The document provides information about GTA Sports Ltd., a knitwear factory in Bangladesh. It includes an organogram of the company's management structure and sections. The knitting section is described in detail, outlining the knitting process, types of knitting machines and their parts. It also discusses increasing production quantity and common knitting faults. The dyeing and finishing sections are briefly introduced, including raw materials, machinery and quality control processes.
Different parts of knitting machine and parameterAzmir Latif Beg
Knitting machines are mainly two types; they are circular knitting machine and flat bed knitting machine. This two types are hugely use in knitting machine. A knitting machine is composed of lots of parts. Every parts of a machine are important for run the machine smoothly. Every part has a specific function during operation.
This document provides 150 questions for textile engineers related to yarn production processes and machinery, fiber properties, quality control, and other textile topics. It begins with questions about the sequence of processes in yarn manufacturing from blow room to ring frame. Further questions cover production outputs at each stage, inputs and settings for machines, fiber properties like fineness and length, quality issues, and calculations related to count and other textile measurements. The document aims to prepare textile engineers for job interviews and assessments by testing their knowledge across the textile manufacturing process.
Fleece fabric is one of the oldest knitted fabric designs that remains popular today. It has properties of being warm, cozy, easy to care for, washable, and can be produced at low cost using circular knitting machines. There are several types of fleece fabrics defined by the number of yarn threads used (one, two, or three thread) or the material (cotton, polyester, blends). Fleece fabrics are characterized by loops of yarn on the surface that provide insulation properties. They have many uses including outerwear, linings, and blankets.
This document summarizes an experiment calculating the production capacity of a circular knitting machine. It provides equations for calculating the total fabric length, width, and production capacity based on machine parameters like diameter, gauge, speed, and fabric properties like weight and construction. When the equations are applied to a machine with a 23" diameter, 24 gauge, 35 RPM speed, and producing a 160 gsm plain single jersey fabric, the results show a production capacity of 63 meters of fabric per hour that is 1.33 meters wide, for a total production of 13.4 kg per hour or 107.2 kg per shift.
1. Warping involves winding warp yarns from multiple packages onto a common beam. There are different types of warping including direct/beam warping and pattern/sectional warping.
2. Direct warping is used to produce warp beams for solid color fabrics directly from packages to the beam. Sectional warping is slower but used for short runs or complex patterns by making sections sequentially.
3. A warping machine has a creel to hold packages, a headstock to guide and tension yarns, and a control device. It measures and winds yarns uniformly to produce a warp beam meeting quality requirements.
The document discusses marker making for garment production. It describes both manual and computerized methods of marker making. In the manual method, an efficient marker maker plans the placement of pattern pieces on marker paper to minimize fabric waste. The computerized method involves entering production patterns into a computer which then assists in arranging the patterns to maximize efficiency. The document outlines key steps and considerations in both methods to optimize marker efficiency and reduce fabric waste.
This document provides information about Montex Fabrics Ltd, a 100% export oriented composite knit industry in Bangladesh. Some key details:
- The factory was established in 2000 in Gazipur with an investment of 70 crore taka and has certifications including ISO 9001:2000.
- It produces basic t-shirts, sweaters, and other knitwear and garments for export with a production capacity of 7 tons/day for knitting and 70,000 pieces/day for sewing.
- The factory has over 6000 employees across its knitting, dyeing, finishing, printing and other sections. It aims to provide quality products on time to satisfy customers.
Different parts of knitting machine and parameterAzmir Latif Beg
Knitting machines are mainly two types; they are circular knitting machine and flat bed knitting machine. This two types are hugely use in knitting machine. A knitting machine is composed of lots of parts. Every parts of a machine are important for run the machine smoothly. Every part has a specific function during operation.
This document provides 150 questions for textile engineers related to yarn production processes and machinery, fiber properties, quality control, and other textile topics. It begins with questions about the sequence of processes in yarn manufacturing from blow room to ring frame. Further questions cover production outputs at each stage, inputs and settings for machines, fiber properties like fineness and length, quality issues, and calculations related to count and other textile measurements. The document aims to prepare textile engineers for job interviews and assessments by testing their knowledge across the textile manufacturing process.
Fleece fabric is one of the oldest knitted fabric designs that remains popular today. It has properties of being warm, cozy, easy to care for, washable, and can be produced at low cost using circular knitting machines. There are several types of fleece fabrics defined by the number of yarn threads used (one, two, or three thread) or the material (cotton, polyester, blends). Fleece fabrics are characterized by loops of yarn on the surface that provide insulation properties. They have many uses including outerwear, linings, and blankets.
This document summarizes an experiment calculating the production capacity of a circular knitting machine. It provides equations for calculating the total fabric length, width, and production capacity based on machine parameters like diameter, gauge, speed, and fabric properties like weight and construction. When the equations are applied to a machine with a 23" diameter, 24 gauge, 35 RPM speed, and producing a 160 gsm plain single jersey fabric, the results show a production capacity of 63 meters of fabric per hour that is 1.33 meters wide, for a total production of 13.4 kg per hour or 107.2 kg per shift.
1. Warping involves winding warp yarns from multiple packages onto a common beam. There are different types of warping including direct/beam warping and pattern/sectional warping.
2. Direct warping is used to produce warp beams for solid color fabrics directly from packages to the beam. Sectional warping is slower but used for short runs or complex patterns by making sections sequentially.
3. A warping machine has a creel to hold packages, a headstock to guide and tension yarns, and a control device. It measures and winds yarns uniformly to produce a warp beam meeting quality requirements.
The document discusses marker making for garment production. It describes both manual and computerized methods of marker making. In the manual method, an efficient marker maker plans the placement of pattern pieces on marker paper to minimize fabric waste. The computerized method involves entering production patterns into a computer which then assists in arranging the patterns to maximize efficiency. The document outlines key steps and considerations in both methods to optimize marker efficiency and reduce fabric waste.
This document provides information about Montex Fabrics Ltd, a 100% export oriented composite knit industry in Bangladesh. Some key details:
- The factory was established in 2000 in Gazipur with an investment of 70 crore taka and has certifications including ISO 9001:2000.
- It produces basic t-shirts, sweaters, and other knitwear and garments for export with a production capacity of 7 tons/day for knitting and 70,000 pieces/day for sewing.
- The factory has over 6000 employees across its knitting, dyeing, finishing, printing and other sections. It aims to provide quality products on time to satisfy customers.
Interlock fabrics are a variation of rib knit construction where both sides of the fabric look identical due to a double knit construction. Interlock fabrics have identical appearances on the front and rear surfaces, making them double-sided. They are tightly knitted, giving a smooth surface and firm feel. Interlock fabrics have advanced dimensional stability and can stretch more in the lengthwise direction than widthwise. They provide better heat insulation than single knit fabrics due to an insulating layer of air between the front and rear surfaces.
Project Report on Study on the Effects of Sanforizing Machine on the Properti...Morshed Morshed
A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Textile Engineering
Advance in Wet Processing Technology
VDQ pulley (Variable Dia for Quality Pulley): It is a very important part of the machine. It controls the quality of the product. Altering the position of the tension pulley changes the G.S.M. of the fabric.
Effect of stitch length on Lycra And Without Lycra plain Single jersey fabric...Md. Mazadul Hasan Shishir
This document summarizes an experimental study on the effects of stitch length on plain single jersey cotton fabrics with and without lycra. It describes the sample fabric production including fabric type, yarn type and count, and machine parameters. It then summarizes the results of various tests conducted including spirality, pilling resistance, GSM, courses/wales per inch, dimensional stability, fabric thickness, and color fastness. The tests showed that increasing the stitch length increased spirality and decreased other properties like GSM and fabric thickness. The document concludes by emphasizing the importance of textile education to develop competitive human resources.
This presentation summarizes the process of sizing for textiles. Sizing involves applying a coating to warp yarns to minimize breakage during weaving. The objectives of sizing are to increase smoothness, strength and elasticity while reducing hairiness. Common sizing ingredients include starch, softeners, binders and antiseptics. Different types of sizing are used depending on the fabric, from pure to heavy. Sizing techniques include hot melt, solvent and foam methods. Key parts of a sizing machine and common sizing faults are also outlined.
