A linked list is a linear collection of data elements called nodes that are linked together through pointers. Each node contains a data field for storing information and a pointer to the next node. Linked lists allow efficient insertion and removal of nodes in the middle of the list compared to arrays. Dynamic memory allocation using functions like malloc() and free() allow the number of nodes in a linked list to vary at runtime. Common linked list operations include inserting and removing nodes, searching, and traversing the list.
The document outlines the key concepts of linked lists including:
- Linked lists allow for dynamic resizing and efficient insertion/deletion unlike arrays.
- A linked list contains nodes that have a data field and a pointer to the next node.
- Common operations on linked lists include insertion, deletion, searching, and traversing the list.
- The time complexity of these operations depends on whether it's at the head, tail, or interior node.
- Linked lists can be implemented using classes for the node and linked list objects.
Linked lists are dynamic data structures that can change size during program execution. Each element contains a data field and a pointer to the next element. Elements are linked together using these pointers. There are several types of linked lists including singly linked, doubly linked, circular linked lists. Basic operations on linked lists include traversing the list, inserting elements, and deleting elements. Linked lists are suitable when the number of elements is unknown or the list needs to be rearranged efficiently.
In computer science, a linked list is a linear collection of data elements, in which linear order is not given by their physical placement in memory. Instead, each element points to the next
This document discusses linked lists and their implementation in C/C++. It begins with the objectives of understanding linked lists as a dynamic data structure that can grow and shrink. It then covers memory allocation and the differences between static and dynamic memory allocation. Key concepts discussed include using malloc, calloc and realloc to allocate memory dynamically. The document defines different types of linked lists like singly linked lists and explains basic linked list operations like traversing, inserting and deleting nodes. It concludes by discussing the pros and cons of linked lists.
This document discusses representations of sparse matrices using linked lists. It explains that sparse matrices, which contain mostly zero values, can be stored more efficiently using a triplet representation or linked representation rather than a standard 2D array. The triplet representation stores only the non-zero elements, their row and column indices, and matrix size information. It provides an example of a 4x5 sparse matrix represented as a triplet array with 6 non-zero elements. Linked representation stores the sparse matrix as a linked list, where each node contains the row, column and value of a non-zero element. Applications of sparse matrix representations include storing large sparse datasets efficiently.
This document discusses linked lists and their implementation. It begins by defining a list as a sequence of zero or more elements of a given type that can be linearly ordered. Linked lists are introduced as a flexible data structure that uses nodes connected by pointers to dynamically allocate elements in memory. The key operations on linked lists are described, including appending, traversing, inserting, deleting nodes. Code examples are provided to implement these operations using a ListNode struct containing a data element and pointer to the next node. Functions like appendNode and displayList are demonstrated, with appendNode adding to the end of the list and displayList traversing the list to output each element.
- Data structures allow for efficient handling of large volumes of data through logical organization and relationships between data elements. Common linear data structures include arrays, lists, stacks, and queues, while trees and graphs are examples of non-linear data structures.
- Abstract data types (ADTs) define a set of complex data objects and operations that can be performed on those objects without specifying their implementation. Data structures provide a way to implement the logical relationships and operations defined in an ADT.
- Linked lists provide an alternative to arrays for storing data by linking each data element to the next using pointers, rather than requiring contiguous memory locations. This allows for more flexible insertion and deletion compared to arrays.
A linked list is a linear collection of data elements called nodes that are linked together through pointers. Each node contains a data field for storing information and a pointer to the next node. Linked lists allow efficient insertion and removal of nodes in the middle of the list compared to arrays. Dynamic memory allocation using functions like malloc() and free() allow the number of nodes in a linked list to vary at runtime. Common linked list operations include inserting and removing nodes, searching, and traversing the list.
The document outlines the key concepts of linked lists including:
- Linked lists allow for dynamic resizing and efficient insertion/deletion unlike arrays.
- A linked list contains nodes that have a data field and a pointer to the next node.
- Common operations on linked lists include insertion, deletion, searching, and traversing the list.
- The time complexity of these operations depends on whether it's at the head, tail, or interior node.
- Linked lists can be implemented using classes for the node and linked list objects.
Linked lists are dynamic data structures that can change size during program execution. Each element contains a data field and a pointer to the next element. Elements are linked together using these pointers. There are several types of linked lists including singly linked, doubly linked, circular linked lists. Basic operations on linked lists include traversing the list, inserting elements, and deleting elements. Linked lists are suitable when the number of elements is unknown or the list needs to be rearranged efficiently.
In computer science, a linked list is a linear collection of data elements, in which linear order is not given by their physical placement in memory. Instead, each element points to the next
This document discusses linked lists and their implementation in C/C++. It begins with the objectives of understanding linked lists as a dynamic data structure that can grow and shrink. It then covers memory allocation and the differences between static and dynamic memory allocation. Key concepts discussed include using malloc, calloc and realloc to allocate memory dynamically. The document defines different types of linked lists like singly linked lists and explains basic linked list operations like traversing, inserting and deleting nodes. It concludes by discussing the pros and cons of linked lists.
This document discusses representations of sparse matrices using linked lists. It explains that sparse matrices, which contain mostly zero values, can be stored more efficiently using a triplet representation or linked representation rather than a standard 2D array. The triplet representation stores only the non-zero elements, their row and column indices, and matrix size information. It provides an example of a 4x5 sparse matrix represented as a triplet array with 6 non-zero elements. Linked representation stores the sparse matrix as a linked list, where each node contains the row, column and value of a non-zero element. Applications of sparse matrix representations include storing large sparse datasets efficiently.
