and biasing of PN junctions. Students are expected to attend all classes, submit all assignments by deadlines, and will be penalized for any forms of cheating.
This document discusses semiconductors and their properties. It explains that semiconductors have electrical conductivity between conductors and insulators. Their valence and conduction bands are almost full and empty respectively, with a small energy gap that allows electrons to cross over with a smaller electric field compared to insulators. Common semiconductors like silicon and germanium form covalent bonds and have crystalline structures. Doping semiconductors with impurities can create an excess or shortage of electrons, making them either n-type or p-type semiconductors respectively.
Diodes are the simplest semiconductor devices and are two-terminal components that allow current to flow easily in one direction but restrict it in the other. They exhibit nearly zero voltage drop when conducting and behave as an open circuit when not conducting. The electrical characteristics of silicon and germanium can be improved through doping with materials that introduce free electrons or holes, creating n-type or p-type semiconductors. When a p-type and n-type material are joined, a p-n junction forms with distinct conduction and non-conduction regions that enable the diode's rectifying behavior.
This document provides an introduction to electronics, including definitions and classifications of materials used. It discusses conductors, semiconductors, and insulators. Semiconductors like silicon and germanium are explained, along with doping to create n-type and p-type semiconductors. A PN junction is formed when an n-type and p-type semiconductor meet, creating a diode.
Majority and minority charge carriers are defined for p-type and n-type semiconductors. In p-type semiconductors, holes are the majority carriers while electrons are the minority carriers. In n-type semiconductors, electrons are the majority carriers and holes are the minority carriers. Semiconductors are doped with impurities to increase the number of majority carriers, making the material either p-type or n-type. A depletion region forms at the PN junction where majority carriers diffuse across and recombine, leaving an area devoid of carriers.
Semiconductor.pdf description ki last lin...KALPESH-JNV
Semiconductors (SC) are a class of materials that exhibit intermediate electrical conductivity between conductors (such as metals) & insulators (such as ceramics / plastics). They are used extensively in modern electronics, as the basis for the design & fabrication of transistors, diodes, integrated circuits.
The discovery of the SC properties dates back to the late 19th century, when experiments were carried out on the electrical conductivity of various materials. In 1874, Edwin Hall discovered the phenomenon of Hall effect, which led to the discovery of SC. The Hall effect occurs when a magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the flow of electric current in a conductor, resulting in a voltage difference across the conductor. This effect was found to be more pronounced in certain materials, such as Si & Ge, which led to further investigations into their electrical properties.
SC are characterized by their unique band structure, which determines their electrical conductivity. In an ideal SC crystal, the valence band (the highest occupied energy band) is separated from the conduction band (the lowest unoccupied energy band) by a bandgap. The bandgap is a measure of the energy required to move an electron from the valence band to the conduction band, and determines whether a material is a conductor, an insulator, or a SC.
At absolute zero temperature, all electrons in a SC crystal occupy the valence band, and there are no electrons in the conduction band. However, as the temperature increases, some of the electrons gain enough energy to jump across the bandgap and move to the conduction band, where they are free to move and conduct electricity. This process is called thermal excitation, and it is responsible for the temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity of SC.
SC can be classified into two main types based on their doping properties: intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic SC are pure materials such as Si or Ge, which have no impurities or dopants added to them. Intrinsic SC have a relatively low electrical conductivity at room temperature due to the presence of the bandgap. Extrinsic SC, on the other hand, are doped with impurities to modify their electrical properties.
Doping is the process of intentionally introducing impurities (also called dopants) into a SC crystal to modify its electrical properties. The impurities can either donate or accept electrons, creating excess or deficient electrons, respectively, in the crystal lattice. This alters the band structure and conductivity of the SC, making it more useful for electronic applications.
Extrinsic SC can be further classified into two types: n-type and p-type. N-type SC are doped with impurities that have excess electrons (such as phosphorus)
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Presentation report for Intrinsic & Extrinsic , N-type & P-type and Forward& ...Obaid ur Rehman
This document is a presentation report on intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, n-type and p-type semiconductors, and forward and reverse biasing. It was submitted by 4 students from the University of Lahore's Department of Physics. The 9-page report provides definitions and explanations of these key semiconductor concepts, including a brief history of semiconductors, intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, n-type and p-type doping, forward and reverse biasing of p-n junctions, and applications such as LEDs, photodiodes, and solar cells.
