The document provides an overview of the history of interior design from the Christian and Byzantine period to the Baroque and Rococo periods. It discusses the key characteristics and developments within each major style. The Christian and Byzantine section outlines the origins and features of early Christian architecture from 300-500 AD, including buildings in Ravenna from 495-526 AD and examples from the early Byzantine period between 527-562 AD. Subsequent periods discussed include Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque and Rococo.
(History of Architecture 2) Sept 2012 romanesque architectureCarla Faner
Romanesque architecture developed in medieval Europe between 1000-1200 AD. It was characterized by thick walls, rounded arches, barrel vaults, and small windows that provided structural support and security. Prominent building types included churches, monasteries, castles, and fortified towns that reflected the religious and military needs of the time. Local materials like stone, brick, and wood were used depending on availability, contributing to regional variations within the overall Romanesque style.
Gothic architecture developed in Europe during the Middle Ages between the 12th and 16th centuries. Some key characteristics include pointed arches, rib vaulting, flying buttresses, and large cathedrals with tall spires. Gothic cathedrals emphasized vertical lines and used elaborate sculptures and stained glass windows to glorify God and tell religious stories. The style spread across Europe and influenced buildings in many countries through the 13th century before being succeeded by Renaissance architecture.
Romanesque architecture developed in Western Europe between the 10th and 12th centuries. It was influenced by earlier Roman and Byzantine styles, featuring semi-circular arches, barrel vaults, thick walls, and rounded arches. Romanesque architecture spread across Europe through the expansion of monastic orders like the Benedictines, pilgrimage routes, and the Crusades. Notable characteristics include the use of local materials like stone or brick, small windows, and ornamentation including carved animals and foliage. Example building types are churches, with thick walls and a basilica-style layout, as well as monasteries, castles, and fortified towns.
Romanesque architecture developed in medieval Europe between the 6th and 12th centuries. It was characterized by semi-circular arches and massive stone walls. Common features included thick walls with small windows, semi-circular arches over doors and windows, paired arched openings separated by pillars, and piers made of masonry to support arches. Interior structures like arcades, vaults in different forms like barrel and groin, and wooden roofs were also used. Important structures associated with Romanesque architecture included baptistries, cloisters, porches, and crypts.
Module 2- Byzantine Architecture | KTU | Semester 4 | History of Architecture Gary Gilson
Byzantine Architecture:
Centralized church typology:Spatial planning, construction and other features
Greek cross and Latin cross
Knowledge of placing a dome over a regular polygonal plan with preventives
Example- Hagia Sophia, Constantinople.
EH202-HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE III
Module 1- Early Christian Architecture | KTU | Semester 4 | History of Archi...Gary Gilson
Early Christian Architecture:
Catacombs, Earliest Christian Churches
Basilica Church Typology : Planning / Construction / Features
Old St. Peter's Church
EH202-HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE III
Romanesque architecture developed throughout Western Europe between the 10th and 12th centuries. It was influenced by a variety of geographical, geological, climatic, religious, social, political, and historical factors. The style is characterized by its sober and dignified formal massing, with an emphasis on towers, transepts, and vaulted construction methods derived from Roman precedents. Rib and panel vaulting became widespread, allowing for more complex vault configurations. Door and window openings featured receding concentric moldings and arches. Ornamentation included carved vegetable and animal motifs. Major Romanesque architectural works include cathedrals, abbeys, and their associated structures across Europe.
The document provides information on Byzantine and Romanesque architecture. It discusses the history of the Byzantine Empire and its architectural characteristics including domed centralized plans, use of mosaics, and important structures like Hagia Sophia and St. Mark's Cathedral. It then summarizes the key features of Romanesque architecture such as semicircular arches, massive stone construction, rib vaulting, and emphasis on basilican plans for cathedrals.
(History of Architecture 2) Sept 2012 romanesque architectureCarla Faner
Romanesque architecture developed in medieval Europe between 1000-1200 AD. It was characterized by thick walls, rounded arches, barrel vaults, and small windows that provided structural support and security. Prominent building types included churches, monasteries, castles, and fortified towns that reflected the religious and military needs of the time. Local materials like stone, brick, and wood were used depending on availability, contributing to regional variations within the overall Romanesque style.
Gothic architecture developed in Europe during the Middle Ages between the 12th and 16th centuries. Some key characteristics include pointed arches, rib vaulting, flying buttresses, and large cathedrals with tall spires. Gothic cathedrals emphasized vertical lines and used elaborate sculptures and stained glass windows to glorify God and tell religious stories. The style spread across Europe and influenced buildings in many countries through the 13th century before being succeeded by Renaissance architecture.
Romanesque architecture developed in Western Europe between the 10th and 12th centuries. It was influenced by earlier Roman and Byzantine styles, featuring semi-circular arches, barrel vaults, thick walls, and rounded arches. Romanesque architecture spread across Europe through the expansion of monastic orders like the Benedictines, pilgrimage routes, and the Crusades. Notable characteristics include the use of local materials like stone or brick, small windows, and ornamentation including carved animals and foliage. Example building types are churches, with thick walls and a basilica-style layout, as well as monasteries, castles, and fortified towns.
Romanesque architecture developed in medieval Europe between the 6th and 12th centuries. It was characterized by semi-circular arches and massive stone walls. Common features included thick walls with small windows, semi-circular arches over doors and windows, paired arched openings separated by pillars, and piers made of masonry to support arches. Interior structures like arcades, vaults in different forms like barrel and groin, and wooden roofs were also used. Important structures associated with Romanesque architecture included baptistries, cloisters, porches, and crypts.
Module 2- Byzantine Architecture | KTU | Semester 4 | History of Architecture Gary Gilson
Byzantine Architecture:
Centralized church typology:Spatial planning, construction and other features
Greek cross and Latin cross
Knowledge of placing a dome over a regular polygonal plan with preventives
Example- Hagia Sophia, Constantinople.
EH202-HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE III
Module 1- Early Christian Architecture | KTU | Semester 4 | History of Archi...Gary Gilson
Early Christian Architecture:
Catacombs, Earliest Christian Churches
Basilica Church Typology : Planning / Construction / Features
Old St. Peter's Church
EH202-HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE III
Romanesque architecture developed throughout Western Europe between the 10th and 12th centuries. It was influenced by a variety of geographical, geological, climatic, religious, social, political, and historical factors. The style is characterized by its sober and dignified formal massing, with an emphasis on towers, transepts, and vaulted construction methods derived from Roman precedents. Rib and panel vaulting became widespread, allowing for more complex vault configurations. Door and window openings featured receding concentric moldings and arches. Ornamentation included carved vegetable and animal motifs. Major Romanesque architectural works include cathedrals, abbeys, and their associated structures across Europe.