This document discusses linked lists and their implementation. It begins by defining a list as a sequence of zero or more elements of a given type that can be linearly ordered. Linked lists are introduced as a flexible data structure that uses nodes connected by pointers to dynamically allocate elements in memory. The key operations on linked lists are described, including appending, traversing, inserting, deleting nodes. Code examples are provided to implement these operations using a ListNode struct containing a data element and pointer to the next node. Functions like appendNode and displayList are demonstrated, with appendNode adding to the end of the list and displayList traversing the list to output each element.
- Data structures allow for efficient handling of large volumes of data through logical organization and relationships between data elements. Common linear data structures include arrays, lists, stacks, and queues, while trees and graphs are examples of non-linear data structures.
- Abstract data types (ADTs) define a set of complex data objects and operations that can be performed on those objects without specifying their implementation. Data structures provide a way to implement the logical relationships and operations defined in an ADT.
- Linked lists provide an alternative to arrays for storing data by linking each data element to the next using pointers, rather than requiring contiguous memory locations. This allows for more flexible insertion and deletion compared to arrays.
The document discusses various data structures for implementing lists, including array-based and pointer-based implementations. It describes list operations like insert, find, and delete. For pointer-based lists, it covers issues like using a header node, doubly linked lists, and circularly linked lists. The document also discusses implementing polynomials as linked lists sorted by exponent and sorting algorithms like bucket sort and radix sort.
This document discusses lists as an abstract data type (ADT) and their implementation using arrays and linked lists. It defines a list as a finite, ordered sequence of elements and describes common list operations like insertion, deletion, traversal etc. Linked lists are introduced as an alternative implementation where each node contains a data field and link to the next node. The advantages of linked lists over arrays for dynamic data are also highlighted. Various real-world applications of lists are listed like implementing stacks, queues, graphs and dynamic memory allocation.
The document discusses stacks and queues as linear data structures. It defines stacks and queues, describes their common operations like push, pop, insert and delete, and ways to implement them using arrays and linked lists. Array implementation of stacks and queues is shown along with diagrams. Linked list implementation of stacks and queues is also discussed with diagrams showing the insertion and deletion of nodes. Sample programs to implement stacks and queues using arrays and linked lists are mentioned.
The document discusses stacks and queues as linear data structures. It defines stacks and queues, describes their common operations like push, pop, insert and delete, and ways to implement them using arrays and linked lists. Array implementation of stacks and queues is shown along with diagrams. Linked list implementation of stacks and queues is also discussed with diagrams showing the insertion and deletion of nodes. Sample programs to implement stacks and queues using both arrays and linked lists are mentioned.
The document discusses stacks and queues as data structures. Stacks follow LIFO (Last In First Out) and allow insertion and deletion from one end only. Queues follow FIFO (First In First Out) and allow insertion from one end and deletion from the other. Both can be implemented using arrays or linked lists. Common operations on stacks are push and pop, while common operations on queues are insert and delete.
The document discusses stacks and queues as data structures. Stacks follow LIFO (Last In First Out) and involve push and pop operations on an array or linked list. Queues follow FIFO (First In First Out) and involve insert and delete operations, with insertion at the rear and deletion at the front. The document provides examples of implementing stacks and queues using arrays and linked lists, and describes the basic operations like creation, insertion, deletion, checking for empty/full.
This document discusses linked lists and representing stacks and queues using linked lists. It provides information on different types of linked lists including singly, doubly, and circular linked lists. It describes inserting, deleting, and traversing nodes in a singly linked list. It also provides a C program example to implement a stack using a linked list with functions for push, pop, and display operations. The document discusses how linked lists are dynamic data structures that can grow and shrink in size as needed, unlike arrays.
Homework 05 - Linked Lists (C++)(1) Implement the concepts of a un.pdfezzi97
Homework 05 - Linked Lists (C++)
(1) Implement the concepts of a union, and difference as defined noted in Chapter 1 questions 6,
and 8 using a linked list. You should not use arrays, dynamic arrays or the STL vector or STL
list classes.
You will be linking a series of nodes together to implement a single linked list class. Define a
Node as a struct that holds a character (like they did in the book) and a pointer to another Node:
struct Node {
char data;
Node* next;
};
Then define a LinkedList class which has (at a minimum) these member functions:
LinkedList();
~LinkedList();
bool insertAtFront();
bool insertBeforePosition(int index);
bool insertAtBack();
bool deleteAtFront();
bool deleteBeforePosition(int index);
bool deleteAtBack();
Implement each of these functions to provide the correct functionality. These functions return
true if successful in inserting or deleting, otherwise they return false (indicating the operation
was not successful).
Finally, create an overloaded + operator to handle the Union of two linked lists and an
overloaded - operator to handle the Difference of two linked lists.
Because we are dealing with pointers you should have both a LinkedList Constructor and
Destructor. Remember that you do not directly call a Constructor or Destructor Function. The
Destructor is automatically called when the variable loses scope or the program ends.
Remember, that we are dealing with not just one dynamically allocated Node (with the new
operator), but many, so you will have to start at the head of the list and go until the Node points
to nullptr. Then keep deleting the previous Node pointer until there are no Nodes left to delete.
