This document summarizes research on pre-engineered steel structures (PES). It begins by defining PES as steel structures designed and prefabricated in a factory. The document then reviews 12 previous studies on PES that analyzed topics like the behavior of PES under different conditions, seismic analysis of PES using software, and comparisons of PES to conventional steel buildings. The studies found that PES can be more cost effective and use less steel than conventional structures. However, the document notes that a firm conclusion cannot be drawn. It concludes that while PES offer advantages over conventional structures, both approaches have merits depending on the situation.
Comparative Study of Pre-Engineered Building and Conventional Steel StructuresIRJET Journal
This document provides a comparative study between pre-engineered buildings and conventional steel structures. It discusses the concepts and designs of both building types, with pre-engineered buildings using tapered sections tailored to stress requirements, while conventional structures use standard sections regardless of stress. The document aims to design models of various spans for both building types using Staad Pro software and analyze them under different loads to determine which system is more economical in terms of steel consumption and cost. Previous literature that also found pre-engineered buildings to be more efficient and economical is reviewed.
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This document discusses alternative designs for gable industrial structures. It analyzes three alternatives: conventional frames with trusses, pre-engineered frames, and lattice girder frames. The alternatives are analyzed and designed using STAAD Pro software according to Indian standards. An industrial structure with dimensions of 22.5m x 48m and a height of 12m is considered. The analysis compares the designs in terms of tonnage for 2D frames and a complete 3D building model. Previous studies on pre-engineered buildings, conventional buildings, and their comparisons are also summarized. Pre-engineered buildings are found to be more economical than conventional buildings for certain spans.
Analysis And Design of Pre-Engineered Building Using Indian And Equivalent Am...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes the analysis and design of a pre-engineered building (PEB) using Indian and American design codes. It describes the objectives of studying PEB design using STAAD Pro software. It also reviews literature on PEB design and analysis and identifies a research gap in using different steel section profiles to optimize weight. The methodology section then outlines the PEB design process using STAAD Pro. This includes considering frame geometry, design codes, load calculations, and connection design philosophy to achieve a structurally sound design with minimum weight. Finally, the building input data and load calculations for a sample industrial shed PEB are presented.
Analysis And Design of Pre-Engineered Building Using Indian And Equivalent Am...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes the analysis and design of a pre-engineered building (PEB) using Indian and American design codes. It describes the objectives of studying PEB design using STAAD Pro software. It also reviews literature on PEB design and analysis and identifies a research gap in using different steel section profiles to optimize weight. The methodology section then outlines the PEB design process using STAAD Pro. This includes considering frame geometry, design codes, load calculations, and connection design philosophy to achieve a structurally sound design with minimum weight. Finally, the building input data and load calculations for a sample industrial shed PEB are presented.
IRJET- Comparative Study of Multi-Storey Multi-Span G+4 Building by PEB and C...IRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative study of the design of a G+4 commercial building using pre-engineered building (PEB) and conventional steel building (CSB) concepts. The building is located in Pune, India and has dimensions of 140m length, 40m width, and 18m eave height. Both designs are analyzed using STAAD Pro software according to Indian design code IS 800-2007. Key findings from the PEB and CSB designs are compared regarding structural configuration, load assumptions, analysis methodology, and design limitations. The PEB concept is found to utilize tapered steel sections tailored to loading requirements, avoiding excess steel. In contrast, the CSB concept uses uniform hot-rolled sections fabricated on
Seismic Response of Vertically Irregular Structure with Composite ColumnsIRJET Journal
This document discusses the seismic response of vertically irregular structures with composite columns compared to regular structures. Three models of buildings with different vertical irregularities are modeled and analyzed using ETABS software. The models include the same building with and without composite columns. Results show that structures with composite columns have higher displacements but lower base shear and story drift compared to corresponding irregular structures without composite columns. This indicates that use of composite columns can improve seismic performance by increasing flexibility and reducing failure of irregular structures during earthquakes.
Review Paper on Analysis and Design of Steel Truss by using Angle and Tube Se...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the analysis and design of steel trusses using angle and tube sections. It discusses how tubular steel sections provide benefits over conventional angle sections, including greater load capacity, flexibility, and cost savings of up to 20%. The document then analyzes different steel roof truss designs for an industrial building using STAAD Pro software. It compares the designs based on factors like material quantity and cost. The analysis found that designs using tubular sections required less steel and were more economical compared to those using angle sections.
IRJET- A Comparative Study on Pre Engineered Building by using STAAD PROIRJET Journal
This document provides a comparative study of pre-engineered buildings and conventional steel buildings using STAAD Pro software. It finds that the structural weight of pre-engineered buildings is approximately 30% less than conventional steel buildings. This is due to the use of cold-formed sections and optimizing section sizes based on load requirements in pre-engineered buildings. The cost of steel for pre-engineered buildings is also about 26.38% lower than for conventional steel buildings. Therefore, pre-engineered buildings prove to be lighter and more economical than conventional steel structures for industrial building applications.