Yarn unevenness and its empact on qualityArNesto WaHid
This document discusses yarn unevenness, its causes, measurement, and impact on quality. Yarn unevenness refers to variations in yarn thickness along its length. It is influenced by raw material variations and spinning process irregularities. Unevenness is measured using the irregularity percentage and coefficient of variation. Higher unevenness can reduce yarn strength, impact fabric appearance with defects, and lower productivity. Careful control of the spinning process is needed to minimize unevenness and maximize quality.
This document provides information on chemicals used in various textile wet processing stages. It discusses chemicals used in pre-treatment processes like desizing, scouring, bleaching and mercerization. Specific chemicals are listed along with their functions in each process. The document also covers latest specialty chemicals used in pre-treatment like cracking agents, bleach processors and surfactants. Finally, it briefly introduces dyes and dyeing process.
Textile yarn manufacturing involves several key steps. Fibers are first opened and cleaned through blowroom and carding processes. Drawing further arranges fibers into parallel strands called slivers. Roving attenuates slivers and adds twist. Ring frames then spin roving into yarn using drafts and twist. Combing upgrades raw materials by removing short fibers. The processes work to arrange, draft, and twist fibers into consistent yarns for weaving or other uses.
This document provides the calculations to determine the daily production rate of a knitting machine given various machine specifications and operating parameters. It first calculates the production rate of a single machine as 4.97 kg/day with 54 feeders. It then scales this up to the total production rate across all feeders of 228.123 kg/day at 85% efficiency. It also provides an alternative calculation method reaching the same result and examples for calculating production rates using different machine specifications.
Knitting Technology | Study On Knitting Technology | Sweater/ V-bed Flat Knit...Md Rakibul Hassan
This document discusses knitting technology and the features of V-bed flat knitting machines. It describes two types of knitwear production: cut and sewing, and fully fashioned. Fully fashioned knitwear shapes portions of the garment during knitting by increasing or decreasing loops along the selvedges. A V-bed flat knitting machine has two stationary needle beds and uses latch needles. Different fabrics like single jersey, ribbing, and cardigan stitches can be produced by activating different needle bed cams. Shaping is done through widening by adding needles or narrowing by removing needles to transfer loops.
1. The document discusses three main types of knitting needles: bearded, latch, and compound needles.
2. Bearded needles have a curved hook and beard, while latch needles contain a hook and separate latch. Compound needles consist of an open hook and sliding closing element.
3. Each needle type has advantages and limitations for different knitting applications. Bearded needles are simplest but have low productivity. Latch needles are self-acting and suitable for computer control. Compound needles reduce yarn strain but are most expensive.
This document lists various finishing faults that can occur in fabrics and their potential causes and remedies. Some common faults include wet squeezer marks from excessive pressure, GSM variation from inconsistent process parameters, bowing from uneven tension, skewing from improper feeding, shrinkage from high tension, overcompaction from excessive shoe pressure or overfeeding, unwanted marks from contact with dirty machinery, decolorized patches from chemical spills, pinholes from pins holding fabric, pilling from short fibers separating from yarns, water spots from wet fabric not drying quickly enough, and torn selvages from excessive tension. The remedies suggested aim to correct the specific causes, such as using a hydroextractor instead of squeezer rolls, ensuring consistent processing
This document provides information about tinting and over dyeing processes for denim garments. It discusses:
- Tinting/over dyeing involves lightly dyeing garments with colors like yellow or pink after fading to give a new fashion or better appearance.
- The process is done on garments after washing techniques like acid wash or stone wash. Direct or reactive dyes are used to color the white/base areas.
- Tinting can be done overall by immersion or localized by spray. It provides a new color effect while maintaining the indigo tone.
- Proper precautions must be taken like fabric and thread matching, and compatible accessories, to avoid irregular dyeing
This document discusses different types of garment finishing processes, including destroyed denim. It describes destroyed denim as a popular distressing effect that makes denim look unique and used. Destroyed denim can be done manually using tools like grinding machines, emery cloth, and hacksaw blades or mechanically using machines like the Jeanologia Flexi (HS3D). The machine process involves selecting a destroy design using software, setting the machine according to the design, and using laser rays to burn and destroy areas of the jeans fabric. Grinding is also discussed as a process of achieving a worn out effect by running garment edges and hems against abrasive surfaces or stones.
This document discusses positive yarn feeding systems and how they affect fabric quality. It provides information on different types of positive yarn feeding systems including tape feed mechanisms and storage feeders. Positive yarn feeding helps control fabric properties and quality by providing uniform yarn tension and detecting faults before knitting. Modern systems use microprocessors and pre-calculated yarn requirements to precisely control yarn delivery. While positive feeding improves quality, it can also cause yarn breakage issues which manufacturers work to overcome through innovations like ceramic coated feed wheels.
1) Single jersey is a plain weft knitted fabric with loops on one side and back loops on the other.
2) It is produced using a plain circular knitting machine with one set of latch needles.
3) Single jersey fabric is lightweight, comfortable, and inexpensive to produce, making it widely used around the world for apparel and other products.
Pierce's model treats woven fabric as a repeating network of identical unit cells composed of interlacing yarns with circular cross-sections. It allows for calculation of geometric parameters like thread spacing and fabric thickness. Kemp's model modifies yarn cross-section to an elliptical racetrack shape to better model tightly woven fabrics. Hearle's lenticular model uses an energy approach. While these models provide simplified representations, real fabrics do not conform to idealized shapes and the relationship between geometry and mechanical properties is still not fully understood.
This document discusses the relationship between gram per square meter (GSM), yarn count, stitch length, and fabric construction. It provides data on the GSM, yarn count, and stitch length of various knit fabrics including single jersey, interlock, rib fabrics, pique, fleece, and more. The conclusion emphasizes that GSM can vary according to yarn count for the same fabric type. Finished GSM, yarn count, and stitch length are interrelated and important specifications for knit fabric production.
Interlock fabrics are a variation of rib knit construction where both sides of the fabric look identical due to a double knit construction. Interlock fabrics have identical appearances on the front and rear surfaces, making them double-sided. They are tightly knitted, giving a smooth surface and firm feel. Interlock fabrics have advanced dimensional stability and can stretch more in the lengthwise direction than widthwise. They provide better heat insulation than single knit fabrics due to an insulating layer of air between the front and rear surfaces.
Project Report on Study on the Effects of Sanforizing Machine on the Properti...Morshed Morshed
A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Textile Engineering
Advance in Wet Processing Technology
VDQ pulley (Variable Dia for Quality Pulley): It is a very important part of the machine. It controls the quality of the product. Altering the position of the tension pulley changes the G.S.M. of the fabric.
Effect of stitch length on Lycra And Without Lycra plain Single jersey fabric...Md. Mazadul Hasan Shishir
This document summarizes an experimental study on the effects of stitch length on plain single jersey cotton fabrics with and without lycra. It describes the sample fabric production including fabric type, yarn type and count, and machine parameters. It then summarizes the results of various tests conducted including spirality, pilling resistance, GSM, courses/wales per inch, dimensional stability, fabric thickness, and color fastness. The tests showed that increasing the stitch length increased spirality and decreased other properties like GSM and fabric thickness. The document concludes by emphasizing the importance of textile education to develop competitive human resources.
This presentation summarizes the process of sizing for textiles. Sizing involves applying a coating to warp yarns to minimize breakage during weaving. The objectives of sizing are to increase smoothness, strength and elasticity while reducing hairiness. Common sizing ingredients include starch, softeners, binders and antiseptics. Different types of sizing are used depending on the fabric, from pure to heavy. Sizing techniques include hot melt, solvent and foam methods. Key parts of a sizing machine and common sizing faults are also outlined.