(2) To verify your set class, write a main function that takes two lines of characters from the
input file input.txt and store each line of characters into two separate linked lists. Then using
these two lists, perform the Union and set Difference of the characters from the file, and print the
results to the console.
(3) Please also complete an asymptotic (Big O) analysis of your insertAtFront() and
insertAtBack() member functions. Place this in a file called analysis.txt.
Solution
Here is the complete code for your question. Please do rate the aswer if you are happy with
program. Please read comments in the program. Also pay special attention to comments in + and
- operators. You WILL NEED to comment out if condition in + if you want all elements in both
lists irrespective of if they duplicates or no. For now implemented to have true behaviour of no
duplicates in union.
check the functions by creating some lists and playing around different fucntions like its done in
main and commented out.
As far as complexity:
for insertAtFront() its O(1) since it does not depend on the size of the list. It just replaces the start
of the list. Hence it is O(1) and independent of the size of list.
for insertAtBack(), its O(n) since it depends on the number of elements in the list. It should
traverse till end of list and .
This document discusses linked lists and polynomials represented as linked lists. It provides details on singly linked lists, including how to implement insertion and deletion of nodes. It also describes how to represent stacks and queues as dynamically linked lists. Finally, it discusses representing polynomials using arrays or linked lists, and how to perform addition and multiplication of polynomials in each representation.
A linked list consists of a sequence of nodes, where each node contains a value and a pointer to the next node. The last node contains a null pointer. Each node has a successor, which is the next node, and a predecessor, which is the previous node. A linked list can be traversed by starting at the head node and following the next pointers until reaching a null pointer. New nodes can be inserted at the beginning, middle, or end of the list by updating the appropriate next pointers. Nodes can be deleted by having the predecessor node point to the node to be deleted's successor.
Linked lists are data structures that store data in scattered locations in memory. Each data item or node contains a data part that holds the actual data and a link part that points to the next node. The nodes are linked together using these links. A linked list requires an external pointer to point to the first node. Operations like traversing, searching, inserting and deleting nodes can be performed on linked lists by manipulating these node links.
This document discusses linked lists and their implementation as an alternative to arrays for representing list abstract data types (ADTs). It covers the basic operations of linked lists like insertion, deletion, finding elements, and printing the list. Variations of linked lists like circular and doubly linked lists are also introduced. The key benefits of linked lists over arrays are their dynamic size and efficient insertion/deletion operations. Linked lists provide a modular way to implement common ADTs through encapsulation of data and operations.
The document discusses stacks, queues and linked lists. It provides details about the operations and implementations of each:
Stacks follow the LIFO principle and have push and pop operations. Queues follow the FIFO principle with insertion at the rear and deletion from the front.
Linked lists consist of nodes with data and links. They allow efficient insertion/removal anywhere through use of pointers. Linked lists can implement stacks and queues. Operations on linked lists include insertion, deletion, and traversal. Implementations of stacks and queues using linked lists are also provided through code examples.
The document discusses data structures and abstract data types (ADTs). It provides examples of linear lists and linked lists as implementations of the ADT linear list. Key points made include:
- An ADT defines operations on a data structure without specifying its implementation.
- Linked lists provide flexibility for insertion and deletion compared to arrays.
- The main linked list operations are insertion, deletion, finding an element, and traversal.
- Queues and stacks are examples of linear lists with restricted insertion/deletion points.
This document discusses linked lists and their implementation. It begins with an overview of linked lists and their basic operations like insertion, deletion, and traversal. It then covers the implementation of a linked list using classes for the Node and List, including methods for insertion, deletion, searching, printing, and destroying the list. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to insert and delete nodes at different positions in the linked list. The document concludes with a brief discussion of variations like circular linked lists.
C++ problemPart 1 Recursive Print (40 pts)Please write the recu.pdfcallawaycorb73779
C++ problem
Part 1: Recursive Print (40 pts)
Please write the recursive List reverse print function, whose iterative version we wrote in class.
Below are the function signatures for the functions you are going to need:
public:
/**Additional Operations*/
void print_reverse();
//Wrapper function that calls the reverse helper function to print a list in reverse
//prints nothing if the List is empty
private:
void reverse(Nodeptr node);
//Helper function for the public printReverse() function.
//Recursively prints the data in a List in reverse.
Why do we need the private helper function here?
Since we are going to be reversing our list node by node, in a recursive fashion, we want to pass
a one node at a time to our reverse function.
However, since our nodes are private, we cannot access them if we call the function inside of
main.
Add these function signatures to your List.h file along with your other function prototypes inside
the class definition.
Make sure that you place the reverse function inside the private portion of your List class
definition and the print_reverse function prototype to the public portion of your List class
definition.
Now, implement these two functions inside of List.h, under your section for additional
operations.
Important: Test each function carefully inside of your ListTest.cpp to make sure that it is
working properly.
Part 2: Adding an Index to Your List Nodes (20 pts)
Next, you will add the following functions to your List.h
/**Accessor Functions*/
int get_index();
//Indicates the index of the Node where the iterator is currently pointing
//Nodes are numbered from 1 to length of the list
//Pre: length != 0
//Pre: !off_end()
...
int List::get_index()
{
//Implement the function here
}
/**Manipulation Procedures*/
void scroll_to_index(int index);
//Moves the iterator to the node whose index is specified by the user
//Pre: length != 0
...
void scroll_to_index(int index)
{
//Implement function here
}
Part 3: Implementing Search as Part of Your List (40 pts)
Now, we are going to add two search functions to our List so that we can search for elements in
our List.
