Romanesque architecture developed in Europe between the 9th and 15th centuries, characterized by semi-circular arches. It originated as a modification of Roman architecture and spread across Europe. Key features included basilican church plans with transepts and towers, thick stone walls, arched openings, and barrel or groin vaults. Sculpture was used extensively on architectural elements like capitals, doorways, and windows. Regional variations emerged in features, materials, and ornamentation according to climate and culture.