Surveying presentation and its objectives in detail including principles,hist...amansingh2914
Surveying is the technique of determining positions and distances between points on the Earth's surface. Ancient surveyors used simple geometry and ropes to establish boundaries. Modern surveying began in the 18th century with more precise instruments like the theodolite and methods for measuring distance. In the 20th century, technologies like tellurometers and GPS satellites improved accuracy. Today, surveys combine traditional and modern tools like total stations, drones, and 3D scanning. Surveying techniques involve measuring angles and distances to map features and boundaries.
Chain surveying uses basic instruments like chains, arrows, pegs, ranging rods, and plumb bobs to determine relative positions and measure horizontal distances between objects on Earth's surface. The chain is the primary instrument and is made of steel links used to directly measure distances. Arrows are inserted into the ground to mark points after chain measurements. Ranging rods and plumb bobs help transfer points to the ground accurately. Cross staffs are also used to set right angles off chain lines. Chain surveying provides a basic way to prepare maps and document features and engineering works on the landscape.
Metric Chain : It Consists of galvanized mild steel wire of 4mm diameter known as link.
It is available in 20m, 30m, 50m length which consists of 100 links.
Gunter’s Chain : A 66 feet long chain consists of 100 links, each of 0.66 feet, it is known as Gunter’s chain.
This chain is suitable for taking length in miles.
Engineer’s Chain : A 100 feet long chain consisting of 100 links each of 1 feet is known as engineer’s chain.
This chain is used to measure length in feet and area in sq.yard.
Revenue Chain : it is 33 feet long chain consisting of 16 links.
This chain is used for distance measurements in feet & inches for smaller areas.
This document provides an overview of trilateration and triangulation surveying methods. It discusses the principles, classifications, strengths, and layouts of triangulation networks. Trilateration involves measuring all three sides of triangles and computing angles, while triangulation measures baseline lengths and all interior angles. Triangulation networks can be classified based on their intended accuracy and purpose. The strength of a triangulation network depends on factors like triangle shape and angle sizes. Satellite stations may be used to improve triangle conditions and visibility.
1) Levelling is the process of determining the relative elevations of points on or near the earth's surface. It is important for engineering projects to determine elevations along alignments.
2) Levelling is used to prepare contour maps, determine altitudes, and create longitudinal and cross sections needed for projects.
3) Key terms include bench mark, datum, reduced level, line of collimation, and height of instrument. Different types of levelling include simple, differential, fly, longitudinal, and cross-sectional levelling.
Plane table surveying involves simultaneously conducting fieldwork and plotting details on a drawing board called a plane table. Key accessories include an alidade for sighting, a spirit level and magnetic compass. Common methods are the radiation, intersection and traversing methods which involve measuring distances and angles to map features. Care is needed to accurately orient and center the plane table between stations. While suitable for small-scale mapping, plane table surveying is not intended for highly accurate work.
Surveying presentation and its objectives in detail including principles,hist...amansingh2914
Surveying is the technique of determining positions and distances between points on the Earth's surface. Ancient surveyors used simple geometry and ropes to establish boundaries. Modern surveying began in the 18th century with more precise instruments like the theodolite and methods for measuring distance. In the 20th century, technologies like tellurometers and GPS satellites improved accuracy. Today, surveys combine traditional and modern tools like total stations, drones, and 3D scanning. Surveying techniques involve measuring angles and distances to map features and boundaries.
Chain surveying uses basic instruments like chains, arrows, pegs, ranging rods, and plumb bobs to determine relative positions and measure horizontal distances between objects on Earth's surface. The chain is the primary instrument and is made of steel links used to directly measure distances. Arrows are inserted into the ground to mark points after chain measurements. Ranging rods and plumb bobs help transfer points to the ground accurately. Cross staffs are also used to set right angles off chain lines. Chain surveying provides a basic way to prepare maps and document features and engineering works on the landscape.
Metric Chain : It Consists of galvanized mild steel wire of 4mm diameter known as link.
It is available in 20m, 30m, 50m length which consists of 100 links.
Gunter’s Chain : A 66 feet long chain consists of 100 links, each of 0.66 feet, it is known as Gunter’s chain.
This chain is suitable for taking length in miles.
Engineer’s Chain : A 100 feet long chain consisting of 100 links each of 1 feet is known as engineer’s chain.
This chain is used to measure length in feet and area in sq.yard.
Revenue Chain : it is 33 feet long chain consisting of 16 links.
This chain is used for distance measurements in feet & inches for smaller areas.
This document provides an overview of trilateration and triangulation surveying methods. It discusses the principles, classifications, strengths, and layouts of triangulation networks. Trilateration involves measuring all three sides of triangles and computing angles, while triangulation measures baseline lengths and all interior angles. Triangulation networks can be classified based on their intended accuracy and purpose. The strength of a triangulation network depends on factors like triangle shape and angle sizes. Satellite stations may be used to improve triangle conditions and visibility.
1) Levelling is the process of determining the relative elevations of points on or near the earth's surface. It is important for engineering projects to determine elevations along alignments.