Yarn unevenness and its empact on qualityArNesto WaHid
This document discusses yarn unevenness, its causes, measurement, and impact on quality. Yarn unevenness refers to variations in yarn thickness along its length. It is influenced by raw material variations and spinning process irregularities. Unevenness is measured using the irregularity percentage and coefficient of variation. Higher unevenness can reduce yarn strength, impact fabric appearance with defects, and lower productivity. Careful control of the spinning process is needed to minimize unevenness and maximize quality.
This document provides information on chemicals used in various textile wet processing stages. It discusses chemicals used in pre-treatment processes like desizing, scouring, bleaching and mercerization. Specific chemicals are listed along with their functions in each process. The document also covers latest specialty chemicals used in pre-treatment like cracking agents, bleach processors and surfactants. Finally, it briefly introduces dyes and dyeing process.
Textile yarn manufacturing involves several key steps. Fibers are first opened and cleaned through blowroom and carding processes. Drawing further arranges fibers into parallel strands called slivers. Roving attenuates slivers and adds twist. Ring frames then spin roving into yarn using drafts and twist. Combing upgrades raw materials by removing short fibers. The processes work to arrange, draft, and twist fibers into consistent yarns for weaving or other uses.
This document provides the calculations to determine the daily production rate of a knitting machine given various machine specifications and operating parameters. It first calculates the production rate of a single machine as 4.97 kg/day with 54 feeders. It then scales this up to the total production rate across all feeders of 228.123 kg/day at 85% efficiency. It also provides an alternative calculation method reaching the same result and examples for calculating production rates using different machine specifications.
Knitting Technology | Study On Knitting Technology | Sweater/ V-bed Flat Knit...Md Rakibul Hassan
This document discusses knitting technology and the features of V-bed flat knitting machines. It describes two types of knitwear production: cut and sewing, and fully fashioned. Fully fashioned knitwear shapes portions of the garment during knitting by increasing or decreasing loops along the selvedges. A V-bed flat knitting machine has two stationary needle beds and uses latch needles. Different fabrics like single jersey, ribbing, and cardigan stitches can be produced by activating different needle bed cams. Shaping is done through widening by adding needles or narrowing by removing needles to transfer loops.
1. The document discusses three main types of knitting needles: bearded, latch, and compound needles.
2. Bearded needles have a curved hook and beard, while latch needles contain a hook and separate latch. Compound needles consist of an open hook and sliding closing element.
3. Each needle type has advantages and limitations for different knitting applications. Bearded needles are simplest but have low productivity. Latch needles are self-acting and suitable for computer control. Compound needles reduce yarn strain but are most expensive.
This document lists various finishing faults that can occur in fabrics and their potential causes and remedies. Some common faults include wet squeezer marks from excessive pressure, GSM variation from inconsistent process parameters, bowing from uneven tension, skewing from improper feeding, shrinkage from high tension, overcompaction from excessive shoe pressure or overfeeding, unwanted marks from contact with dirty machinery, decolorized patches from chemical spills, pinholes from pins holding fabric, pilling from short fibers separating from yarns, water spots from wet fabric not drying quickly enough, and torn selvages from excessive tension. The remedies suggested aim to correct the specific causes, such as using a hydroextractor instead of squeezer rolls, ensuring consistent processing
This document provides information about tinting and over dyeing processes for denim garments. It discusses:
- Tinting/over dyeing involves lightly dyeing garments with colors like yellow or pink after fading to give a new fashion or better appearance.
- The process is done on garments after washing techniques like acid wash or stone wash. Direct or reactive dyes are used to color the white/base areas.
- Tinting can be done overall by immersion or localized by spray. It provides a new color effect while maintaining the indigo tone.
- Proper precautions must be taken like fabric and thread matching, and compatible accessories, to avoid irregular dyeing
This document discusses different types of garment finishing processes, including destroyed denim. It describes destroyed denim as a popular distressing effect that makes denim look unique and used. Destroyed denim can be done manually using tools like grinding machines, emery cloth, and hacksaw blades or mechanically using machines like the Jeanologia Flexi (HS3D). The machine process involves selecting a destroy design using software, setting the machine according to the design, and using laser rays to burn and destroy areas of the jeans fabric. Grinding is also discussed as a process of achieving a worn out effect by running garment edges and hems against abrasive surfaces or stones.
This document discusses positive yarn feeding systems and how they affect fabric quality. It provides information on different types of positive yarn feeding systems including tape feed mechanisms and storage feeders. Positive yarn feeding helps control fabric properties and quality by providing uniform yarn tension and detecting faults before knitting. Modern systems use microprocessors and pre-calculated yarn requirements to precisely control yarn delivery. While positive feeding improves quality, it can also cause yarn breakage issues which manufacturers work to overcome through innovations like ceramic coated feed wheels.
1) Single jersey is a plain weft knitted fabric with loops on one side and back loops on the other.
2) It is produced using a plain circular knitting machine with one set of latch needles.
3) Single jersey fabric is lightweight, comfortable, and inexpensive to produce, making it widely used around the world for apparel and other products.
Pierce's model treats woven fabric as a repeating network of identical unit cells composed of interlacing yarns with circular cross-sections. It allows for calculation of geometric parameters like thread spacing and fabric thickness. Kemp's model modifies yarn cross-section to an elliptical racetrack shape to better model tightly woven fabrics. Hearle's lenticular model uses an energy approach. While these models provide simplified representations, real fabrics do not conform to idealized shapes and the relationship between geometry and mechanical properties is still not fully understood.
This document discusses the relationship between gram per square meter (GSM), yarn count, stitch length, and fabric construction. It provides data on the GSM, yarn count, and stitch length of various knit fabrics including single jersey, interlock, rib fabrics, pique, fleece, and more. The conclusion emphasizes that GSM can vary according to yarn count for the same fabric type. Finished GSM, yarn count, and stitch length are interrelated and important specifications for knit fabric production.
This document provides an overview of Apex Weaving & Finishing Mills Limited, a textile company located in Gazipur, Bangladesh. It describes the company's various subsidiaries and business sections, which include weaving, dyeing, printing, finishing, and garments. The document also lists the types of machinery used in each section of the facility, such as 231 shuttleless looms, rotary printers, loop steamers, and sewing machines. Finally, it includes photos of the different areas of the plant, including the weaving floor, wet processing section, printing area, laboratories, and maintenance facilities.
An investigation on the inspection of grey & finished knit fabric in wet proc...Md. Mazadul Hasan Shishir
This document discusses fabric inspection processes at Aman Tex Ltd, a knit fabric dyeing and garment manufacturing company in Bangladesh. It outlines the company's operations and describes their grey fabric and finished fabric inspection procedures. For grey fabric, common defects like needle marks, holes, and dropped stitches are defined. For finished fabric, defects from dyeing and finishing like uneven dyeing, dye spots, and crease marks are explained. The aims of inspection are to ensure quality, reduce costs from defects, and improve production efficiency. Inspection standards like the four point system used by Aman Tex are presented.
Elastomeric fibers are fibers that can stretch to very high elongations (400-800%) and rapidly recover their original length. They include fibers made from natural and synthetic rubbers as well as spandex and polyacrylates. Elastomeric fibers are produced via a spinning process where polymers are mixed and reacted to form long chains, then extruded through spinnerets into a water bath or air to solidify. The fibers have excellent elasticity and strength even at high elongations. Common applications include clothing, automotive and industrial parts, coatings and more where elasticity is required.
The document discusses acrylic fiber, including its definition, chemical composition, properties, characteristics, advantages, uses, and commercial applications. Acrylic fiber is a synthetic fiber made from polymers containing acrylonitrile. It is often used as an artificial replacement for wool in applications like sweaters, socks, and blankets due to its softness and insulating properties. Major uses of acrylic fiber include knit apparel, carpets, and home furnishings due to its ability to wick moisture, durability, and resistance to moths and chemicals.
This document provides an overview of Mitali Fashions Ltd., a knit composite garment factory in Bangladesh. It discusses the company's establishment in 2000, leadership, expansion, and certification. The factory has various production sections including knitting, dyeing, finishing, garments, and quality control. It employs over 5,000 people and produces knitwear and garments for major international brands. The document also includes organizational charts, maps of the factory premises, and lists of raw materials and major customers.
