The Kaaba in Mecca, Saudi Arabia is the holiest site in Islam. It was originally constructed by Abraham and Ishmael as a place of monotheistic worship. Over time, it housed pagan idols until Muhammad cleansed it of idolatry in the 7th century CE. Since then, it has undergone many renovations to accommodate growing numbers of pilgrims. Today, it remains a cubical structure draped in cloth and is the focal point for Muslims' five daily prayers and the hajj pilgrimage, one of the five pillars of Islam.
The document discusses key aspects of Islamic architecture and its symbolism. It explains that mosques are sacred buildings used by Muslims for prayer and always include features like mihrabs, minbars, and minarets. The architecture aims to foster spirituality through simplicity of form, emphasis on interior spaces, and symbolic elements like domes. Islamic residential buildings also emphasize interior courtyards for privacy. The Taj Mahal's design symbolizes concepts from the Quran like the celestial pool and rivers of paradise. Green is a significant color in Islam as it symbolizes nature and paradise.
Islamic architecture developed from the 7th century onward in countries where Islam became dominant. Key features of Islamic architecture include mosques, tombs, and palaces. The earliest mosques were simple square enclosures surrounded by reeds. Over time, mosques developed architectural elements like minarets, mihrabs, iwans, courtyards, and domes. Islamic architecture spread across regions through trade routes and military conquests, adapting to local materials and climates. Mosques became focal points for communities and incorporated elements symbolizing religious beliefs and social functions.
Islamic architecture developed after the rise of Islam in the 7th century and includes both secular and religious structures. Some key features of Islamic architecture include minarets, domes and cupolas, arches, courtyards, and the mihrab niche indicating the direction of Mecca. Major early centers of Islamic architecture include mosques in Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem, Cairo, and Córdoba. Stylistic traditions developed in regions including Turkey, Persia, India, and Spain.
The document summarizes the expansion of early Islamic cities and architecture following the Muslim conquests in the 7th century. It discusses how cities like Basra and Kufa were established, with early mosques being simple structures of mud brick or wood. It outlines scholars' classifications of Islamic city types as either spontaneous developments or planned cities. The text also examines how existing cities like Jerusalem were transformed with the construction of mosques. Specific details are provided on the early phases of construction and expansion of the mosques of Basra and Kufa.
MINBAR
Platform in a mosque, placed next to the mihrab. The minbar is used with the khutba, the Friday sermon, and the khatib (the person performing the Friday sermon) ascends it.
The document summarizes the history and architectural features of mosques. It discusses how the first mosque was constructed by the Prophet Muhammad using palm trees and mud. As the Muslim population grew, larger mosques were needed to accommodate more people. Over time, mosques incorporated architectural elements from other civilizations, including domes, minarets, arches, and Islamic geometric patterns and calligraphy. The central dome became a defining feature of Ottoman mosques. However, modern mosques are being designed with unique forms to avoid similarity, such as the tent-inspired shape of the Faisal Mosque in Pakistan.
The document discusses the origins and development of Islamic art, which began with the recitation and calligraphy of the Quran. It led to advances in architecture, decoration, ceramics, woodwork, metalwork, textiles, and other crafts that emphasized geometric patterns and avoidance of figural representation. Key early Islamic architectural masterpieces discussed include the Prophet's Mosque in Medina, the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, and the Alhambra Palace in Granada. Islamic art had widespread influence and reflected the beauty praised in the Quran and sayings of the Prophet Muhammad.
Muslim art, architecture and design, mosques and palacesbaseer103
Islamic art and architecture developed unique styles and features due to religious restrictions on depicting figures. Mosques feature domes, arches, columns and courtyards. Geometric patterns, arabesques and calligraphy are common in Islamic art. Famous architectural examples include the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, the Great Mosque of Cordoba in Spain, and the Alhambra palace in Spain. Islamic influence also spread mathematics, science, and other innovations throughout their empire.
The document discusses key aspects of Islamic architecture and its symbolism. It explains that mosques are sacred buildings used by Muslims for prayer and always include features like mihrabs, minbars, and minarets. The architecture aims to foster spirituality through simplicity of form, emphasis on interior spaces, and symbolic elements like domes. Islamic residential buildings also emphasize interior courtyards for privacy. The Taj Mahal's design symbolizes concepts from the Quran like the celestial pool and rivers of paradise. Green is a significant color in Islam as it symbolizes nature and paradise.
Islamic architecture developed from the 7th century onward in countries where Islam became dominant. Key features of Islamic architecture include mosques, tombs, and palaces. The earliest mosques were simple square enclosures surrounded by reeds. Over time, mosques developed architectural elements like minarets, mihrabs, iwans, courtyards, and domes. Islamic architecture spread across regions through trade routes and military conquests, adapting to local materials and climates. Mosques became focal points for communities and incorporated elements symbolizing religious beliefs and social functions.
Islamic architecture developed after the rise of Islam in the 7th century and includes both secular and religious structures. Some key features of Islamic architecture include minarets, domes and cupolas, arches, courtyards, and the mihrab niche indicating the direction of Mecca. Major early centers of Islamic architecture include mosques in Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem, Cairo, and Córdoba. Stylistic traditions developed in regions including Turkey, Persia, India, and Spain.
The document summarizes the expansion of early Islamic cities and architecture following the Muslim conquests in the 7th century. It discusses how cities like Basra and Kufa were established, with early mosques being simple structures of mud brick or wood. It outlines scholars' classifications of Islamic city types as either spontaneous developments or planned cities. The text also examines how existing cities like Jerusalem were transformed with the construction of mosques. Specific details are provided on the early phases of construction and expansion of the mosques of Basra and Kufa.
MINBAR
Platform in a mosque, placed next to the mihrab. The minbar is used with the khutba, the Friday sermon, and the khatib (the person performing the Friday sermon) ascends it.
The document summarizes the history and architectural features of mosques. It discusses how the first mosque was constructed by the Prophet Muhammad using palm trees and mud. As the Muslim population grew, larger mosques were needed to accommodate more people. Over time, mosques incorporated architectural elements from other civilizations, including domes, minarets, arches, and Islamic geometric patterns and calligraphy. The central dome became a defining feature of Ottoman mosques. However, modern mosques are being designed with unique forms to avoid similarity, such as the tent-inspired shape of the Faisal Mosque in Pakistan.
The document discusses the origins and development of Islamic art, which began with the recitation and calligraphy of the Quran. It led to advances in architecture, decoration, ceramics, woodwork, metalwork, textiles, and other crafts that emphasized geometric patterns and avoidance of figural representation. Key early Islamic architectural masterpieces discussed include the Prophet's Mosque in Medina, the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, and the Alhambra Palace in Granada. Islamic art had widespread influence and reflected the beauty praised in the Quran and sayings of the Prophet Muhammad.
Muslim art, architecture and design, mosques and palacesbaseer103
Islamic art and architecture developed unique styles and features due to religious restrictions on depicting figures. Mosques feature domes, arches, columns and courtyards. Geometric patterns, arabesques and calligraphy are common in Islamic art. Famous architectural examples include the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, the Great Mosque of Cordoba in Spain, and the Alhambra palace in Spain. Islamic influence also spread mathematics, science, and other innovations throughout their empire.
The document summarizes key elements of Islamic mosque architecture. It describes standard features like courtyards, fountains for ablutions, minarets to call prayers, and mihrabs indicating the direction of Mecca. It provides examples of early mosques that adapted Roman architectural styles, like Damascus' Great Mosque based on a basilica. The hypostyle plan with columns supporting the roof and four-iwan plan with central courtyards and vaulted entrances are described. Decorative elements like muqarnas stalactite patterns and tilework featuring calligraphy and patterns are also summarized.