The document provides information on Byzantine and Romanesque architecture. It discusses the history of the Byzantine Empire and its architectural characteristics including domed centralized plans, use of mosaics, and important structures like Hagia Sophia and St. Mark's Cathedral. It then summarizes the key features of Romanesque architecture such as semicircular arches, massive stone construction, rib vaulting, and emphasis on basilican plans for cathedrals.
Romanesque architecture developed in Western Europe between the 10th and 12th centuries, combining elements of Roman and Byzantine architectural styles. It utilized stone, brick, and other materials from older Roman structures, and featured thick walls, rounded arches, and vaulted ceilings. Churches during this period often followed a Latin cross floor plan and included features like rose windows. Examples of prominent Romanesque buildings include Pisa Cathedral and its leaning bell tower in Italy as well as Notre Dame du Port and Angouleme Cathedral in France.
Comparison studies between Romanesque and Gothic architectureNoorul Mushfika
Romanesque architecture is an architectural style of medieval Europe characterized by semi-circular arches. There is no consensus for the beginning date of the Romanesque style, with proposals ranging from the 6th to the 11th century, this later date being the most commonly held. While, gothic architecture is an architectural style that was particularly popular in Europe from the late 12th century to the 16th century, during the High and Late Middle Ages, surviving into the 17th and 18th centuries in some areas. It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture.
History of Architecture 2
Report by: Group 1 (Leader: Camille Tecson)
DLS-College of St. Benilde
School of Architecture
2nd Term S.Y. 2015-16
January 2016
The document provides an overview of Gothic architecture through 3 paragraphs. It discusses that Gothic architecture flourished from the 12th to 16th centuries in Europe, featuring pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses. It was most prominently used in the construction of cathedrals and churches. The document then summarizes some key characteristics of Gothic cathedrals, including their Latin cross floor plan, pointed arches, stained glass windows, and vertical emphasis conveyed through buttresses, tracery, and towers/spires. It concludes by briefly mentioning Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris as an iconic example of Gothic architecture.
Romanesque architecture is an architectural style of medieval Europe characterized by semi-circular arches. There is no consensus for the beginning date of the Romanesque architecture, with proposals ranging from the 6th to the 10th century. It developed in the 12th century into the Gothic style, marked by pointed arches. Examples of Romanesque architecture can be found across the continent, making it the first pan-European architectural style since Imperial Roman Architecture. The Romanesque style in England is traditionally referred to as Norman architecture.
This document provides an overview of Romanesque architecture between the 11th and 12th centuries in France. It discusses key characteristics of Romanesque architecture including thick walls, rounded arches, and heavy, blocky designs inspired by Roman basilicas. It also summarizes the rise of pilgrimages during this period which drove massive church construction across Europe to house relics. Examples like St. Sernin, Sainte-Foy, and St. Etienne cathedrals illustrate common Romanesque design elements like transepts, ambulatories, and early rib vaulting that paved the way for Gothic architecture.
Module 3- Romanesque Architecture | KTU | Semester 4 | History of Architecture Gary Gilson
The document provides details about Romanesque architecture through a case study of the Pisa Cathedral complex in Italy. It summarizes that the complex includes the Cathedral, Baptistery, and Bell Tower built in the Romanesque style between 1093-1153. It describes the key characteristics of the buildings including the nave and aisle structure of the Cathedral, its marble facade and columns salvaged from a mosque, and Giovanni Pisano's famous pulpit sculpture. The complex marked Pisa's rise as a maritime power and demonstration of wealth and architectural skills in the Romanesque period.
Early christian and byzantine architecture @ DennisDenis Patel
The document discusses the influences and characteristics of early Christian architecture. It began with Christians meeting in homes and underground burial places known as catacombs. They later adopted the basilica model from the Romans, often using materials from demolished pagan buildings. Key features included the use of semicircular arches, small windows, and wooden roofs. The style evolved with the Byzantine Empire, focusing on centralized plans under large domes supported by pendentives, as exemplified by Hagia Sophia in Istanbul. Mosaics and icons were also characteristic artistic elements.
Romanesque art developed in Europe during the Middle Ages between the 10th and 12th centuries. It was characterized by thick walls, small round-arched windows, heavy rounded arches, barrel or groin vaults, and the use of trabeation. The style expanded across Europe through the growth of pilgrimage routes and trade, as well as the establishment of monasteries, churches, and castles during this period. The Romanesque style exhibited regional variations across countries like France, Italy, England, Germany, and Spain.
This document provides an overview of French Romanesque architecture between the 10th-12th centuries. It describes distinctive Romanesque features like thick walls, rounded arches and barrel vaults. It then summarizes several important French Romanesque churches from this period, including the Church of St. Trophime in Arles known for its sculpture; the Abbey of Saint-Gilles-du-Gard founded in the 7th century; Basilica of St. Sernin in Toulouse, the largest remaining Romanesque building; the Abbey Church of Sainte Foy in Conques, an important stop on the pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela; and Le Puy Cathedral in Le Puy-
This document provides an overview of Romanesque architecture and sculpture from the 11th-12th centuries in France. It discusses key characteristics of Romanesque architecture like thick walls, rounded arches, and the use of the basilica floor plan in large pilgrimage churches designed to accommodate religious travelers. Sculpture during this period focused on tympanum scenes above church entrances that depicted religious subjects like the Last Judgement. Examples like Sainte-Foy had sculpted portals that told biblical stories to educate pilgrims. Rib vaulting and clerestory windows began to appear in some churches like St. Etienne, representing an early shift toward Gothic architecture.
Romanesque art developed during the 11th-12th centuries along pilgrimage routes and trade routes in Europe. Key characteristics included large heavy churches with barrel or groin vaults to represent Jerusalem, and religious sculpture and paintings depicting salvation and damnation with elongated figures and distorted proportions. Major examples discussed are the cathedrals of Saint-Sernin in Toulouse with identical bays, Pisa with its arcade façade and campanile, Durham with early rib vaults, and sculptures by Gislebertus at Autun and Wiligelmo at Modena Cathedral.
Romanesque architecture developed in medieval Europe between the 6th and 12th centuries. It was influenced by several factors including the rise of Christianity, the Crusades, and the spread of monasticism. Key characteristics include thick walls, round arches, barrel vaults, and decorative arcading. The style varied across Italy depending on available building materials and local climate but commonly featured simple geometric forms and small windows. Examples include St. Michele in Pavia, known for its sandstone construction and clustered stone piers.
The term Romanesque ("Roman-like") was first used to designate a style of architecture that used Roman arches and had thick, heavy walls, based upon the basilica. The style is pervasive throughout Europe.