2) Levelling is used to prepare contour maps, determine altitudes, and create longitudinal and cross sections needed for projects.
3) Key terms include bench mark, datum, reduced level, line of collimation, and height of instrument. Different types of levelling include simple, differential, fly, longitudinal, and cross-sectional levelling.
Plane table surveying involves simultaneously conducting fieldwork and plotting details on a drawing board called a plane table. Key accessories include an alidade for sighting, a spirit level and magnetic compass. Common methods are the radiation, intersection and traversing methods which involve measuring distances and angles to map features. Care is needed to accurately orient and center the plane table between stations. While suitable for small-scale mapping, plane table surveying is not intended for highly accurate work.
1. Levelling is used to determine relative heights and elevations of points and establish points at required elevations. It involves using instruments like levels and staffs.
2. There are different types of levels (dumpy, tilting, wye, automatic) and staffs (self-reading, target). Precise levelling is done to establish permanent benchmarks.
3. Adjustments must be made to level instruments during setup and permanently. Methods like differential, profile and cross levelling are used depending on the task. Reciprocal levelling involves backsight-foresight exchange to check for errors.
The document defines levelling as determining the relative heights of points. It discusses the principle of obtaining a horizontal line of sight and objectives of finding point elevations and establishing points at required elevations. Different types of levels, staffs, benchmarks, and adjustments are described. Various levelling classifications are defined including simple, differential, profile, check, reciprocal and precise levelling. The key principle of levelling is to obtain a horizontal line of sight to measure staff readings and determine reduced levels of points.
This document provides instructions for using a digital theodolite to take horizontal and vertical angle measurements of reference points by following several steps:
1) Setting up the tripod and centering the theodolite over a reference mark.
2) Leveling the theodolite using circular and plate levels to precisely align it.
3) Taking multiple rounds of horizontal and vertical angle measurements in both face-left and face-right positions to reference points, and calculating the mean values.
4) Packing up the theodolite by reversing the setup steps.
The document provides information about lectures on surveying topics including:
- Classification of theodolites as transit, non-transit, vernier, and micrometer theodolites.
- Uses of theodolites for measuring horizontal and vertical angles, locating points, and other surveying tasks.
- Terms used in manipulating a transit vernier theodolite such as centering, transiting, swinging the telescope, and changing face.
- Bearings and the rules for converting whole circle bearings to quadrantal/reduced bearings.
- Definitions of open and closed traverses and the formula to check the interior angles of a closed traverse.
- An example problem on calculating
This document provides instructions for students to complete a chain surveying field work project. It describes the objectives of the project which are to learn how to select a framework of base lines and control points, take linear and angular measurements, record data through booking, make calculations and corrections, and plot a detailed map from the collected survey information. The document outlines the required apparatus, procedures for taking measurements, and provides notes on techniques for selecting stations, direct distance measurement, setting offsets, measuring bearings, booking, and plotting.
Leveling is a surveying technique used to determine differences in elevation between points. It involves measuring vertical distances between a fixed benchmark and other points using a leveling instrument, leveling rod, and trigonometric leveling. There are two main methods for leveling - the height of instrument method and rise and fall method. Leveling is used to establish elevations, construct contour maps, and determine cut/fill volumes for engineering projects.
Chapter 6 area & volume measurement, Digital PlanimeterAbhay Abhale
This document discusses the components, uses, and measurement process of a digital planimeter. It describes the main components of a digital planimeter which include a roller, tracing arm, tracing magnifier, tracing point, and function keys. It then explains the various function keys and their purposes. Finally, it outlines the step-by-step process for measuring the area of a shape using a digital planimeter, which involves selecting a scale, marking a starting point, tracing the outline while holding the tracing point, and reading the area measurement from the display.
This document provides an overview of surveying from the Royal University of Bhutan. It defines surveying and its objectives, which include preparing maps and showing natural and man-made features. It also discusses the different types of surveying classified by accuracy, instruments used, methods, purpose, nature of field, and essential definitions. The primary divisions are plane surveying which ignores earth's curvature, and geodetic surveying which considers curvature over large areas.
The document discusses contouring and contour maps. It begins with definitions of key terms like contour, contour interval, and horizontal equivalent. It then describes the characteristics of contours, such as contours of equal elevation joining to indicate terrain features like hills and depressions. The methods of creating contours and their common uses are outlined, such as determining cut and fill volumes for engineering projects. Specific topics covered in the document include determining slope steepness from contour spacing, identifying ridges and valleys, and factors that determine the contour interval.
Plane table surveying involves simultaneously conducting fieldwork and plotting on a drawing board equipped with a ball and socket leveling arrangement. An alidade, which is a ruler with a fiducial edge and sighting frames, is used to draw lines of sight. A telescopic alidade can take inclined sights to increase range and accuracy. Orientation is achieved through resection or backsight methods. The radiation, intersection, traversing, and resection plane table methods are used to connect stations and fill in surveyed details on the map.