Jerusalem is a historically and religiously significant city located in the Judean Mountains. It is considered holy in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The document discusses the major Islamic architectural sites in Jerusalem, including the Dome of the Rock and Al-Aqsa Mosque. It describes the architectural features and historical periods of development for each site. Key periods discussed are the early Islamic period after the Arab conquest, the Crusader period when sites were converted to churches, and the Ottoman period when many renovations occurred. The architectural styles and building materials used in each period are also summarized.
Islamic architecture - Kilbirnie Mosque Open Day 2017Omer Khan
The document discusses Islamic architecture and provides examples of various architectural elements and building types. It describes mosques, forts, palaces and tombs as common building types in Islamic architecture. Key influences included religion, pre-Islamic architectures, and regional influences. Characteristics discussed are geometric patterns, mosaics, calligraphy, and arabesque designs. Architectural features examined are arches, domes, iwans, and central courtyards. Examples of landmark structures are provided to illustrate different periods and regions of Islamic architecture.
This document summarizes and analyzes scholarship on the meaning and purpose of the Umayyad Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. It discusses how early Islamic sources provide little information about the religious associations and purpose of the building at the time of its construction. Scholars have proposed various interpretations, but the reasons for its construction remain unclear. The document examines early Islamic traditions about the holiness of Jerusalem to understand how its significance was understood when the Dome of the Rock was built. It finds that early traditions derived holiness primarily from Jewish sources and associated Jerusalem with prophets David and Solomon rather than later Islamic figures. This provides context for interpreting the meaning and goals of the monument.
The tomb of Iltutmish in Delhi, India was the first Islamic tomb built in India in approximately 1235. The simple sandstone structure is square and measures 9.1 meters along each side. Though plain on the outside, the interior is profusely carved with intricate designs. It has three entrances and the interior features three mihrabs, or prayer niches, with the central one being the most ornately decorated. The tomb provides an early example of Islamic architecture in India.
Islamic art refers to art created by Muslim artists for Muslim patrons and for use in the Islamic faith. It is characterized by decorative elements like calligraphy, geometric patterns, and avoidance of images to comply with Islamic principles of aniconism. Common elements of mosques include minarets, courtyards, mihrabs indicating the direction of Mecca, and minbars for sermons, though their architectural styles vary greatly across regions, with influences from Roman and Byzantine precedents.
The document discusses Islamic art and architecture, focusing on key structures and artistic traditions. It begins by describing the Kaaba in Mecca, the holiest site in Islam. It then explains the basic tenets of Islam, including the five pillars and avoidance of figurative imagery. The spread of Islamic dynasties across the Middle East and Europe is outlined. Key architectural features of early mosques are presented, along with iconic structures like the Dome of the Rock and the Alhambra palace. Artistic traditions such as calligraphy, ceramics, glassware, carpets, and illuminated manuscripts are also summarized.
Islamic architecture has evolved over time, borrowing from neighboring civilizations. Mosques are the most notable building, originally being open courtyards but now featuring elements like minarets, mihrabs, and minbars. Major mosques include the Grand Mosque in Mecca housing the Kaaba, the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, and the Blue Mosque in Istanbul modeled after Hagia Sophia. Regional variations exist like the ziggurat-style minaret in Samarra, Iraq and dome shapes in Iran. Mughal architecture fused Islamic and Hindu styles. The Taj Mahal is a famous mausoleum. Moorish architecture in places like the Alhambra and Mesquita
Islamic architecture developed from many influences, including Roman, Byzantine, Persian, and Central Asian styles. The mosque is the most important building in Islamic architecture, with early examples including the Great Mosque of Qairouan in Tunisia. Other notable mosques include the Mosque of Ibn Tulun in Cairo and the Great Mosque of Córdoba in Spain. Domes, arches, courtyards, and mihrabs are characteristic architectural features of mosques and other Islamic buildings. Squinches allowed the construction of domes and their use spread domed structures throughout the Islamic world.
The document summarizes key architectural features of mosques. Mosques typically include a large central prayer hall where worshippers pray on the floor. An open courtyard called a sahn surrounds the prayer hall and often includes a fountain for ablutions. A mihrab niche in the qibla wall indicates the direction of Mecca. Minarets are towers used to call worshippers to prayer. Domes symbolize the vault of heaven and decorate the interior with intricate patterns. Famous mosques mentioned include the Al-Masjid an-Nabawi mosque in Medina and the Blue Mosque in Istanbul.
Islamic architecture encompasses both secular and religious structures from the rise of Islam to present day. The main types are mosques, tombs, palaces, and forts, with characteristics including niches, columns, arches, minarets, and calligraphy. Islamic architectural styles developed based on the regions conquered, incorporating influences from Persia, Central Asia, China, and the Horn of Africa.
COMMON INTERPRETATIONS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
D
OME OF ROCK , JERUSALAM
•
G
REAT MOSQUE OF SAMARA AND CORODB DB A
•
UMMAYAD MOSQUE (GRAND MOSQUE OF DAMASCUS)
•
MADRASSA
•
MADRASSA OF SULTAN
This document discusses Islamic architecture. It begins with definitions of architecture in general and Islamic architecture specifically. It then covers basic principles and elements of Islamic architecture like courtyards, gardens, domes, and arches. Styles discussed include Persian, Moorish, Turkistan, Ottoman, Fatimid, Mamluk, Indo-Islamic, Sino-Islamic, and Afro-Islamic. Notable architectural masterpieces highlighted are the Taj Mahal, Isfahan Bazaar, and Alhambra. The document concludes with examples of modern Islamic architecture like the Burj Al-Arab, Petronas Towers, and Burj Khalifa.
The document provides an overview of Islamic architecture including definitions, history, key terms, and examples. It discusses the spread of Islam through military conquest and racial movements. The main architectural forms that developed were mosques, tombs, palaces, and forts, which used elements like domes, arches, courtyards, and minarets. Examples highlighted include the Taj Mahal in India, known for its symmetrical garden design and dome structure, and the Suleymaniye Mosque in Istanbul, influenced by Persian architecture with its central dome surrounded by other chambers.
01 sak lecture on islamic architecture at kfupm on 19th november 2013Muizz Anibire
This document provides an overview of Islamic architecture. It begins with a timeline of important monuments in Islamic architectural history from the 7th century to the modern era. It then analyzes exemplary monuments such as the Dome of the Rock, Alhambra Palace, Selimiye Mosque complex, Taj Mahal, and Suheymi House. Finally, it discusses key design principles of Islamic architecture such as unity, functionality, pursuit of knowledge, creativity, professionalism, and identity/diversity. The document serves as a reference for understanding the historical development and defining characteristics of Islamic architectural traditions.
This document provides an overview of Islamic architecture from the 7th century to 1600 AD. It discusses the main types of Islamic buildings like mosques, madrasas, hammams, and caravanserais. It then focuses on the architectural features of mosques, including mashrabiya, mihrab, sahn, minarets, domes, and others. Examples of famous global mosques are given, like the Sultan Ahmed Mosque in Istanbul and the Sheikh Zayed Mosque in Dubai. Key details about their designs, construction histories, and unique architectural elements are summarized.
Islamic architecture has four principal types - mosques, tombs, palaces, and forts - and has been influenced by various styles over time and geography. Some key influences include the Umayyad caliphate which introduced minarets and arabesque designs, Moorish architecture exemplified by the Great Mosque of Cordoba, and Fatimid and Mamluk architecture in Egypt. Elements of Islamic architecture include geometric patterns, arabesque designs, calligraphy, pishtaqs, muqarnas vaulting, and an emphasis on repetition and balance conveying infinity and grandeur. The document outlines the evolution and spread of Islamic architectural styles.