Intrinsic & Extrinsic , N-type & P-type and Forward& Reverse BiasedObaid ur Rehman
This document discusses intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, n-type and p-type semiconductors, and forward and reverse biasing. It defines intrinsic semiconductors as having equal numbers of electrons and holes, while extrinsic semiconductors have unequal numbers due to impurities. N-type semiconductors have extra electrons from donors, while p-type have holes from acceptors. Forward biasing reduces the depletion region barrier, allowing more current, while reverse biasing strengthens the barrier and blocks most current. Special semiconductor devices like LEDs, photodiodes, and solar cells are also summarized.
BASIC ELECTRONICS on physics for teaching grade 12JerryOgugo
This document provides an overview of basic electronics topics related to semiconductors. It discusses semiconductors and their charge carriers, how temperature affects semiconductors, types of semiconductors including n-type and p-type, types of impurities used for doping, the p-n junction diode, diode characteristics, applications of diodes, and advantages of p-n junction diodes over thermionic diodes. It also lists lesson contents, modes of conduction in semiconductors, effects of temperature, classification of materials, and differences between intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors. Examples and classwork questions are provided at the end.
Semiconductor devices use crystalline solids like silicon as semiconductors. Semiconductors can be made to conduct electricity more or less depending on if they are doped with impurities. A PN junction diode is made by doping one side of silicon with a P-type impurity and the other side with an N-type impurity. When the two sides are joined, electrons and holes diffuse across the junction, leaving an electric field that blocks further diffusion. This allows current to flow easily in one direction but blocks it in the reverse direction, making the diode useful for rectification.
The document discusses Frederick Winslow Taylor and the principles of scientific management, including optimizing jobs to increase productivity, standardization of work processes, and cooperation between workers and managers. It provides an overview of Taylor's theories and principles, how scientific management was implemented, criticisms of the approach, and how some of its concepts are still used in modern management practices today. The presentation is made by several students who each cover different aspects of Taylor's scientific management and its applications.
The document discusses different color models including RGB, CMY, and HSV. The RGB model is an additive color model used for displays with primary colors of red, green, and blue. The CMY model is a subtractive color model used in printing with primary colors of cyan, magenta, and yellow. RGB uses light to create colors and is used for digital devices while CMY uses ink on paper. Both models have their advantages and are used in different applications depending on whether light or reflected light is used to produce colors.
The document discusses Microsoft .NET, which is a development platform that allows applications to be built across multiple devices and operating systems using XML web services. It provides details on the components of .NET including .NET experiences, clients, services, servers, and tools. The document also covers ASP.NET, MVC, .NET security, and resources for learning more about the .NET framework.
The document discusses an operating system topic presented by the Ethernet group consisting of three members. It defines an operating system as the set of programs that controls a computer and provides an interface between the user and hardware. The functions of an operating system include process management, memory management, file management, and security management. It also discusses the differences between user mode and kernel mode in an operating system.
The document discusses the process of compiler design, including how a compiler translates source code from a programming language into machine code by performing analysis and synthesis. It describes the main components of a compiler as the scanner, parser, semantic routines, code generator, and optimizer. Additionally, it provides definitions and examples of nondeterministic finite automata (NFA) and deterministic finite automata (DFA) which are used in lexical analysis.
The document summarizes presentations from four students in the Ethernet Group on using the bisection method to find roots of equations. Student 1 presented on the bisection method algorithm. Student 2 used bisection method to find the root of x^3 - 2x - 3 = 0 to within 0.0001. Student 3 similarly used bisection method to find the root of x^3 - x - 2 = 0 to within 0.0001. Student 4 used bisection method to find the root of x^3 - 3x - 6 = 0 to within 0.0001, showing the iterative steps and calculations.
The document outlines a proposed student result management system with the following key points:
1. The system will manage student, subject, and marks information for classes 6-10 and generate tabulation sheets. It will also maintain the institute website.
2. The background discusses similar existing systems used in education sectors.
3. Performance will be evaluated based on user interfaces, validity checks, and software attributes like security, maintainability and portability.
The system aims to simplify and speed up the result preparation and management process for educational institutes.
This document discusses routing protocols in computer networks. It defines distance vector routing and link state routing, describing how each determines the best path. Distance vector routing uses hop count as a metric and shares routing tables, while link state routing shares information about network reachability and metrics. The document provides examples of how distance vector and Dijkstra's algorithm work through updating routing tables. It outlines characteristics of routers and compares advantages and disadvantages of the two routing approaches.