1. Levelling is used to determine the relative heights of points and establish a common datum. It involves using a level instrument and staff to obtain precise elevation readings.
2. Key terms include benchmarks, backsight, foresight, and intermediate sight readings. Common level instruments are the dumpy level, tilting level, wye level, and automatic level.
3. Levelling methods include simple, differential, fly, check, profile, cross, and reciprocal levelling used for different applications such as construction works. Precise setup and focusing of the instrument are required before taking readings.
12.1. Horizontal and vertical control (1).pptxSaddoAjmal
This document provides an overview of engineering surveying topics including construction surveying, horizontal and vertical controls, and their application to various construction projects such as buildings, railroads, pipelines, and underground mining. It discusses the history of surveying, key elements and stages of construction surveying, and methods for establishing horizontal and vertical control networks to guide construction activities. Specific surveying techniques are described for setting out buildings, laying railroads, constructing pipelines, and surveying underground mines.
This document provides an overview of linear measurements and chain surveying techniques. It discusses different types of ranging methods, including direct and reciprocal ranging, to locate intermediate points along a survey line. It also describes instruments used for chain surveying, such as different types of chains, tapes, arrows, ranging rods, and plumb bobs. The key principle of chain surveying is that it involves measuring the sides of triangles within the survey area using a chain or tape, without taking any angular measurements.
This document discusses contouring and contour maps. It defines a contour as an imaginary line connecting points of equal elevation. Contour maps show elevations and depressions of terrain through contour lines. The vertical distance between contours is the contour interval, while the horizontal distance is the equivalent. Contour characteristics include closer spacing on hills and wider on flats. Contours do not merge or end and indicate terrain features. Contour maps are used for engineering projects, determining drainage areas and more. Contours can be located directly by tracing or indirectly using squares, cross-sections or radiation methods.
This document discusses control surveying and triangulation. It notes that control surveying must account for the curvature of the Earth and refraction, as lines of sight are not entirely straight. It distinguishes between plane and geodetic surveying, with the latter accounting for the spherical shape of the Earth. The document then discusses establishing control points through triangulation, including different classes of triangulation, steps in triangulation like selecting stations, and erecting signals and towers.
The theodolite is an instrument used to measure horizontal and vertical angles that is more precise than a magnetic compass. It can measure angles to an accuracy of 10-20 seconds whereas a compass is only accurate to 30 minutes. The theodolite is used to measure horizontal and vertical angles when objects are at a distance or elevation where more precise measurements are needed. The method of surveying that uses a theodolite to measure angles is called theodolite surveying. The theodolite can be used to measure angles, bearings, distances, elevations, set out curves, and for mapping and construction applications.
Introduction to surveying, ranging and chainingShital Navghare
This presentation contains the complete introduction of surveying. It also includes all the instrucments used in linear measurement and the terms related to Ranging and Chaining
The document provides information on contouring and contour maps. It defines a contour as an imaginary line joining points of equal elevation. Contour maps show contour lines and provide information on surface altitudes and relative positions. The process of tracing contour lines is called contouring. Contour surveys are conducted for engineering projects to select sites, locate alignments, and minimize earthworks. The constant vertical distance between contours is the contour interval, while the horizontal distance varies based on slope. Contour interpolation involves proportionally spacing contours between plotted ground points based on assumed uniform slopes.
Definition of Surveying
Objects of Surveying
Uses of Surveying
Primary Divisions of Surveying
Principles of Surveying
List of Classification of Surveying
Definitions : Plan and Map, scales :Plain Scale and Diagonal Scale,
A level is an instrument used to determine differences in elevation between points. It consists of a telescope to provide a horizontal line of sight and a level tube to ensure the line of sight is level. Readings from a staff held at points allow the elevation of points to be calculated relative to a known benchmark. Leveling loops are closed to check for errors by comparing the sum of backsight and foresight readings to the expected elevation difference between start and end points.
This document discusses levelling and levelling procedures. It covers different levelling instruments like dumpy, tilting, wye, and automatic levels. It also describes levelling staffs and their types. Various levelling methods like simple, differential, fly, profile, check, reciprocal, trigonometric and precise levelling are explained. Methods to reduce levels including height of instrument and rise and fall are provided. Finally, sources of errors in levelling like personal, instrumental and natural causes are outlined along with corrections for curvature and refraction.
A level is an instrument used to determine differences in elevation between points. It consists of a telescope to provide a horizontal line of sight and a level tube to ensure the line of sight remains level. Readings from a staff held at points of known and unknown elevation allow the differences in elevation to be calculated. The level must be calibrated and adjusted to ensure accurate readings. Closing a level loop by returning to the starting point allows the accuracy of readings to be checked.
1. Levelling is used to determine relative heights and elevations of points and establish points at required elevations. It involves using instruments like levels and staffs.
2. There are different types of levels (dumpy, tilting, wye, automatic) and staffs (self-reading, target). Precise levelling is done to establish permanent benchmarks.
