This presentation compares IPv4 and IPv6. It begins with introductions of the group members and defines IP as an Internet Protocol address assigned to devices connected to a network. It then discusses the evolution of IP versions from IPv1 to the current IPv6. Key details provided include that IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses limiting its capacity while IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses allowing for vast expansion. The presentation outlines advantages and limitations of IPv4 and reasons for the development of IPv6, including the growing shortage of IPv4 addresses. It clarifies that IPv4 and IPv6 are not compatible but can co-exist on networks using dual stack technology.
The document provides an overview of IPv6 implementation including key features like larger address space, simplified headers, and auto-configuration. It discusses IPv6 addressing modes like unicast, multicast, and anycast. Special address types and the IPv6 header are also explained. Methods for transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6 like dual stack routers and tunneling are covered. IPv6 routing protocols and basic configuration are also summarized.
This document provides information about IPv4 and IPv6 by comparing their key aspects. IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses while IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses, allowing for more available addresses. IPv4 addresses are represented in dotted decimal notation while IPv6 uses colon-separated hexadecimal. IPv6 was developed to address limitations in IPv4 such as address space exhaustion and lack of security features. The document outlines differences between the two protocols in areas like packet fragmentation, checksums, and address types.
This document compares and contrasts IPv4 and IPv6. It begins by defining Internet Protocol (IP) and its purpose of identifying hosts and enabling location addressing. It then describes IPv4, including its 32-bit address structure, address notation, and class-based allocation that resulted in address exhaustion issues. The document also covers IPv6's 128-bit addresses that provide vastly more capacity to address this problem. Key differences between IPv4 and IPv6 are outlined, such as IPv6's elimination of NAT. The concepts of subnetting, supernetting, and private address ranges are also introduced to optimize IPv4 network design.
Subnetting of IPv4 ip address that help you to solve every type of ip address with any one of the class you want to subnet,and have a basic introduction of IPv6 ,and why, Ipv5 is not used.
The document discusses IPv4 routing and routing protocols. It begins with an introduction to routing and how data flows between devices on the internet in the form of packets. It then covers routing components like path determination, routing tables, and routing protocols for both intra-domain (RIP, OSPF) and inter-domain (BGP) routing. It concludes with a discussion on the future of routing with IPv6 and a high-level summary of routing and routing protocols.
The document provides an overview of IPv6, including its key features and advantages over IPv4. It discusses IPv6 addressing formats and transition mechanisms from IPv4 to IPv6. IPv6 has a 128-bit address space compared to IPv4's 32-bit, allowing for many more addresses. It also supports features like autoconfiguration, mobility, and security that are improvements over IPv4. Transition techniques like dual stacking, tunneling, and translation allow IPv6 and IPv4 networks to interconnect during the transition period.
IPv4 and IPv6 are different versions of the Internet Protocol. IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses which limits the available number of unique addresses, while IPv6 expanded the address space to 128 bits to accommodate many more devices. IPv6 was developed to replace IPv4 and resolve issues like its diminishing available address space as more devices connect to the internet. Some key differences are that IPv6 addresses are much longer at 128 bits compared to 32 bits for IPv4, IPv6 has a larger address space to allow for more connections, and security features like IPSec are mandatory in IPv6.
The document provides an overview of IPv6 implementation including key features like larger address space, simplified headers, and auto-configuration. It discusses IPv6 addressing modes like unicast, multicast, and anycast. Special address types and the IPv6 header are also explained. Methods for transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6 like dual stack routers and tunneling are covered. IPv6 routing protocols and basic configuration are also summarized.
This document provides information about IPv4 and IPv6 by comparing their key aspects. IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses while IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses, allowing for more available addresses. IPv4 addresses are represented in dotted decimal notation while IPv6 uses colon-separated hexadecimal. IPv6 was developed to address limitations in IPv4 such as address space exhaustion and lack of security features. The document outlines differences between the two protocols in areas like packet fragmentation, checksums, and address types.
This document compares and contrasts IPv4 and IPv6. It begins by defining Internet Protocol (IP) and its purpose of identifying hosts and enabling location addressing. It then describes IPv4, including its 32-bit address structure, address notation, and class-based allocation that resulted in address exhaustion issues. The document also covers IPv6's 128-bit addresses that provide vastly more capacity to address this problem. Key differences between IPv4 and IPv6 are outlined, such as IPv6's elimination of NAT. The concepts of subnetting, supernetting, and private address ranges are also introduced to optimize IPv4 network design.
Subnetting of IPv4 ip address that help you to solve every type of ip address with any one of the class you want to subnet,and have a basic introduction of IPv6 ,and why, Ipv5 is not used.