The first of these functions is going to be a simple linear search function.
You will need to add the following function prototype and function definition to your List.h:
/**Additional Operations*/
int linear_search(listitem item);
//Searchs the list, element by element, from the start of the List to the end of the List
//Returns the index of the element, if it is found in the List
//Returns -1 if the element is not in the List
//Pre: length != 0
...
int List::linear_search(listitem item)
{
//Implement the function here
}
You are also going to add a function to perform recursive binary search on your List.
You will need to add the following function prototype and function definition to your List.h:
int binary_search(int low, int high, listitem item);
//Recursively searchs the list by dividing the search space in half
//Returns the index of the element, if it is fo.
This document discusses different types of linked lists including singly linked lists, circular linked lists, and doubly linked lists. It provides details on representing stacks and queues using linked lists. Key advantages of linked lists over arrays are that linked lists can dynamically grow in size as needed, elements can be inserted and deleted without shifting other elements, and there is no memory wastage. Operations like insertion, deletion, traversal, and searching are described for singly linked lists along with sample C code to implement a linked list, stack, and queue.
This document discusses linked lists and their implementation in C++. It defines linked lists as a series of connected nodes where each node contains a data element and a pointer to the next node. The document provides code for Node and List classes that implement basic linked list operations like insertion, deletion, searching and printing. It also covers variations like circular and doubly linked lists and compares the advantages of linked lists over arrays.
C++ Please test your program before you submit the answer.pdfaashisha5
C++. Please, test your program before you submit the answer.
Background:
Circular Linked List: A circular linked list is a linked list where a non-empty list has no null pointers.
Unless empty, each node has a pointer to the next node, and the last node points back to the first
node.
Assigment:
Write a cpp program that will serve the purpose of a test driver for previously written CLinkedList.h
file. Your program will:
1) Create a choice menu and prompt the user for input. Must be case insensitive!
2) Read the input and call for functions outside of main, in order to perform operations chosen by
the user. These functions involve: Inserting Interger, Removing Interger, Forward Print and
Backward Print.
Requirements and Notes:
1. Forwards Print does not require a subfunction in order to produce output. All the other
operations must call corresponding subfunctions.
2. Nodes of the circular list must be arranged in ascending order.
3. User Input must be processed case insensitive, and implemented using the loop.
4. Document your code completely.
5. CLinkedList.h file contains 3 classes.
- Circular linked lists class with following member functions: constructor, copy constructor,
destructor, assignment operator, insert and remove.
- Node class included in the file header.
- A list iterator class provides a public interface to the list. The pointer points at nodes in the linked
list. Its member functions are as follows:
Constructor: Assigns the linked list data member to the parameter, a reference to a circular linked
list.
begin() sets the iterator to the first node of the linked list (or NULL if the list is empty)
isEmpty() returns whether or not the wrapped linked list is empty
isFirstNode() returns whether the present node is the first node of the linked list
isLastNode() returns whether the present node is the last node of the linked list
operator*() returns the data of the node currently pointed at. (You need 2)
operator++() pre-increment operator advances the pointer to the next node in the list, if there is
one
operator++(int) post-increment operator advances the pointer to the next node in the list, if there
is one
6. Insert function must give feedback where it says the position of where the int was inserted for
example: "Inserting 25 in the middle."
7. Remove function must give either one of these types of feedback:
- "Removing 25" if the int given by the user was found in the list
-"Cannot find 25" if it was not. The program will then move the user back to the choice menu.
Files:
// File: Node.h
// Singly-linked list node definition/implementation (also good for circular)
#ifndef NODE_H
#define NODE_H
// Need to prototype template classes if they are to be friends
template <typename eltType> class CLinkedList;
template <typename eltType> class CListItr;
template <typename eltType> class Node
{ private:
Node(eltType info, Node* link = NULL ) :
data(info), next(link)
{};
eltType data;
Node *next;
friend class CLinkedList<eltType>;
friend c.
The document discusses various data structures for implementing lists, including array-based and pointer-based implementations. It describes list operations like insert, find, and delete. For pointer-based lists, it covers issues like using a header node, doubly linked lists, and circularly linked lists. The document also discusses implementing polynomials as linked lists sorted by exponent and sorting algorithms like bucket sort and radix sort.
This document discusses lists as an abstract data type (ADT) and their implementation using arrays and linked lists. It defines a list as a finite, ordered sequence of elements and describes common list operations like insertion, deletion, traversal etc. Linked lists are introduced as an alternative implementation where each node contains a data field and link to the next node. The advantages of linked lists over arrays for dynamic data are also highlighted. Various real-world applications of lists are listed like implementing stacks, queues, graphs and dynamic memory allocation.
The document discusses stacks and queues as linear data structures. It defines stacks and queues, describes their common operations like push, pop, insert and delete, and ways to implement them using arrays and linked lists. Array implementation of stacks and queues is shown along with diagrams. Linked list implementation of stacks and queues is also discussed with diagrams showing the insertion and deletion of nodes. Sample programs to implement stacks and queues using arrays and linked lists are mentioned.