3. Adjustments must be made to level instruments during setup and permanently. Methods like differential, profile and cross levelling are used depending on the task. Reciprocal levelling involves backsight-foresight exchange to check for errors.
The document defines levelling as determining the relative heights of points. It discusses the principle of obtaining a horizontal line of sight and objectives of finding point elevations and establishing points at required elevations. Different types of levels, staffs, benchmarks, and adjustments are described. Various levelling classifications are defined including simple, differential, profile, check, reciprocal and precise levelling. The key principle of levelling is to obtain a horizontal line of sight to measure staff readings and determine reduced levels of points.
This document provides instructions for using a digital theodolite to take horizontal and vertical angle measurements of reference points by following several steps:
1) Setting up the tripod and centering the theodolite over a reference mark.
2) Leveling the theodolite using circular and plate levels to precisely align it.
3) Taking multiple rounds of horizontal and vertical angle measurements in both face-left and face-right positions to reference points, and calculating the mean values.
4) Packing up the theodolite by reversing the setup steps.
The document provides information about lectures on surveying topics including:
- Classification of theodolites as transit, non-transit, vernier, and micrometer theodolites.
- Uses of theodolites for measuring horizontal and vertical angles, locating points, and other surveying tasks.
- Terms used in manipulating a transit vernier theodolite such as centering, transiting, swinging the telescope, and changing face.
- Bearings and the rules for converting whole circle bearings to quadrantal/reduced bearings.
- Definitions of open and closed traverses and the formula to check the interior angles of a closed traverse.
- An example problem on calculating
This document provides instructions for students to complete a chain surveying field work project. It describes the objectives of the project which are to learn how to select a framework of base lines and control points, take linear and angular measurements, record data through booking, make calculations and corrections, and plot a detailed map from the collected survey information. The document outlines the required apparatus, procedures for taking measurements, and provides notes on techniques for selecting stations, direct distance measurement, setting offsets, measuring bearings, booking, and plotting.
Leveling is a surveying technique used to determine differences in elevation between points. It involves measuring vertical distances between a fixed benchmark and other points using a leveling instrument, leveling rod, and trigonometric leveling. There are two main methods for leveling - the height of instrument method and rise and fall method. Leveling is used to establish elevations, construct contour maps, and determine cut/fill volumes for engineering projects.
Chapter 6 area & volume measurement, Digital PlanimeterAbhay Abhale
This document discusses the components, uses, and measurement process of a digital planimeter. It describes the main components of a digital planimeter which include a roller, tracing arm, tracing magnifier, tracing point, and function keys. It then explains the various function keys and their purposes. Finally, it outlines the step-by-step process for measuring the area of a shape using a digital planimeter, which involves selecting a scale, marking a starting point, tracing the outline while holding the tracing point, and reading the area measurement from the display.
This document provides an overview of surveying from the Royal University of Bhutan. It defines surveying and its objectives, which include preparing maps and showing natural and man-made features. It also discusses the different types of surveying classified by accuracy, instruments used, methods, purpose, nature of field, and essential definitions. The primary divisions are plane surveying which ignores earth's curvature, and geodetic surveying which considers curvature over large areas.
The document discusses contouring and contour maps. It begins with definitions of key terms like contour, contour interval, and horizontal equivalent. It then describes the characteristics of contours, such as contours of equal elevation joining to indicate terrain features like hills and depressions. The methods of creating contours and their common uses are outlined, such as determining cut and fill volumes for engineering projects. Specific topics covered in the document include determining slope steepness from contour spacing, identifying ridges and valleys, and factors that determine the contour interval.
Plane table surveying involves simultaneously conducting fieldwork and plotting on a drawing board equipped with a ball and socket leveling arrangement. An alidade, which is a ruler with a fiducial edge and sighting frames, is used to draw lines of sight. A telescopic alidade can take inclined sights to increase range and accuracy. Orientation is achieved through resection or backsight methods. The radiation, intersection, traversing, and resection plane table methods are used to connect stations and fill in surveyed details on the map.
1. Levelling is used to determine the relative heights of points and establish a common datum. It involves using a level instrument and staff to obtain precise elevation readings.
2. Key terms include benchmarks, backsight, foresight, and intermediate sight readings. Common level instruments are the dumpy level, tilting level, wye level, and automatic level.
3. Levelling methods include simple, differential, fly, check, profile, cross, and reciprocal levelling used for different applications such as construction works. Precise setup and focusing of the instrument are required before taking readings.
12.1. Horizontal and vertical control (1).pptxSaddoAjmal
This document provides an overview of engineering surveying topics including construction surveying, horizontal and vertical controls, and their application to various construction projects such as buildings, railroads, pipelines, and underground mining. It discusses the history of surveying, key elements and stages of construction surveying, and methods for establishing horizontal and vertical control networks to guide construction activities. Specific surveying techniques are described for setting out buildings, laying railroads, constructing pipelines, and surveying underground mines.