The document discusses IPv4 routing and routing protocols. It begins with an introduction to routing and how data flows between devices on the internet in the form of packets. It then covers routing components like path determination, routing tables, and routing protocols for both intra-domain (RIP, OSPF) and inter-domain (BGP) routing. It concludes with a discussion on the future of routing with IPv6 and a high-level summary of routing and routing protocols.
The document provides an overview of IPv6, including its key features and advantages over IPv4. It discusses IPv6 addressing formats and transition mechanisms from IPv4 to IPv6. IPv6 has a 128-bit address space compared to IPv4's 32-bit, allowing for many more addresses. It also supports features like autoconfiguration, mobility, and security that are improvements over IPv4. Transition techniques like dual stacking, tunneling, and translation allow IPv6 and IPv4 networks to interconnect during the transition period.
IPv4 and IPv6 are different versions of the Internet Protocol. IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses which limits the available number of unique addresses, while IPv6 expanded the address space to 128 bits to accommodate many more devices. IPv6 was developed to replace IPv4 and resolve issues like its diminishing available address space as more devices connect to the internet. Some key differences are that IPv6 addresses are much longer at 128 bits compared to 32 bits for IPv4, IPv6 has a larger address space to allow for more connections, and security features like IPSec are mandatory in IPv6.
networking and their Routing protocols with commands along with diagram ,(rip, IGRP and OSPF and BGP ) and knowledge about Network devices like Router and Switch. network define and definitions of Lan, router and all the routing protocols and their features.
IP addresses are numeric identifiers assigned to devices connected to a network. IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses represented in dotted decimal notation, while IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses represented by 8 groups of hexadecimal digits separated by colons. IP addresses have two parts - a network portion allocated by ISPs and a host portion assigned to individual devices. IPv4 classes (A, B, C, D, E) determine how many bits are used for the network vs host portions. IPv6 supports a much larger address space and easier auto-configuration compared to IPv4.
Day 3 ENHANCED IGRP (EIGRP) AND OPEN SHORTEST PATH FIRST (OSPF)anilinvns
This document provides an overview of the Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) and Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocols. It describes the key characteristics of EIGRP including that it is a hybrid routing protocol that uses metrics like bandwidth and delay to determine the best path. It also explains how to configure and verify EIGRP. For OSPF, the document outlines that it is an open standard link-state protocol, defines common OSPF terminology, and describes how to configure OSPF areas and verify the protocol. Loopback interfaces and troubleshooting OSPF are also briefly covered.
This presentation gives a brief description about IP Address (Internet protocol address), Classes of IPv4. And also included, what is IPv4 and what is IPv6.
IP addressing provides a unique identifier for devices on a network. There are two main types - static and dynamic. IP addresses are 32-bit numbers divided into network and host portions. Classes A, B, and C determine the portions. Subnetting and CIDR allow flexible allocation. Special addresses like private and link-local are never used publicly. IPv6 uses 128-bit addressing. Tools like ping, tracert, and pathping test network connectivity. Mobile IP uses home and care-of addresses to maintain connectivity as devices move between networks, with home and foreign agents facilitating address changes. Inefficiency can occur via double crossing or triangle routing.
This document discusses the Internet Protocol (IP) version 4 and 6. It describes the key tasks of IP including addressing computers and fragmenting packets. IP version 4 uses 32-bit addresses while IP version 6 uses 128-bit addresses and has improvements like larger address space and better security. The document also covers IP address classes, private addressing, subnetting, Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR), and address blocks.
The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is used to report issues with the delivery of IP packets. It allows devices on the network to check connectivity and diagnose routing problems. ICMP messages are transmitted as IP packets and used by ping and traceroute utilities. It supports functions like announcing network errors, congestion, and assisting troubleshooting. While providing important feedback, ICMP redirect messages can potentially direct traffic to unauthorized systems if not restricted to trusted sources.
1.What is IP address
2.When & how it was devised
3.IPV4 Features & its functionality
4.Benefits of IPV4 & Devices supporting IPV4
5.Problems of IPV4 & What happened to IPV5
6.What led to IPV6
7.IPV6 Features & Functionality
8.Benefits of IPV6 & supporting devices
9.How transition from IPV4 to IPV6 will happen
10.Problems & challenges that are anticipated & Conclusion
The document discusses IP addresses and the differences between IPv4 and IPv6. It defines what an IP address is, its uses, and the classes and addressing in IPv4. It describes problems with IPv4 like limited address space. It then defines IPv6 addressing which uses 128-bit addresses written in hexadecimal, and types of IPv6 addresses. It lists advantages of IPv6 like larger address space and built-in security. Tables compare features of IPv4 and IPv6 like address space, header fields, and representation.