Romanesque architecture originated in medieval Europe between 1000-1200 AD. It is characterized by semi-circular arches and thick stone walls with few openings. Churches during this period had massive piers, groin vaults, and large towers to support their weight. Examples include Monreale Cathedral in Sicily with its two projecting towers and elaborate interior, Pisa Cathedral known for its leaning tower and columns cut from single stones, and Durham Cathedral in England notable for its pointed ribbed vaults and tall central tower.
The Byzantine Empire had its origins in the Roman Empire and adopted Eastern Orthodox Christianity. Some key characteristics of Byzantine architecture included domes supported by pendentives, the use of brick and marble materials, mosaic artwork depicting religious scenes, and the influence of the Greek cross floor plan in church design. The Byzantine Empire reached its peak between the 9th-12th centuries during the Middle Byzantine period when many churches were constructed. However, the empire eventually declined and fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 CE, ending the Byzantine era.
Byzantine architecture originated in the Byzantine Empire and was characterized by massive domes with square bases, rounded arches, and extensive use of glass mosaics. Early Byzantine architecture continued Roman architectural styles but over time a distinct style emerged with influences from the Near East. The Greek cross plan became common in church architecture. Major developments included the use of pendentives to support domes and intricate exterior ornamentation. Interiors featured rich colors, marble floors and walls, and mosaic and painted decorations.
The document provides an overview of Romanesque art between 1050-1200 AD. It discusses the rise of churches during this period due to growing pilgrimages across Europe. Architecturally, Romanesque buildings featured stone vaulting, barrel and groin vaults, arcades, and round arches borrowed from Roman designs. Sculpture of this era focused on religious narratives and relics to educate the largely illiterate populations and attract pilgrims.
The document provides a history of interior design from early Christian and Byzantine periods to the Baroque and Rococo periods. It covers major styles including Christian and Byzantine, Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque and Rococo. For each period and style, it describes characteristic features, examples, and how the style developed and was expressed differently across regions of Europe.
Romanesque architecture developed between the 11th and 12th centuries across Western Europe. Key characteristics include the use of thick stone walls, rounded arches, barrel or groin vaults, and the Latin cross floor plan for churches. The style combined elements of Roman and Byzantine architecture and was influenced by the growth of Christianity, the establishment of monastic orders and pilgrimage routes, and the Crusades. Common building types included churches, monasteries, and castles.
Romanesque architecture developed in Western Europe between the 10th and 12th centuries, combining elements of Roman and Byzantine architectural styles. It utilized stone, brick, and other materials from older Roman structures, and featured thick walls, rounded arches, and vaulted ceilings. Churches during this period often followed a Latin cross floor plan and included features like rose windows. Examples of prominent Romanesque buildings include Pisa Cathedral and its leaning bell tower in Italy as well as Notre Dame du Port and Angouleme Cathedral in France.
Comparison studies between Romanesque and Gothic architectureNoorul Mushfika
Romanesque architecture is an architectural style of medieval Europe characterized by semi-circular arches. There is no consensus for the beginning date of the Romanesque style, with proposals ranging from the 6th to the 11th century, this later date being the most commonly held. While, gothic architecture is an architectural style that was particularly popular in Europe from the late 12th century to the 16th century, during the High and Late Middle Ages, surviving into the 17th and 18th centuries in some areas. It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture.
History of Architecture 2
Report by: Group 1 (Leader: Camille Tecson)
DLS-College of St. Benilde
School of Architecture
2nd Term S.Y. 2015-16
January 2016
The document provides an overview of Gothic architecture through 3 paragraphs. It discusses that Gothic architecture flourished from the 12th to 16th centuries in Europe, featuring pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses. It was most prominently used in the construction of cathedrals and churches. The document then summarizes some key characteristics of Gothic cathedrals, including their Latin cross floor plan, pointed arches, stained glass windows, and vertical emphasis conveyed through buttresses, tracery, and towers/spires. It concludes by briefly mentioning Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris as an iconic example of Gothic architecture.
Romanesque architecture is an architectural style of medieval Europe characterized by semi-circular arches. There is no consensus for the beginning date of the Romanesque architecture, with proposals ranging from the 6th to the 10th century. It developed in the 12th century into the Gothic style, marked by pointed arches. Examples of Romanesque architecture can be found across the continent, making it the first pan-European architectural style since Imperial Roman Architecture. The Romanesque style in England is traditionally referred to as Norman architecture.
This document provides an overview of Romanesque architecture between the 11th and 12th centuries in France. It discusses key characteristics of Romanesque architecture including thick walls, rounded arches, and heavy, blocky designs inspired by Roman basilicas. It also summarizes the rise of pilgrimages during this period which drove massive church construction across Europe to house relics. Examples like St. Sernin, Sainte-Foy, and St. Etienne cathedrals illustrate common Romanesque design elements like transepts, ambulatories, and early rib vaulting that paved the way for Gothic architecture.
Module 3- Romanesque Architecture | KTU | Semester 4 | History of Architecture Gary Gilson
The document provides details about Romanesque architecture through a case study of the Pisa Cathedral complex in Italy. It summarizes that the complex includes the Cathedral, Baptistery, and Bell Tower built in the Romanesque style between 1093-1153. It describes the key characteristics of the buildings including the nave and aisle structure of the Cathedral, its marble facade and columns salvaged from a mosque, and Giovanni Pisano's famous pulpit sculpture. The complex marked Pisa's rise as a maritime power and demonstration of wealth and architectural skills in the Romanesque period.
Early christian and byzantine architecture @ DennisDenis Patel
The document discusses the influences and characteristics of early Christian architecture. It began with Christians meeting in homes and underground burial places known as catacombs. They later adopted the basilica model from the Romans, often using materials from demolished pagan buildings. Key features included the use of semicircular arches, small windows, and wooden roofs. The style evolved with the Byzantine Empire, focusing on centralized plans under large domes supported by pendentives, as exemplified by Hagia Sophia in Istanbul. Mosaics and icons were also characteristic artistic elements.
Romanesque art developed in Europe during the Middle Ages between the 10th and 12th centuries. It was characterized by thick walls, small round-arched windows, heavy rounded arches, barrel or groin vaults, and the use of trabeation. The style expanded across Europe through the growth of pilgrimage routes and trade, as well as the establishment of monasteries, churches, and castles during this period. The Romanesque style exhibited regional variations across countries like France, Italy, England, Germany, and Spain.