This document provides an overview of the author's two-month industrial attachment at M M Knitwear Ltd, a knit dyeing and finishing factory in Bangladesh. It describes the company profile, location, basic factory layout, vision, departments, and production capacities. Key areas discussed include the dyeing and finishing section, knitting section, management system, duties of production roles, factory machines and processes, raw materials, production planning, quality assurance, maintenance, utilities, inventory control, cost analysis, marketing, and effluent treatment. The author aims to gain practical experience of production technology and correlate theoretical and industrial knowledge through this industrial training opportunity.
The document outlines the key components of a fabric dyeing system, including a main vessel or chamber, winch roller or reel, heat exchanger, nozzle, reserve tank, chemical dosing tank, and various utility lines and motors. It also lists the components involved in liquor circulation such as the main pump, heat exchanger, reserve tank, dosing tank, pneumatic valves, and nozzle.
This document provides an overview of Sadma Fashion Wear Ltd., a garment manufacturing company in Bangladesh. It details the company's profile, facilities, production capacity, certifications, buyers, and organizational structure. Key points include that it has over 200 employees, a production capacity of 20,000 pieces per day, and major buyers such as Walmart, C&A, and Sears. The company operates departments for knitting, dyeing, finishing, garments production and quality assurance.
The document provides information about GTA Sports Ltd., a knitwear factory in Bangladesh. It includes an organogram of the company's management structure and sections. The knitting section is described in detail, outlining the knitting process, types of knitting machines and their parts. It also discusses methods to increase production quantity. The dyeing and finishing sections are briefly introduced, including raw materials, machinery and quality control processes.
This document provides information about Interstoff Apparels Ltd., a garment manufacturing company in Bangladesh. It discusses the company profile, including its name, business type, employees, and address. It also describes the knitting, quality control, dyeing, and project work sections of the company. The knitting section details the types of yarns, knitting machines, production calculations, and common knitting faults. The quality control section lists inspection equipment. The dyeing section outlines the dyeing process and possible faults. The project work section explains common knitting defects and their causes and remedies.
The document discusses batch-to-batch shade variation in knit dyeing. It identifies many factors that can cause shade variation between batches, including uneven pretreatment, improper dosing, fluctuating power/temperature, dye lot variation, pH issues, and poor lab-to-bulk correlation. Maintaining standard procedures, equal parameters like liquor ratio and cycle time, proper dosing, and consistent finishing can help minimize shade variation. The goal is to control variables and ensure replicable dyeing conditions across batches.
This document is a presentation on work study for the Department of Textile Engineering at Southeast University. It includes an introduction to work study and discusses the textile production pipeline from fibers to consumers. It also provides an overview of various job categories in the ready-made garment sector and classifications of stitches used in textile manufacturing.
This document provides a project report on applying disperse and reactive dyes to a 65/35 polyester/cotton blended fabric using a two bath system. It acknowledges those who helped with the project and thanks the textile college and company for the opportunity. The abstract discusses challenges in dyeing poly/cotton blends and how dye selection can help control color value, strength, and other properties. Laboratory trials tested compatibility of reactive dyes and analyzed dye fixation using spectrophotometry. The introduction discusses the importance of practical experience and outlines the project goals of studying dye application in different textile industries in Bangladesh.
This document provides a project report on the reaction mechanism of reactive dyes in Bengal Hurricane Group on cellulose fiber. It discusses the raw materials used, including fabrics, dyes, and chemicals. It explains the importance of studying reactive dye usage in major Bangladeshi textile industries. The methods of dyeing and printing cotton with reactive dyes and the technical deficiencies, causes, and remedies are examined.
The term finishing, in a broad sense it covers all the processes of making the fabric good looking, good hand feeling, luster and of course for buyer requirement. It is done after dying and before delivery to market. Various types of parameters are controlled during finishing section considering buyer requirement. The term also includes bleaching, dyeing, mercerizing etc. But normally the term is restricted to the final stage in the sequence of treatment of Knit fabrics after bleaching and dyeing. However, fabrics which are neither bleached nor dyed are also finished.
This document discusses the development of looms from primitive hand looms to modern automated looms. It outlines the key stages of development including the fly shuttle loom, power looms, semi-automatic looms, and modern shuttle-less looms. The basic mechanisms and motions of weaving are described, including primary, secondary, and tertiary motions. Different parts of a loom and their functions are also summarized.
This document is a presentation on knitwear design that includes:
- An introduction comparing knit and woven fabrics
- Descriptions of different types of knitting, knit garments, and knitting terminology
- Explanations of different types of knitting machines and the elements of circular knitting machines
- Details about a knit factory including its capacity, machines used, and end products
- Samples of different knitted fabrics produced and faults that can occur in knitted fabrics
- Quality control processes for knitted fabrics
Routine maintenance such as cleaning filters and checking equipment is performed weekly. The pH meter and blower meter are calibrated every 4 months. Every 2 years, more extensive maintenance is carried out like greasing bearings and changing pump oils to replace worn parts. Performing maintenance according to this schedule helps ensure the wastewater treatment plant operates efficiently.
This document provides an overview of the textile manufacturing process from spinning to processing at a textile company. It includes descriptions of the machinery and processes in various departments like spinning, knitting, dyeing, finishing and quality control. It also lists common fabric types, finishes, and faults observed during production. Key departments and their functions are outlined along with process flows, material types and testing procedures.
This document summarizes Noorul Islam Saiful's internship experience at Crystal Composite Ltd. It provides details about the company, his activities and responsibilities in different departments, including knitting, dyeing, sewing, and finishing. It also discusses fabric and garment defects, quality control measures, and standard minute values for sewing operations. Overall, the internship helped him gain work experience and professional skills.
The document provides details about the weaving process from warping to final folding of the woven fabric or towel. It involves key steps like warping, sizing, drawing-in, looming, and folding. Warping involves winding yarn parallel onto beams. Sizing adds size to strengthen the yarn. Drawing-in threads the yarn through heddles and reed according to the weave pattern. Looming uses looms like Sulzer or air jet to weave the warp and weft yarns. Folding inspects and packs the final woven product.
Production Process of fully fashioned knitwear manufacturing.Muhammad Rahat
Fully fashioning is a method of shaping knitted structure by increasing or decreasing the number of Wales or needles. Fully fashioned knitwear is manufactured through knitting the whole structure.
This document provides information about an industrial training at Biswas Synthetic Ltd, a textile company in Bangladesh. It includes details about the company profile, various production sections like knitting, dyeing, finishing, and quality control. The knitting section describes the different types of knitting processes, primary knitting elements, and end products produced on single jersey circular knitting machines.
This paper deals with the result of an investigation by using different count yarn but same
parameters of knitting machine to produce cotton-elastane single jersey fabric. Here,the all parameters of
knitting machine including gauge, dia ,Stitch length, rpm, machine tension etcare same. Dyeing process also
carried out at same parameter for all fabrics. Finishing process like Heat setting, Stentering, compacting are
done in same condition But we use different count cotton yarn. In this paper, we mainly deal with the physical
properties of single jersey cotton fabric. we try to identify how the properties of single jersey knitted fabric like
fabric diameter(gray& finished condition) ,WPI&CPI(gray& finished condition),Fabric GSM(gray& finished
condition),Shrinkage (%) length &width wise, spiralityare changing with Count .Finally the findings are as
expected with some variation with the result that are thought theoretically.