Traceroute is a CLI tool that uses ICMP messages to identify all routers in the path between a source and destination by incrementing the Time to Live parameter. It sends packets with increasing TTLs, causing each router to generate a Time Exceeded message that reveals its address. This allows traceroute to troubleshoot network problems by identifying where issues may be occurring along the path.
This document discusses different types of routing protocols. It describes static routing protocols where routes are manually configured by an administrator. It then covers dynamic routing protocols which automatically update routing tables. The main dynamic routing protocols covered are RIP, RIPv2, IGRP, and EIGRP. RIP is a distance vector protocol that exchanges full routing tables every 30 seconds. RIPv2, IGRP, and EIGRP are also discussed with their key characteristics.
This document discusses IP addresses and MAC addresses. It provides details on:
1) IP addresses - including the structure of IP addresses, classes of IP addresses, private vs public IP addresses, and the roles of the network ID and host ID.
2) MAC addresses - including the unique 48-bit hardware number embedded in network cards, the format of MAC addresses, common manufacturer identifiers, and types of MAC addresses like unicast, multicast, and broadcast.
3) The relationship between IP addresses, which are logical addresses, and MAC addresses, which are physical addresses. IP addresses help identify devices over the network while MAC addresses uniquely identify network interfaces.
There are several types of IP addresses including public, private, static, and dynamic addresses. Public IP addresses are associated with an entire network while private IP addresses uniquely identify devices within a home network. Static IP addresses never change while dynamic IP addresses are temporary and change each time a device connects.
IP addresses are also classified based on version (IPv4 or IPv6), address space (A, B, C, D, E classes), and function (unicast, multicast, broadcast, anycast). Key differences between classes include the number of bits used for network vs. host identification and the total number of possible networks. Specific rules govern how network and host IDs are assigned to ensure unique identification of devices.
Routing protocols allow routers to communicate and exchange information that helps determine the best path between networks. The main types are static routing, where routes are manually configured, and dynamic routing, where routes are automatically updated as network conditions change. Common dynamic routing protocols include RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, and OSPF, which use different algorithms and metrics like hop count or bandwidth to calculate the best routes.
This document provides an overview of IPv6, including:
- The need for IPv6 due to the depletion of IPv4 addresses and limitations of IPv4's classful addressing.
- Techniques used to extend IPv4 like subnetting, CIDR, and NAT.
- Key features of IPv6 like its larger 128-bit address space, stateless autoconfiguration, and security improvements.
- Differences between IPv4 and IPv6 headers and IPv6's use of extension headers.
- The presentation concludes that IPv6 builds upon IPv4's foundations but addresses its limitations.
Overview of RARP, BOOTP, DHCP and PXE protocols for dynamic IP address assignment.
Dynamic IP address assignment to a host (or interface) is a common problem in TCP/IP based networks.
Manual and static assignment of IP addresses does not scale well and becomes a labor intensive task with a growing number of hosts.
An early approach for dynamic IP address assignment was RARP (Reverse ARP) which ran directly on the Ethernet protocol layer.
The many problems of RARP such as the inability to be routed between subnets were solved with BOOTP (Bootstrap Protocol).
BOOTP, however, ended to have its own set of limitations like lack of a lease time for IP addresses.
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) was therefore defined as an extension to BOOTP.
DHCP is backward compatible with BOOTP thus allowing some degree of interoperability between the 2 protocols.
The state-of-the-art protocol for dynamic IP address assignment is, however, is DHCP.
DHCPv6 is an adaption of DHCP for IPv6 based networks.
This document provides an introduction to IP addressing, including:
- A brief history of IP development and the OSI and TCP/IP models.
- An overview of IP address classes (A, B, C, D, E), how they are determined, and their characteristics like address ranges and network/host portions.
- Explanations of limitations of classful addressing, subnetting, and how classless or CIDR addressing helps address those limitations by allowing flexible prefix lengths.
- An example is given of how CIDR allows efficient allocation of addresses to networks of different sizes.
This document discusses IPV4 and IPV6. It begins by defining what an IP address is and how they are distributed. It then explains the uses of IP addresses and the two main types: IPv4 and IPv6. IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses represented in decimal form, while IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses in hexadecimal form. The document outlines the classes, types, and terminologies associated with IPv4, and how IPv6 aims to address the exhaustion of IPv4 addresses by supporting a vastly larger number of unique addresses. It concludes by discussing challenges around the deployment of IPv6.
Multicast is a communication protocol that allows a single sender to transmit data to multiple receivers simultaneously. It works by addressing data to a group of destination computers, reducing network load compared to unicast which requires separate transmissions to each receiver. The document outlines the history of multicast, how it works including reverse path forwarding using pruning and grafting, the IGMP protocol used by end systems to signal group membership, challenges in implementing multicast security, and applications such as audio/video broadcasting and software distribution where it provides benefits over unicast.