Comparative Study of Pre-Engineered Building and Conventional Steel StructuresIRJET Journal
This document provides a comparative study between pre-engineered buildings and conventional steel structures. It discusses the concepts and designs of both building types, with pre-engineered buildings using tapered sections tailored to stress requirements, while conventional structures use standard sections regardless of stress. The document aims to design models of various spans for both building types using Staad Pro software and analyze them under different loads to determine which system is more economical in terms of steel consumption and cost. Previous literature that also found pre-engineered buildings to be more efficient and economical is reviewed.
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This document discusses alternative designs for gable industrial structures. It analyzes three alternatives: conventional frames with trusses, pre-engineered frames, and lattice girder frames. The alternatives are analyzed and designed using STAAD Pro software according to Indian standards. An industrial structure with dimensions of 22.5m x 48m and a height of 12m is considered. The analysis compares the designs in terms of tonnage for 2D frames and a complete 3D building model. Previous studies on pre-engineered buildings, conventional buildings, and their comparisons are also summarized. Pre-engineered buildings are found to be more economical than conventional buildings for certain spans.
Analysis And Design of Pre-Engineered Building Using Indian And Equivalent Am...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes the analysis and design of a pre-engineered building (PEB) using Indian and American design codes. It describes the objectives of studying PEB design using STAAD Pro software. It also reviews literature on PEB design and analysis and identifies a research gap in using different steel section profiles to optimize weight. The methodology section then outlines the PEB design process using STAAD Pro. This includes considering frame geometry, design codes, load calculations, and connection design philosophy to achieve a structurally sound design with minimum weight. Finally, the building input data and load calculations for a sample industrial shed PEB are presented.
Analysis And Design of Pre-Engineered Building Using Indian And Equivalent Am...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes the analysis and design of a pre-engineered building (PEB) using Indian and American design codes. It describes the objectives of studying PEB design using STAAD Pro software. It also reviews literature on PEB design and analysis and identifies a research gap in using different steel section profiles to optimize weight. The methodology section then outlines the PEB design process using STAAD Pro. This includes considering frame geometry, design codes, load calculations, and connection design philosophy to achieve a structurally sound design with minimum weight. Finally, the building input data and load calculations for a sample industrial shed PEB are presented.
IRJET- Comparative Study of Multi-Storey Multi-Span G+4 Building by PEB and C...IRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative study of the design of a G+4 commercial building using pre-engineered building (PEB) and conventional steel building (CSB) concepts. The building is located in Pune, India and has dimensions of 140m length, 40m width, and 18m eave height. Both designs are analyzed using STAAD Pro software according to Indian design code IS 800-2007. Key findings from the PEB and CSB designs are compared regarding structural configuration, load assumptions, analysis methodology, and design limitations. The PEB concept is found to utilize tapered steel sections tailored to loading requirements, avoiding excess steel. In contrast, the CSB concept uses uniform hot-rolled sections fabricated on
Seismic Response of Vertically Irregular Structure with Composite ColumnsIRJET Journal
This document discusses the seismic response of vertically irregular structures with composite columns compared to regular structures. Three models of buildings with different vertical irregularities are modeled and analyzed using ETABS software. The models include the same building with and without composite columns. Results show that structures with composite columns have higher displacements but lower base shear and story drift compared to corresponding irregular structures without composite columns. This indicates that use of composite columns can improve seismic performance by increasing flexibility and reducing failure of irregular structures during earthquakes.
Review Paper on Analysis and Design of Steel Truss by using Angle and Tube Se...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the analysis and design of steel trusses using angle and tube sections. It discusses how tubular steel sections provide benefits over conventional angle sections, including greater load capacity, flexibility, and cost savings of up to 20%. The document then analyzes different steel roof truss designs for an industrial building using STAAD Pro software. It compares the designs based on factors like material quantity and cost. The analysis found that designs using tubular sections required less steel and were more economical compared to those using angle sections.
IRJET- A Comparative Study on Pre Engineered Building by using STAAD PROIRJET Journal
This document provides a comparative study of pre-engineered buildings and conventional steel buildings using STAAD Pro software. It finds that the structural weight of pre-engineered buildings is approximately 30% less than conventional steel buildings. This is due to the use of cold-formed sections and optimizing section sizes based on load requirements in pre-engineered buildings. The cost of steel for pre-engineered buildings is also about 26.38% lower than for conventional steel buildings. Therefore, pre-engineered buildings prove to be lighter and more economical than conventional steel structures for industrial building applications.
