Process models

These slides are designed to
accompany Software Engineering: A
Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e (McGraw-
Hill, 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by
Roger Pressman. 1
Chapter 2
 Process Models
Slide Set to accompany
Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e
by Roger S. Pressman
Slides copyright © 1996, 2001, 2005, 2009 by Roger S. Pressman
For non-profit educational use only
May be reproduced ONLY for student use at the university level when used in conjunction
with Software Engineering: A Practitioner's Approach, 7/e. Any other reproduction or use is
prohibited without the express written permission of the author.
All copyright information MUST appear if these slides are posted on a website for student
use.

Roger Pressman. 2
A Generic Process Model

Roger Pressman. 3
Process Flow

Roger Pressman. 4
Identifying a Task Set
 A task set defines the actual work to be done to
accomplish the objectives of a software
engineering action.
 A list of the task to be accomplished
 A list of the work products to be produced
 A list of the quality assurance filters to be applied

Roger Pressman. 5
Process Patterns
 A process pattern
 describes a process-related problem that is
encountered during software engineering work,
 identifies the environment in which the problem has
been encountered, and
 suggests one or more proven solutions to the
problem.
 Stated in more general terms, a process pattern
provides you with a template [Amb98]—a
consistent method for describing problem
solutions within the context of the software
process.

Roger Pressman. 6
Process Pattern Types
 Stage patterns—defines a problem associated
with a framework activity for the process.
 Task patterns—defines a problem associated
with a software engineering action or work
task and relevant to successful software
engineering practice
 Phase patterns—define the sequence of
framework activities that occur with the
process, even when the overall flow of
activities is iterative in nature.

Roger Pressman. 7
Process Assessment and Improvement
 Standard CMMI Assessment Method for Process Improvement
(SCAMPI) — provides a five step process assessment model that incorporates
five phases: initiating, diagnosing, establishing, acting and learning.
 CMM-Based Appraisal for Internal Process Improvement (CBA IPI)
—provides a diagnostic technique for assessing the relative maturity of
a software organization; uses the SEI CMM as the basis for the
assessment [Dun01]
 SPICE—The SPICE (ISO/IEC15504) standard defines a set of
requirements for software process assessment. The intent of the
standard is to assist organizations in developing an objective
evaluation of the efficacy of any defined software process. [ISO08]
 ISO 9001:2000 for Software—a generic standard that applies to any
organization that wants to improve the overall quality of the products,
systems, or services that it provides. Therefore, the standard is directly
applicable to software organizations and companies. [Ant06]

Roger Pressman. 8
Prescriptive Models
 Prescriptive process models advocate an orderly
approach to software engineering
That leads to a few questions …
 If prescriptive process models strive for structure and
order, are they inappropriate for a software world that
thrives on change?
 Yet, if we reject traditional process models (and the
order they imply) and replace them with something less
structured, do we make it impossible to achieve
coordination and coherence in software work?

Roger Pressman. 9
The Waterfall Model
Communication
Planning
Modeling
Construction
Deployment
analysis
design
code
test
project init iat ion
requirement gat hering estimating
scheduling
tracking
delivery
support
f eedback

Roger Pressman. 10
The V-Model

Roger Pressman. 11
The Incremental Model
C o m m u n i c a t i o n
P l a n n i n g
M o d e l i n g
C o n s t r u c t i o n
D e p l o y m e n t
d e l i v e r y
f e e d b a c k
analys is
design code
t est
increment # 1
increment # 2
delivery of
1st increment
delivery of
2nd increment
delivery of
nt h increment
increment # n
project calendar time
P l a n n i n g
M o d e l i n g
D e p l o y m e n t
d e l i v e r y
f e e d b a c k
analy sis
des ign code
t est
P l a n n i n g
M o d e l i n g
D e p l o y m e n t
d e l i v e r y
f e e d b a c k
analy sis
des ign
c ode
t es t