This document discusses IP technology, including:
- What an IP address is and its structure as consisting of 4 octets with 8 bits each for a total of 32 bits, encoding a network and host prefix.
- The two main versions of IP - IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses limiting the address space, while IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses vastly expanding the available addresses.
- The different classes of IP addresses (A, B, C, D, E) which determine the maximum number of hosts and networks available in each class.
This document provides an overview of TCP/IP networking fundamentals. It discusses how TCP/IP works on a layered model with four layers - application, transport, internet and network. The transport layer uses either TCP or UDP, with TCP providing reliable connections and UDP being faster but unreliable. The internet layer is IP which transports datagrams unreliably. Networking concepts like encapsulation, addressing using IP addresses and ports, and protocols like TCP, UDP and IP are explained. Issues like IP addressing classes and subnetting are also covered at a high level.
networking and their Routing protocols with commands along with diagram ,(rip, IGRP and OSPF and BGP ) and knowledge about Network devices like Router and Switch. network define and definitions of Lan, router and all the routing protocols and their features.
IP addresses are numeric identifiers assigned to devices connected to a network. IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses represented in dotted decimal notation, while IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses represented by 8 groups of hexadecimal digits separated by colons. IP addresses have two parts - a network portion allocated by ISPs and a host portion assigned to individual devices. IPv4 classes (A, B, C, D, E) determine how many bits are used for the network vs host portions. IPv6 supports a much larger address space and easier auto-configuration compared to IPv4.
Day 3 ENHANCED IGRP (EIGRP) AND OPEN SHORTEST PATH FIRST (OSPF)anilinvns
This document provides an overview of the Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) and Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocols. It describes the key characteristics of EIGRP including that it is a hybrid routing protocol that uses metrics like bandwidth and delay to determine the best path. It also explains how to configure and verify EIGRP. For OSPF, the document outlines that it is an open standard link-state protocol, defines common OSPF terminology, and describes how to configure OSPF areas and verify the protocol. Loopback interfaces and troubleshooting OSPF are also briefly covered.
This presentation gives a brief description about IP Address (Internet protocol address), Classes of IPv4. And also included, what is IPv4 and what is IPv6.
IP addressing provides a unique identifier for devices on a network. There are two main types - static and dynamic. IP addresses are 32-bit numbers divided into network and host portions. Classes A, B, and C determine the portions. Subnetting and CIDR allow flexible allocation. Special addresses like private and link-local are never used publicly. IPv6 uses 128-bit addressing. Tools like ping, tracert, and pathping test network connectivity. Mobile IP uses home and care-of addresses to maintain connectivity as devices move between networks, with home and foreign agents facilitating address changes. Inefficiency can occur via double crossing or triangle routing.
This document discusses the Internet Protocol (IP) version 4 and 6. It describes the key tasks of IP including addressing computers and fragmenting packets. IP version 4 uses 32-bit addresses while IP version 6 uses 128-bit addresses and has improvements like larger address space and better security. The document also covers IP address classes, private addressing, subnetting, Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR), and address blocks.
The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is used to report issues with the delivery of IP packets. It allows devices on the network to check connectivity and diagnose routing problems. ICMP messages are transmitted as IP packets and used by ping and traceroute utilities. It supports functions like announcing network errors, congestion, and assisting troubleshooting. While providing important feedback, ICMP redirect messages can potentially direct traffic to unauthorized systems if not restricted to trusted sources.
1.What is IP address
2.When & how it was devised
3.IPV4 Features & its functionality
4.Benefits of IPV4 & Devices supporting IPV4
5.Problems of IPV4 & What happened to IPV5
6.What led to IPV6
7.IPV6 Features & Functionality
8.Benefits of IPV6 & supporting devices
9.How transition from IPV4 to IPV6 will happen
10.Problems & challenges that are anticipated & Conclusion
The document discusses IP addresses and the differences between IPv4 and IPv6. It defines what an IP address is, its uses, and the classes and addressing in IPv4. It describes problems with IPv4 like limited address space. It then defines IPv6 addressing which uses 128-bit addresses written in hexadecimal, and types of IPv6 addresses. It lists advantages of IPv6 like larger address space and built-in security. Tables compare features of IPv4 and IPv6 like address space, header fields, and representation.
Traceroute is a CLI tool that uses ICMP messages to identify all routers in the path between a source and destination by incrementing the Time to Live parameter. It sends packets with increasing TTLs, causing each router to generate a Time Exceeded message that reveals its address. This allows traceroute to troubleshoot network problems by identifying where issues may be occurring along the path.