This document provides an overview of linear measurements and chain surveying techniques. It discusses different types of ranging methods, including direct and reciprocal ranging, to locate intermediate points along a survey line. It also describes instruments used for chain surveying, such as different types of chains, tapes, arrows, ranging rods, and plumb bobs. The key principle of chain surveying is that it involves measuring the sides of triangles within the survey area using a chain or tape, without taking any angular measurements.
This document discusses contouring and contour maps. It defines a contour as an imaginary line connecting points of equal elevation. Contour maps show elevations and depressions of terrain through contour lines. The vertical distance between contours is the contour interval, while the horizontal distance is the equivalent. Contour characteristics include closer spacing on hills and wider on flats. Contours do not merge or end and indicate terrain features. Contour maps are used for engineering projects, determining drainage areas and more. Contours can be located directly by tracing or indirectly using squares, cross-sections or radiation methods.
This document discusses control surveying and triangulation. It notes that control surveying must account for the curvature of the Earth and refraction, as lines of sight are not entirely straight. It distinguishes between plane and geodetic surveying, with the latter accounting for the spherical shape of the Earth. The document then discusses establishing control points through triangulation, including different classes of triangulation, steps in triangulation like selecting stations, and erecting signals and towers.
The theodolite is an instrument used to measure horizontal and vertical angles that is more precise than a magnetic compass. It can measure angles to an accuracy of 10-20 seconds whereas a compass is only accurate to 30 minutes. The theodolite is used to measure horizontal and vertical angles when objects are at a distance or elevation where more precise measurements are needed. The method of surveying that uses a theodolite to measure angles is called theodolite surveying. The theodolite can be used to measure angles, bearings, distances, elevations, set out curves, and for mapping and construction applications.
Introduction to surveying, ranging and chainingShital Navghare
This presentation contains the complete introduction of surveying. It also includes all the instrucments used in linear measurement and the terms related to Ranging and Chaining
The document provides information on contouring and contour maps. It defines a contour as an imaginary line joining points of equal elevation. Contour maps show contour lines and provide information on surface altitudes and relative positions. The process of tracing contour lines is called contouring. Contour surveys are conducted for engineering projects to select sites, locate alignments, and minimize earthworks. The constant vertical distance between contours is the contour interval, while the horizontal distance varies based on slope. Contour interpolation involves proportionally spacing contours between plotted ground points based on assumed uniform slopes.
Definition of Surveying
Objects of Surveying
Uses of Surveying
Primary Divisions of Surveying
Principles of Surveying
List of Classification of Surveying
Definitions : Plan and Map, scales :Plain Scale and Diagonal Scale,
A level is an instrument used to determine differences in elevation between points. It consists of a telescope to provide a horizontal line of sight and a level tube to ensure the line of sight is level. Readings from a staff held at points allow the elevation of points to be calculated relative to a known benchmark. Leveling loops are closed to check for errors by comparing the sum of backsight and foresight readings to the expected elevation difference between start and end points.
This document discusses levelling and levelling procedures. It covers different levelling instruments like dumpy, tilting, wye, and automatic levels. It also describes levelling staffs and their types. Various levelling methods like simple, differential, fly, profile, check, reciprocal, trigonometric and precise levelling are explained. Methods to reduce levels including height of instrument and rise and fall are provided. Finally, sources of errors in levelling like personal, instrumental and natural causes are outlined along with corrections for curvature and refraction.
A level is an instrument used to determine differences in elevation between points. It consists of a telescope to provide a horizontal line of sight and a level tube to ensure the line of sight remains level. Readings from a staff held at points of known and unknown elevation allow the differences in elevation to be calculated. The level must be calibrated and adjusted to ensure accurate readings. Closing a level loop by returning to the starting point allows the accuracy of readings to be checked.
Leveling, Instruments of Leveling, Bearings (Surveying, ECE) Kaushal Mehta
The document discusses the height of collimation method for leveling. It explains that a level is used to determine elevation differences between points by establishing a horizontal line of sight. A rod reading is taken on a point of known elevation to calculate the height of instrument. Then, rod readings of other points are subtracted from the height of instrument to determine their elevations. It also defines various leveling terms like backsight, foresight, benchmarks, and describes the leveling process.
The document provides information about leveling and the leveling process. It defines key leveling terms and describes differential leveling and the height of collimation and rise and fall methods. It also outlines the leveling apparatus, including the automatic level, tripod, leveling rod, and other components. The objective is to determine elevations of unknown points relative to known elevations through precise leveling measurements and calculations.
The document provides information about leveling and the leveling process. It defines key leveling terms and describes differential leveling and vertical control surveys. Differential leveling involves measuring vertical distances from a known elevation point to determine unknown point elevations. Vertical control surveys use either the height of collimation method or rise and fall method to establish elevations. The document also outlines leveling apparatus such as the automatic level, tripod, leveling rod, and other components. It concludes with descriptions of arithmetical checks used to ensure accuracy in leveling.