A Study of Performance of Pre-Engineered Building of an Industrial Warehouse ...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study comparing the performance of pre-engineered buildings (PEBs) to conventional steel structures under dynamic loads. Two PEB models of an industrial warehouse are analyzed, one with cross-bracing and one without, using time history analysis with El-Centro ground motion data. The results show that the PEB model with cross-bracing experienced lower deflections and reactions under seismic loads compared to the model without cross-bracing. The study aims to demonstrate that PEBs can be effectively designed to withstand dynamic loads through modeling and analysis software.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Research Paper on Analysis and Design of Steel Truss by using Angle and Tube ...IRJET Journal
This document presents research on analyzing and designing steel roof trusses using angle and tube sections. The researchers analyzed and designed steel roof trusses for an industrial warehouse building using both angle and tube sections. They then calculated the quantity of steel required and compared the results of the two designs to determine the most economical truss section. Their methodology included planning the roof truss, calculating forces, analyzing and designing the trusses using each section type in STAAD PRO software, calculating material quantities, and comparing the results. The goal was to evaluate which section type provides the most effective truss design in terms of weight and cost.
Comparative Study of Codal Provisions for Pre-Engineered BuildingsIRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative study of code provisions for pre-engineered buildings according to the Indian code IS 800-2007 and American codes MBMA-2002 and AISC-89. It analyzes and designs an industrial warehouse 30m long, 20m wide and 9m height using built-up, rectangular and tapered steel sections. The behavior and economy of the structure is discussed based on its weight and analysis results between the Indian and American codes. The structure is analyzed and designed using STAAD.Pro structural engineering software.
This document presents a comparative study of codal provisions for the design of pre-engineered buildings (PEBs) according to the Indian standard IS 800-2007 and American standards MBMA-2002 and AISC-89. PEBs are steel structures where the members are prefabricated off-site and assembled on-site. The study analyzes and designs an industrial warehouse with rectangular and tapered built-up sections. Results show that under the Indian code, a structure with tapered sections weighs less but has higher deflections compared to one with rectangular sections. Analysis of the same structure according to American standards yields less steel usage for both section types.
IRJET- Study of Various Types of Roof Trusses for Same SpanIRJET Journal
The document discusses a study comparing different types of steel roof trusses (Fink truss, Parallel chord truss, Arch truss, P.E.B truss, and Pratt truss) for an industrial building with a span of 25m and rise of 4m. The trusses were designed using STAAD Pro analysis software according to Indian design codes IS 800, IS 875 parts 1-3. The trusses were designed for dead load, live load, and wind load combinations to determine the safest and most economical truss type. A literature review presented previous research on truss design and comparison between limit state and working stress methods, and use of tubular vs conventional steel
IRJET- Comparison of Structural Elements of a Pre-Engineered Building in Two ...IRJET Journal
This document compares the structural elements of a pre-engineered building (PEB) constructed in two different wind zones - Hyderabad and Bangalore, India. It finds that the dimensions of elements like frames, purlins, and panels vary between the locations due to differences in wind loads. The analysis is conducted using STAAD.Pro software according to building codes. Previous studies have shown that PEB construction has advantages over conventional steel buildings in terms of quality control, cost, construction time, and maintenance requirements. However, PEBs may be more prone to corrosion and have limitations in appearance compared to other building types.
Comparative Study on the Economy between Pre-Engineered and Conventional Stee...IRJET Journal
1. The document presents a comparative study between conventional steel structures and pre-engineered steel structures in terms of structural weight and economy.
2. A 3D model of a conventional steel structure and pre-engineered building was designed and analyzed using STAAD Pro software. The structural weight of the pre-engineered building was found to be 33% less than the conventional steel structure.
3. Replacing ISMC sections with hollow tube sections and varying column sizes based on load magnitudes reduced the weight of the conventional steel structure by 10.1%, proving it to be a more economical design. The cost of the pre-engineered structure was estimated to be 20.26% less than the conventional steel
Comparative Study on Masonry Infill, Friction Dampers and Bare Frame Structur...IRJET Journal
The document compares the seismic response of a 10-story building modeled with three different configurations: a bare frame, a frame with masonry infill walls modeled as equivalent diagonal struts, and a frame with friction dampers. Non-linear time history analysis was performed using the EL Centro earthquake record. The addition of masonry infills increased the lateral stiffness and decreased displacements and column moments but also increased base shear and accelerations. The use of friction dampers effectively dissipated energy and reduced the structural response compared to the bare frame, without increasing other demands. Analysis results for story acceleration, displacement, column moment, and base shear are presented for each model.
IRJET- Comparative Analysis and Design of Multi-Story Composite and Conventio...IRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative analysis of multi-story composite and conventional reinforced concrete frame structures (G+21) using ETABS software. It summarizes the modeling and analysis of composite and concrete building models, and compares the results for base shear, axial force, and shear force. The analysis found that while base shear and axial force values were generally higher for concrete structures, shear force values tended to be higher for composite structures, especially at lower story levels. The document concludes the composite structure is more efficient due to benefits like reduced dead load, cost savings, and faster construction time compared to conventional reinforced concrete.