This document provides an overview of French Romanesque architecture between the 10th-12th centuries. It describes distinctive Romanesque features like thick walls, rounded arches and barrel vaults. It then summarizes several important French Romanesque churches from this period, including the Church of St. Trophime in Arles known for its sculpture; the Abbey of Saint-Gilles-du-Gard founded in the 7th century; Basilica of St. Sernin in Toulouse, the largest remaining Romanesque building; the Abbey Church of Sainte Foy in Conques, an important stop on the pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela; and Le Puy Cathedral in Le Puy-
This document provides an overview of Romanesque architecture and sculpture from the 11th-12th centuries in France. It discusses key characteristics of Romanesque architecture like thick walls, rounded arches, and the use of the basilica floor plan in large pilgrimage churches designed to accommodate religious travelers. Sculpture during this period focused on tympanum scenes above church entrances that depicted religious subjects like the Last Judgement. Examples like Sainte-Foy had sculpted portals that told biblical stories to educate pilgrims. Rib vaulting and clerestory windows began to appear in some churches like St. Etienne, representing an early shift toward Gothic architecture.
Romanesque art developed during the 11th-12th centuries along pilgrimage routes and trade routes in Europe. Key characteristics included large heavy churches with barrel or groin vaults to represent Jerusalem, and religious sculpture and paintings depicting salvation and damnation with elongated figures and distorted proportions. Major examples discussed are the cathedrals of Saint-Sernin in Toulouse with identical bays, Pisa with its arcade façade and campanile, Durham with early rib vaults, and sculptures by Gislebertus at Autun and Wiligelmo at Modena Cathedral.
Romanesque architecture developed in medieval Europe between the 6th and 12th centuries. It was influenced by several factors including the rise of Christianity, the Crusades, and the spread of monasticism. Key characteristics include thick walls, round arches, barrel vaults, and decorative arcading. The style varied across Italy depending on available building materials and local climate but commonly featured simple geometric forms and small windows. Examples include St. Michele in Pavia, known for its sandstone construction and clustered stone piers.
The term Romanesque ("Roman-like") was first used to designate a style of architecture that used Roman arches and had thick, heavy walls, based upon the basilica. The style is pervasive throughout Europe.
Romanesque architecture originated in medieval Europe between 1000-1200 AD. It is characterized by semi-circular arches and thick stone walls with few openings. Churches during this period had massive piers, groin vaults, and large towers to support their weight. Examples include Monreale Cathedral in Sicily with its two projecting towers and elaborate interior, Pisa Cathedral known for its leaning tower and columns cut from single stones, and Durham Cathedral in England notable for its pointed ribbed vaults and tall central tower.
The Byzantine Empire had its origins in the Roman Empire and adopted Eastern Orthodox Christianity. Some key characteristics of Byzantine architecture included domes supported by pendentives, the use of brick and marble materials, mosaic artwork depicting religious scenes, and the influence of the Greek cross floor plan in church design. The Byzantine Empire reached its peak between the 9th-12th centuries during the Middle Byzantine period when many churches were constructed. However, the empire eventually declined and fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 CE, ending the Byzantine era.
Byzantine architecture originated in the Byzantine Empire and was characterized by massive domes with square bases, rounded arches, and extensive use of glass mosaics. Early Byzantine architecture continued Roman architectural styles but over time a distinct style emerged with influences from the Near East. The Greek cross plan became common in church architecture. Major developments included the use of pendentives to support domes and intricate exterior ornamentation. Interiors featured rich colors, marble floors and walls, and mosaic and painted decorations.
The document provides an overview of Romanesque art between 1050-1200 AD. It discusses the rise of churches during this period due to growing pilgrimages across Europe. Architecturally, Romanesque buildings featured stone vaulting, barrel and groin vaults, arcades, and round arches borrowed from Roman designs. Sculpture of this era focused on religious narratives and relics to educate the largely illiterate populations and attract pilgrims.
The document provides a history of interior design from early Christian and Byzantine periods to the Baroque and Rococo periods. It covers major styles including Christian and Byzantine, Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque and Rococo. For each period and style, it describes characteristic features, examples, and how the style developed and was expressed differently across regions of Europe.
Romanesque architecture developed between the 11th and 12th centuries across Western Europe. Key characteristics include the use of thick stone walls, rounded arches, barrel or groin vaults, and the Latin cross floor plan for churches. The style combined elements of Roman and Byzantine architecture and was influenced by the growth of Christianity, the establishment of monastic orders and pilgrimage routes, and the Crusades. Common building types included churches, monasteries, and castles.
The document discusses the characteristics and evolution of Romanesque architecture between 1000-1200 CE. Some key points:
1. Romanesque architecture developed after the decline of the Roman Empire and featured thick load-bearing walls, small windows, semi-circular arches, and orders of monks who spread architectural styles across Europe.
2. Characteristics included harmonious proportions, heavy walls and pillars, round blind arches and sculpted decorations. Vaulting systems included barrel vaults, groin vaults and pointed arch vaults.
3. Examples discussed include the Pisa Cathedral complex in Italy, known for its leaning tower, and the Abbey aux Hommes in Caen, France, with its twin towers
Bytheendofthe5th centuryAD,Romehadcompletelydeclined.Ithad beensackedtwiceandwasthenunderoccupation.
ItsinfluencewassignificantlyreducedandtheImpetusfor architecturalinnovationshiftedtotheByzantineEmpire.
This shift also marks the movement from early Christian civilizationtothe Byzantinecivilization.
UndertheByzantineEmperorJustinian,theByzantinestyleof architectureevolved.
Hisinterestinchurchbuildingledtothediscoveryofthegroinvault. .andtheevolutionof theByzantinestyle.
Comparison between early christian and byzantine architectureNguyễn Việt
Early Christian architecture emerged in the 3rd-7th centuries CE as Christianity gained prominence in the Western Roman Empire. Churches were modeled after Roman basilicas with flat roofs. Byzantine architecture developed later between 330-1453 CE in the Eastern Roman Empire after the capital moved to Constantinople. Byzantine churches had central, domed plans and decorative mosaics. They combined Roman traditions with Eastern influences like domes supported by pendentives. Mosaics depicted Christian figures and symbols and emphasized the relationship between church and imperial patronage in the Byzantine Empire.
Romanesque architecture developed between 800-1100 AD and was characterized by thick walls, small windows, round arches, and barrel or groin vaulting. Churches during this period served to spread Christianity and featured a Latin cross plan with a nave, aisles, transept, and apse. Sculptural decoration appeared on church portals and capitals. The Pisa Cathedral complex, built between 1063-1118, exemplifies Romanesque architecture with its large nave and aisles, projecting transept and crossing dome, and famous leaning bell tower.
The document provides an overview of architectural styles from ancient Egyptian architecture to modern eclecticism. It describes key characteristics of different styles including:
- Egyptian architecture being characterized by pyramidal structures like the Great Pyramid of Giza which was faced with white limestone.