The document discusses stacks and queues as linear data structures. It defines stacks and queues, describes their common operations like push, pop, insert and delete, and ways to implement them using arrays and linked lists. Array implementation of stacks and queues is shown along with diagrams. Linked list implementation of stacks and queues is also discussed with diagrams showing the insertion and deletion of nodes. Sample programs to implement stacks and queues using both arrays and linked lists are mentioned.
The document discusses stacks and queues as data structures. Stacks follow LIFO (Last In First Out) and allow insertion and deletion from one end only. Queues follow FIFO (First In First Out) and allow insertion from one end and deletion from the other. Both can be implemented using arrays or linked lists. Common operations on stacks are push and pop, while common operations on queues are insert and delete.
The document discusses stacks and queues as data structures. Stacks follow LIFO (Last In First Out) and involve push and pop operations on an array or linked list. Queues follow FIFO (First In First Out) and involve insert and delete operations, with insertion at the rear and deletion at the front. The document provides examples of implementing stacks and queues using arrays and linked lists, and describes the basic operations like creation, insertion, deletion, checking for empty/full.
This document discusses linked lists and representing stacks and queues using linked lists. It provides information on different types of linked lists including singly, doubly, and circular linked lists. It describes inserting, deleting, and traversing nodes in a singly linked list. It also provides a C program example to implement a stack using a linked list with functions for push, pop, and display operations. The document discusses how linked lists are dynamic data structures that can grow and shrink in size as needed, unlike arrays.
Homework 05 - Linked Lists (C++)(1) Implement the concepts of a un.pdfezzi97
Homework 05 - Linked Lists (C++)
(1) Implement the concepts of a union, and difference as defined noted in Chapter 1 questions 6,
and 8 using a linked list. You should not use arrays, dynamic arrays or the STL vector or STL
list classes.
You will be linking a series of nodes together to implement a single linked list class. Define a
Node as a struct that holds a character (like they did in the book) and a pointer to another Node:
struct Node {
char data;
Node* next;
};
Then define a LinkedList class which has (at a minimum) these member functions:
LinkedList();
~LinkedList();
bool insertAtFront();
bool insertBeforePosition(int index);
bool insertAtBack();
bool deleteAtFront();
bool deleteBeforePosition(int index);
bool deleteAtBack();
Implement each of these functions to provide the correct functionality. These functions return
true if successful in inserting or deleting, otherwise they return false (indicating the operation
was not successful).
Finally, create an overloaded + operator to handle the Union of two linked lists and an
overloaded - operator to handle the Difference of two linked lists.
Because we are dealing with pointers you should have both a LinkedList Constructor and
Destructor. Remember that you do not directly call a Constructor or Destructor Function. The
Destructor is automatically called when the variable loses scope or the program ends.
Remember, that we are dealing with not just one dynamically allocated Node (with the new
operator), but many, so you will have to start at the head of the list and go until the Node points
to nullptr. Then keep deleting the previous Node pointer until there are no Nodes left to delete.
(2) To verify your set class, write a main function that takes two lines of characters from the
input file input.txt and store each line of characters into two separate linked lists. Then using
these two lists, perform the Union and set Difference of the characters from the file, and print the
results to the console.
(3) Please also complete an asymptotic (Big O) analysis of your insertAtFront() and
insertAtBack() member functions. Place this in a file called analysis.txt.
Solution
Here is the complete code for your question. Please do rate the aswer if you are happy with
program. Please read comments in the program. Also pay special attention to comments in + and
- operators. You WILL NEED to comment out if condition in + if you want all elements in both
lists irrespective of if they duplicates or no. For now implemented to have true behaviour of no
duplicates in union.
check the functions by creating some lists and playing around different fucntions like its done in
main and commented out.
As far as complexity:
for insertAtFront() its O(1) since it does not depend on the size of the list. It just replaces the start
of the list. Hence it is O(1) and independent of the size of list.
for insertAtBack(), its O(n) since it depends on the number of elements in the list. It should
traverse till end of list and .
This document discusses linked lists and polynomials represented as linked lists. It provides details on singly linked lists, including how to implement insertion and deletion of nodes. It also describes how to represent stacks and queues as dynamically linked lists. Finally, it discusses representing polynomials using arrays or linked lists, and how to perform addition and multiplication of polynomials in each representation.
A linked list consists of a sequence of nodes, where each node contains a value and a pointer to the next node. The last node contains a null pointer. Each node has a successor, which is the next node, and a predecessor, which is the previous node. A linked list can be traversed by starting at the head node and following the next pointers until reaching a null pointer. New nodes can be inserted at the beginning, middle, or end of the list by updating the appropriate next pointers. Nodes can be deleted by having the predecessor node point to the node to be deleted's successor.
Linked lists are data structures that store data in scattered locations in memory. Each data item or node contains a data part that holds the actual data and a link part that points to the next node. The nodes are linked together using these links. A linked list requires an external pointer to point to the first node. Operations like traversing, searching, inserting and deleting nodes can be performed on linked lists by manipulating these node links.
This document discusses linked lists and their implementation as an alternative to arrays for representing list abstract data types (ADTs). It covers the basic operations of linked lists like insertion, deletion, finding elements, and printing the list. Variations of linked lists like circular and doubly linked lists are also introduced. The key benefits of linked lists over arrays are their dynamic size and efficient insertion/deletion operations. Linked lists provide a modular way to implement common ADTs through encapsulation of data and operations.