IRJET- Design AID to IS 800-2007: Safe Load for Angle StrutsIRJET Journal
This document provides a design aid for determining the safe load capacity of angle struts according to IS 800-2007, the Indian code for steel design that uses limit state design (LSD). It contains tables with the compressive resistance of common rolled steel angle sections. The tables facilitate faster LSD calculations for students and engineers. The document compares LSD values from IS 800-2007 to the previous working stress design (WSD) values from IS 800-1984 to illustrate the differences between the two design methods. Overall, the design aid aims to promote better understanding and application of LSD according to IS 800-2007 for steel design in India.
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RCC ELEMENT OF SLAB WITH STARK STEEL (HYSD STEEL) A...IRJET Journal
This study compares the use of Stark Steel and TMT Steel as reinforcement materials in a two-way reinforced concrete slab. Mechanical testing is conducted to determine the tensile strength, yield strength, and other properties of each material. A two-way slab design adhering to codes and standards is executed with both materials. The performance is analyzed in terms of deflection, stability under loads, and displacement. Cost analyses accounting for material, durability, maintenance, and life cycle costs are also conducted. The findings provide insights into the economic and structural implications of each material for reinforcement selection and recommendations on the most suitable material based on the analysis.
Analysis of a High Rise Building Frame under Wind Pressure Considering Steel ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the analysis of high-rise building frames under wind pressure considering steel-reinforced concrete composite structures. It reviews literature on composite members, lateral forces, displacement analysis tools for composite structures. The review found that composite structures have better load carrying capacity than reinforced concrete. Analysis showed composite structures have lower displacement and story drift than reinforced concrete under seismic loads. Modeling the deformability of shear connections between steel and concrete members is important for accurate structural response analysis of composite frames.
“Finite Elemental Analysis of Industrial Mid Rise Building Using Cold Formed ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the finite element analysis of an industrial mid-rise building using cold-formed steel. The researchers used SAP 2000 analysis software to model and analyze a new cold steel structural design for the building and compare it to designs using common Indian steel grades. Their analysis found that the cold-formed steel design had lower weight, higher strength, and was more cost effective compared to hot-rolled steel designs. Key areas of comparison included forces, deflections, support reactions, and total construction costs. The cold-formed steel design resulted in approximately 14% lower costs.
Effect of configuration on lateral displacement and cost of the structure for...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The choice of a cost effective lateral-force-resisting system for high-rise structures is challenging. There is no streamlined methodology to quantitatively compare the cost-effectiveness of each system beyond the more qualitative perception based evaluation of advantages or disadvantages. Developers currently base their decisions on architectural layout and structural integrity. Cost considerations are often primarily based on experience.
This decision making process has three primary shortfalls.
1) It may not incorporate factors which greatly affect the economy of a particular framing system.
2) It may not allow engineers to carryout designs at the least cost.
3) Comparison of framing systems may not address the specific building types.
This investigation proposes a prototype cost-effective model for selecting either a skeleton framing system or skeleton frame with bracing system for steel structural frames. A model for selecting cost-effective skeleton framing system or skeleton frame with bracing system will be a valuable tool for all decision makers. Engineers, in particular, will be able to select optimal steel framing faster, thus reducing design time and iterations. Furthermore, selection of economic framing system will also result in direct cost savings for steel structural frames.
The study involves the design and cost estimation of steel frames representing skeleton framing system and skeleton frame with bracingsystem. The cost effectiveness of the framing systems are compared based on lateral displacement requirements and cost.The preferred framing system should meet lateral displacement requirements and is lower in cost. The results of this pilot study showed that the Skelton framing system with bracing is the cost-effective choice for 30storeys steel space frames at wind speeds of 55m/sec, 50m/sec and 47m/sec.
Keywords: Bracings, SFS (Skeleton framing system), SFWB (Skeleton frame with bracing system) etc…
Comparative Study of Conventional Steel Structure and Tubular Steel StructureIRJET Journal
This document compares the structural performance of a 13-story steel building designed with conventional steel sections and tubular steel sections. A 3D model of the building was created in STAAD Pro software and analyzed under gravity, wind, and seismic loads. The tubular section design had lower base shear values and story displacements, indicating better performance under lateral loads. It also had 12-15% lower total weight. The study concludes that tubular section designs are more effective at resisting lateral loads and displacements, and provide better overall economy compared to conventional section designs.
IRJET- Comparative Study on Analysis of Steel Truss Structure and Rigid Frame...IRJET Journal
The document compares the structural analysis of a steel truss structure and rigid frame building model using STAAD Pro software. Two structural models were created with the same dimensions and loading conditions. The steel truss structure was found to require less steel than the rigid frame model based on the steel take-off output. The rigid frame also experienced higher axial forces and bending moments than the steel truss structure. Therefore, the study concluded that the steel truss structure would be more economical to construct than the rigid frame due to requiring less material and having lower foundation costs from reduced axial loads.