- Greek architecture most prominently featured temples with post-and-lintel construction in the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders.
- Roman architecture adopted Greek styles and developed the arch, vault and dome structures like in the Pantheon.
- Gothic architecture had large stained glass windows supported by buttresses and rose windows, with ornate doorways and interior decoration.
The document provides an overview of architecture from the Early Christian period through the Gothic era. It begins by discussing how the Roman Empire split into eastern and western halves in 400 CE. Christianity had become the dominant religion. As new rulers came to power, architectural styles evolved from Early Christian to Byzantine under Constantine, and then to Romanesque. Key events and developments discussed include Constantine moving the capital to Constantinople in 330 CE and constructing Hagia Sophia, the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 410 CE, and the emergence of Gothic architecture in the late medieval period. Stylistic elements of Early Christian, Byzantine, and Romanesque architecture like semicircular arches, vaulting techniques, and basilica
Early Christian architecture was influenced by existing Roman styles and building materials. Churches were typically basilican in design with timber roofs and simple construction. Decoration included mosaics and columns from older Roman structures. The Byzantine Empire continued architectural traditions as the Western Empire declined, developing new styles such as centralized plans with domes and pendentives. Major examples include Hagia Sophia, Saint Vitale, and Saint Marco which demonstrate the evolution of Byzantine architecture over time.
The document provides an overview of early Christian architecture from approximately 300-600 AD. It discusses the influences of declining Rome, military strongholds, castles, and monasteries. Early Christian architecture in Rome was influenced by existing Roman styles but adapted based on geographical location. Churches were modeled after Roman basilicas and often reused materials from pagan temples. Typical features included a nave with side aisles, an entrance hall or narthex, and an apse where the bishop's throne and altar were located.
Romanesque architecture developed in Europe between the 11th and 12th centuries, with some proposals dating it back to the 6th century. It was characterized by thick walls, small windows, round arches, barrel or groin vaults, and heavy, stable construction. The style varied regionally but emphasized stone construction and reflected Roman, Germanic, and other influences. Major building types included churches in the form of basilicas or with Latin crosses, monasteries with churches and other buildings arranged around a cloister, and fortified castles.
Romanesque architecture developed in Europe between the 11th and 12th centuries, with some proposals dating it back to the 6th century. It was characterized by thick walls, small windows, round arches, barrel or groin vaults, and heavy, stable construction reflecting both Roman and other regional influences. The style varied regionally but was used widely across Europe for churches, monasteries, and castles and signaled a period of expansion of the feudal system and religious orders.
Romanesque architecture developed in Europe between the 9th and 15th centuries, characterized by semi-circular arches. It originated as a modification of Roman architecture and spread across Europe. Key features included basilican church plans with transepts and towers, thick stone walls, arched openings, and barrel or groin vaults. Sculpture was used extensively on architectural elements like capitals, doorways, and windows. Regional variations emerged in features, materials, and ornamentation according to climate and culture.
St. Clemente in Rome is a three-tiered basilica built on the site of earlier religious structures. The lowest level contains remnants from a 1st century home that was later used as a mithraeum in the 2nd century. In the 4th century, this space was filled in and a lower basilica was constructed. The current basilica was rebuilt in 1100 AD in a classical basilical style with arcades, aisles, and an apse. Beneath the modern church, the remains of the earlier religious sites can still be seen.
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE-ROMANSQUE ARCHITECTUREShivamSuman
This document provides an overview of Romanesque architecture in Europe, with a focus on Italy. It discusses the influences on Romanesque architecture including geography, geology, climate, religion, and politics. It then describes some key architectural features of Romanesque buildings such as plans, walls, openings, roofs, and columns. Specific examples are given from central Italy including Pisa Cathedral, and from northern and southern Italy. The influences and some distinguishing architectural characteristics of central, northern, and southern Italian Romanesque architecture are compared.
The document provides an overview of Romanesque art and architecture in western Europe between the 11th and 12th centuries. It discusses the emergence of Romanesque architecture, with its emphasis on sculptural walls and vaulted structures. Monasteries were important centers of art production and pilgrimage sites proliferated, fueling a building boom across the continent. The style is characterized by thick walls, small windows, barrel and groin vaults, and sculpture integrated into church portals. Regional variations emerged, with Italy retaining timber roofs and England and Normandy experimenting with ribbed vaults.
The document discusses the history and architecture of the Byzantine Empire. It began as the Eastern Roman Empire with its capital in Constantinople. Byzantine architecture was characterized by massive domes, rounded arches, and extensive use of glass mosaics. The Greek cross plan became common for churches, with central domes supported by pendentives. Hagia Sophia, built in Constantinople in the 6th century, exemplified Byzantine architecture with its grand central dome suspended above the building.
The document provides information about medieval art in Europe between the 6th-14th centuries CE. It discusses how the Christian Church was very powerful and influential during this period, commissioning illuminated manuscripts and church art and architecture. Specific examples described include a page from the Book of Kells manuscript, a Chi Rho page, and images from the Bayeux Embroidery tapestry. Architectural styles like Romanesque and Gothic are examined through examples such as the Pisa Cathedral and Notre Dame. Reliquaries and stained glass windows are highlighted as important artistic developments in the medieval period.
During the Middle Ages, art suffered after the devastation of the Black Death pandemic. Religious influences and new styles like Gothic and Baroque art emerged. Sculptures became more realistic, and ivory carvings and bronze castings were produced. Stained glass windows using colored glass became popular. Gothic architecture developed and featured pointed arches and vaulted ceilings that allowed taller buildings. Examples of Romanesque and Gothic architecture from this period include Angoulême Cathedral, Salisbury Cathedral with the oldest working clock, and the leaning Tower of Pisa.
Byzantine architecture was influenced by its location between Europe and Asia at the junction of important trade routes. Buildings used local materials like brick and stone with marble imported from quarries. The hot climate led to small, high windows and domes with arcaded courtyards. Byzantine architecture fused oriental and Roman styles, using massive decoration and introducing dome construction. Churches often had a central dome surrounded by smaller domes with a smooth external profile and internal/external correspondence. Famous examples include Hagia Sophia, built in 532-537 AD with a large central dome carried by pendentives, and St. Mark's Basilica in Venice symbolizing the city's history.
CERAMIC AND SCULPTURE WORKSHOPSite Visit ReportAbhishek Mewada
CLAY: Natural rock or soil which is fine grained and contain silica , alumina , organic matter.
Types : Earthenware , Stoneware, Porcelain.
CLAYBODY : Consist of different materials like silica , clay , fluxes , grog.
Types : Earthenware , Stoneware , Porcelain.