The document discusses stacks, queues and linked lists. It provides details about the operations and implementations of each:
Stacks follow the LIFO principle and have push and pop operations. Queues follow the FIFO principle with insertion at the rear and deletion from the front.
Linked lists consist of nodes with data and links. They allow efficient insertion/removal anywhere through use of pointers. Linked lists can implement stacks and queues. Operations on linked lists include insertion, deletion, and traversal. Implementations of stacks and queues using linked lists are also provided through code examples.
The document discusses data structures and abstract data types (ADTs). It provides examples of linear lists and linked lists as implementations of the ADT linear list. Key points made include:
- An ADT defines operations on a data structure without specifying its implementation.
- Linked lists provide flexibility for insertion and deletion compared to arrays.
- The main linked list operations are insertion, deletion, finding an element, and traversal.
- Queues and stacks are examples of linear lists with restricted insertion/deletion points.
This document discusses linked lists and their implementation. It begins with an overview of linked lists and their basic operations like insertion, deletion, and traversal. It then covers the implementation of a linked list using classes for the Node and List, including methods for insertion, deletion, searching, printing, and destroying the list. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to insert and delete nodes at different positions in the linked list. The document concludes with a brief discussion of variations like circular linked lists.
C++ problemPart 1 Recursive Print (40 pts)Please write the recu.pdfcallawaycorb73779
C++ problem
Part 1: Recursive Print (40 pts)
Please write the recursive List reverse print function, whose iterative version we wrote in class.
Below are the function signatures for the functions you are going to need:
public:
/**Additional Operations*/
void print_reverse();
//Wrapper function that calls the reverse helper function to print a list in reverse
//prints nothing if the List is empty
private:
void reverse(Nodeptr node);
//Helper function for the public printReverse() function.
//Recursively prints the data in a List in reverse.
Why do we need the private helper function here?
Since we are going to be reversing our list node by node, in a recursive fashion, we want to pass
a one node at a time to our reverse function.
However, since our nodes are private, we cannot access them if we call the function inside of
main.
Add these function signatures to your List.h file along with your other function prototypes inside
the class definition.
Make sure that you place the reverse function inside the private portion of your List class
definition and the print_reverse function prototype to the public portion of your List class
definition.
Now, implement these two functions inside of List.h, under your section for additional
operations.
Important: Test each function carefully inside of your ListTest.cpp to make sure that it is
working properly.
Part 2: Adding an Index to Your List Nodes (20 pts)
Next, you will add the following functions to your List.h
/**Accessor Functions*/
int get_index();
//Indicates the index of the Node where the iterator is currently pointing
//Nodes are numbered from 1 to length of the list
//Pre: length != 0
//Pre: !off_end()
...
int List::get_index()
{
//Implement the function here
}
/**Manipulation Procedures*/
void scroll_to_index(int index);
//Moves the iterator to the node whose index is specified by the user
//Pre: length != 0
...
void scroll_to_index(int index)
{
//Implement function here
}
Part 3: Implementing Search as Part of Your List (40 pts)
Now, we are going to add two search functions to our List so that we can search for elements in
our List.
The first of these functions is going to be a simple linear search function.
You will need to add the following function prototype and function definition to your List.h:
/**Additional Operations*/
int linear_search(listitem item);
//Searchs the list, element by element, from the start of the List to the end of the List
//Returns the index of the element, if it is found in the List
//Returns -1 if the element is not in the List
//Pre: length != 0
...
int List::linear_search(listitem item)
{
//Implement the function here
}
You are also going to add a function to perform recursive binary search on your List.
You will need to add the following function prototype and function definition to your List.h:
int binary_search(int low, int high, listitem item);
//Recursively searchs the list by dividing the search space in half
//Returns the index of the element, if it is fo.
This document discusses different types of linked lists including singly linked lists, circular linked lists, and doubly linked lists. It provides details on representing stacks and queues using linked lists. Key advantages of linked lists over arrays are that linked lists can dynamically grow in size as needed, elements can be inserted and deleted without shifting other elements, and there is no memory wastage. Operations like insertion, deletion, traversal, and searching are described for singly linked lists along with sample C code to implement a linked list, stack, and queue.
This document discusses linked lists and their implementation in C++. It defines linked lists as a series of connected nodes where each node contains a data element and a pointer to the next node. The document provides code for Node and List classes that implement basic linked list operations like insertion, deletion, searching and printing. It also covers variations like circular and doubly linked lists and compares the advantages of linked lists over arrays.
C++ Please test your program before you submit the answer.pdfaashisha5
C++. Please, test your program before you submit the answer.
Background:
Circular Linked List: A circular linked list is a linked list where a non-empty list has no null pointers.
Unless empty, each node has a pointer to the next node, and the last node points back to the first
node.
Assigment:
Write a cpp program that will serve the purpose of a test driver for previously written CLinkedList.h
file. Your program will:
1) Create a choice menu and prompt the user for input. Must be case insensitive!
2) Read the input and call for functions outside of main, in order to perform operations chosen by
the user. These functions involve: Inserting Interger, Removing Interger, Forward Print and
Backward Print.
Requirements and Notes:
1. Forwards Print does not require a subfunction in order to produce output. All the other
operations must call corresponding subfunctions.
2. Nodes of the circular list must be arranged in ascending order.
3. User Input must be processed case insensitive, and implemented using the loop.
4. Document your code completely.
5. CLinkedList.h file contains 3 classes.
- Circular linked lists class with following member functions: constructor, copy constructor,
destructor, assignment operator, insert and remove.