The document provides information about different generations of computers. It discusses Babbage's Analytical Engine as an early predecessor to modern computers. The first generation used vacuum tubes and were large, expensive machines. The second generation used transistors, making computers smaller, cheaper, and more reliable. The third generation used integrated circuits, making computers even smaller and faster. Later generations incorporated microprocessors, leading to the development of personal computers. The document also discusses some examples of specific early computers like the IAS and IBM 360.
This document provides an introduction to the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, which defines seven layers of network architecture: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application. It describes each layer's responsibilities in moving data from one node or process to another. The Physical layer moves individual bits, the Data Link layer moves frames between nodes, the Network layer moves packets between hosts, the Transport layer moves segments between processes, and so on up to the Application layer which provides user-level services. An illustration is included showing how data is encapsulated and moves through each layer in an exchange between two systems.
The presentation topic is on computational models. It will be presented by Md. Touhidur Rahman. The document discusses four computational models: finite automata (DFA and NFA), context free grammar, pushdown automata, and Turing machines. Finite automata are defined using states, symbols, transitions, a start state, and accepting states. Context free grammars are defined using variables, terminals, productions, and a start symbol. Pushdown automata extend NFAs with a stack. Turing machines are formally defined but also described at a higher level for understanding.
This document contains examples of different types of tabular data presentations:
- Univariate tables use one variable to organize data into rows and columns, such as user numbers for different mobile operators.
- Bivariate tables use two variables, like the number of rich and middle class cellphone users of different brands.
- Multivariate tables use two or more variables, for example semester-wise results for students organized by department, age group, and school board performance.
Tabular presentations clearly organize data without losing information, and are useful for database design, cascading style sheets, Excel sheets, and representing data in word documents.
This document discusses production costs from the perspective of a group presenting on the topic. It defines costs and production costs, outlines the main types of costs including fixed, variable, average and marginal costs. It provides examples and formulas to calculate these different costs. The document also discusses elements that make up production costs, the relationship between different cost curves, how to estimate costs, and provides a summary of how costs and profits are considered from an economic and accounting perspective.
An In-Depth Exploration of Natural Language Processing: Evolution, Applicatio...DharmaBanothu
Natural language processing (NLP) has
recently garnered significant interest for the
computational representation and analysis of human
language. Its applications span multiple domains such
as machine translation, email spam detection,
information extraction, summarization, healthcare,
and question answering. This paper first delineates
four phases by examining various levels of NLP and
components of Natural Language Generation,
followed by a review of the history and progression of
NLP. Subsequently, we delve into the current state of
the art by presenting diverse NLP applications,
contemporary trends, and challenges. Finally, we
discuss some available datasets, models, and
evaluation metrics in NLP.
2. Group Member
Name ID
Md. Nasir Uddin Mahamud 152-15-6226
Md. Touhidur Rahman 152-15-6232
Md. Mithu Mia 152-15-6243
Md. Atiqul Islam 152-15-6244
3. Semiconductor
A semiconductor is a substance which has
resistivity (10−4 to 0.5 Ωm) in between
conductors and insulators e.g. germanium,
silicon, selenium, carbon etc.
4. Sl. No. Substance Nature Resistivity
1
2
3
Copper
Germanium
Glass
good conductor
semiconductor
insulator
1.7 × 10−8 Ω m
0.6 Ω m
9 × 1011 Ω m
Resistance material
5. Properties of Semiconductors :
There are three properties of semiconductors.
(i) The resistivity of a semiconductor is less than
an insulator but more than a conductor.
(ii) Semiconductors have negative temperature
co-efficient of resistance .
(iii) When a suitable metallic impurity is added to
a semiconductor, its current conducting properties
change appreciably.
6. Bonds in Semiconductors
The electrons surrounding each atom in a semiconductor are part of a
covalent bond.
A covalent bond consists of two atoms "sharing" a single electron.
Each atom forms 4 covalent bonds with the 4 surrounding atoms.
Therefore, between each atom and its 4 surrounding atoms, 8 electrons are being
shared.
7. Commonly Used Semiconductors
The two most frequently used materials are germanium (Ge) and silicon(si)
Germanium.
The atomic number of germanium is 32.
Therefore, it has 32 protons and 32 electrons.
four electrons in the outer or valence orbit
to shared 8 electrons Germanium to Germanium it make
semiconductor
8. (ii) Silicon
The atomic number of germanium is 14.