This document discusses the design and optimization of a steel structure for supporting solar electrical panels. It begins by introducing steel structures and their advantages. It then discusses the existing traditional design process used by manufacturers, which tends to result in overdesigned and heavy structures without using analytical methods. The goal of the project is to introduce finite element analysis to provide a more optimized design that is lighter, lower cost and meets load requirements. Various steel sections will be analyzed and compared in ANSYS to determine the most effective cross section. The analysis will look at deflection, weight and cost to identify a design that maximizes stiffness while minimizing materials usage and expenses. The expected results are an optimized structural design for supporting electrical control panels that uses less material and reduces
IRJET- A Review on Behaviour of Columns of Steel Framed Structure with Va...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the behavior of columns in steel framed structures using various steel sections. It summarizes several previous studies that analyzed the behavior and performance of columns with conventional and tubular steel sections. The studies concluded that tubular sections provide more efficient and economical designs, saving up to 50% in costs compared to conventional sections. Tubular sections are well-suited for columns with larger unsupported lengths and can provide overall cost savings for structural designs. However, more research is needed to directly compare the behavior of columns constructed with conventional versus tubular steel sections.
Analysis For Retrofitting Of An Existing Failed RC Column Using FEM Software’sIRJET Journal
This document discusses retrofitting of an existing failed reinforced concrete column using finite element modeling software. It describes analyzing a 3m floor height residential building in Pune, India using ETABS software. The analysis found a column failing under a total load of 452kN. Retrofitting techniques will be explored using ANSYS to strengthen the column to resist loads up to 500kN. The document reviews various retrofitting methods studied in previous literature and outlines the problem of retrofitting the specific failed column.
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the Sungal Tunnel project in Jammu and Kashmir, India, which is being constructed using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM).
2) NATM involves continuous monitoring during construction to adapt to changing ground conditions, and makes extensive use of shotcrete for temporary tunnel support.
3) The methodology section outlines the systematic geotechnical design process for tunnels according to Austrian guidelines, and describes the various steps of NATM tunnel construction including initial and secondary tunnel support.
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTUREIRJET Journal
This study examines the effect of response reduction factors (R factors) on reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures through nonlinear dynamic analysis. Three RC frame models with varying heights (4, 8, and 12 stories) were analyzed in ETABS software under different R factors ranging from 1 to 5. The results showed that displacement increased as the R factor decreased, indicating less linear behavior for lower R factors. Drift also decreased proportionally with increasing R factors from 1 to 5. Shear forces in the frames decreased with higher R factors. In general, R factors of 3 to 5 produced more satisfactory performance with less displacement and drift. The displacement variations between different building heights were consistent at different R factors. This study evaluated how R factors influence
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Abstract
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2) It may not allow engineers to carryout designs at the least cost.
3) Comparison of framing systems may not address the specific building types.
This investigation proposes a prototype cost-effective model for selecting either a skeleton framing system or skeleton frame with bracing system for steel structural frames. A model for selecting cost-effective skeleton framing system or skeleton frame with bracing system will be a valuable tool for all decision makers. Engineers, in particular, will be able to select optimal steel framing faster, thus reducing design time and iterations. Furthermore, selection of economic framing system will also result in direct cost savings for steel structural frames.
The study involves the design and cost estimation of steel frames representing skeleton framing system and skeleton frame with bracingsystem. The cost effectiveness of the framing systems are compared based on lateral displacement requirements and cost.The preferred framing system should meet lateral displacement requirements and is lower in cost. The results of this pilot study showed that the Skelton framing system with bracing is the cost-effective choice for 30storeys steel space frames at wind speeds of 55m/sec, 50m/sec and 47m/sec.
Keywords: Bracings, SFS (Skeleton framing system), SFWB (Skeleton frame with bracing system) etc…
Comparative Study of Conventional Steel Structure and Tubular Steel StructureIRJET Journal
This document compares the structural performance of a 13-story steel building designed with conventional steel sections and tubular steel sections. A 3D model of the building was created in STAAD Pro software and analyzed under gravity, wind, and seismic loads. The tubular section design had lower base shear values and story displacements, indicating better performance under lateral loads. It also had 12-15% lower total weight. The study concludes that tubular section designs are more effective at resisting lateral loads and displacements, and provide better overall economy compared to conventional section designs.
IRJET- Comparative Study on Analysis of Steel Truss Structure and Rigid Frame...IRJET Journal
The document compares the structural analysis of a steel truss structure and rigid frame building model using STAAD Pro software. Two structural models were created with the same dimensions and loading conditions. The steel truss structure was found to require less steel than the rigid frame model based on the steel take-off output. The rigid frame also experienced higher axial forces and bending moments than the steel truss structure. Therefore, the study concluded that the steel truss structure would be more economical to construct than the rigid frame due to requiring less material and having lower foundation costs from reduced axial loads.