Roger Pressman. 12
Evolutionary Models: Prototyping
Construction
of prototype
Communicat ion
Quick p lan
Const ruct ion
of
prot ot ype
Mo de lin g
Quick de sign
De livery
& Fe edback
Deployment
communication
Quick
plan
Modeling
Quick design
Construction
of prototype
Deployment
delivery &
feedback

Roger Pressman. 13
Evolutionary Models: The Spiral
communication
planning
modeling
construction
deployment
delivery
feedback
start
analysis
design
code
test
estimation
scheduling
risk analysis

Roger Pressman. 14
Evolutionary Models: Concurrent
Under review
Baselined
Done
Under
revision
Await ing
changes
Under
development
none
Modeling act ivit y
represents the state
of a software engineering
activity or task

Roger Pressman. 15
Still Other Process Models
 Component based development—the process to
apply when reuse is a development objective
 Formal methods—emphasizes the mathematical
specification of requirements
 AOSD—provides a process and methodological
approach for defining, specifying, designing, and
constructing aspects
 Unified Process—a “use-case driven, architecture-
centric, iterative and incremental” software process
closely aligned with the Unified Modeling Language
(UML)

Roger Pressman. 16
The Unified Process (UP)
soft ware increment
Release
Incept ion
Elaborat ion
const ruct ion
t ransit ion
product ion
inception
elaboration

Roger Pressman. 17
UP Phases
Inception Elaboration Construction Transition Production
UP Phases
Workflows
Requirements
Analysis
Design
Implementation
Test
Iterations #1 #2 #n-1 #n
Support

Roger Pressman. 18
UP Work Products
Inception phase
Elaboration phase
Construction phase
Transition phase
Vision document
Init ial use-case model
Init ial project glossary
Init ial business case
Init ial risk assessment .
Project plan,
phases and it erat ions.
Business model,
if necessary.
One or more prot ot ypes
I nc e pt i o
n
Use-case model
Supplement ary requirement s
including non-funct ional
Analysis model
Soft ware archit ect ure
Descript ion.
Execut able archit ect ural
prot ot ype.
Preliminary design model
Revised risk list
Project plan including
it erat ion plan
adapt ed workflows
milest ones
t echnical work product s
Preliminary user manual
Design model
Soft ware component s
Int egrat ed soft ware
increment
Test plan and procedure
Test cases
Support document at ion
user manuals
inst allat ion manuals
descript ion of current
increment
Delivered soft ware increment
Bet a t est report s
General user feedback

Roger Pressman. 19
Personal Software Process (PSP)
 Planning. This activity isolates requirements and develops both size and
resource estimates. In addition, a defect estimate (the number of defects
projected for the work) is made. All metrics are recorded on worksheets or
templates. Finally, development tasks are identified and a project schedule is
created.
 High-level design. External specifications for each component to be constructed
are developed and a component design is created. Prototypes are built when
uncertainty exists. All issues are recorded and tracked.
 High-level design review. Formal verification methods (Chapter 21) are applied
to uncover errors in the design. Metrics are maintained for all important tasks
and work results.
 Development. The component level design is refined and reviewed. Code is
generated, reviewed, compiled, and tested. Metrics are maintained for all
important tasks and work results.
 Postmortem. Using the measures and metrics collected (this is a substantial
amount of data that should be analyzed statistically), the effectiveness of the
process is determined. Measures and metrics should provide guidance for
modifying the process to improve its effectiveness.

Roger Pressman. 20
Team Software Process (TSP)
 Build self-directed teams that plan and track their work,
establish goals, and own their processes and plans.
These can be pure software teams or integrated product
teams (IPT) of three to about 20 engineers.
 Show managers how to coach and motivate their teams
and how to help them sustain peak performance.
 Accelerate software process improvement by making
CMM Level 5 behavior normal and expected.
 The Capability Maturity Model (CMM), a measure of the
effectiveness of a software process, is discussed in Chapter 30.
 Provide improvement guidance to high-maturity
organizations.
 Facilitate university teaching of industrial-grade team
skills.

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