Karnaphuli Knit Wear Ltd is a knit composite factory located in Dhaka, Bangladesh. It has 750 employees and produces knit fabrics and garments for export. The factory has 62 knitting machines, 26 dyeing and finishing machines, and over 800 sewing machines. It produces a variety of knit fabrics including single jersey, pique, interlock and fleece. Raw materials include grey fabric, dyes, chemicals and sewing thread. Production follows steps of fabric inspection, batching, pretreatment, dyeing, drying, slitting, compacting and inspection before packing and delivery. Planning involves analyzing orders, scheduling knitting, dyeing, cutting, printing, embroidery, sewing, finishing
This document provides information about knitting processes and elements. It includes:
1. A process flow chart showing the steps from yarn feeding to inspection.
2. An organogram of a knitting section organizational structure.
3. Descriptions of the three primary knitting elements - needles, cams, and sinkers - and their types and functions.
4. Types of knit fabrics and features of single jersey and flat bed knitting machines.
This document provides information about Tua-Ha Textile Ltd., a knitting, dyeing, finishing, and garment manufacturing factory in Bangladesh. It details the factory's objectives to meet client expectations, gain buyer confidence, be known for quality Bangladeshi products, create jobs, and use modern communication technologies. It also outlines the factory's compliance with regulations regarding labor, health, and safety. The document focuses on the factory's knitting section, describing the types of fabrics it produces, raw materials used, production processes, machinery, and potential faults in knitting.
Metro Knitting & Dyeing Mills Ltd. is a composite textile factory located in Narayanganj, Bangladesh. It produces knitted fabrics and garments for export. The factory uses yarn and fabrics as raw materials and produces items like t-shirts, polo shirts, and sweaters. It has several knitting machines from brands like Orizio and Fukuhara. The factory performs quality control testing and has utilities like boilers and air compressors. The purpose of the student visit was to learn about knitting processes and quality practices.
The document provides an overview of Horizon Group Ltd, a garment manufacturing factory in Bangladesh. It details the factory's production processes which include yarn dyeing, fabric dyeing, knitting, cutting, printing, sewing, finishing, and utility sections. It describes the machinery, production capacity, buyers, and sister organizations. It also discusses the factory's compliance policies and effluent treatment processes.
This document provides information about an industrial attachment at Square Fashions Ltd., a textile factory in Bangladesh, completed by four students from Bangladesh University of Textiles. It includes details about Square Fashions such as its establishment, production capacity, departments, manpower organization, shift changes, knitting section layout and machines. It also summarizes the dyeing, finishing, quality control, utility and effluent treatment processes at the factory.
This document discusses ring spun yarn production. It provides details on the production process including bale management, blow room operations, carding, drawing, combing, roving using a simplex machine, ring spinning, autoconing, heat setting, and packing. Production parameters are given for 24s, 30s, and 40s ring spun yarn as well as 24s and 30s combed yarn. The document provides a comprehensive overview of the ring spinning process from raw cotton to finished yarn.
FakirApparels Limited is a 100% export oriented knitwear factory established in 1998 in Bangladesh. It has 700,000 square feet of production space with 7500 employees. The factory produces 140,000 garments per day along with 20 tons of knitting and 30 tons of dyeing daily. It uses modern production planning software and has an annual turnover of $75 million. The factory aims to be a world-class quality apparel manufacturer through lean processes, management systems, and flexibility with customers.
Raymond Textiles provides an internship opportunity at its textile division in Vapi, India. The Vapi plant has a capacity of 154 looms and 21840 spindles across 94.4 acres. It produces 25 million meters of fabric annually using a fully digital and automated manufacturing system. The internship aims to provide understanding of processes from yarn production to finishing of fabrics, including quality aspects. Key departments include spinning, weaving, designing, quality control and supply chain management. The textile processes involve scouring, combing, dyeing, recombing, winding, warping, drawing, weaving and finishing. Quality is ensured through stringent testing at various stages in the laboratory.
This document summarizes a student group's presentation on their industrial visit to Noman Composite Textile Ltd. The key points covered include:
1. An introduction to the company and factory location.
2. The purposes of the visit were to observe the woven fabric manufacturing process, familiarize with the industry environment, and understand the machinery and utilities.
3. Raw materials used include yarn from various spinning mills and sizing chemicals.
4. Products manufactured are woven fabrics and home textiles sold to major brands like H&M, Zara, and Walmart.
5. The document outlines the various production processes from winding to finishing.
Efficiency losses calculation and identify causes of losses of circular knitt...Elias Khalil (ইলিয়াস খলিল)
This thesis deals with a major problem of production loss of a knitting industry. The knitting machine has to stop when defects occurred and then faults are corrected, which results in time loss and efficiency loss. Not only that the knitted fabric may be rejected if quality requirements are not met. An effective monitoring is required to avoid defects and to avoid productivity and quality losses. The study identifies two main categories of defects (average time required for correcting defects and machine down time) are responsible for reducing productivity. The thesis reflects that due to yarn breakage machine stopped for seen minutes per days, for maintaining machine stopped for two hours per month, for needle breakage six minutes per day and for technical problem machine stopped for several times.
This document provides definitions and background information on various textile terms. It begins with an introduction to textiles and defines key terms like fiber, filament, yarn and fabric. It then discusses the history of natural fibers like cotton, wool and silk. The document also summarizes the development of various man-made fibers like rayon, nylon, acrylic and polyester. It provides timelines of when these fibers were first invented and commercialized. The document is intended to serve as a reference for textile engineering students.
This document provides information about garment manufacturing and exporting processes. It was prepared by Md. Kamrul Hasan, a Textile Engineering graduate from Southeast University in Bangladesh. The document contains several sections that discuss key topics like buyers and buying houses, major garment exporting countries, GSP status, garment export procedures, costing, purchase orders, letters of credit, and timelines. It aims to serve as a reference for students and professionals in the garments sector.
This document provides information about carbon fiber, including:
1. What carbon fiber is composed of and its structure.
2. The process of forming carbon fiber from precursor materials like polyacrylonitrile through heating without oxygen.
3. Applications of carbon fiber in composites for aircraft, vehicles, and other products due to its strength and light weight.
4. Major manufacturers of carbon fibers and the growing market for carbon fiber composites.
The document provides information about reactive dyes, including:
- Reactive dyes form covalent bonds with fiber polymers through reactive groups, giving excellent wash and light fastness.
- Important reactive groups include triazine, vinyl sulfone, and halogen groups.
- Reactive dyes were invented in 1956 and became popular for their bright colors, low temperature dyeing, and simple process.
- Common application methods are pad-batch and pad-dry processes at low temperatures. Proper pH, electrolyte, alkali, and time are required for effective dye fixation to the fiber.
This document provides information about Urmi Group and one of its concerns, Fakhruddin Textile Mills Ltd. It details the company profile, factory information, manpower and organizational structure, raw materials used, and production process of the textile mill. Fakhruddin Textile Mills Ltd is a leading Bangladeshi manufacturer and exporter of knit garments established in 2004. It has over 1200 employees and uses various natural and synthetic yarns, chemicals, and dyes to produce knitted fabrics and garments for the export market.
The document provides information about an industrial training internship at Olio Apparels Ltd, which is part of the Envoy Group. The objectives of the internship are to learn about the different departments of the company and gain practical knowledge about garment manufacturing. It also aims to compare theoretical knowledge learned in class to real-world practices and identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the company. Olio Apparels Ltd is described as a large garment manufacturing facility that produces high quality products for European and American customers using modern machinery and technologies.
1. The document provides information about Divine Group of Industries Limited (DGI), a textile company in Bangladesh. It details DGI's facilities, production capacity, certifications, and clientele.
2. DGI aims to suit every fashion taste and demand from around the world. It has several factories producing knitted fabrics and garments.
3. The document outlines DGI's management structure, production processes from knitting to garments, and machinery used in key departments like CAD and sampling.
This document provides information about garment merchandising and industrial engineering. It defines merchandising and outlines the key steps in the merchandising process from developing buyers to shipment. It also describes the work of merchandisers, including sourcing, pricing, order follow up, and ensuring on-time shipment. Additionally, it discusses industrial engineering and its focus on improving productivity through methods like time studies, layout optimization, and training. It provides details on cost analysis, production planning, and the different techniques used to set work standards.
The document provides information about industrial training and sample making at Sea Moss Knitwear Ltd., a garment factory in Bangladesh. It discusses the factory's training center which trains new workers on sewing machine operation and the garment production process. It also describes the different types of samples produced by the sample section, including original samples, photo samples, pre-production samples, and others. The purpose of each sample and the sample development process is explained. In summary, the document outlines the training programs and sample making procedures at this Bangladeshi garment factory.