This document discusses different types of routing protocols. It describes static routing protocols where routes are manually configured by an administrator. It then covers dynamic routing protocols which automatically update routing tables. The main dynamic routing protocols covered are RIP, RIPv2, IGRP, and EIGRP. RIP is a distance vector protocol that exchanges full routing tables every 30 seconds. RIPv2, IGRP, and EIGRP are also discussed with their key characteristics.
This document discusses IP addresses and MAC addresses. It provides details on:
1) IP addresses - including the structure of IP addresses, classes of IP addresses, private vs public IP addresses, and the roles of the network ID and host ID.
2) MAC addresses - including the unique 48-bit hardware number embedded in network cards, the format of MAC addresses, common manufacturer identifiers, and types of MAC addresses like unicast, multicast, and broadcast.
3) The relationship between IP addresses, which are logical addresses, and MAC addresses, which are physical addresses. IP addresses help identify devices over the network while MAC addresses uniquely identify network interfaces.
There are several types of IP addresses including public, private, static, and dynamic addresses. Public IP addresses are associated with an entire network while private IP addresses uniquely identify devices within a home network. Static IP addresses never change while dynamic IP addresses are temporary and change each time a device connects.
IP addresses are also classified based on version (IPv4 or IPv6), address space (A, B, C, D, E classes), and function (unicast, multicast, broadcast, anycast). Key differences between classes include the number of bits used for network vs. host identification and the total number of possible networks. Specific rules govern how network and host IDs are assigned to ensure unique identification of devices.
Routing protocols allow routers to communicate and exchange information that helps determine the best path between networks. The main types are static routing, where routes are manually configured, and dynamic routing, where routes are automatically updated as network conditions change. Common dynamic routing protocols include RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, and OSPF, which use different algorithms and metrics like hop count or bandwidth to calculate the best routes.
This document provides an overview of IPv6, including:
- The need for IPv6 due to the depletion of IPv4 addresses and limitations of IPv4's classful addressing.
- Techniques used to extend IPv4 like subnetting, CIDR, and NAT.
- Key features of IPv6 like its larger 128-bit address space, stateless autoconfiguration, and security improvements.
- Differences between IPv4 and IPv6 headers and IPv6's use of extension headers.
- The presentation concludes that IPv6 builds upon IPv4's foundations but addresses its limitations.
Overview of RARP, BOOTP, DHCP and PXE protocols for dynamic IP address assignment.
Dynamic IP address assignment to a host (or interface) is a common problem in TCP/IP based networks.
Manual and static assignment of IP addresses does not scale well and becomes a labor intensive task with a growing number of hosts.
An early approach for dynamic IP address assignment was RARP (Reverse ARP) which ran directly on the Ethernet protocol layer.
The many problems of RARP such as the inability to be routed between subnets were solved with BOOTP (Bootstrap Protocol).
BOOTP, however, ended to have its own set of limitations like lack of a lease time for IP addresses.
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) was therefore defined as an extension to BOOTP.
DHCP is backward compatible with BOOTP thus allowing some degree of interoperability between the 2 protocols.
The state-of-the-art protocol for dynamic IP address assignment is, however, is DHCP.
DHCPv6 is an adaption of DHCP for IPv6 based networks.
This document provides an introduction to IP addressing, including:
- A brief history of IP development and the OSI and TCP/IP models.
- An overview of IP address classes (A, B, C, D, E), how they are determined, and their characteristics like address ranges and network/host portions.
- Explanations of limitations of classful addressing, subnetting, and how classless or CIDR addressing helps address those limitations by allowing flexible prefix lengths.
- An example is given of how CIDR allows efficient allocation of addresses to networks of different sizes.
This document discusses IPV4 and IPV6. It begins by defining what an IP address is and how they are distributed. It then explains the uses of IP addresses and the two main types: IPv4 and IPv6. IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses represented in decimal form, while IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses in hexadecimal form. The document outlines the classes, types, and terminologies associated with IPv4, and how IPv6 aims to address the exhaustion of IPv4 addresses by supporting a vastly larger number of unique addresses. It concludes by discussing challenges around the deployment of IPv6.
Multicast is a communication protocol that allows a single sender to transmit data to multiple receivers simultaneously. It works by addressing data to a group of destination computers, reducing network load compared to unicast which requires separate transmissions to each receiver. The document outlines the history of multicast, how it works including reverse path forwarding using pruning and grafting, the IGMP protocol used by end systems to signal group membership, challenges in implementing multicast security, and applications such as audio/video broadcasting and software distribution where it provides benefits over unicast.
This document discusses IP technology, including:
- What an IP address is and its structure as consisting of 4 octets with 8 bits each for a total of 32 bits, encoding a network and host prefix.
- The two main versions of IP - IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses limiting the address space, while IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses vastly expanding the available addresses.