Therefore, it has 14 protons and 14 electrons.
four electrons in the outer or valence orbit
to shared 8 electrons Silicon to Silicon it make semiconductor
9. Energy Band Description of Semiconductors
For silicon:
we see that forbiden energy gap is very small valence band to conduction
band.
Being 1.1eV for silicon .
So small energy is needed by their valence electrons to cross over to the
conduction band.
even at room temperature,some of the valence electrons may acquire
sufficient energy to enter into the conduction band thus become free
electrons.
10. For germanium:
we see that forbiden energy gap is very small valence band to
conduction band.
Being 0.7eV for germanium .
So small energy is needed by their valence electrons to cross
over to the conduction band.
even at room temperature, some of the valence electrons may
acquire sufficient energy to enter into the conduction band thus
become free electrons.
11. Summary:
we know that free electron means electricity.
so we said that, energy band help us to
understanding the current flow through a
semiconductor.
12. Effect of temperature on semiconductor
This is a very important point to keep in mind,
namely
(i) At absolute zero temperature
(ii) Above absolute zero temperature
13. At absolute zero temperature:
All the electrons are tightly held by the semiconductor.
The co-valent bonds are very strong.
There is a large energy gap between valence band and
conduction band.
So no valence electron can reach the conduction band become
free electron.
The semiconductor behaves a perfect insulator.
14. Above absolute zero temperature
Some of the co-valent bonds in the semiconductor break due to the thermal energy
supplied.
The breaking the bonds electrons become free.
When temperature is raised.
Valence electrons acquire sufficient energy to enter into the conduction band.
Become free electrons.
it may be noted that each time a valence electrons enters into the conduction band.
'Hole' is created in valence band.
so we said that above absolute zero temperature, the current flow through a
semiconductor.
16. (i) n-type semiconductor
When a small amount of pentavalent impurity is added to a pure
semiconductor it is known as n-type semiconductor.
We use pentavalent impurity like arsenic
Arsenic has five valence electrons
When a small amount of arsenic is added to germanium crystal, some number
of free electrons become available in the crystal.
Though each arsenic atom provides one free electron
That means small amount of arsenic impurity provides enough atoms to
supply millions of free electrons.
17. n-type conductivity
The current conduction in an n-type semiconductor by free
electrons
the free electrons in the crystal will be directed towards
the positive terminal
As the current flow through the crystal is by free electrons
which are carriers of negative charge, therefore, this type
of conductivity is called negative or n-type conductivity
18. p-type Semiconductor :
When a small amount of trivalent impurity is added to a pure
semiconductor, it is called p-type
We use trivalent impurity like gallium
gallium has three valence electrons
When a small amount of gallium is added to germanium crystal, there
exists a large number of holes in the crystal.
This missing electron is called a hole. Therefore, for each gallium atom
added, one hole is created. A small amount of gallium provides millions of
holes.
19. p-type conductivity
The current conduction in p-type semiconductor is predominantly
As the holes are positively charged, there- fore, they are directed
towards the negative terminal, constituting what is known as hole
current.
20. Majority and Minority Carriers:
In case of n-type:
N-type
I. N-type material has a large number of free electrons.
II. The free electrons in this case are considered majority carriers since the
majority portion of current in n-type material is by the flow of free electrons
and the holes are the minority carriers
21. In case of p-type:
I. P-type material has a large number of holes.
II. In a p-type material, holes outnumber the free electrons. Therefore,
holes are the majority carriers and free electrons are the minority
carriers.
22. pn Junction:
When a p-type semiconductor is suitably joined to n-type semiconductor, the
contact surface is called pn junction.
Formation of pn junction:
1. One common method of making pn junction is called
alloying. In this method, a small block of indium (trivalent
impurity) is placed on an n type germanium slab as shown in
Fig. (i). The system is then heated to temperature of about
500ºC.
23. 2. The indium and some of the germanium melt to form a small
puddle of molten germanium-indium mixture as shown in Fig.
(ii).
3. The temperature is then lowered and puddle begins to
solidify. Under proper conditions, the atoms of indium impurity
will be suitably adjusted in the germanium slab to form a single
crystal. The addition of indium overcomes the excess of
electrons in the n-type germanium to such an extent that it
creates a p-type region.
24. 4. As the process goes on, the remaining molten mixture
becomes increasingly rich in indium. When all germanium has
been redeposited, the remaining material appears as indium
button which is frozen on to the outer surface of the crystallized
portion as shown in Fig. (iii). This button serves as a suitable
base for soldering on leads.
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