The document provides information about early Islamic architecture in Egypt, including the first mosques built in Fustat and Cairo under the Fatimids. It discusses key architectural features and influences of important mosques such as the Amro Bin al-As Mosque, the Ibn Tulun Mosque, and the al-Azhar Mosque. It notes that the Ibn Tulun Mosque reflected Abbasid influences from the Great Mosque of Samarra in its minaret design and decorative motifs. It also describes how the Fatimids established Cairo in 973 and built fortified walls, gates, and palaces, including separating the city into the Eastern and Western Palaces. The al-Azhar Mosque, founded
The document provides information on several Islamic architectural sites. It discusses the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, built in the late 7th century over the site where Muhammad is believed to have ascended to heaven. It then summarizes details about the Great Mosque of Cordoba, the Registan complex in Samarqand, and several other mosques throughout the Islamic world, including their architectural features, historical significance, and artistic elements like tilework. The document showcases the rich architectural heritage of Islamic religious structures.
The document provides information about Islamic architecture from the 7th century onwards, including its defining characteristics and prominent styles. Mosques are discussed as the central religious building in Islamic architecture, along with other common building types. Specific architectural elements of mosques are outlined, such as minarets, domes, and mihrabs. Decorative elements like geometric patterns, arabesques, and calligraphy are also described. Two prominent examples—the Mosque of Sultan Hassan in Cairo and the Mosque of Córdoba in Spain—are discussed in more detail to illustrate the architectural features and historical backgrounds.
The document summarizes key elements of Islamic mosque architecture. It describes standard features like courtyards, fountains for ablutions, minarets to call prayers, and mihrabs indicating the direction of Mecca. It provides examples of early mosques that adapted Roman architectural styles, like Damascus' Great Mosque based on a basilica. The hypostyle plan with columns supporting the roof and four-iwan plan with central courtyards and vaulted entrances are described. Decorative elements like muqarnas stalactite patterns and tilework featuring calligraphy and patterns are also summarized.
Jerusalem is a historically and religiously significant city located in the Judean Mountains. It is considered holy in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The document discusses the major Islamic architectural sites in Jerusalem, including the Dome of the Rock and Al-Aqsa Mosque. It describes the architectural features and historical periods of development for each site. Key periods discussed are the early Islamic period after the Arab conquest, the Crusader period when sites were converted to churches, and the Ottoman period when many renovations occurred. The architectural styles and building materials used in each period are also summarized.
Islamic architecture - Kilbirnie Mosque Open Day 2017Omer Khan
The document discusses Islamic architecture and provides examples of various architectural elements and building types. It describes mosques, forts, palaces and tombs as common building types in Islamic architecture. Key influences included religion, pre-Islamic architectures, and regional influences. Characteristics discussed are geometric patterns, mosaics, calligraphy, and arabesque designs. Architectural features examined are arches, domes, iwans, and central courtyards. Examples of landmark structures are provided to illustrate different periods and regions of Islamic architecture.
This document summarizes and analyzes scholarship on the meaning and purpose of the Umayyad Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. It discusses how early Islamic sources provide little information about the religious associations and purpose of the building at the time of its construction. Scholars have proposed various interpretations, but the reasons for its construction remain unclear. The document examines early Islamic traditions about the holiness of Jerusalem to understand how its significance was understood when the Dome of the Rock was built. It finds that early traditions derived holiness primarily from Jewish sources and associated Jerusalem with prophets David and Solomon rather than later Islamic figures. This provides context for interpreting the meaning and goals of the monument.
The tomb of Iltutmish in Delhi, India was the first Islamic tomb built in India in approximately 1235. The simple sandstone structure is square and measures 9.1 meters along each side. Though plain on the outside, the interior is profusely carved with intricate designs. It has three entrances and the interior features three mihrabs, or prayer niches, with the central one being the most ornately decorated. The tomb provides an early example of Islamic architecture in India.
Islamic art refers to art created by Muslim artists for Muslim patrons and for use in the Islamic faith. It is characterized by decorative elements like calligraphy, geometric patterns, and avoidance of images to comply with Islamic principles of aniconism. Common elements of mosques include minarets, courtyards, mihrabs indicating the direction of Mecca, and minbars for sermons, though their architectural styles vary greatly across regions, with influences from Roman and Byzantine precedents.
The document discusses Islamic art and architecture, focusing on key structures and artistic traditions. It begins by describing the Kaaba in Mecca, the holiest site in Islam. It then explains the basic tenets of Islam, including the five pillars and avoidance of figurative imagery. The spread of Islamic dynasties across the Middle East and Europe is outlined. Key architectural features of early mosques are presented, along with iconic structures like the Dome of the Rock and the Alhambra palace. Artistic traditions such as calligraphy, ceramics, glassware, carpets, and illuminated manuscripts are also summarized.
Islamic architecture has evolved over time, borrowing from neighboring civilizations. Mosques are the most notable building, originally being open courtyards but now featuring elements like minarets, mihrabs, and minbars. Major mosques include the Grand Mosque in Mecca housing the Kaaba, the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, and the Blue Mosque in Istanbul modeled after Hagia Sophia. Regional variations exist like the ziggurat-style minaret in Samarra, Iraq and dome shapes in Iran. Mughal architecture fused Islamic and Hindu styles. The Taj Mahal is a famous mausoleum. Moorish architecture in places like the Alhambra and Mesquita
Islamic architecture developed from many influences, including Roman, Byzantine, Persian, and Central Asian styles. The mosque is the most important building in Islamic architecture, with early examples including the Great Mosque of Qairouan in Tunisia. Other notable mosques include the Mosque of Ibn Tulun in Cairo and the Great Mosque of Córdoba in Spain. Domes, arches, courtyards, and mihrabs are characteristic architectural features of mosques and other Islamic buildings. Squinches allowed the construction of domes and their use spread domed structures throughout the Islamic world.
The document summarizes key architectural features of mosques. Mosques typically include a large central prayer hall where worshippers pray on the floor. An open courtyard called a sahn surrounds the prayer hall and often includes a fountain for ablutions. A mihrab niche in the qibla wall indicates the direction of Mecca. Minarets are towers used to call worshippers to prayer. Domes symbolize the vault of heaven and decorate the interior with intricate patterns. Famous mosques mentioned include the Al-Masjid an-Nabawi mosque in Medina and the Blue Mosque in Istanbul.
Islamic architecture encompasses both secular and religious structures from the rise of Islam to present day. The main types are mosques, tombs, palaces, and forts, with characteristics including niches, columns, arches, minarets, and calligraphy. Islamic architectural styles developed based on the regions conquered, incorporating influences from Persia, Central Asia, China, and the Horn of Africa.
COMMON INTERPRETATIONS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
D
OME OF ROCK , JERUSALAM
•
G
REAT MOSQUE OF SAMARA AND CORODB DB A
•
UMMAYAD MOSQUE (GRAND MOSQUE OF DAMASCUS)
•
MADRASSA
•
MADRASSA OF SULTAN
This document discusses Islamic architecture. It begins with definitions of architecture in general and Islamic architecture specifically. It then covers basic principles and elements of Islamic architecture like courtyards, gardens, domes, and arches. Styles discussed include Persian, Moorish, Turkistan, Ottoman, Fatimid, Mamluk, Indo-Islamic, Sino-Islamic, and Afro-Islamic. Notable architectural masterpieces highlighted are the Taj Mahal, Isfahan Bazaar, and Alhambra. The document concludes with examples of modern Islamic architecture like the Burj Al-Arab, Petronas Towers, and Burj Khalifa.
The document provides an overview of Islamic architecture including definitions, history, key terms, and examples. It discusses the spread of Islam through military conquest and racial movements. The main architectural forms that developed were mosques, tombs, palaces, and forts, which used elements like domes, arches, courtyards, and minarets. Examples highlighted include the Taj Mahal in India, known for its symmetrical garden design and dome structure, and the Suleymaniye Mosque in Istanbul, influenced by Persian architecture with its central dome surrounded by other chambers.