This document provides information about an industrial training completed by the author at Cotton Club (BD) Ltd. It begins with an introduction to the garment industry in Bangladesh and the purpose of industrial training programs. It then discusses the company details including history, mission, vision, competitors and organizational structure. The document focuses on the knitting section of the factory, providing definitions of knitting technology, types of knitted fabrics produced, machinery used and processes involved. It concludes with an overview of common knitting faults and their remedies.
This document provides information about an industrial training internship at Tusuka Jeans, Trouser & Processing Ltd. It outlines the objectives of the internship which are to learn about the various departments of the company and gain practical knowledge. It then provides details about the company profile, sister concerns, buyers, human resources management, machine descriptions, raw materials, production planning, merchandising, and compliance issues.
This document provides an overview of APS Group (Dyeing Unit), a 100% export-oriented composite knitwear factory located in Pubail, Gazipur, Bangladesh. It details the factory's production capacities and facilities, including its knitting, dyeing, finishing, and garment sections. It also describes the factory layout, manpower structure, and sources and costs of raw materials like yarn, grey fabrics, dyes, and chemicals. The factory has a daily production capacity of over 15 tons and employs over 5,000 people across its operations.
This document provides an overview of the author's industrial attachment at Impress-Newtex Composite Textiles Ltd. It describes the company profile including general information, buyers, and location. It outlines the organizational structure with organizational chart and shift classifications. It also summarizes the key departments in the factory including knitting, planning, wet processing lab, dyeing, finishing, quality control, dry lab, water treatment plant, maintenance, and utilities. The document is intended to provide knowledge gained from the practical experience in the various production processes at the factory.
This document provides information about an industrial internship at Rupa Fabrics Ltd, a knit dyeing and finishing company in Bangladesh. It includes:
1. An overview of the company's profile, production capacity and certifications. Rupa Fabrics produces basic t-shirts, sweaters and knit fabrics for export.
2. Details on the production processes used, including knitting, dyeing, finishing and garment manufacturing. Knitting is done on circular and flatbed machines in various gauges. Dyeing and finishing include processes like batching, laboratory testing, knit dyeing, and finishing.
3. Descriptions of the management structure and responsibilities of roles like the general manager
The document provides an overview of the Hotapara Garments Ltd company, including its infrastructure, departments, manpower, production capacity, and product mix. The company has over 1850 workers split across various departments like knitting, dyeing, quality control, sewing, and maintenance. It has a daily production capacity of 40,000 pieces and manufactures items like T-shirts, polo shirts, jackets, and bottoms.
This document provides an overview of Divine Group Ltd, a textile company located in Bangladesh. It discusses the company's history, facilities, production capacities, and management structure. The company was established in 1997 and has since expanded to include multiple factories producing knitted fabrics, dyed fabrics, finished fabrics, garments, and more. It employs thousands of staff and has the goal of meeting international quality standards and customer demands.
This document provides information about an industrial training completed at YASSMA KNITTING & DYEING LTD., including an introduction to the training, company profile, management structure, machines used, raw materials, production process, and quality control procedures. The training focused on the dyeing and finishing sections and was intended to bridge the gap between theoretical and practical textile engineering knowledge.
- ACS Textiles (Bangladesh) Ltd operates a large textile manufacturing facility in Bangladesh with over 6,000 employees. It produces a wide range of home textile products including bed sheets, towels, and other linen products.
- The company aims to capture value at each stage of textile production from weaving to dyeing, finishing, and packaging. It prides itself on producing high quality products meeting ISO 9001:2008 standards.
- During the internship, the author gained exposure to various departments within ACS Textiles like weaving, dyeing, finishing, quality control, and maintenance to better understand industrial operations and management.
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji - Bandi Chor Guru.pdfBalvir Singh
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
• On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
afterwards, Guru Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mogul Emperor
Jahangir.
• Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606. He was barely
eleven years old when he became 6th Guru.
• As ordered by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, he put on two swords, one indicated his spiritual
authority (PIRI) and the other, his temporal authority (MIRI). He thus for the first time
initiated military tradition in the Sikh faith to resist religious persecution, protect
people’s freedom and independence to practice religion by choice. He transformed
Sikhs to be Saints and Soldier.
• He had a long tenure as Guru, lasting 37 years, 9 months and 3 days
An In-Depth Exploration of Natural Language Processing: Evolution, Applicatio...DharmaBanothu
Natural language processing (NLP) has
recently garnered significant interest for the
computational representation and analysis of human
language. Its applications span multiple domains such
as machine translation, email spam detection,
information extraction, summarization, healthcare,
and question answering. This paper first delineates
four phases by examining various levels of NLP and
components of Natural Language Generation,
followed by a review of the history and progression of
NLP. Subsequently, we delve into the current state of
the art by presenting diverse NLP applications,
contemporary trends, and challenges. Finally, we
discuss some available datasets, models, and
evaluation metrics in NLP.
This is an overview of my current metallic design and engineering knowledge base built up over my professional career and two MSc degrees : - MSc in Advanced Manufacturing Technology University of Portsmouth graduated 1st May 1998, and MSc in Aircraft Engineering Cranfield University graduated 8th June 2007.
Online train ticket booking system project.pdfKamal Acharya
Rail transport is one of the important modes of transport in India. Now a days we
see that there are railways that are present for the long as well as short distance
travelling which makes the life of the people easier. When compared to other
means of transport, a railway is the cheapest means of transport. The maintenance
of the railway database also plays a major role in the smooth running of this
system. The Online Train Ticket Management System will help in reserving the
tickets of the railways to travel from a particular source to the destination.
Covid Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
CoVID-19 sprang up in Wuhan China in November 2019 and was declared a pandemic by the in January 2020 World Health Organization (WHO). Like the Spanish flu of 1918 that claimed millions of lives, the COVID-19 has caused the demise of thousands with China, Italy, Spain, USA and India having the highest statistics on infection and mortality rates. Regardless of existing sophisticated technologies and medical science, the spread has continued to surge high. With this COVID-19 Management System, organizations can respond virtually to the COVID-19 pandemic and protect, educate and care for citizens in the community in a quick and effective manner. This comprehensive solution not only helps in containing the virus but also proactively empowers both citizens and care providers to minimize the spread of the virus through targeted strategies and education.
9. 4.1 KNITTING:
Knitting is defined as the construction of fabric by interlocking loops of a single
yarn with the help of hooked needles. Knitting is the method of creating fabric by
transforming continuous strands of yarn into a series of interlocking loops, each raw of
such loops hanging from the one immediately preceding it.
4.2 TYPES OF KNITTING:
There are two types
1. Warp Knitting.
2. Weft Knitting.
Warp Knitting: In a warp knitted structure, each loop in the horizontal direction is made
from a different thread and the number of threads are used to produce such a fabric is at
least equal to the no of loops in a horizontal row.
Fig: Warp Knitting
Fig: Weft Knitting
Weft Knitting: In a weft knitted structure, a horizontal row f loop can be made using one
thread and the threads run in the horizontal direction.
11. Process Flow chart of Knitting (Circular):
Sample Fabric
Design analysis
Machine Selection
Machine Setting for the Required Design
Knitting
Conform Required Quality
Withdraw the Rolled Fabric and Weighting
Inspection
Delivery
14. KnittingM/Cparts
A. Needle
B. Sinker
C. Cam
D.Cylinder
E. VDQ pulley
F. Cam box
G. Sinker box
H.Creel & creel stand
I. Yarn guide
J. Accumulator
K. Toothed belt
L. Thread signal light
M.Central signal lamp
N. Yarn feeder
O. Cleaning fan
P. Air gun
Q. Oil box
R. Needle detector
S. Fabric spreader
T. Take up roller
15. Needle
Needle is the 1st basic Element of knitting.
There are following types of needles.
Latch needle
Bearded needle
Compound needle
Carbine needle
Among them latch
needle is most widely used. Carbine
needle is used in warp knitting.