Modular design involves subdividing a system into smaller, discrete modules that can be independently created and used in different systems. This approach offers benefits like reduced costs, flexibility in design, and the ability to augment systems by adding new modules. Modular design is seen in many areas like vehicles, where parts like engines can be added or removed without altering the rest of the car. It is also used in computer hardware, where components like processors, graphics cards, and storage drives can be easily upgraded or replaced using standardized interfaces. The modular approach allows for customization while maintaining the advantages of standardization in manufacturing.
The Buddhist architecture developed in South Asia in the 3rd century BCE and included three main structure types - monasteries (viharas), stupas, and temples (chaitya grihas). Stupas began as structures to house Buddhist relics and later became incorporated into chaitya-grihas or temple halls. Pagodas evolved from stupas and spread across Asia, incorporating regional architectural details. Distinctive Buddhist structures like stupas, pagodas, viharas, and cave temples quietly illustrate the development of Buddhism over different eras.
There are four main types of communication: verbal communication which includes speech, written communication which involves written words, nonverbal communication which conveys messages without words through gestures and expressions, and visual communication which relies on visual aids like images, symbols, and design to get a message across. Each type of communication serves a different purpose and is used in various contexts depending on whether an individual, small group, or large audience needs to receive the information. Effective communication requires understanding and using different types of communication appropriately based on the situation.
The Parthenon was a temple in Athens, Greece built in the 5th century BC to honor the goddess Athena. It was constructed of white marble on the Acropolis using a Doric architectural style. Though damaged over time by warfare and explosions, it remains one of the finest examples of classical Greek architecture due to its elegant proportions and attention to mathematical detail.
The document provides information on the Mycenaean civilization that flourished in ancient Greece between 1600-1100 BC. Some key details include:
- Major Mycenaean cities included Mycenae, Tiryns, Pylos, Athens, Thebes, and Iolkos.
- The Mycenaeans built large fortified palaces centered around a great hall called a megaron. Their architecture included cyclopean stone walls and corbel vaulting techniques.
- They developed a writing system called Linear B and traded goods widely throughout the Mediterranean, leaving behind pottery as evidence. Their advanced culture was influenced by earlier Minoan Crete.
MINBAR
Platform in a mosque, placed next to the mihrab. The minbar is used with the khutba, the Friday sermon, and the khatib (the person performing the Friday sermon) ascends it.
Excellent Jain architecture and sculpture can be seen in their Stupas and rock-cut caves found in Mathura, Bundelkhand, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa cave temples. A number of rock-cut caves have been discovered in Udaigiri and Khandagiri, twin hills in Puri District of Orissa and in Ellora in Maharashtra.
This document provides an overview of Islamic architectural styles from several influential empires. It discusses key elements like minarets, domes, and decorative calligraphy. Common interpretations emphasize repeating geometric patterns to represent Allah's infinite power, and avoiding human/animal depictions. Examples highlighted include the Domes of the Rock in Jerusalem, the Great Mosque of Damascus, and the iconic Taj Mahal, incorporating influences from Persian, Hindu, and Mughal design traditions.
The Kaaba in Mecca, Saudi Arabia is the holiest site in Islam. It was originally constructed by Abraham and Ishmael as a place of monotheistic worship. Over time, it housed pagan idols until Muhammad cleansed it of idolatry in the 7th century CE. Since then, it has undergone many renovations to accommodate growing numbers of pilgrims. Today, it remains a cubical structure draped in cloth and is the focal point for Muslims' five daily prayers and the hajj pilgrimage, one of the five pillars of Islam.
The document describes the three main orders of Greek architecture - Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. It provides details on the distinguishing features of each order's columns, capitals, and other elements. Examples are given of temples from ancient Greece that demonstrate each architectural order. Other Greek buildings like the Propylaea, theaters, and agoras are overviewed in terms of their common architectural forms and purposes within Greek cities and sanctuaries. Key architectural terms are defined throughout.
Indian Islamic inscriptions date back to the late 12th century AD following the conquest of Delhi by Muhammad Ghori. Early inscriptions were found on movable objects like weapons and tombs, as well as forts. The early language of records from the Delhi Sultanate was Arabic, while later the primary language became Persian as it had become the official state language. In addition to Arabic and Persian inscriptions, some were bilingual using regional languages like Gujarati, Tamil, and Malayalam along with Persian.
The Indus Valley Civilization began around 7000 BCE and reached its peak around 2500 BCE, centered around the large cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. These cities had populations of around 40,000 people and were carefully planned with grid-like streets and drainage systems. Around 1500 BCE, Aryan nomads began migrating into northern India, bringing with them their Indo-European language and religion centered around gods like Indra. They established themselves throughout the region and influenced the collapse of the Indus civilization. Their migrations helped establish Vedic culture and the beginnings of the caste system in India.
Buddhist art and architecture made substantial contributions to Indian culture in the form of stupas, viharas, chaityas, and sthambas. The Great Stupa at Sanchi is one of the best preserved examples, with an elaborate southern gateway containing carved pillars, elephants, and dwarves. Viharas were monasteries built of brick or rock that usually had a prayer hall and cells for monks. Chaitya halls were places of worship that contained a stupa. Ashoka pillars had religious symbols and the famous lion capital from Sarnath is a peak of Mauryan sculpture. The Ajanta caves contain finely painted temples and monasteries carved into rock cliffs in the 2nd
Egyptian architecture featured massive stone structures for temples and tombs, while domestic buildings used mud brick. Pyramids evolved from mastabas and step pyramids as ways to provide passage to the afterlife. The Great Pyramids of Giza, among the largest constructions ever built, housed tombs for pharaohs. Later pharaohs were buried in the Valley of the Kings, with hidden entrances and richly decorated tombs. Temples followed a structured layout and used light and shadow symbolically through clerestory windows and column placement.
The document summarizes the major civilizations that arose in Mesopotamia between 5000 BC and 600 BC. It describes how the Akkadians, led by Sargon, created the world's first empire by conquering the Sumerian city-states in 2300 BC. It then discusses the Old Babylonian Empire established by Hammurabi around 1800 BC, who created one of the earliest known code of laws. Later, the Assyrians rose to power in Mesopotamia between 1100 BC to 612 BC, creating a large empire through aggressive conquest. Finally, the Neo-Babylonian or Chaldean Empire was established in Mesopotamia after the fall of Assyria
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Roman architecture was influenced by earlier Italian, Etruscan, and Greek cultures. It was practical and utilitarian, emphasizing public works, monumentality, and technical advances to showcase Roman power. Some key characteristics included an emphasis on interior space, combining beauty with utility, and integrating buildings into the urban landscape. Common building materials included stone, concrete, and brick in various construction techniques. Roman towns were planned around cardo and decumanus streets, with forums and infrastructure like aqueducts and roads supporting communities across the empire. Architectural styles included temples, basilicas, baths, theaters, amphitheaters, and domestic structures ranging from insulae to villas.