01 sak lecture on islamic architecture at kfupm on 19th november 2013Muizz Anibire
This document provides an overview of Islamic architecture. It begins with a timeline of important monuments in Islamic architectural history from the 7th century to the modern era. It then analyzes exemplary monuments such as the Dome of the Rock, Alhambra Palace, Selimiye Mosque complex, Taj Mahal, and Suheymi House. Finally, it discusses key design principles of Islamic architecture such as unity, functionality, pursuit of knowledge, creativity, professionalism, and identity/diversity. The document serves as a reference for understanding the historical development and defining characteristics of Islamic architectural traditions.
This document provides an overview of Islamic architecture from the 7th century to 1600 AD. It discusses the main types of Islamic buildings like mosques, madrasas, hammams, and caravanserais. It then focuses on the architectural features of mosques, including mashrabiya, mihrab, sahn, minarets, domes, and others. Examples of famous global mosques are given, like the Sultan Ahmed Mosque in Istanbul and the Sheikh Zayed Mosque in Dubai. Key details about their designs, construction histories, and unique architectural elements are summarized.
Islamic architecture has four principal types - mosques, tombs, palaces, and forts - and has been influenced by various styles over time and geography. Some key influences include the Umayyad caliphate which introduced minarets and arabesque designs, Moorish architecture exemplified by the Great Mosque of Cordoba, and Fatimid and Mamluk architecture in Egypt. Elements of Islamic architecture include geometric patterns, arabesque designs, calligraphy, pishtaqs, muqarnas vaulting, and an emphasis on repetition and balance conveying infinity and grandeur. The document outlines the evolution and spread of Islamic architectural styles.
The document provides information about early Islamic architecture in Egypt, including the first mosques built in Fustat and Cairo under the Fatimids. It discusses key architectural features and influences of important mosques such as the Amro Bin al-As Mosque, the Ibn Tulun Mosque, and the al-Azhar Mosque. It notes that the Ibn Tulun Mosque reflected Abbasid influences from the Great Mosque of Samarra in its minaret design and decorative motifs. It also describes how the Fatimids established Cairo in 973 and built fortified walls, gates, and palaces, including separating the city into the Eastern and Western Palaces. The al-Azhar Mosque, founded
The document provides information on several Islamic architectural sites. It discusses the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, built in the late 7th century over the site where Muhammad is believed to have ascended to heaven. It then summarizes details about the Great Mosque of Cordoba, the Registan complex in Samarqand, and several other mosques throughout the Islamic world, including their architectural features, historical significance, and artistic elements like tilework. The document showcases the rich architectural heritage of Islamic religious structures.
The document provides information about Islamic architecture from the 7th century onwards, including its defining characteristics and prominent styles. Mosques are discussed as the central religious building in Islamic architecture, along with other common building types. Specific architectural elements of mosques are outlined, such as minarets, domes, and mihrabs. Decorative elements like geometric patterns, arabesques, and calligraphy are also described. Two prominent examples—the Mosque of Sultan Hassan in Cairo and the Mosque of Córdoba in Spain—are discussed in more detail to illustrate the architectural features and historical backgrounds.
The Kaaba is a cuboid building located in Mecca, Saudi Arabia that is the most sacred site in Islam. It was originally constructed by Adam and later rebuilt by Ibrahim. Muslims face the Kaaba during prayers no matter where they are. Inside the Kaaba is a marble floor and walls with Quranic inscriptions, and the top is covered with a green cloth. The Black Stone set in the Kaaba's cornerstone is revered in Islam and dates back to Adam and Eve. During Hajj, pilgrims circle the Kaaba and try to kiss the Black Stone. Al-Safa and Al-Marwah are two mountains between which Hagar ran searching for water for her son Is
The document provides an overview of Islamic art and architecture from its origins to the early period between 640-900 CE. It discusses key figures like the Prophet Muhammad and the early caliphates of the Umayyads and Abbasids. Important early works of architecture are highlighted, including the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, considered one of the oldest surviving buildings from the Islamic world. The hypostyle Great Mosque of Cordoba is also mentioned as an example of early mosque architecture from the period of Muslim rule in Spain.
You are a servant in the court of a powerful Muslim ruler. Your comfortable life is about to change as your master has been ordered to lead a dangerous expedition to explore unknown lands. He can only take a few servants and has given you a choice to join the perilous journey across seas and deserts or stay home safely.
This document provides an overview of Islamic architectural styles from several influential empires. It discusses key elements like minarets, domes, and decorative calligraphy. Common interpretations emphasize repeating geometric patterns to represent Allah's infinite power, and avoiding human/animal forms. Iconic examples described include the Domes of the Rock in Jerusalem, the Great Mosque of Damascus featuring stone mosaics, and the Taj Mahal, incorporating Persian and Hindu influences.
The document provides historical background on Islamic art, including the origins of Islam and the life of the Prophet Muhammad. It then summarizes key aspects of Islamic architecture such as its emphasis on horizontality, use of arches and columns, avoidance of images, and focus on geometric patterns and calligraphy. Important examples of Islamic architecture are described, including the Dome of the Rock, the Alhambra, and the Taj Mahal.
1. Muslims ruled Spain for about eight centuries beginning in 714 AD, converting it into the most civilized and charming land in the world.
2. The long Muslim rule can be divided into three phases - a first phase of confusion, a golden era of power and progress from 756-1036 AD, and a final phase of anarchy and annihilation as petty states emerged and clashed.
3. In 1086 AD, Yusuf ibn Tashfin of Morocco invaded Spain and defeated the Christians at the Battle of Zallaqa, restoring Muslim power temporarily before infighting resumed after his death.
The document discusses the history of Islam in Spain from its introduction in the 8th century through the fall of Granada in 1492. It covers the initial conquest by Umayyad rulers, the establishment of emirates and caliphates in Córdoba and elsewhere, the cultural and scientific achievements under rulers like Abd al-Rahman III, and finally the Christian Reconquista that resulted in the defeat of the last Muslim kingdom in Granada and the expulsion of Muslims and Jews from the Iberian Peninsula.
After the Umayyad caliphate fell in Damascus, the last surviving member fled to Iberia and established himself as the Emir of Cordoba in 756. He made Cordoba the capital and established the Umayyad emirate. For over two centuries, Córdoba flourished under the emirs and caliphs, becoming one of the most advanced cities in Europe with vast libraries, philosophical and scientific achievements, and a prosperous economy. However, internal struggles after the caliphate's collapse in 1031 led to the fragmentation of Al-Andalus into competing taifa kingdoms, weakening Muslim rule and allowing the Christian reconquista to gain ground.
This ppt follows spi 7.42 . . . . . Outline the decline of Muslim rule in the Iberian Peninsula that culminated in the Reconquista, Inquisition, and the rise of Spanish and Portuguese kingdoms.
This document provides an overview of visual arts, performing arts, and miscellaneous arts in India. It discusses the major periods and styles of Indian architecture and sculpture from the Indus Valley Civilization through modern times. Specific architectural styles covered include Buddhist, Hindu temple architecture during the Gupta Age, cave architecture, and Dravidian architecture. It also examines major sculptural centers and styles that developed during the Mauryan period and beyond. In summary, the document comprehensively surveys the history of arts in India across different mediums and historical periods.
Islamic architecture has a long history spanning many centuries and regions. Some of its most prominent early examples include the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem from the late 680s, the Great Mosque of Cordova begun in 786, and the Alhambra Palace complex constructed from 1354-1391 in Granada, Spain. Central Asian cities like Bukhara, Uzbekistan are also home to significant historic mosques, madrasas, and minarets dating back to the 10th-12th centuries, while Cairo, Egypt contains influential mosques like the Al-Azhar from the 10th century.