Levelling is a surveying technique used to determine relative elevations of points above or below a datum. The principle is to obtain a horizontal line of sight and measure vertical distances of points from this line. The objective is to find the elevation of given points with respect to an assumed reference line called the datum. Common types of levelling include differential, fly, profile, precise, check, reciprocal, trigonometric, barometric and stadia levelling. Errors in levelling can be due to personal or instrumental factors. Levelling has various uses including preparing contour maps, determining altitudes, and preparing layouts for water distribution and engineering projects.
This document defines various terms used in leveling and surveying. It describes different types of leveling instruments like dumpy level, wye level, tilting level, automatic level and their characteristics. It also discusses leveling staffs, bench marks, temporary and permanent benchmarks. Different methods of leveling are explained including simple, differential, fly, check, profile, cross, reciprocal, precise, trigonometric and barometric leveling. Diagrams of leveling equipment like levels, tripods, staffs and accessories are provided.
This document defines various terms used in leveling and surveying. It describes different types of leveling instruments like dumpy level, wye level, tilting level, and automatic level. It also discusses leveling staffs, bench marks, classifications of leveling including simple, differential, fly, check, profile, cross, reciprocal, precise, trigonometric, and barometric leveling.
The document discusses a project report on leveling difference between the north and south ends of the Centurion University of Technology and Management campus in Paralakhemundi, Odisha. It provides background on surveying, leveling methods, leveling instruments, and the methodology used. The work done section details leveling surveys conducted between various points on the campus, including the boys' hostel, triangle, and temple, and calculates the leveling differences between each point. The conclusion discusses the overall leveling difference measured across the entire surveyed area.
This document describes leveling, which is a surveying method used to determine elevation differences between points. It defines key leveling terms like benchmark, backsight, foresight, and introduces two common leveling booking methods - height of instrument and rise and fall. Height of instrument determines elevations by adding/subtracting staff readings to the known elevation or last benchmark. Rise and fall codes elevations increases as rises and decreases as falls to track changes in elevation from one point to the next. The document provides examples of how to record leveling data and compute elevations using each method.
This document provides information on leveling and contouring. It defines leveling as determining the relative height of points and describes the principle of leveling as obtaining a horizontal line of sight. It discusses various leveling terms, instruments including dumpy levels, staffs, and methods such as simple and differential leveling. The document also covers reducing levels using methods like height of instrument and rise and fall. It defines contours as lines of equal elevation and contour interval as the vertical distance between contours.
This document provides definitions and explanations of leveling concepts and procedures. It defines leveling as determining elevation differences between points using a leveling instrument. The key points are:
1. Leveling is used to establish elevations and determine elevation differences for engineering projects like roads, railways, and canals.
2. Common leveling instruments include dumpy levels, tilting levels, and automatic levels. Staff readings are taken through the instrument's crosshairs.
3. Leveling can be classified as direct, trigonometric, or differential depending on the setup and number of readings needed. Differential leveling is used when points are not visible from a single setup.
4. Elev
This document provides an overview of level surveying and levelling. It defines levelling as determining the relative heights of points. The principle is to obtain a horizontal line of sight to measure vertical distances above or below this line. The objectives are to find point elevations relative to a datum and establish points at required elevations. It describes levelling instruments like dumpy, tilting, wye, and automatic levels. It also discusses levelling staffs, benchmarks, and key levelling terminology.
The document provides details of a levelling fieldwork conducted at Taylor's University Lakeside campus staff car park. It includes definitions and methods of levelling, objectives of the fieldwork, description of apparatus used, raw field data recorded using height of collimation and rise-fall methods, adjusted field data after arithmetic checks, and results of a two peg test. The field data is levelled and reduced to establish relative elevations of points with respect to a datum. Checks are performed to ensure the levelling is within acceptable limits.
The document provides details of a levelling fieldwork conducted at Taylor's University Lakeside campus staff car park. It includes definitions and methods of levelling, objectives of the fieldwork, description of apparatus used, raw field data recorded using height of collimation and rise-fall methods, adjusted field data after arithmetic checks, and results of a two peg test. The field data is levelled and reduced to establish relative elevations of points with respect to a datum. Checks are performed to ensure acceptable level of accuracy of the levelling.
FALLSEM2017-18_CLE1003_ETH_TT334_VL2017181007250_Reference Material II_CLE100...divyapriya balasubramani
This document discusses surveying techniques for levelling. It defines key levelling terminology such as reduced level, bench mark, back sight, fore sight. It describes common levelling instruments like the dumpy level and methods for differential, profile, and cross section levelling. It also covers topics such as curvature and refraction corrections, reciprocal levelling, and potential sources of error in levelling measurements.
1. Levelling is used to determine the relative or absolute heights of points and is done by measuring vertical angles with a level.
2. The key principles are establishing elevations of unknown points relative to a known benchmark and determining height differences between points.
3. Levelling has many uses including topographic mapping, engineering design, construction, and drainage analysis. Careful instrument setup and line of sight adjustments are needed to get accurate elevation measurements.