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1. History of Interior Design
Semester - 3
Content: Christian and Byzantine
Romanesque
Gothic
Renaissance
Baroque and Rococo
2. Christian and Byzantine
1. Early Christian. (around 300-500)
2. Ravenna. (around 495-526)
3. Early Byzantine. (around 527-62)
4. Post-Justinian . (around 562-843)
5. Middle Byzantine. (around 843-1204)
6. Late Byzantine. (around 1216 -1453)
In 313 Christianity was officially recognized by Constantine-I. By 326 it
became official religion of the Roman Empire. Its Capital was based in
Byzantium (renamed Constantinople). The empire stretched from Milan,
Cologne (west to Syria), south to Greece and Egypt. They adopted roman
characteristic: typology – Basilica (a rectangular assembly hall that could
serve as anything from market hall to law court)
3. 1. Early Christian. (around 300-500)
• Christian Funerary Architecture was directly influenced by centralized plans
of Roman Buildings.
• Types of building : Mausoleum and Baptistery (octagonal).
• Contrast to its exterior its interior were splendid with colors, light, precious
materials, on wall marble revetments and frescoes and mosaics. Floors
were covered with marble mosaics. Architraves, entablatures and screens
were of geometric and foliate patterns. Altar were in gold and silvers,
encrusted with jewels.
• Elements : Clerestory – The roof of the aisles were lower than that of the
nave.
Gallery – The aisles were sometimes surmounted by a second storey;or
gallery (designated for women).
Arcade – The nave and aisles were divided by rows of columns or piers,
surmounted either by arches to form an arcade.
Apse – at the end of the arcade, the apse, usually domed and articulated
with a triumphal arch, the shrine or high altar of the church was sheltered by
an elaborate canopy.
4.
5. Windows – The windows of Early Christian basilicas added to their mystique,
providing and ethereal, opaque light, either through stone plaques perforated
with decorative holes, through colored glass.
Ambo – The ambo was a raised platform from which the epistle and the Gospel
were read. Usually made of stone, richly decorated with ornamental panels.
Liturgical Furniture – The sanctuary was sometimes raised on a platform,
reserved for the clergy. This was often separated from the nave by a low
parapet or high screen called an iconostasis.
Opus sectile – The walls and floors of many churches featured an ornate
surface decoration of opus sectile-marble stones cut to form geometric
patterns.
6.
7. 2. Ravenna. (around 495-526)
• In 395 the Roman Empire was again divided. While in the east the emerging
Byzantine Empire flourished,the West was subjected to constant invasion.
As a results Ravenna, on Italy’s east coast, assumed increasing
importance. Thus in 495-526 Court was set in Ravenna.
• It had eastern Characteristic Such as Narthex, two low towers projecting
sideways, an apse that is polygonal rather than hemispherical on the
exterior.
• It had Mosaics of Female Saints rather than scenes from Bible.
• Interior – The marble veneers and capitals in the “wind-blown” style.
• Campanile – It was built with thin bricks, typically used in Constantinople
rather than high bricks for construction.
• The Dome – is made not of brick or stone but of earthenware pots inserted
into each other. This western technique created a structure so light that no
buttresses or arches were required to support the dome. the whole covered
by a timber roof.
8.
9. 3. Early Byzantine. (around 527-62)
• The 6th century was the high point of the Byzantine Empire. Basilica was
predominant in the West while in East increasing tendency towards greater
complexity and, above all, toward centralization with square domed bays
being introduced into rectangular basilical plans.
• Pumpkin Dome – The dome, measuring 52ft in diameter, is a pumpkin
dome, with sixteen sides formed of scooped segments with ridges. Rather
than being hidden in a timber roof.
• Fold Capitals – The Capitals are folded with spiky tendrils that are deeply
undercut so that they stand out in strong relief from the dark ground.
• Pendentive – The introduction of the domed centralized plan was made
possible by the pendentive – a curved triangle spanning between arches.
• Best example of building in this period is “Hagia Sophia”.
10.
11. 4. Post-Justinian . (around 562-843)
• After Justinian’s death in562, the empire lost much of its territory,including
parts of Greece, Syria, Palestine, and north Africa.
• Believing the Byzantine empire’s troubles to be the result of divine wrath at
the worship of icons, LEO III instituted an iconoclastic movement in 726.
• Figural mosaics within churches were replaced by crosses, foliage and
geometric patterns.
• Due to this revolution churches became smaller and less daring.
• However centralization and the domed basilica and cross-domed church
were yet predominate.
• Its interior: if we compare cross-section to 6th century it reveals a greater
simplicity and solidity of form, walls and piers are heavy, the opening of
windows and arcades are small.
• Its exterior: little decoration but its proportions are more squats.above a
plain cube, a low drum pierced with windows conceals the dome.
12.
13. 5. Middle Byzantine. (around 843-1204)
• The period from the end of iconoclasm in843 to the Latin occupation of
Constantinople in 1204 is known as the Middle byzantine period.
• The first 180 year under the rule of Macedonian dynasty it was golden age.
There was emergence of many new typologies in church architecture.
• Around 1025 Macedonian dynasty was decline and the Comnene dynasty
came in power. It established an era of stability, reflected by a process of
consolidation in architecture.
• Its features : Squinch – its small arch or niche placed at the corners of a
square bay to form a base for a dome.
Domed octagon.
Cross-in-square.
Mid-Byzantine exteriors : it saw greater decorations, bricks were arranged
in patterns – herringbone, chevrons, meander. Blind niches, recessed
arched windows, colonnades, and pilasters.
14.
15. 6. Late Byzantine. (around 1216 -1453)
• In 1204 Constantinople was sacked by the Franks and the empire went into
decline, losing territory to surrounding tribes.
• In 1453 Constantinople was captured by the Ottoman Turks and the empire
collapsed. Byzantine culture remained strong.
• No new form emerged, but variations of old typologies featured an even
greater elaboration of exteriors and increasingly steep proportions.
• Demand for separate areas for funeral monuments let to the attachment of
auxiliary spaces to exiting churches to create large, irregular complexes.
• Its features : Colorism – a new emphasis on color, as red brick alternates with
white ashlars. Colored stones were also introduced.
Holy Apostles
Silhouette- the tall, narrow drums of the five domes of the Holy Apostles
create a dramatic silhouette, the various parts of the church seeming to climb
ever higher. The tiled roofs of the domes flow over the arched windows of the
drums to create a rippling eaves line that was particularly popular in Greece.
Onion domes .
16.