This document discusses the Abbasid Caliphate during the Golden Age. It aims to analyze the strength of the Abbasids, learn about Baghdad, and cover Abbasid achievements in art, literature, and science. Key points include the Abbasids establishing Baghdad as their capital, which changed Islamic culture and identity, and led to a prosperous period of advancement and learning.
The Umayyad dynasty expanded the Islamic empire greatly after the death of Muhammad. Under the Umayyads, the Islamic empire grew to span parts of Africa, Asia, and Europe within 100 years. The Umayyad armies began with hit-and-run raids and soon launched organized campaigns of conquest, taking control of most of Central Asia by the 700s and North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula by 711. However, over time unrest grew under the Umayyads as they neglected Islamic law and treated some groups, such as non-Arabs, as second-class. This led to their overthrow by the Abbasids in 750.
influenced by architecture during islamic period in INDIA . the architectural features of islamic period mainly the mughal structures .
the designing pattern of great str like city of fatehpur sikri and more .
Islamic architecture is characterized by several key elements. Mosques, tombs, and palaces are the three major building types. Mosques feature a central courtyard and are oriented towards Mecca. Geometric forms, arches, domes, and ornate decorations are commonly used. Interior space is highly valued over exterior appearance. The dome symbolizes power and can serve both religious and secular functions by covering important interior spaces. Overall, Islamic architecture is focused on the enclosed interior space and uses architectural elements to serve religious functions and express Islamic culture.
The document summarizes the origins and key aspects of Islam. It began in the 7th century in Mecca under the prophet Muhammad. The Quran contains revelations Muhammad received from God. Islam spread rapidly during the Golden Age from 750-1258 AD and is now the second largest religion. The two main denominations are Sunni, comprising 80% of Muslims, and Shia, who believe in religious leadership of Imams.
The three most important mosques in Islam are the Great Mosque in Mecca surrounding the Kaaba, the al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem, and the Prophet's Mosque in Medina. These mosques have played a central role in Islamic history and bring Muslims together from around the world. The Kaaba, built by Abraham and Ishmael, is the focal point for Muslim prayer and an important site for pilgrimage. The Prophet's Mosque in Medina served as the base for Muhammad and the early Muslim community and houses his tomb.
The document discusses the architecture of the Abbasid Caliphate. Some key points:
- The Abbasids adopted black as their color and costumes signified political allegiance to the caliphate. Depictions show Abbasids and prayer leaders in black with armbands bearing the caliph's name.
- Early Abbasid mosques like those in Kufa and the Mosque of al-Mansur in Baghdad were hypostyle with brick piers rather than marble columns, rejecting the Umayyad domed models.
- Two innovative mosques were built by the Abbasid caliph al-Mutawakkil in Samarra, featuring the first spiral minarets
Lecture-2 (Islamic Architecture) complete for display.pptUsamaShaheer1
This slide tells about Islamic Architecture in detail.
Islamic Architecture is very important according to the architect's point of view, thus an idea is given here.
Islamic Architecture from early Medieval to Ottoman: It encompasses a wide range of both secular and religious styles from the foundation of Islam to the present day. What today is known as Islamic architecture was influenced by Roman, Byzantine and all other lands which the Muslims conquered in the 7th and 8th centuries.
An introductory presentation about Islamic Art History, focusing on the Islamic architecture aesthetics throughout different eras and geographical locations.
This presentation has been presented as a part of Art History 1 course at Universiti Malaysia Sabah in Malaysia.
Lecture-2 (Islamic Architecture) complete for display.pptkhanusama9
The document provides an overview of Islamic architecture from 700 AD onwards. It discusses the key architectural elements inherited from the first mosque built by Muhammad and adapted from other traditions. The four principal early Islamic architectural styles that emerged are discussed - Umayyad in Syria/Palestine known for horseshoe arches and stone construction; Persian style with blue-tiled domes; Abbasid in Iraq introducing courtyard plans; and Fatimid in Africa using squinches and decorative elements. Later Moorish styles in Spain/Morocco incorporated voussoir arches, muqarnas, and tilework. Key buildings highlighted include the Dome of the Rock, Great Mosque of Cordoba, and the Alhambra.
This document discusses the key factors that have influenced the development of Islamic architecture, including geographical, geological, climatic, religious, social, and historical conditions. Some of the characteristic features of Islamic architecture that developed include domes, pointed arches, arabesque designs, minarets, mihrabs, and courtyard-centered houses and mosques. Important early examples discussed are the Kaaba in Mecca and the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem.
Islamic architecture originated in the 7th century AD during the Islamic conquests. Some key characteristics include courtyards surrounded by arcades, minarets for the call to prayer, and mihrabs indicating the direction of Mecca. Important early examples include the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem and the Great Mosque of Damascus with its intricate mosaic walls. Over time, regional styles developed like the hypostyle mosques of Iraq and the double-tiered arches of the Great Mosque of Cordoba in Spain. Mosques remain centers of worship and community in Islamic cultures.
- The passage provides background information on the origins and founding of Islam, beginning with Muhammad receiving revelations from God in 610 AD in Mecca.
- Due to opposition from leaders in Mecca, Muhammad and his followers migrated to Medina in 622 AD, marking the start of the Muslim calendar. Although Muhammad died in 632 AD, his followers spread Islam across the Arabian Peninsula and beyond.
- The passage outlines some key aspects of early Islamic architecture, including the use of geometry and calligraphy in mosques, as well as common architectural elements like minarets, mihrabs, and hypostyle halls supported by columns.
- Islamic art originated in the 7th century AD following the teachings of the prophet Muhammad. It spread rapidly from the Fertile Crescent across North Africa and into Spain.
- Key characteristics include an avoidance of figural representation in accordance with Islamic doctrine, and emphasis on sacred geometry and calligraphy in decorative arts. Major artistic centers included Baghdad, Cairo, and Alhambra in Spain.
- Important architectural styles featured hypostyle halls, domes, and the use of arabesque patterns and muqarnas vaulting. Major monuments include the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem and the mosques of Cordoba and Istanbul. Calligraphy and book illumination also flourished in Persian miniature
The document provides detailed information about the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. It is the oldest Islamic monument still standing, built in 688-691 AD over the sacred rock from which Muhammad is believed to have ascended to heaven. The shrine features a golden dome, marble exterior, mosaic interior decorations, and inscriptions praising God and calling Christians to accept Islam. It is one of Jerusalem's most famous landmarks.
The Great Mosque of Cordoba and King Hassan II New.pdfShyamV12
The Great Mosque of Córdoba began as a Catholic church in the 8th century that was converted to a mosque during Moorish rule. Over nearly 250 years, it was expanded to its current form with a hypostyle hall of over 850 columns supporting a wooden ceiling. The focal point is the ornate mihrab surrounded by intricate mosaic work. It was later converted back to a Catholic church but still retains much of its original Moorish architecture like the horseshoe arches and domes.
The document provides an overview of Islamic architecture and art history. It begins by introducing the major architectural elements of mosques, including minarets, domes, arches, facades, ceramic tiles, screens, and prayer spaces. It then highlights architectural styles that developed in different Islamic regions such as North Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, India, and Southeast Asia. The document concludes by showcasing artistic masterpieces from Islamic dynasties including calligraphy, ceramics, glasswork, and other art forms.
Islamic art developed between 650 CE and the present, with a focus on architecture, calligraphy, and manuscript illumination due to prohibitions on figural representation. Notable architectural works include the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem (687-691 CE), the first Islamic monument, and the Great Mosque of Cordoba (784-987 CE), featuring horseshoe arches. The Taj Mahal (1632-1653) exemplifies later Mughal architecture through its symmetrical design and use of domes, minarets, and inlaid decoration. Calligraphy and illuminated manuscripts also flourished, transmitting religious texts through intricate decorative styles that married image and text.