- Node class included in the file header.
- A list iterator class provides a public interface to the list. The pointer points at nodes in the linked
list. Its member functions are as follows:
Constructor: Assigns the linked list data member to the parameter, a reference to a circular linked
list.
begin() sets the iterator to the first node of the linked list (or NULL if the list is empty)
isEmpty() returns whether or not the wrapped linked list is empty
isFirstNode() returns whether the present node is the first node of the linked list
isLastNode() returns whether the present node is the last node of the linked list
operator*() returns the data of the node currently pointed at. (You need 2)
operator++() pre-increment operator advances the pointer to the next node in the list, if there is
one
operator++(int) post-increment operator advances the pointer to the next node in the list, if there
is one
6. Insert function must give feedback where it says the position of where the int was inserted for
example: "Inserting 25 in the middle."
7. Remove function must give either one of these types of feedback:
- "Removing 25" if the int given by the user was found in the list
-"Cannot find 25" if it was not. The program will then move the user back to the choice menu.
Files:
// File: Node.h
// Singly-linked list node definition/implementation (also good for circular)
#ifndef NODE_H
#define NODE_H
// Need to prototype template classes if they are to be friends
template <typename eltType> class CLinkedList;
template <typename eltType> class CListItr;
template <typename eltType> class Node
{ private:
Node(eltType info, Node* link = NULL ) :
data(info), next(link)
{};
eltType data;
Node *next;
friend class CLinkedList<eltType>;
friend c.
Similar to Linked List.ppt Linked List Datastructure concepts (20)
This is an overview of my current metallic design and engineering knowledge base built up over my professional career and two MSc degrees : - MSc in Advanced Manufacturing Technology University of Portsmouth graduated 1st May 1998, and MSc in Aircraft Engineering Cranfield University graduated 8th June 2007.
This study Examines the Effectiveness of Talent Procurement through the Imple...DharmaBanothu
In the world with high technology and fast
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A high-Speed Communication System is based on the Design of a Bi-NoC Router, ...DharmaBanothu
The Network on Chip (NoC) has emerged as an effective
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methods that face significant bottlenecks. However, the complexity
of NoC design presents numerous challenges related to
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a Bi-NoC with a self-configurable intercommunication channel is
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Online train ticket booking system project.pdfKamal Acharya
Rail transport is one of the important modes of transport in India. Now a days we
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2. Linked Lists
A linked list is a linear collection of data elements,
called nodes, where the linear order is given by
means of pointers.
Each node is divided into two parts:
The first part contains the information of the element and
The second part contains the address of the next node (link
/next pointer field) in the list.
4. Adding an Element to the front of a Linked List
5
info next
list
info next info next
3 8 null
5. Some Notations for use in algorithm (Not in C
programs)
p: is a pointer
node(p): the node pointed to by p
info(p): the information portion of the node
next(p): the next address portion of the node
getnode(): obtains an empty node
freenode(p): makes node(p) available for reuse even
if the value of the pointer p is changed.
6. Adding an Element to the front of a Linked List
5
info next
list
info next info next
3 8
info next
p p = getnode()
null
7. Adding an Element to the front of a Linked List
5
info next
list
info next info next
3 8
info next
p 6 info(p) = 6
null
8. Adding an Element to the front of a Linked List
5
info next info next info next
3 8
info next
p 6
list
next(p) = list
null
9. Adding an Element to the front of a Linked List
5
info next info next info next
3 8
info next
6
p
list list = p
null
10. Adding an Element to the front of a Linked List
5
info next info next info next
3 8
info next
list 6 null
11. Removing an Element from the front of a Linked
List
5
info next info next info next
3 8
info next
list 6 null
12. Removing an Element from the front of a Linked
List
5
info next info next info next
3 8
info next
6
list
p
p = list
null
13. Removing an Element from the front of a Linked
List
5
info next info next info next
3 8
info next
6
list
p list = next(p)
null
14. Removing an Element from the front of a Linked
List
5
info next info next info next
3 8
info next
6
list
p x = info(p)
x = 6
null
15. Removing an Element from the front of a Linked
List
5
info next info next info next
3 8
info next
p
x = 6
freenode(p)
list null
16. Removing an Element from the front of a Linked
List
5
info next info next info next
3 8
list
x = 6 null
17. Linked List Implementation of Stacks –
PUSH(S,X)
The first node of the list is the top of the stack. If an
external pointer s points to such a linked list, the
operation push(s,x) may be implemented by
p=getnode();
info(p)=x;
next(p)=s;
s=p;
18. Linked List Implementation of Stacks – POP(S)
The operation x=pop(s) removes the first node from a nonempty list
and signals underflow if the list is empty:
if (empty(s)){ /* checks whether s equals null */
printf(‘stack underflow’);
exit(1);
}
else {
p =s;
s=next(p);
x = info(p);
freenode(p);
}
19. Linked List Implemantation of QUEUES
5
info next info next info next
3 8
info next
6
front null
rear
5
info next info next info next
3 8
info next
6
front
info next
null
rear
12
20. Linked List Implemantation of QUEUES
A queue q consists of a list and two pointers, q.front and q.rear. The operations
empty(q) and x=remove(q) are completely analogous to empty(s) and x=pop(s),
with the pointer q.front replacing s.
if(empty(q)){
printf(“queue undeflow”);
exit(1);
}
p=q.front;
x=info(p);
q.front=next(p);
if(q.front==null)
q.rear=null;
freenode(p);
return(x);
21. Linked List Implemantation of QUEUES
The operation insert(q,x) is implemented by
p= getnode();
info(p)=x;
next(p)=null;
if(q.front==null)
q.front=p;
else
next(q.rear)=p;
q.rear=p;
22. Linked List as a Data Structure
An item is accesses in a linked list by traversing the
list from its beginning.