Lecture_3_The Principles of Levelling_fec6a71b84edc28ee2998f7ced9ddf68.pdfAlwandBarzani
This document provides an overview of leveling techniques used in surveying. It defines leveling as measuring the relative heights of points, and describes the key terms, tools, and methods used. The tools covered are the level instrument, tripod, staff, bubble staff, and change plate. It explains how to set up the level instrument and take staff readings, including backsight, foresight, and intermediate sights. The different types of level instruments - dumpy, tilting, wye, automatic, and digital - are also summarized along with their characteristics. The objectives and importance of leveling in surveying applications are stated.
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This program calculates the consolidation settlement for a foundation based on soil layer properties and foundation data. It allows users to input multiple soil layers and foundation characteristics to determine the total settlement.
Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 StandardMuhammadJazib15
This document provides basic guidelines for imparitallity requirement of ISO 17025. It defines in detial how it is met and wiudhwdih jdhsjdhwudjwkdbjwkdddddddddddkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwioiiiiiiiiiiiii uwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwhe wiqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq gbbbbbbbbbbbbb owdjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj widhi owqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq uwdhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhwqiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiw0pooooojjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj whhhhhhhhhhh wheeeeeeee wihieiiiiii wihe
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Covid Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
CoVID-19 sprang up in Wuhan China in November 2019 and was declared a pandemic by the in January 2020 World Health Organization (WHO). Like the Spanish flu of 1918 that claimed millions of lives, the COVID-19 has caused the demise of thousands with China, Italy, Spain, USA and India having the highest statistics on infection and mortality rates. Regardless of existing sophisticated technologies and medical science, the spread has continued to surge high. With this COVID-19 Management System, organizations can respond virtually to the COVID-19 pandemic and protect, educate and care for citizens in the community in a quick and effective manner. This comprehensive solution not only helps in containing the virus but also proactively empowers both citizens and care providers to minimize the spread of the virus through targeted strategies and education.
Better Builder Magazine brings together premium product manufactures and leading builders to create better differentiated homes and buildings that use less energy, save water and reduce our impact on the environment. The magazine is published four times a year.
Online train ticket booking system project.pdfKamal Acharya
Rail transport is one of the important modes of transport in India. Now a days we
see that there are railways that are present for the long as well as short distance
travelling which makes the life of the people easier. When compared to other
means of transport, a railway is the cheapest means of transport. The maintenance
of the railway database also plays a major role in the smooth running of this
system. The Online Train Ticket Management System will help in reserving the
tickets of the railways to travel from a particular source to the destination.
An In-Depth Exploration of Natural Language Processing: Evolution, Applicatio...DharmaBanothu
Natural language processing (NLP) has
recently garnered significant interest for the
computational representation and analysis of human
language. Its applications span multiple domains such
as machine translation, email spam detection,
information extraction, summarization, healthcare,
and question answering. This paper first delineates
four phases by examining various levels of NLP and
components of Natural Language Generation,
followed by a review of the history and progression of
NLP. Subsequently, we delve into the current state of
the art by presenting diverse NLP applications,
contemporary trends, and challenges. Finally, we
discuss some available datasets, models, and
evaluation metrics in NLP.
This is an overview of my current metallic design and engineering knowledge base built up over my professional career and two MSc degrees : - MSc in Advanced Manufacturing Technology University of Portsmouth graduated 1st May 1998, and MSc in Aircraft Engineering Cranfield University graduated 8th June 2007.
Cricket management system ptoject report.pdfKamal Acharya
The aim of this project is to provide the complete information of the National and
International statistics. The information is available country wise and player wise. By
entering the data of eachmatch, we can get all type of reports instantly, which will be
useful to call back history of each player. Also the team performance in each match can
be obtained. We can get a report on number of matches, wins and lost.
2. Levelling is the process by which differences in height between two or
more points can be determined.
Leveling is a branch of surveying, the object of which is to find or establish
the elevation of a given point with respect to the given or assumed Datum
(reference point).
3. 1. Level Surface :
Surface parallel to the mean spheroid of the earth is called a level surface and the line drawn
on the level surface is known as a level line. Hence all points lying on a level surface are
equidistant from the centre of the earth. Figure shows a typical level surface.
Curved surface
Each point is perpendicular to the direction of gravity at
the point
Level line is normal to plumb line
4. 2. Horizontal Surface:
A surface tangential to level surface at a given point is called horizontal surface at that point.
Hence a horizontal line is at right angles to the plumb line at that point
3.Vertical Line: A vertical line at a point is the line connecting the point to the centre of the earth. It is the plumb
line at that point. Vertical and horizontal lines at a point are at right angles to each other.
5. 4. Datum: The level of a point or the surface with respect to which levels of other points or planes are calculated, is
called a datum or datum surface.
5. Mean Sea Level (MSL): MSL is the average height of the sea for all stages of the tides.
At any particular place MSL is established by finding the mean sea level (free of tides) after averaging tide
heights over a long period of at least 19 years.
In India MSL used is that established at Bombay. In all important surveys this is used as datum.
6. 6. Reduced Levels (RL): The level of a point taken as height above the datum surface is known as RL of
that point.