The document summarizes key features of Islamic citadels and military architecture during the Ayyubid period. It discusses the citadels of Cairo, Damascus, and Aleppo. The Citadel of Cairo was built by Saladin in 1176 outside of Fustat and Cairo to dominate the area. The Citadel of Damascus was built in 1206 around the old city as a rectangular enclosure with 12 towers. The Citadel of Aleppo, built on a man-made hill, was constructed with an inclined bridge and projecting casemates and had multiple defenses. The Madrasa al-Firdaus in Aleppo from 1235 showcased Islamic architectural elements like iwans and muqarnas
The document provides an overview of early Islamic art and architecture from the 7th century onwards. It describes key events in the origins and spread of Islam including the birth and teachings of Muhammad. It then highlights some of the most important architectural sites from this period including the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, the Great Mosque of Damascus, and the Great Mosque of Cordoba, demonstrating how Islamic architecture incorporated elements of Byzantine and Sasanian styles into distinctively Islamic forms centered on mosques.
Islam originated in the Arabian Peninsula in the 6th century. Muhammad received a revelation from the angel Gabriel and began preaching the new religion of Islam, which means "submission to God." After facing opposition from Meccan merchants, Muhammad and his followers migrated to Medina in 622, marking the start of the Muslim calendar. Islam then spread across the Arabian Peninsula through military conquests. The Islamic empire expanded under successive caliphates based in Damascus and Baghdad. Islamic civilization flourished in major urban centers and made significant contributions to science, philosophy, and the arts.
This document provides an overview of Islamic civilization history from the rise of Islam under Muhammad in the 7th century CE to modern times. It outlines the major Islamic empires like the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates and their expansion across the Middle East, North Africa, and into Europe. Key events mentioned include the early conquests extending the new Islamic state established by Muhammad, the establishment of major caliphates ruling vast lands, and the spread of Islam across a wide geographic region from Spain to Indonesia over many centuries.
The document summarizes the architectural features of arches and minarets commonly seen in Islamic architecture. It describes the various types of arches used, including horseshoe, transverse, and pointed arches. The Muslims mastered arch design and it was used both structurally and decoratively. Arches provided strength and stability for vaulted ceilings. Minarets served to call Muslims to prayer and provided ventilation by drawing hot air up and out of the structure. Their distinctive shape includes a base, shaft, and top balcony or gallery. Arches and minarets became defining elements of mosques and other Islamic buildings.
CERAMIC AND SCULPTURE WORKSHOPSite Visit ReportAbhishek Mewada
CLAY: Natural rock or soil which is fine grained and contain silica , alumina , organic matter.
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Modular design involves subdividing a system into smaller, discrete modules that can be independently created and used in different systems. This approach offers benefits like reduced costs, flexibility in design, and the ability to augment systems by adding new modules. Modular design is seen in many areas like vehicles, where parts like engines can be added or removed without altering the rest of the car. It is also used in computer hardware, where components like processors, graphics cards, and storage drives can be easily upgraded or replaced using standardized interfaces. The modular approach allows for customization while maintaining the advantages of standardization in manufacturing.
The Buddhist architecture developed in South Asia in the 3rd century BCE and included three main structure types - monasteries (viharas), stupas, and temples (chaitya grihas). Stupas began as structures to house Buddhist relics and later became incorporated into chaitya-grihas or temple halls. Pagodas evolved from stupas and spread across Asia, incorporating regional architectural details. Distinctive Buddhist structures like stupas, pagodas, viharas, and cave temples quietly illustrate the development of Buddhism over different eras.
There are four main types of communication: verbal communication which includes speech, written communication which involves written words, nonverbal communication which conveys messages without words through gestures and expressions, and visual communication which relies on visual aids like images, symbols, and design to get a message across. Each type of communication serves a different purpose and is used in various contexts depending on whether an individual, small group, or large audience needs to receive the information. Effective communication requires understanding and using different types of communication appropriately based on the situation.
The Parthenon was a temple in Athens, Greece built in the 5th century BC to honor the goddess Athena. It was constructed of white marble on the Acropolis using a Doric architectural style. Though damaged over time by warfare and explosions, it remains one of the finest examples of classical Greek architecture due to its elegant proportions and attention to mathematical detail.
The document provides information on the Mycenaean civilization that flourished in ancient Greece between 1600-1100 BC. Some key details include:
- Major Mycenaean cities included Mycenae, Tiryns, Pylos, Athens, Thebes, and Iolkos.
- The Mycenaeans built large fortified palaces centered around a great hall called a megaron. Their architecture included cyclopean stone walls and corbel vaulting techniques.
- They developed a writing system called Linear B and traded goods widely throughout the Mediterranean, leaving behind pottery as evidence. Their advanced culture was influenced by earlier Minoan Crete.
Excellent Jain architecture and sculpture can be seen in their Stupas and rock-cut caves found in Mathura, Bundelkhand, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa cave temples. A number of rock-cut caves have been discovered in Udaigiri and Khandagiri, twin hills in Puri District of Orissa and in Ellora in Maharashtra.
This document provides an overview of Islamic architectural styles from several influential empires. It discusses key elements like minarets, domes, and decorative calligraphy. Common interpretations emphasize repeating geometric patterns to represent Allah's infinite power, and avoiding human/animal depictions. Examples highlighted include the Domes of the Rock in Jerusalem, the Great Mosque of Damascus, and the iconic Taj Mahal, incorporating influences from Persian, Hindu, and Mughal design traditions.
The document describes the three main orders of Greek architecture - Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. It provides details on the distinguishing features of each order's columns, capitals, and other elements. Examples are given of temples from ancient Greece that demonstrate each architectural order. Other Greek buildings like the Propylaea, theaters, and agoras are overviewed in terms of their common architectural forms and purposes within Greek cities and sanctuaries. Key architectural terms are defined throughout.
Indian Islamic inscriptions date back to the late 12th century AD following the conquest of Delhi by Muhammad Ghori. Early inscriptions were found on movable objects like weapons and tombs, as well as forts. The early language of records from the Delhi Sultanate was Arabic, while later the primary language became Persian as it had become the official state language. In addition to Arabic and Persian inscriptions, some were bilingual using regional languages like Gujarati, Tamil, and Malayalam along with Persian.
The Indus Valley Civilization began around 7000 BCE and reached its peak around 2500 BCE, centered around the large cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. These cities had populations of around 40,000 people and were carefully planned with grid-like streets and drainage systems. Around 1500 BCE, Aryan nomads began migrating into northern India, bringing with them their Indo-European language and religion centered around gods like Indra. They established themselves throughout the region and influenced the collapse of the Indus civilization. Their migrations helped establish Vedic culture and the beginnings of the caste system in India.
Buddhist art and architecture made substantial contributions to Indian culture in the form of stupas, viharas, chaityas, and sthambas. The Great Stupa at Sanchi is one of the best preserved examples, with an elaborate southern gateway containing carved pillars, elephants, and dwarves. Viharas were monasteries built of brick or rock that usually had a prayer hall and cells for monks. Chaitya halls were places of worship that contained a stupa. Ashoka pillars had religious symbols and the famous lion capital from Sarnath is a peak of Mauryan sculpture. The Ajanta caves contain finely painted temples and monasteries carved into rock cliffs in the 2nd
Egyptian architecture featured massive stone structures for temples and tombs, while domestic buildings used mud brick. Pyramids evolved from mastabas and step pyramids as ways to provide passage to the afterlife. The Great Pyramids of Giza, among the largest constructions ever built, housed tombs for pharaohs. Later pharaohs were buried in the Valley of the Kings, with hidden entrances and richly decorated tombs. Temples followed a structured layout and used light and shadow symbolically through clerestory windows and column placement.