17. Romanesque
• The term “Romanessque” originated in the early 19th century in reference to
the architecture of the 11th and 12th centuries because it revived classical
precedents established by the Romans.
• Its basic characteristics :
Barrel Vaults, the round arch, vaults, exuberant surface decoration and
towers,
Organic quality of space, expressed in the clarity of building plans and in
clear-cut structural forms.
Obligatory system- its starting point is the square module of the span, which
is split in half in the lateral naves; this system also governs the proportions of
the body of the church and of the transept, narthexes and atrium. On the
basis of the square module, round arches can be used to connect a complex
system of alternating columns and pies.
• France and England.
• Italy, Spain and Germany.
18. The Romanesque Style in Europe
France and England
• France : Pilgrims journeyed from all over the Continent and aided the
promulgation of the emergent architectural styles. Due to this design of
churches adapted to accommodate both the clergy and large crowds.
• The planning of east end of churches was developed to follow either a
radiating or staggered plan.
• The staggered plan saw the introduction of chapels to the eastern sides of
the transepts. These developments in spatial organization enabled divisions
to be maintained between the worshippers and the clergy; and between the
altars of saints and the high altar of the church.
• England : in England it was known as Norman style and it flourished during
11th and 12th century.
• With the victory of William the Conqueror at Hastings, England welcomed a
new style. They were characterized by their vast scale, which surpassed
anything previously seen in England and vied with contemporary continental
models.
19.
20. Italy, Spain and Germany.
• Italy : Italy as a whole was relatively conservative and did not witness the
scale of activity found in France , England and Spain. Italy’s rich stylistic
inheritance was exploited to the full by Romanesque architects, who
continued to use diverse features, such as cupolas on raised dome, the
basilical plan, separate campaniles and baptisteries, and marble facing of
exterior elevations.
• Spain : it was product of several distinct traditions. Spain’s long history of
occupation by the Moors had produced highly idiosyncratic Christian-Islamic
styles known as Mozarabic and of which were combined . This often
produced a hybrid style, based on French models but continuing earlier
tradition in the use of Islamic decoration.
• Germany : in the 11th and 12th centuries drew on the forms established
under Charlemagne and the Ottonian rule and adapted them to create some
of the first buildings in a truly Romanesque idiom. Germany is also credited
with introducing twin towers to the west façade of churches.
21.
22. Gothic
• The cradle of Gothic architecture is generally acknowledged to be northern
France. The essential elements of gothic architecture had all been used in
Romanesque buildings, but not together.
• Basic characteristics: Pointed arch, much larger windows, less massive
piers, ribbed vault, flying buttresses, and rampant arch.
• The manner of decoration also changed, with figured and narrative
elements appearing not only on portal and capitals but also on ribbed
vaults, bundled piers, and pinnacles.
• The plan of the hall church- with three or five naves, called “stepped” when
the central nave is elevated –conveys the sense of a single great space lit
directly by light falling from the window in the lateral naves.
• Stylistic definitions : International Gothic- plurality of stylistic diffusion.
Courtly Gothic – underscores its ties to the courts.
Flamboyant Gothic – alludes to the sinuous lines of decoration, evocative of
twisting, darting flames; it also alludes to the abundant decorative motifs
inspired by foliage and flowers.
Rayonnant Gothic – refers specifically to the rays emanating from rose
windows.
• France , England. Spain and Portugal , Germany and Italy.
23.
24. • France – gothic style served as a sort of calling card from the European world to
the cultures of the eastern Mediterranean.
• By the end of 12th century French architects and builders had so thoroughly
grasped the technical possibilities of the pointed arch as to create forms of
striking impact.
• The Flamboyant Gothic of the 15th century was distinguished by an exceptional
proliferation of ornamentation.
• England – influenced by France, England was to formulate a specific national
style with its own terminology.
• As a result around 13-14th century it developed “Decorative style” and
“Perpendicular style” ‘,featuring ribbing carved with grooves and double curves,
typified by daring vertical structures, combined with surprising formal inventions.
• Spain and Portugal – they were relatively slow to embrace the Gothic style,
introduced by the Cistercians in the 13th century. Manueli-no style, named after
king Manuel I
• Germany and Italy – first thirty years of 13th century showed the influence of
French Gothic. Architects during this period were Elisabethkirche, Cologne
Duomo and Parles.
• The most short – lived of all Gothic styles of Europe, Italian Gothic was also the
most hesitant. For secular buildings, the Gothic language was more
enthusiastically embraced, particularly for the numerous balconies and arcades
so suited to the benign Mediterranean climate.
25.
26. Renaissance
• Renaissance architecture in Italy is characterized by harmony, clarity and
strength. The new style was fully bound up with Renaissance interest in
aspects of antiquity, such as Literature, philosophy, and mathematics, rulers
and patrons realized the importance of both architecture and urban planning
as means of promoting notions of an ordered society.
• The Early Renaissance – it was around 15th century and its salient
features are balance and harmony. One of its finest example is The Pazzi
chaple in florence, other Architects – Giuliano da Sangallo, Michelozzo.
• The high Renaissance – the course of Renaissance architecture in the 16th
century was distinguished by a supreme confidence in new means of
expression. The results was a greater dynamism and plasticity, as seen in
Bramante’s building Santa Maria delle Grazie. The ornamental “rowels” and
the great concave panels on the lower part of the apse bear witness to a
new spatial sensitivity.
• Late Renaissance – great attention was focused on a philological revival of
the ancient orders, on the other hand bold, scenographic effects were
increasingly emphasized. Interior decoration included much stucco work
and wood carving.
27.
28. Baroque and Rococo
• Baroque architecture originated in17th century Rome, where it developed as an
expression of the newly triumphant Catholic church.
• Breaking with the somewhat static intellectual formulas of the Renaissance,
baroque architecture was first and foremost an art of persuasion.
• A new dynamic architectural vocabulary emerged, often based on the
repetition, breaking up, and distortion of Renaissance classical motifs. Broken
pediments , giant orders, and convex and concave walls were all used relatively
freely by Baroque architects leading to very personal styles.
• Typical of baroque style is a decorative exuberance that finds expression in bold
inventions and a progressive accentuations of plastic, dynamic masses. Curved
lines and elliptical floor plans were predominate.
• Domes grow increasingly bold and grand monumental structures offer surprising
theatrical effects.
• Rome was the radiating center of the baroque style.
• The Rococo style was essentially a decorative movement that developed in the
early 18th century in the town houses and hotels of the Parisian nobility.
• Nicolas Pineau, and germain Boffrand were among the designers who
succeeded in reflecting the more intimate scale and comfortable arrangement of
room by decorating them with light, frivolous and colorful schemes in which
panels and door frames dissolved and walls merged with the ceiling.