7. Benchmarks: A benchmark is a relatively permanent reference point, the elevation of which is known
with respect to datum (assumed or known w.r.t. MSL). It is used as a starting point for levelling or as a
point upon which to close for a check.
7.
8. Principle of Leveling:
Spirit Levelling (Direct Levelling)
It is the most commonly used method of leveling., in which measurements are observed directly from
leveling instrument.
leveling instrument is placed between the points which elevation is to be find.
Leveling rods are placed at that points and sighted them through leveling instrument.
It is performed only when the points are nearer to each other without any obstacles.
9. The vertical distances with respect to a horizontal line (perpendicular to the direction of gravity) may be
used to determine the relative difference in elevation between two adjacent points.
In spirit levelling, a spirit level and a sighting device (telescope) are combined and vertical distances are
measured by observing on graduated rods placed on the points.
10. Barometric levelling
Barometer is an instrument used to measure atmosphere at any altitude.
Atmospheric pressure at two different points is observed, based on which the
vertical difference between two points is determined. It is a rough estimation and
used rarely.
Biggest drawback is that air pressure is affected by other things
besides elevation such as changes in temperature or weather.
11.
12. Trigonometric Levelling (Indirect Levelling)
The process of leveling in which the elevation of point or the difference
between points is measured from the observed horizontal distances and
vertical angles in the field is called trigonometric leveling.
13.
14. Used to furnish horizontal line of sight for observing staff readings and determining reduced levels
The levelling instruments essentially consist of the following:
A levelling head with three foot screws which enables to bring the bubble at its centre.
Telescope that provides line of sight to bisect distinct objects.
A bubble tube to make the line of sight horizontal either mounted on top or side of the telescope.
A tripod for supporting the levelling instrument.
15. The different types of levels are :
1. Dumpy level 2. Wye (Y) level
3. Reversible level 4. Tilting level
• Simple
• Compact
• Stable
o Used for rough work
o Telescope is rigidly fixed
o Gives fairly accurate work
16. In wye level the telescope is carried in two vertical Y supports. The wye level has an advantage over the
dumpy level that the adjustments can be easily tested
Telescope can be rotated and moved
19. Levelling staff is a rectangular rod having graduations.
The staff is provided with a metal shoes at its bottom to resist wear and tear.
The foot of the shoe represents zero reading.
Levelling staff may be divided into two groups:
(i) Self reading staff (ii) Target staff.
20. Staff reading is directly read by the instrument man through telescope.
One metre length is divided into 200 subdivisions
Each of uniform thickness of 5 mm.
All divisions are marked with black in a white background.
Metres are written in red colour
Usually 3 to 4m long
Thickness 1.8 cm and width 7.5 cm
Background is always white
Metre numerals in right and decimeter numerals in left hand side
22. A staff of two pieces each of 2 m which can be folded one over the other.
23. A staff of 3 pieces with upper one solid and lower two
hollow.
The upper part can slide into the central one and the central
part can go into the lower part.
24. If the sighting distance is more, instrument man finds it difficult to read self reading staff.
Target staff is provided with a movable target.
Target is a circular or oval shape, painted red and white in alternate quadrant.
It is fitted with a vernier at the centre.
The instrument man directs
the person holding target
staff to move the target,
till its centre is in
the horizontal
line of sight.
25. Method of Leveling:
When the level is set up and correctly leveled, the lines of collimation will be horizontal.
When the telescope is rotated about its vertical axis,
it will revolve in a horizontal plane known as the plane of collimation.
Therefore all staff readings taken with the telescope will be vertical measurements made
downwards from this plane.
There are two essentials steps in leveling.
1. Height of Collimation Method
2. Rise and Fall Method
26. •To find the elevation or R.L. or (H.I) of the level by taking a back sight on a bench mark.
•To find the levitation of R.L. of any other point by taking a reading on the staff held at the point.
Height of Instrument (H. I.) = R.L. of the plane of collimation
= R.L. of B.M. + B.S.
R. L. of point = H.I.-F.S.
= H. I. – I.S.
27. It consist of finding the elevation of the plane of collimation ( H.I.) for every set up of the instrument,
and then obtaining the reduced level of point with reference to the respective plane of collimation.
1. Elevation of plane of collimation for the first set of the level determined by adding back side to
R.L. of B.M.
2. The R.L. of intermediate point and first change point are then obtained by starching the staff
reading taken on respective point (IS & FS) from the elation of the plane collimation. [H.I.]
3. When the instrument is shifted to the second position a new plane collimation is set up. The
elevation of this plane is obtained by adding B.S. taken on the C.P.
32. From the second position of the level to the R.L. C.P.
The R.L. of successive point and second C.P. are found by subtract these staff reading from the
elevation of second plane of collimation
Arithmetical check
Sum of B.S. – sum of F.S. = last R.L. – First R.L.
This method is simple and easy.
Reduction of levels is easy.
Visualization is not necessary regarding the nature of the ground.
There is no check for intermediate sight readings
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