The document summarizes the major civilizations that arose in Mesopotamia between 5000 BC and 600 BC. It describes how the Akkadians, led by Sargon, created the world's first empire by conquering the Sumerian city-states in 2300 BC. It then discusses the Old Babylonian Empire established by Hammurabi around 1800 BC, who created one of the earliest known code of laws. Later, the Assyrians rose to power in Mesopotamia between 1100 BC to 612 BC, creating a large empire through aggressive conquest. Finally, the Neo-Babylonian or Chaldean Empire was established in Mesopotamia after the fall of Assyria
Mesopotamia, located in modern-day Iraq, was the site of some of the earliest human civilizations beginning around 4500 BC. The region, situated between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, saw the rise of urban centers and writing, key components of what we consider civilization. Early Mesopotamian societies developed systems of kingship, trade, religion centered around temples, and advances in technology including irrigation, numeracy, and the written word in cuneiform script. Despite challenges like unpredictable flooding and lack of natural resources, early Mesopotamian civilizations like the Sumerians thrived for thousands of years due to agricultural surpluses enabled by irrigation along the rivers.
Roman architecture was influenced by earlier Italian, Etruscan, and Greek cultures. It was practical and utilitarian, emphasizing public works, monumentality, and technical advances to showcase Roman power. Some key characteristics included an emphasis on interior space, combining beauty with utility, and integrating buildings into the urban landscape. Common building materials included stone, concrete, and brick in various construction techniques. Roman towns were planned around cardo and decumanus streets, with forums and infrastructure like aqueducts and roads supporting communities across the empire. Architectural styles included temples, basilicas, baths, theaters, amphitheaters, and domestic structures ranging from insulae to villas.
This document discusses precast concrete stairs, which can be produced as individual step units or complete flights. Advantages include better quality control, space savings on site, and the ability to position units with semi-skilled labor. Common precast step units include rectangular cantilever, spandrel cantilever, and sector-shaped cantilever units. The document also outlines different configurations for in situ and precast concrete stairs and shows pictures from a precast concrete production hall.
How to Create a Stage or a Pipeline in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Using CRM module, we can manage and keep track of all new leads and opportunities in one location. It helps to manage your sales pipeline with customizable stages. In this slide let’s discuss how to create a stage or pipeline inside the CRM module in odoo 17.
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How to Download & Install Module From the Odoo App Store in Odoo 17Celine George
Custom modules offer the flexibility to extend Odoo's capabilities, address unique requirements, and optimize workflows to align seamlessly with your organization's processes. By leveraging custom modules, businesses can unlock greater efficiency, productivity, and innovation, empowering them to stay competitive in today's dynamic market landscape. In this tutorial, we'll guide you step by step on how to easily download and install modules from the Odoo App Store.
How to stay relevant as a cyber professional: Skills, trends and career paths...Infosec
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2. The
Kaaba, granite masonry, covered with silk curtain and calligraphy in gold and silver-wrapped
thread, pre-Islamic monument, rededicated by Muhammad in 631-32 C.E., multiple renovations,
Mecca, Saudi Arabia (photo: The Kaaba in the Masjid el Haram, 2010)
Prayerand pilgrimage
Pilgrimage to a holy site is a core principle of almost all faiths. The Kaaba, meaning cube in
Arabic, is a square building, elegantly draped in a silk and cotton veil. Located in Mecca, Saudi
Arabia, it is the holiest shrine in Islam.
In Islam, Muslims pray five times a day and after 624 C.E., these prayers were directed towards
Mecca and the Kaaba rather than Jerusalem; this direction (or qibla in Arabic), is marked in all
mosques and enables the faithful to know in what direction they should pray. The Qur‘an
established the direction of prayer.
All Muslims aspire to undertake the hajj, or the annual pilgrimage, to the Kaaba once in their life
if they are able. Prayer five times a day and the hajj are two of the five pillars of Islam, the most
fundamental principles of the faith.
Upon arriving in Mecca, pilgrims gather in the courtyard of the Masjid al-Haram around the
Kaaba. They then circumambulate (tawaf in Arabic) or walk around the Kaaba, during which
they hope to kiss and touch the Black Stone (al-Hajar al-Aswad), embedded in the eastern corner
of the Kaaba.
3. View of
pilgrims performing Tawaf (circumambulating) the Kaaba from the gate of Abdul Aziz
Thehistoryandform ofthe Kaaba
The Kaaba was a sanctuary in pre-Islamic times. Muslims believe that Abraham (known as
Ibrahim in the Islamic tradition), and his son, Ismail, constructed the Kaaba. Tradition holds that
it was originally a simple unroofed rectangular structure. The Quraysh tribe, who ruled Mecca,
rebuilt the pre-Islamic Kaaba in c. 608 C.E. with alternating courses of masonry and wood. A
door was raised above ground level to protect the shrine from intruders and flood waters.
Muhammad was driven out of Mecca in 620 C.E. to Yathrib, which is now known as Medina.
Upon his return to Mecca in 629/30 C.E., the shrine became the focal point for Muslim worship
and pilgrimage. The pre-Islamic Kaaba housed the Black Stone and statues of pagan gods.
Muhammad reportedly cleansed the Kaaba of idols upon his victorious return to Mecca,
returning the shrine to the monotheism of Ibrahim. The Black Stone is believed to have been
given to Ibrahim by the angel Gabriel and is revered by Muslims. Muhammad made a final
pilgrimage in 632 C.E., the year of his death, and thereby established the rites of pilgrimage.
Modifications
The Kaaba has been modified extensively throughout its history. The area around the Kaaba was
expanded in order to accommodate the growing number of pilgrims by the second caliph, ‘Umar
(ruled 634-44). The Caliph ‘Uthman (ruled 644-56) built the colonnades around the open plaza
where the Kaaba stands and incorporated other important monuments into the sanctuary.
During the civil war between the caliph Abd al-Malik and Ibn Zubayr who controlled Mecca, the
Kaaba was set on fire in 683 C.E. Reportedly, the Black Stone broke into three pieces and Ibn
4. Zubayr reassembled it with silver. He rebuilt the Kaaba in wood and stone, following Ibrahim’s
original dimensions and also paved the space around the Kaaba. After regaining control of
Mecca, Abd al-Malik restored the part of the building that Muhammad is thought to have
designed. None of these renovations can be confirmed through study of the building or
archaeological evidence; these changes are only outlined in later literary sources.
Reportedly under the Umayyad caliph al-Walid (ruled 705-15), the mosque that encloses the
Kaaba was decorated with mosaics like those of the Dome of the Rock and the Great Mosque of
Damascus. By the seventh century, the Kaaba was covered with kiswa, a black cloth that is
replaced annually during the hajj.
Under the early Abbasid Caliphs (750-1250), the mosque around the Kaaba was expanded and
modified several times. According to travel writers, such as the Ibn Jubayr, who saw the Kaaba
in 1183, it retained the eighth century Abbasid form for several centuries. From 1269-1517, the
Mamluks of Egypt controlled the Hijaz, the highlands in western Arabia where Mecca is located.
Sultan Qaitbay (ruled 1468-96) built a madrasa (a religious school) against one side of the
mosque. Under the Ottoman sultans, Süleyman I (ruled 1520-1566) and Selim II (ruled 1566-74),
the complex was heavily renovated. In 1631, the Kaaba and the surrounding mosque were
entirely rebuilt after floods had demolished them in the previous year. This mosque, which is
what exists today, is composed of a large open space with colonnades on four sides and with
seven minarets, the largest number of any mosque in the world. At the center of this large plaza
sits the Kaaba, as well as many other holy buildings and monuments.
The last major modifications were carried out in the 1950s by the government of Saudi Arabia to
accommodate the increasingly large number of pilgrims who come on the hajj. Today the
mosque covers almost forty acres.