- The different classes of IP addresses (A, B, C, D, E) which determine the maximum number of hosts and networks available in each class.
This document provides an overview of TCP/IP networking fundamentals. It discusses how TCP/IP works on a layered model with four layers - application, transport, internet and network. The transport layer uses either TCP or UDP, with TCP providing reliable connections and UDP being faster but unreliable. The internet layer is IP which transports datagrams unreliably. Networking concepts like encapsulation, addressing using IP addresses and ports, and protocols like TCP, UDP and IP are explained. Issues like IP addressing classes and subnetting are also covered at a high level.
The document discusses Internet Protocol (IP) addresses. It explains that each device connected to the Internet needs a unique IP address to identify it. There are two main versions of IP - IPv4 and IPv6. IPv4 addresses are 32-bit and can support about 4.3 billion devices, while IPv6 supports 128-bit addresses allowing for trillions of devices. IP addresses are also classified into different classes - A, B, C, D and E - based on their structure and usage. Private and public IP addresses are also distinguished.
This document discusses Internet Protocol (IP) and provides information on the following:
- IP is a set of standards that defines how devices connect and exchange information over a network or the internet. It specifies packet formats and addressing schemes.
- IP allows devices to address "packets" of data and send them into the network to be delivered, but does not ensure their delivery.
- IP versions have evolved from IPv4, the current standard using 32-bit addresses, to IPv6 which supports 128-bit addresses to address the address space limitations of IPv4.
- IPv4 addresses are organized into classes A, B, C for different network sizes, with ranges defining network vs host portions of the address. IPv
Internet Protocol (IP) addresses are logical addresses that uniquely identify devices on a network. There are two main types of IP addresses: IPv4 addresses, which have 32 bits divided into four octets, and IPv6 addresses, which have 128 bits. IP addresses can be private, only used within a local network, or public and routable on the internet. IP addresses are classified into classes A through E based on how many bits are used for the network and host portions of the address.
The document discusses networking concepts including:
- The TCP/IP model and its layers of communication from hardware to application.
- How IP addresses are assigned both statically and dynamically and the differences between IPv4 and IPv6 addressing.
- Common networking devices like routers, switches, and protocols like DHCP that manage device connectivity and IP addressing.
IPv6 is the next generation internet protocol that replaces IPv4. It features a 128-bit address space compared to IPv4's 32-bit addresses, allowing for vastly more possible IP addresses. IPv6 was developed in the 1990s in anticipation of IPv4 running out of available addresses. It introduces features like built-in security, auto-configuration, and support for new technologies. IPv6 is now incorporated into modern internet-enabled applications and operating systems.
This document introduces IPv6, the next generation Internet protocol. It discusses the history of computer networks and IPv4. IPv6 was created to replace IPv4 due to the exhaustion of IPv4 address space. IPv6 features a 128-bit address size providing vastly more addresses than IPv4. It also includes improvements to header format, auto-configuration, security, mobility, and quality of service. While IPv6 provides many benefits, challenges also exist during the transition period from IPv4 to IPv6 for areas like address length overhead, security implementation, and DNS integration.
The document discusses weaknesses in the TCP/IP protocol suite and solutions to address those weaknesses. It outlines security issues with IP, such as a lack of authentication, encryption, and traffic prioritization. Common attacks like spoofing, sniffing, and denial of service are described. Solutions proposed include using IPv6, IPSec, firewalls, and intrusion detection to authenticate devices, encrypt traffic, and monitor networks for attacks.
The document provides an overview of TCP/IP protocol suite and IP addressing. It describes the layers of the TCP/IP model including application, transport, internet and network access layers. It also discusses obtaining IP addresses through static and dynamic methods like DHCP, RARP, BOOTP and ARP. IPv4 and IPv6 addressing are also summarized.
This document discusses the transition from IPv4 to IPv6. It begins by providing an overview of IPv4 and its limitations, such as address exhaustion from limited 32-bit addressing. It then describes IPv6, which uses a 128-bit address scheme to provide vastly more addresses and enhancements over IPv4. The document focuses on explaining the need to transition to IPv6 due to IPv4's shortcomings. It notes several mechanisms for the transition, including dual stack, tunneling, and translation approaches. The goal is to present information on facilitating the change from IPv4 to the improved IPv6 protocol.
Overview of IPv6 protocol along with various transition scenarios for the migration from IPv4 to IPv6
IPv6 is the current and future Internet Protocol standard. As anticipated, IPv4 addresses became exhausted around 2012.
The IP address scarcity is the main driver for IPv6 protocol adoption.
IPv6 defines a much larger address space that should be sufficient for the foreseeable future, even taking into account Internet of Things scenarios with zillions of small devices connected to the Internet.