Latch
Hook
Butt
16. Cam
Cam is the 3nd basic element
of
knitting .Cams are arranged in
Cam box. A cam box contain
four track. This track
determine
The path of different butt’s
Needle.There are following
Types of cam.
A.Knitting cam
Knit cam
Tuck cam
Miss cam
Tuck cam
Miss cam
Knit cam
Cam box
B.Engineering cam
17. Sinker
• Sinker is the 2nd knitting
element.
• It is a thin metal plate.
• During knitting sinker
perform the following
three tasks.
Functions :
• Loop formation
• Holding down
• Knocking over
18. VDQ pulley
• Variable dia for quality(VDQ) pulley is used to control the yarn
feeding speed.
• If yarn is fed more than stitch length will be increased.
• One VDQ pulley contain two slot. Each slot for different types
yarn.
• Some times more than one slot used for the same yarn.
• Dia of VDQ pulley determines the yarn feeding speed.
• When dia is more, then toothed belt runs faster & drives
accumulator with more speed as a result yarn is fed more.
19. Toothed belt
Toothed belt indirectly involved in controlling stitch
length.
If toothed belt not connected with VDQ pulley then
accumulator can not move accurately & produced
fabric will be faulty.
20. Yarn signal light
• Thread signal light indicate each yarn tension.
• If tension is not accurate then lights on.
• Mainly when yarn breaks this lights on.
• If this light not off then m/c will not run.
• This light helps to find out the faults present on which
yarn.
21. Needle detector
• Needle detector used to detect weather any
needle is broken or not.
• It is positioned along needle latch.
Needle detector
22. • Single Jersey:
– Single Jersey Plain
– Single Jersey Half feeded
Lycra
– Single Jersey Full feeded
Lycra
– Fleece
– Slab
– Pique (S/D)
– Single Lacoste
– Double Lacoste
– Micro polar fleece
• Double Jersey :
• Rib
• 1*1 Rib
• 2*1 Rib
• 2*2 Rib
• Lycra Rib
• Interlock
• Jacquard
27. 1. Clean the machine & adjacent area.
2. Put required count of yarn in the creel.
3. Make knot with old yarn.
4. Check air pressure, m/c condition & adjust the PC controller.
5. Keep the door closed.
6. Switch on power.
7. Run the machine by hand drive for a while.
8. If the machine is not running smoothly adjust the machine(as required).
9. Run the machine with very low speed for 3-5 min.
10. Adjust all parameters.
11. Run the machine with full speed.
12. Check the yarn tension for at least 5 feeders.
13. Re-check the parameters(correct it if required).
14. Check the fabric quality during operation.
15. After competition of the adjusted revolution, m/c will automatically stop.
16. Open the door.
17. Take out the knitted roll.
18. Close the door again.
19. Clean the machine.
20. Press oil flash up to 3 revolution
Following the steps for knitting operation :
28. PROCESS OF INCREASING PRODUCTION
QUANTITY
1. By increasing m/c speed:
Higher the m/c speed faster the movement of needle and ultimately production will be increased.
2. By increasing the number of feeder:
If the number of feeder is increased in the circumference of cylinder, then the number of courses will be increased in
one revolution at a time.
3. By using machine of higher gauge:
The more the machine gauge, the more the production is. So by using machine of higher gauge production can be
increased.
4. By imposing automation in the m/c:
a) Quick starting & stopping for efficient driving system.
b) Automatic m/c lubrication system for smoother operation.
c) Photo electric fabric fault detector
5. By imposing other developments:
a) Using creel-feeding system.
b) Applying yarn supply through plastic tube that eliminates the possibilities of yarn damage.
c) Using yarn feed control device.
d) Using auto lint removal.
32. Batching is the process to get ready the fabrics that should be dyed and
processed for a Particular lot of a Particular order.
Batch Management :
Primarily Batching is done by dyeing manager taking the above criteria
under consideration..
Batch process follow-up :
1.Grey fabric inspection
2.Batching
3.Fabric Turning
4.Storing for dyeing
Criteria of proper batching :
1.To use maximum capacity of existing dyeing m/c.
2.To minimize the washing time or preparation time & m/c stoppage
time.
3.To keep the no. of batch as less as possible for same shade.
Batching :
33. Lab dip is a process by which buyers supplied swatch is matched with the varying dyes
percentage in the laboratory with or without help of “DATA COLOR”
Lab dip plays an important role in shade matching & and detaching the characteristics
of the dyes and chemicals are to be used in the large scale of production so this is an
important task before bulk production.
There are two section in dyeing Lab
1.Laboratory
2.Lab-Dip Procedure
34. Development of Lab Dip
Drying
Cold wash
Hot wash
Acid wash
Normal wash
Unload
Pot dyeing
Manual dispersion (pipatting)
Start up recipe given
Recipe start up software
Spectrophotometer reading
Receiving standard swatch
35. Quality Assurance System
Quality Assurance System Can be divided as:
On Line QC-
1. Raw Material Control 2. Color Match 3. Process Control
Off Line QC-
1.GSM 2. Shrinkage 3. Width or dia 4. Light Fastness 5. Wash
Fastness 6. Rubbing Fastness 7. Pilling Test 8. Perspiration Test
9. Spirality
36. DYEING SECTION
Production Capacity per Day: 8 Ton
Total No of Machines: 10 pcs.
Available Machine : Winch Dyeing M/C &SampleDyeingM/C
Machine Capacity(kg): 1200, 900, 800, 600, 450, 50, 10
Machine Temperature: 135 C, 98 C
Brand Name of Machines: Dillmenler & Suntex.
Country Of Origin: All are Turkey.
38. RAW MATERIALS FOR DYEING:
Raw materials used in the dyeing section are:
• 1. Grey Fabrics
• 2. Dyes
• 3. Chemicals
Grey Fabrics:
Following types of grey fabrics are dyed:
• Single jersey
• Single jersey with Lycra
• Single Lacoste
• Fleece
• Interlock
• Rib
• Rib with Lycra
• 1*1 Rib
• 2*2 Rib
• Different types of collar & cuff
39. Name of Dyes
• Reactive Black B
• Reactive Red – 3BS
• Reactive Yellow – 3RS
• Reactive orange – 2RX
• Kiractive N Blue ME 2GL
• Reactive Red ME 6BL
• Reactive Navy Blue GG
• Kiractive Red KHW
• Kiractive Yellow KHW
• Dychhefix Black GR
• Dychhefix Yellow 3R – XF
• Dychufix Red 3BXF
• Arcazol Yellow 4GL
• Beazactive Red S2B
• Remazol Blue RSPL
• Remazol T Blue G
40. Chemical Used
• Detergent
• Leveling Agent
• Sequestering Agent
• Anti creasing agent
• Stabilizer
• Anti-Foam
• Per-Oxide killer
• Enzyme
• Softener
• Salt
• Fixing Agent
• Alkali
• Bleaching Agent
• Brightener
41. Pabna Textile Engineering College
Flowchart of Dyeing
Grey Fabric
Scouring
Bleaching
Neutralization
Enzyme
Washing
Dyeing
Neutralization
Softening
42. Dyeing Parameter
PH Check during Wet Processing:
•
• Bleaching Bath PH : 10.5-11
• Neutralization / After bleaching : 5.5-6.5
• Initial Dye Bath PH : 5.5-6.5
• After Salt addition PH : 6.5-7.5
• After Alkali addition PH : 10.5-11.2
After Dyeing ph : 5.0-6.0
• Fixation Bath PH : 4.0-5.0(For color)
• Softener Bath PH : 5.5-6.0 (For white)
Fixation Time:
•
• For light Shade : 30-40min.
• For Medium Shade : 45-50min.
• For Deep Shade : 50-60min.
M : L Ratio : 1:6 - 1:9
43. Various Faults in Dyeing
• Uneven Dyeing
• Patchy Dyeing
• Specky Dyeing
• Dye spot
• Shade variation
• Pilling
• Crease marks
45. Finishing : Finishing is a chemical or mechanical
process applied on textile goods after dyeing and
printing process just to give it some quality development
according to the demand of user or customer or buyer.