An array implementation allows acccess to the nth
item in a group using single operation, whereas a list
implementation requires n operations.
The advantage of a list over an array occurs when it
is necessary to insert or delete an element in the
middle of a group of other elements.
23. Element x is inserted between the third an fourth
elements in an array
X0
X1
X2
X3
X4
X5
X6
X0
X1
X2
X3
X4
X5
X6
X0
X1
X2
X3
X4
X5
X6
x
24. Inserting an item x into a list after a node pointed
to by p
X0 X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 null
list
X0 X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 null
list
p
p
x
q
25. Inserting an item x into a list after a node pointed
to by p
q=getnode();
info(q)=x;
next(q)=next(p);
next(p)=q;
26. Deleting an item x from a list after a node
pointed to by p
X0 X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 null
list
p q
X0 X1 X2 X4 X5 X6 null
list
p
x =X3
X3
27. Deleting an item x from a list after a node
pointed to by p
q=next(p);
x=info(q);
next(p)=next(q);
freenode(q);
28. LINKED LISTS USING DYNAMIC VARIABLES
In array implementation of the linked lists a fixed set of nodes represented
by an array is established at the beginning of the execution
A pointer to a node is represented by the relative position of the node
within the array.
In array implementation, it is not possible to determine the number of
nodes required for the linked list. Therefore;
Less number of nodes can be allocated which means that the program will have
overflow problem.
More number of nodes can be allocated which means that some amount of the
memory storage will be wasted.
The solution to this problem is to allow nodes that are dynamic, rather
than static.
When a node is required storage is reserved/allocated for it and when a
node is no longerneeded, the memory storage is released/freed.
29. ALLOCATING AND FREEING DYNAMIC
VARIABLES
C library function malloc() is used for dynamically
allocating a space to a pointer. Note that the malloc() is
a library function in <stdlib.h> header file.
The following lines allocate an integer space from the
memory pointed by the pointer p.
int *p;
p = (int *) malloc(sizeof(int));
Note that sizeof() is another library function that returns the
number of bytes required for the operand. In this example, 4
bytes for the int.
30. ALLOCATING AND FREEING DYNAMIC
VARIABLES
Allocate floating point number space for a float
pointer f.
float *f;
f = (float *) malloc(sizeof(float));
31. Question:What is the output of the following
lines?
int *p, *q;
int x;
p = (int *) malloc(sizeof(int));
*p = 3;
x = 6;
q = (int *) malloc(sizeof(int));
*q=x;
printf(“%d %d n”, *p, *q);
The above lines will print 3 and 6.
p
p 3
6
x
q
q 6
32. malloc() and free()
The following lines and the proceeding figure shows the
effectiveness of the free() function.
int *p, *q;
p = (int *) malloc(sizeof(int));
*p = 5;
q = (int *) malloc(sizeof(int));
*q = 8;
free(p);
p = q;
q = (int *) malloc(sizeof(int));
*q = 6;
printf(“%d %d n”, *p, *q);
33. LINKED LISTS STRUCTURES AND BASIC
FUNCTIONS
The value zero can be used in a C program as the null pointer. You can
use the following line to declare the NULL constant. Note that a NULL
pointer is considered NOT to point any storage location.
#define NULL 0
The following node structure can be used to implement Linked Lists.
Note that the info field, which can be some other data type (not
necessarily int), keeps the data of the node and the pointer next links
the node to the next node in the Linked List.
struct node{
int info;
struct node *next;
};
typedef struct node *NODEPTR;
34. LINKED LISTS STRUCTURES AND BASIC
FUNCTIONS
When a new node is required (e.g. to be inserted into
the list) the following function, getnode, can be used
to make a new node to be available for the list.
NODEPTR getnode(void)
{
NODEPTR p;
p = (NODEPTR) malloc(sizeof(struct node));
return p;
}
35. LINKED LISTS STRUCTURES AND BASIC
FUNCTIONS
When a new node is no longer used (e.g. to be
deleted from the list) the following function,
freenode, can be used to release the node back to
the memory.
void freenode(NODEPTR p)
{
free(p);
}
36. PRIMITIVE FUNCTIONS FOR LINEAR LINKED
LISTS
The following functions insertafter(p,x) and
delafter(p,px) are primitive functions that can be
used for the dynamic implementation of a linked list.
Assume that list is a pointer variable pointing the
first node of a list (if any) and equals NULL in the
case of an empty list.
39. Searching through the linked list.
The following function searches through the linked
list and returns a pointer the first occurrence of the
search key or returns NULL pointer if the search key
is not in the list. Note that the linked list contains
integer data items.
40. NODEPTR searchList(NODEPTR plist, int key)
{
NODEPTR p;
p = plist;
while(p != NULL){
if(p->info == key)
return p;
p = p->next;
}
return NULL;
}
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