IPv6 is, however, much more than simply an expansion of the address space. IPv6 defines a clean address architecture with globally aggregatable addresses thus reducing routing table sizes in Internet routers.
IPv6 extension headers provide a standard mechanism for stacking protocols such as IP, IPSec, routing headers and upper layer headers such as TCP.
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) is already defined for IPv4. ICMP was totally revamped for IPv6 and as ICMPv6 provides common functions like IP address and prefix assignment.
Lack of business drivers for migrating to IPv6 is responsible for sluggish adoption of IPv6 in carrier and enterprise networks.
Numerous transition mechanisms were developed to ease the transition from IPv4 to IPv6. Many of these mechanisms are complex and difficult to administer.
The transition mechanisms can be coarsely classified into dual-stack, tunneling and translation mechanisms.
IPv6 or Internet Protocol Version 6 is the next generation internet protocol that will replace the current IPv4 protocol. It features a 128-bit address space compared to IPv4's 32-bit addresses, which allows for vastly more IP addresses needed to meet the increased demands of internet-connected devices. IPv6 also provides improved routing of internet traffic and better built-in security. The presentation discusses key aspects of IPv6 including why the new protocol is needed, its features, address types, addressing structure, advantages over IPv4, and challenges in transitioning to IPv6.
This document discusses various internet protocols used for different purposes on a network. It provides definitions of TCP/IP, SMTP, HTTP, FTP, SSH, and DNS, which are commonly used protocols for browsing the web, email, file transfers, and secure connections. It also covers IP addressing fundamentals, including what an IP address is, the dotted decimal and hexadecimal formats, how to find your own IP address, static vs dynamic addressing, network classes, subnet masks, and private vs public IP ranges. Network Address Translation (NAT) is also introduced as a way for multiple devices to share a single public IP address.
An IP addresses an identifier for a particular machine on a particular network.
IP stands for Internet Protocol.
IP works at network layer of OSI model.
The network portion of the IP Address is allocated by the internet service provider(ISP) under authority of the Internet Assigned Number Authority(IANA).
There are two main types of IP Addresses.
IPv4
IPv6
Which section of the IP Addresses represent the network and which section represent the machine will depend on what ‘class’ of the ip address is assigned to a network.
Without IP Address devices on different networks will not be able to communicate.
Every device needs an IP address in order to communicate(connect) to the internet.
It is the underlying technology that makes it possible for us to connect our devices to the web. Whenever a device access the Internet (whether it's a PC, Mac, smartphone or other device), it is assigned a unique, numerical IP address.
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-----> behance.net/burhanahmed1
Thank-you !
This document provides an overview of IPv4 and IPv6. It discusses that IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses and is running out of available addresses, while IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses providing vastly more address space. IPv6 was developed to replace IPv4 and improves on areas like security, quality of service, and mobility. The document compares features of IPv4 and IPv6 such as address syntax, header fields, and configuration methods.
This document provides an overview and agenda for a course on Introduction to IPv6 for Service Providers. The course covers IPv6 essentials such as addressing, operations, applications/services, routing protocols, and transition strategies. It discusses the rationale for adopting IPv6 including the depletion of IPv4 addresses and the need to support the growing number of internet-connected devices. The document outlines some of the key limitations of IPv4 like fragmentation and the issues with long-term reliance on Network Address Translation (NAT) to overcome the address space depletion.
The document discusses Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6). It provides objectives for a lesson on IPv6 including explaining what is driving the need for IPv6, comparing IPv4 and IPv6, comparing IPv4 and IPv6 headers, and explaining zero compression. Example addresses are given to demonstrate zero compression techniques.
IPv4 is the current version of the Internet Protocol but has limitations including a limited 32-bit address space that is nearly depleted, lacking built-in network security, and limited quality of service capabilities. IPv6 was developed to address these issues by using a larger 128-bit address space to avoid scarcity, incorporating IPsec to provide security, and improving quality of service and auto-configuration features. While IPv6 adoption is still growing, transitioning networks to be dual-stacked with both IPv4 and IPv6 ensures compatibility and avoids missing traffic from users on IPv6-only networks.
Humayra Khanum is a third year B.Sc student in Computer Science and Engineering at Daffodil International University with ID 161-15-7325. She has worked as a campus ambassador for Samsung and Reve Antivirus and volunteers with the IEEE DIU student branch. Her hobbies include making subtitles, watching movies, listening to music, and traveling. Her career goals are to study abroad and travel to Finland, Spain, and China.
This document discusses deadlocks in operating systems. It defines a deadlock as a situation where two or more competing processes are waiting for resources held by each other, resulting in none of the processes making progress. Four conditions for deadlock are outlined: mutual exclusion, hold and wait, no preemption, and circular wait. Methods for deadlock prevention like deadlock avoidance and deadlock detection algorithms like Banker's algorithm and wait-for graph are also summarized. Real-world examples of deadlocks and how they occur in operating systems are provided.