This document discusses the design and optimization of a steel structure for supporting solar electrical panels. It begins by introducing steel structures and their advantages. It then discusses the existing traditional design process used by manufacturers, which tends to result in overdesigned and heavy structures without using analytical methods. The goal of the project is to introduce finite element analysis to provide a more optimized design that is lighter, lower cost and meets load requirements. Various steel sections will be analyzed and compared in ANSYS to determine the most effective cross section. The analysis will look at deflection, weight and cost to identify a design that maximizes stiffness while minimizing materials usage and expenses. The expected results are an optimized structural design for supporting electrical control panels that uses less material and reduces
IRJET- A Review on Behaviour of Columns of Steel Framed Structure with Va...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the behavior of columns in steel framed structures using various steel sections. It summarizes several previous studies that analyzed the behavior and performance of columns with conventional and tubular steel sections. The studies concluded that tubular sections provide more efficient and economical designs, saving up to 50% in costs compared to conventional sections. Tubular sections are well-suited for columns with larger unsupported lengths and can provide overall cost savings for structural designs. However, more research is needed to directly compare the behavior of columns constructed with conventional versus tubular steel sections.
Analysis For Retrofitting Of An Existing Failed RC Column Using FEM Software’sIRJET Journal
This document discusses retrofitting of an existing failed reinforced concrete column using finite element modeling software. It describes analyzing a 3m floor height residential building in Pune, India using ETABS software. The analysis found a column failing under a total load of 452kN. Retrofitting techniques will be explored using ANSYS to strengthen the column to resist loads up to 500kN. The document reviews various retrofitting methods studied in previous literature and outlines the problem of retrofitting the specific failed column.
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TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the Sungal Tunnel project in Jammu and Kashmir, India, which is being constructed using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM).
2) NATM involves continuous monitoring during construction to adapt to changing ground conditions, and makes extensive use of shotcrete for temporary tunnel support.
3) The methodology section outlines the systematic geotechnical design process for tunnels according to Austrian guidelines, and describes the various steps of NATM tunnel construction including initial and secondary tunnel support.
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTUREIRJET Journal
This study examines the effect of response reduction factors (R factors) on reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures through nonlinear dynamic analysis. Three RC frame models with varying heights (4, 8, and 12 stories) were analyzed in ETABS software under different R factors ranging from 1 to 5. The results showed that displacement increased as the R factor decreased, indicating less linear behavior for lower R factors. Drift also decreased proportionally with increasing R factors from 1 to 5. Shear forces in the frames decreased with higher R factors. In general, R factors of 3 to 5 produced more satisfactory performance with less displacement and drift. The displacement variations between different building heights were consistent at different R factors. This study evaluated how R factors influence
Effect of Camber and Angles of Attack on Airfoil CharacteristicsIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study analyzing the effect of camber, position of camber, and angle of attack on the aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils. Sixteen modified asymmetric NACA airfoils were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) by varying the camber, camber position, and angle of attack. The results showed the relationship between these parameters and the lift coefficient, drag coefficient, and lift to drag ratio. This provides insight into how changes in airfoil geometry impact aerodynamic performance.
A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Compos...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the progress and challenges of aluminum-based metal matrix composites (MMCs), focusing on their fabrication processes and applications. It discusses how various aluminum MMCs have been developed using reinforcements like borides, carbides, oxides, and nitrides to improve mechanical and wear properties. These composites have gained prominence for their lightweight, high-strength and corrosion resistance properties. The document also examines recent advancements in fabrication techniques for aluminum MMCs and their growing applications in industries such as aerospace and automotive. However, it notes that challenges remain around issues like improper mixing of reinforcements and reducing reinforcement agglomeration.
Dynamic Urban Transit Optimization: A Graph Neural Network Approach for Real-...IRJET Journal
This document discusses research on using graph neural networks (GNNs) for dynamic optimization of public transportation networks in real-time. GNNs represent transit networks as graphs with nodes as stops and edges as connections. The GNN model aims to optimize networks using real-time data on vehicle locations, arrival times, and passenger loads. This helps increase mobility, decrease traffic, and improve efficiency. The system continuously trains and infers to adapt to changing transit conditions, providing decision support tools. While research has focused on performance, more work is needed on security, socio-economic impacts, contextual generalization of models, continuous learning approaches, and effective real-time visualization.
Structural Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey Symmetric and Asymmetric Shape...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research project that aims to compare the structural performance of conventional slab and grid slab systems in multi-story buildings using ETABS software. The study will analyze both symmetric and asymmetric building models under various loading conditions. Parameters like deflections, moments, shears, and stresses will be examined to evaluate the structural effectiveness of each slab type. The results will provide insights into the comparative behavior of conventional and grid slabs to help engineers and architects select appropriate slab systems based on building layouts and design requirements.