The
Kaaba at al-Haram Mosque,
5. TheKaaba today
Today, the Kaaba is a cubical structure, unlike almost any other religious structure. It is fifteen
meters tall and ten and a half meters on each side; its corners roughly align with the cardinal
directions. The door of the Kaaba is now made of solid gold; it was added in 1982. The kiswa, a
large cloth that covers the Kaaba, which used to be sent from Egypt with the hajj caravan, today
is made in Saudi Arabia. Until the advent of modern transportation, all pilgrims undertook the
often dangerous hajj, or pilgrimage, to Mecca in a large caravan across the desert, leaving from
Damascus, Cairo, or other major cities in Arabia, Yemen or Iraq.
The numerous changes to the Kaaba and its associated mosque serve as good reminder of how
often buildings, even sacred ones, were renovated and remodeled either due to damage or to the
changing needs of the community.
Only Muslims may visit the holy cities of Mecca and Medina today.
6. About chronological periods in the Islamic world
Studying the Art of the Islamic world is challenging, partially because of the large geographic
and chronological scope of Islam. Islam has been a major religion and cultural force for over
fourteen centuries and continues to be so today. At present the Arts of the Islamic World Section
is organized into three chronological periods: Early, Medieval and Late. These chronological
divisions are modern creations that help scholars to organize information and works of art to
interpret them better. It also helps students to understand how works of art and architecture relate
to each other in time and space. There were dynasties and empires that controlled different lands
and whose periods of rule stretched across these chronological divisions.
TheDome
ofthe Rock(Qubbatal-Sakhra),Umayyad,stonemasonry, woodenroof,decoratedwith
glazedceramictile, mosaics,andgilt aluminumandbronzedome,691-2, withmultiple
renovations,patrontheCaliphAbdal-Malik,Jerusalem
EarlyPeriod(c. 640-900C.E.)
After Muhammad’s death in 634, there were four rightfully guided caliphs who succeeded
Muhammad. However, from 656 there were conflicts over succession, and two civil wars (656-
661 and 680-692) broke out within the community of Muslims. Out of these wars emerged the
Umayyad Dynasty, whose capital was Damascus in modern-day Syria. Responsible for the first
great monuments of Islamic art and architecture, Umayyad rulers built the Dome of the Rock in
Jerusalem, the Great Mosque of Damascus, and the so-called Desert Palaces in Syro-Palestine .
The Umayyads ruled as caliphs until 750 C.E., when they were overthrown by the Abbasids. The
Abbasids, like the Umayyads before them, ruled as caliphs over much of the Islamic world until
861. Their capital was at Baghdad, and later they ruled from the palace-city of Samarra in Iraq
for parts of the ninth century. After 861, the Abbasids lost control of large parts of their empire
through a series of uprisings in which provincial governors asserted their independence. A series
7. of local dynasties, such as the Aghlabids (800-909) and Tulunids (868-905) in North Africa, and
the Buyids (945-1055) in Central Asia, emerged and ruled, developing regional artistic styles.
Medieval Period(c.900-1517C.E.)
Court of the Lions, The Alhambra, Sabika hill, Granada,
Spain, begun 1238
)By the tenth century, there was fragmentation and individual dynasties sprang up. These
dynasties had varying degrees of control over different parts of the lands where Islam was the
dominant or a major religion.
In North Africa and the Near East, certain major dynasties, such as the Fatimids (909-1171),
emerged and ruled an area that includes present-day Egypt, Sicily, Algeria, Tunisia, and parts of
Syria. It is also at this time that some of the major Turkic dynasties and people from Central
Asia came to the forefront of politics and artistic creativity in the Islamic world. The Seljuqs
were Central Asian nomads who ruled eastern Islamic lands and eventually controlled Iran, Iraq
and much of Anatolia, although this empire was short-lived. The main branch of the Seljuqs, the
Great Seljuqs, maintained control over Iran.
It was also the time of the European Christian crusades, which aimed to retake the Holy Land
from the Muslims. A series of small Christian Kingdoms emerged in the twelfth century, as did
Muslim dynasties, such as the Ayyubids (1179-1260), whose most famous leader, Salah al-Din
(r.1169-93), known in Europe as Saladin, ended the Fatimid dynasty. Eventually the slave
soldiers, upon whom the Ayyubid dynasty depended for their military protection, overthrew the
last Ayyubid sultan in 1249/50. These slaves, known in Arabic as mamluk, literally meaning
“owned,” became known as the Mamluks and they controlled Syria and Egypt until 1517.
8. The Mamluks also had to face one of the greatest threats to their reign early on: The invading
Mongols. The Mongols and their great leader, Genghis Khan (c. 1162-1227), are almost always
associated with blood-thirsty conquest and destruction, but his legacy included the Yuan dynasty
in China (1279-1368), the Chaghatay khanate in Central Asia (c. 1227–1363), the Golden Horde
in southern Russia, extending into Europe (ca. 1227–1502), and the Ilkhanid dynasty in Greater
Iran (1256–1353). The Pax Mongolica ("Mongolian Peace") includes a great flowering of the
arts.
The Ilkhanids, who ruled over Iran, parts of Iraq and Central Asia, oversaw great artistic
development in manuscripts, such as those that recounted the Shahnama (or Book of Kings), the
famous Persian epic. They were important patrons of architecture. The Ilkhanid dynasty
disintegrated in 1335 and local dynasties came to power in Iraq and Iran.
In 1370, the last great dynasty emerged from Central Asia: the Timurids (c. 1370-1507). They
were named for their leader, Timur (also known as Tamerlane), who conquered and controlled
all of Central Asia, greater Iran, and Iraq, as well as parts of southern Russia and the Indian
subcontinent. The Timurids were outstanding builders of monumental architecture. Herat, in
present-day Afghanistan, became the capital and cultural center of the Timurid empire.
While artistic production and architecture flourished in Asia under different Islamic dynasties, it
also bloomed in the western Islamic lands. The most famous of these dynasties is probably the
Nasrids (1232-1492) of the southern Iberian Peninsula and western North Africa, whose most
important artistic achievement is the remarkable Alhambra, a palace-fortress complex in
Granada, in present-day Spain.
Taj
Mahal, Agra, India
Later Period(c. 1517 –1924C.E.)
This period is the era of the last great Islamic Empires. The Ottoman Empire, which had started
as a small Turkic state in Anatolia in the early fourteenth century, emerged in the second half of
the fifteenth century as a major military and political force. The Ottomans conquered
Constantinople in 1453 and the Mamluk Empire in 1517. They dominated much of Anatolia, the
Balkans, the Near East and North Africa until the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire after World
War I. The Ottomans are famous for their domed architecture and pencil minarets, many of
which were built by the great architect, Sinan (1539–1588) for Sultan Süleyman (r. 1520–66).
This period is considered the peak of Ottoman art and culture.
9. The Safavids, who established Shia Islam as the dominant faith of Iran, ruled from 1501–1722
and were the greatest dynasty to emerge from Iran. Architecture, paintings, manuscripts and
carpets all flourished under the Safavids. Shah ‘Abbas (r. 1587–1629) was the greatest patron of
the arts and the Safavid Dynasty’s most outstanding ruler. In the eighteenth century, a period of
turmoil in Persia, the Qajar dynasty (1779–1924) rose to power and established peace and their
rule saw the beginning of modernity in Iran.
The other great dynasty that oversaw a remarkable artistic and architectural output was the
Mughals. Founded by Babur (c. 1526–1858), the Mughals ruled over the largest Islamic state in
the Indian subcontinent. While there had been earlier sultanates in what is today northern Indian
and Pakistan, the emperors of the Mughal dynasty were patrons of some of the greatest works of
Islamic art, such as illuminated manuscripts and painting, and architecture, including the Taj
Mahal.