Cache Memory Computer Architecture and organizationHumayra Khanum
Cache memory is a small, high-speed buffer located between the CPU and main memory that holds copies of frequently used instructions and data. It accelerates access to these items by keeping them closer to the CPU than main memory. There are separate caches for instructions and data, as well as a TLB cache that stores translated virtual addresses. Cache memory uses mapping techniques like direct mapping, set associative mapping, and fully associative mapping to determine where to store and retrieve items. Common replacement algorithms used when the cache is full are LRU, FIFO, LFU, and random selection.
This presentation outlines a student counselling project for Daffodil International University. It discusses problems with the current counselling system, and proposes a web application solution. The proposed app would allow students to input their ID and semester to access counsellor details like counselling times and locations. It includes features for academic, career, and mental health counselling. The presentation covers system requirements, limitations, and future plans to improve the project and make it useful for both students and teachers. The overall goal is to streamline the counselling process and save time for both parties.
Golden Ratio is one of the most interesting and beautiful branch of mathematics!!
It was a team work along with my team mate Rezwana.
We did this in 6th semester in our Assembly and microprocessor language course since our teacher told us giving a presentation on any interesting topic!!
This presentation is about one of the most beautiful topic in the branch of mathematics which is Golden Ratio
It was a team work me along with my team mate Rezwana Islam Ria (#6th semester , Assembly and microprocessor language)
We have designed & manufacture the Lubi Valves LBF series type of Butterfly Valves for General Utility Water applications as well as for HVAC applications.
Sachpazis_Consolidation Settlement Calculation Program-The Python Code and th...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Consolidation Settlement Calculation Program-The Python Code
By Professor Dr. Costas Sachpazis, Civil Engineer & Geologist
This program calculates the consolidation settlement for a foundation based on soil layer properties and foundation data. It allows users to input multiple soil layers and foundation characteristics to determine the total settlement.
2. IPv4 VS IPv6
● Group Members :
1.Humayra Khanum
ID : 161-15-7325
2.Rezwana Islam Ria
ID : 161-15-7071
3.Sifat Jaber Ahmed
ID : 153-15-6702
2
3. What is IP?
An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each
device connected to a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for
communication.
Functions :
An IP address serves two principal functions :
1.Host or network interface identification
2.Location addressing
3
4. IP versions : Journey from IPv1 to IPv6
1.Internet Protocol version 1-3 were not formally assigned
2.Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4)
3.Internet Protocol version 5 (IPv5) was an experimental protocol in the 1980s
4.Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)
4
5. Introduction of IPv4 :
Internet Protocol version 4 is the fourth version of the Internet Protocol (IP)
which uses 32 bit .IPv4 allows 2^32 (4294967296 ) unique address .
5
6. IPv4 Classes :
Example : 117.162.41.42
192.168.30.20
Class Network Bits Host Bits Decimal Address
Range
Subnet Mask
Class A 8 bits 24 bits 1-126 255.0.0.0
Class B 16 bits 16 bits 128-191 255.255.0.0
Class C 24 bits 8 bits 192-223 255.255.255.0
Class D Reserved for
multicasting
Reserved for
multicasting
224-239 N/A
Class E Reserved Reserved 240-255 N/A
6
7. What are the advantages of IPv4?
1. Connectionless Protocol and Best effort
based
2.Widely supported
3.Support of all OS
4.Video libraries and conferences
5. Addresses are easier to remember
7
14. Limitations of IPv4 :
IPv4 has been in use since 1978
- No substantial updates/improvements
Exhaustion of IPv4 address space
-Explosive growth of the commercial internet
Increase of IP-enabled devices
Integrated Security -
-Originally IPv4 -specification did not identify any security mechanism
IPsec was a later addition for IP
Scalability-Quality of service concern 14
15. Why no IPv5?
●Version 5 of the IP family was an
experimental Protocol
●Internet Stream Protocol
●Never introduced for public use
●Number 5 was already allocated,this
number was not considered for the
successor to IPv4
15
16. IPv4 and IPv6 are not cpmpatible :
1.IPv4 and IPv6 can not talk to each other
2.But they can exist together on the same network
3.Known as “Dual Stack”
-Computer has both an IPv4 and IPv6 address
-Uses one of the two when communicating
-If IPv6 is a available it usually has preferences
16
17. Why is IPv6 better than IPv4?
1.Larger Address Space
2.Better security for networks and applications
3.Better connectivity
4.Quality of service (QoS)
5.Data Integrity is improved
6.Better multicast routing
17
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