A Review of “Seismic Response of RC Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irreg...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes and reviews a research paper on the seismic response of reinforced concrete (RC) structures with plan and vertical irregularities, with and without infill walls. It discusses how infill walls can improve or reduce the seismic performance of RC buildings, depending on factors like wall layout, height distribution, connection to the frame, and relative stiffness of walls and frames. The reviewed research paper analyzes the behavior of infill walls, effects of vertical irregularities, and seismic performance of high-rise structures under linear static and dynamic analysis. It studies response characteristics like story drift, deflection and shear. The document also provides literature on similar research investigating the effects of infill walls, soft stories, plan irregularities, and different
This document provides a review of machine learning techniques used in Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). It begins with an abstract that summarizes key applications of machine learning in ADAS, including object detection, recognition, and decision-making. The introduction discusses the integration of machine learning in ADAS and how it is transforming vehicle safety. The literature review then examines several research papers on topics like lightweight deep learning models for object detection and lane detection models using image processing. It concludes by discussing challenges and opportunities in the field, such as improving algorithm robustness and adaptability.
Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district,...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes temperature and precipitation trends in Asosa District, Benishangul Gumuz Region, Ethiopia from 1993 to 2022 based on data from the local meteorological station. The results show:
1) The average maximum and minimum annual temperatures have generally decreased over time, with maximum temperatures decreasing by a factor of -0.0341 and minimum by -0.0152.
2) Mann-Kendall tests found the decreasing temperature trends to be statistically significant for annual maximum temperatures but not for annual minimum temperatures.
3) Annual precipitation in Asosa District showed a statistically significant increasing trend.
The conclusions recommend development planners account for rising summer precipitation and declining temperatures in
P.E.B. Framed Structure Design and Analysis Using STAAD ProIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and analysis of pre-engineered building (PEB) framed structures using STAAD Pro software. It provides an overview of PEBs, including that they are designed off-site with building trusses and beams produced in a factory. STAAD Pro is identified as a key tool for modeling, analyzing, and designing PEBs to ensure their performance and safety under various load scenarios. The document outlines modeling structural parts in STAAD Pro, evaluating structural reactions, assigning loads, and following international design codes and standards. In summary, STAAD Pro is used to design and analyze PEB framed structures to ensure safety and code compliance.
A Review on Innovative Fiber Integration for Enhanced Reinforcement of Concre...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on innovative fiber integration methods for reinforcing concrete structures. It discusses studies that have explored using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites with recycled plastic aggregates to develop more sustainable strengthening techniques. It also examines using ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete to improve shear strength in beams. Additional topics covered include the dynamic responses of FRP-strengthened beams under static and impact loads, and the performance of preloaded CFRP-strengthened fiber reinforced concrete beams. The review highlights the potential of fiber composites to enable more sustainable and resilient construction practices.
Survey Paper on Cloud-Based Secured Healthcare SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a survey on securing patient healthcare data in cloud-based systems. It discusses using technologies like facial recognition, smart cards, and cloud computing combined with strong encryption to securely store patient data. The survey found that healthcare professionals believe digitizing patient records and storing them in a centralized cloud system would improve access during emergencies and enable more efficient care compared to paper-based systems. However, ensuring privacy and security of patient data is paramount as healthcare incorporates these digital technologies.
Review on studies and research on widening of existing concrete bridgesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes several studies that have been conducted on widening existing concrete bridges. It describes a study from China that examined load distribution factors for a bridge widened with composite steel-concrete girders. It also outlines challenges and solutions for widening a bridge in the UAE, including replacing bearings and stitching the new and existing structures. Additionally, it discusses two bridge widening projects in New Zealand that involved adding precast beams and stitching to connect structures. Finally, safety measures and challenges for strengthening a historic bridge in Switzerland under live traffic are presented.
React based fullstack edtech web applicationIRJET Journal
The document describes the architecture of an educational technology web application built using the MERN stack. It discusses the frontend developed with ReactJS, backend with NodeJS and ExpressJS, and MongoDB database. The frontend provides dynamic user interfaces, while the backend offers APIs for authentication, course management, and other functions. MongoDB enables flexible data storage. The architecture aims to provide a scalable, responsive platform for online learning.
A Comprehensive Review of Integrating IoT and Blockchain Technologies in the ...IRJET Journal
This paper proposes integrating Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technologies to help implement objectives of India's National Education Policy (NEP) in the education sector. The paper discusses how blockchain could be used for secure student data management, credential verification, and decentralized learning platforms. IoT devices could create smart classrooms, automate attendance tracking, and enable real-time monitoring. Blockchain would ensure integrity of exam processes and resource allocation, while smart contracts automate agreements. The paper argues this integration has potential to revolutionize education by making it more secure, transparent and efficient, in alignment with NEP goals. However, challenges like infrastructure needs, data privacy, and collaborative efforts are also discussed.
A REVIEW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COCONUT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE.IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on the performance of coconut fibre reinforced concrete. It summarizes several studies that tested different volume fractions and lengths of coconut fibres in concrete mixtures with varying compressive strengths. The studies found that coconut fibre improved properties like tensile strength, toughness, crack resistance, and spalling resistance compared to plain concrete. Volume fractions of 2-5% and fibre lengths of 20-50mm produced the best results. The document concludes that using a 4-5% volume fraction of coconut fibres 30-40mm in length with M30-M60 grade concrete would provide benefits based on previous research.
Optimizing Business Management Process Workflows: The Dynamic Influence of Mi...IRJET Journal
The document discusses optimizing business management processes through automation using Microsoft Power Automate and artificial intelligence. It provides an overview of Power Automate's key components and features for automating workflows across various apps and services. The document then presents several scenarios applying automation solutions to common business processes like data entry, monitoring, HR, finance, customer support, and more. It estimates the potential time and cost savings from implementing automation for each scenario. Finally, the conclusion emphasizes the transformative impact of AI and automation tools on business processes and the need for ongoing optimization.
Multistoried and Multi Bay Steel Building Frame by using Seismic DesignIRJET Journal
The document describes the seismic design of a G+5 steel building frame located in Roorkee, India according to Indian codes IS 1893-2002 and IS 800. The frame was analyzed using the equivalent static load method and response spectrum method, and its response in terms of displacements and shear forces were compared. Based on the analysis, the frame was designed as a seismic-resistant steel structure according to IS 800:2007. The software STAAD Pro was used for the analysis and design.
Cost Optimization of Construction Using Plastic Waste as a Sustainable Constr...IRJET Journal
This research paper explores using plastic waste as a sustainable and cost-effective construction material. The study focuses on manufacturing pavers and bricks using recycled plastic and partially replacing concrete with plastic alternatives. Initial results found that pavers and bricks made from recycled plastic demonstrate comparable strength and durability to traditional materials while providing environmental and cost benefits. Additionally, preliminary research indicates incorporating plastic waste as a partial concrete replacement significantly reduces construction costs without compromising structural integrity. The outcomes suggest adopting plastic waste in construction can address plastic pollution while optimizing costs, promoting more sustainable building practices.
Solving Linear Differential Equations with Constant CoefficientsIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses methods for finding the solutions to linear differential equations with constant coefficients. It defines such an equation and explains that the complete solution is the combination of the complementary function (C.F.) and particular integral (P.I.).
2) Various methods are presented for determining the C.F. depending on whether the roots of the auxiliary equation are real, imaginary, repeated, etc.
3) Rules are provided for obtaining the P.I. based on the type of function involved (exponential, trigonometric, power, etc.). Examples are worked through to demonstrate the full solution process.
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Covid Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
CoVID-19 sprang up in Wuhan China in November 2019 and was declared a pandemic by the in January 2020 World Health Organization (WHO). Like the Spanish flu of 1918 that claimed millions of lives, the COVID-19 has caused the demise of thousands with China, Italy, Spain, USA and India having the highest statistics on infection and mortality rates. Regardless of existing sophisticated technologies and medical science, the spread has continued to surge high. With this COVID-19 Management System, organizations can respond virtually to the COVID-19 pandemic and protect, educate and care for citizens in the community in a quick and effective manner. This comprehensive solution not only helps in containing the virus but also proactively empowers both citizens and care providers to minimize the spread of the virus through targeted strategies and education.
An In-Depth Exploration of Natural Language Processing: Evolution, Applicatio...DharmaBanothu
Natural language processing (NLP) has
recently garnered significant interest for the
computational representation and analysis of human
language. Its applications span multiple domains such
as machine translation, email spam detection,
information extraction, summarization, healthcare,
and question answering. This paper first delineates
four phases by examining various levels of NLP and
components of Natural Language Generation,
followed by a review of the history and progression of
NLP. Subsequently, we delve into the current state of
the art by presenting diverse NLP applications,
contemporary trends, and challenges. Finally, we
discuss some available datasets, models, and
evaluation metrics in NLP.
Data Communication and Computer Networks Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Networking is a telecommunications network that allows computers to exchange data. In
computer networks, networked computing devices pass data to each other along data
connections. Data is transferred in the form of packets. The connections between nodes are
established using either cable media or wireless media.
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji - Bandi Chor Guru.pdfBalvir Singh
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
• On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
afterwards, Guru Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mogul Emperor
Jahangir.
• Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606. He was barely
eleven years old when he became 6th Guru.
• As ordered by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, he put on two swords, one indicated his spiritual
authority (PIRI) and the other, his temporal authority (MIRI). He thus for the first time
initiated military tradition in the Sikh faith to resist religious persecution, protect
people’s freedom and independence to practice religion by choice. He transformed
Sikhs to be Saints and Soldier.
• He had a long tenure as Guru, lasting 37 years, 9 months and 3 days
Online train ticket booking system project.pdfKamal Acharya
Rail transport is one of the important modes of transport in India. Now a days we
see that there are railways that are present for the long as well as short distance
travelling which makes the life of the people easier. When compared to other
means of transport, a railway is the cheapest means of transport. The maintenance
of the railway database also plays a major role in the smooth running of this
system. The Online Train Ticket Management System will help in reserving the
tickets of the railways to travel from a particular source to the destination.
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