Objective of Finishing:
• Improving the appearance – Luster, whiteness, etc.
• Improving the feel, this depends on the handle of the
material and its softness, suppleness, fullness, etc.
• Wearing qualities, non – soiling, ant crease, ant
shrink, comfort, etc.
• Special properties required for particular uses–water–
proofing, flame proofing, etc.
• Covering of the faults in the original cloth.
• Increasing the weight of the cloth.
46. Flowchart of Finishing
Finishing
Open Line
Make Open by Slitting m/c
Stentering m/c
Open Compactor m/c
Final Inspection m/c
Rolling m/c or Packaging
De-Watering m/c
Dryer
Tubular Compactor m/c
Final Inspection m/c
Rolling m/c or Packaging
Tube Line
48. Stock Solution:
• 0.100 gm dyes and 100 cc water = 0.1 % Stock
• 0.500 gm dyes and 100 cc water = 0.5 % Stock
• 1 gm dyes and 100 cc water = 1 % Stock
• 2 gm dyes and 100 cc water = 2 % Stock
• 1 gm dyes and 50 cc water = 2 % Stock
• 20 gm dyes and 100 cc water = 20 % Stock
49. Calculation for Dyeing Agent
Recipe% * Sample Weight (gm)
• Dyeing Solution = ──────────────────── ml
Stock Solution %
gm/l * Sample Weight (gm)
• Salt = ────────────── ml
100
gm/l * Total Liquor
• Soda Solution = ────────────── ml
Stock Solution %* 1000
1*50
• Leveling = ────────────── ml
Stock Solution %* 1000
50. Final Inspection….
Inspection refers to an investigation process of accepting or
rejecting the final finished fabric from the bulk. It is an observation
process of finding out each & every visible fault in the fabric.
• Equipment used
Nazar inspection m/c, Pakistan
Inspection table
Vervide Day Light box
Following faults are detected & identified in final inspection for body
• Penalty points legend:
H = Hole WX = White speaks
CS = Chemical stain. R= Rub mark
W = Water spots. DS = Dye Stain
Fy = Fly yarn. D= Dirt Stain
YM = Yarn contamination. RS=Rust Stain etc.
51. • Faulty appearance:
US = Uneven shade N= Needle line
N= Neps BR= Barre mark
CR= Crease mark CM= Crumple mark
HR= Hairy DC= Dead cotton
MS= Machine stoppage BW= Bowing
Besides, roll to roll and meter to meter variation is checked.
Acceptance calculation:
Total point per 100 square yards
Actual points counted 36 = x x 100
Actual Roll length Actual width= Points/100 square yards.
Classification of Inspection Fabric:
< 40 points = A
41-60 points = B
61-80 points = C
80 above = Reject
52. Effluent Treatment Plant (E.T.P)
GTA Sports Ltd has an ETP for treating the
waste water from different processing section
like dyeing. ETP has different sectors like
Equalization tank, Bio-reactor etc.
Objects of E.T.P:
-To control the P.H
-To remove the coloring matter from the water.
-To maintain the proper value of BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand)
and COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand).
53. Water Treatment Plant (W.T.P)
GTA Sports Ltd use water from land which is
pumped by deep tube well. There is a standard
quality water treatment plant (WTP) in MFL
where the hardness of water is being treated
continuously and being soft which is required for
the dyeing purposes. Besides this they are using
water to produce steam by heating. It is done
by boiler.
54.
55.
56. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
DIRECTOR (OPERATION)
↓
MERCHANDISING MANAGER
↓
MERCHANDISER
↓
TRAINEE MERCHANDISER
Main functions of a merchandiser to execute the export
order perfectly on time.
– Fabric consumption calculation.
– Accessories consumption calculation (e.g. thread, button, interlining,
label, poly bag, Carton etc.)
– Sourcing of fabrics.
– Sourcing of accessories.
– Possible date of arrival of fabrics & accessories in the garments factory.
– Costing.
– Garments production planning.
– Pre-shipment inspection schedule.
– Shipping document.
57. Objects specifically for merchandising purposes:
• 1. Sell by showing and promoting.
• 2. Create an emotional connect between the viewer and the
display.
• 3. Encourage the shopper to enter the store.
• 4. Get the customer to pause and “shop” the selling floor.
• 5. Establish, promote, and enhance the store’s image.
• 6. Entertain customers and enhance their shopping experience.
• 7. Introduce and explain new products.
GARMENTS MERCHANDISING
58. Merchandising helps in:
• educating the customers about the product/service in an effective
and creative way.
• establishing a creative medium to present merchandise in 3D
environment, thereby enabling long lasting impact and recall
value.
• setting the company apart in an exclusive position.
• establishing linkage between fashion, product design and
marketing by keeping the product in prime focus.
• combining the creative, technical and operational aspects of a
product and the business.
• drawing the attention of the customer to enable him to take purchase
decision within shortest possible time, and thus augmenting the selling
process.
59. The main procedures of merchandisers
are as followed:
• ►Understanding Sample Order
• ►Managing order route card and production time
table
• ►Using route card to reschedule activities
• ►Submitting pre-production samples
• ►Solving shortage problem
60. Merchandiser must be known as:
• Thread details
• Printing details
• Washing
• Dyeing
• Knitting (Based on fabrication)
• Consumption (Based on fabrication,
correspondence & communication)
• Price (Yarn + Knitting + Dyeing + Finishing +
Process loss)
• Wastage
62. Faults in Knitting
• Introduction:
Faults in circular knitting production can
be caused in various ways and quite a few of them can not be related to
just one cause. The following explanations are expected to be helpful in
trying to locate the causes of these faults easier.
• Sources of faults could be-
1. Faults in yarn and the yarn package
2. Yarn feeding and feed regulator.
3. Machine setting and pattern defects.
4. Machine maintenance.
5. Climate conditions in the knitting defects
63. Knitting fabric faults with causes & remedies
Name of the faults:
Hole mark
Needle mark.
Sinker Mark.
Star mark.
Drop stitches
Oil stain
Rust stain.
Pin hole.
Lycra katta.
Yarn contamination
Crease mark.
Lycra out.
Loop.
Tana loop.
Dia mark.
64. Thick & Thin Color spot
Oil sport Lycra spot
Heat set problem Star mark
Softener mark
Pin hole
Needle drop Color mark
65. Causes & remedies
1. Name : Hole mark
Cause : a. Due to yarn breakage.
b. Faulty yarn count.
c. Faulty feeder setting.
d. Badly knot or splicing.
remedies: a.Improper feeder setting
2. Name: Needle mark.
Cause: a. Due to needle breaks during the knitting cycle.
b . If a needle or needle hook is slightly bends
then needle mark comes on the fabric.
remedies: a. Cleaning the needle group
b.Change the needle
3. Name: Sinker Mark.
Cause: a. when sinker corrodes due to abrasion then
sometimes cannot hold a new loop as a result
sinker marks comes.
b. If sinker head bend then sinker mark comes.
remedies: a. cleaning the sinker group
b. Change the sinker
4. Name: Star mark.
Causes: a. Yarn tension vari ation due to production.
b. Buckling of the needle latch.
c. Low G.S.M fabric production.
remedies: a. proper yarn tension
b. change the needle
5. Name: Drop stitches
Causes: a. Defective needle.
b. Take down mechanism too loose.
c . Insufficient yarn tension.
66. d. Improper setting of feeder.
remedies: a. Reset the needle
6. Name: Oil stain
Causes: a. when oi l lick through the needle
trick then it pass on the fabric & make a line.
b. Excess oil pressure in the oil line.
remedies: Proper lubrication and clean machine
7. Name: Rust stain.
Causes: If any rust on the machine parts.
remedies: clean the m/c
8. Name: Pin hole.
Causes: Due to break down or bend of latch,
pin hole may come in the fabric.
remedies: a. Concentrate on needle and latch
9. Name: Lycra katta.
Causes: a. Improper tension.
b. Dust deposit in the pulley.
remedies: clean the feeder & lycra
10. Name: Yarn contamination
Causes: a. If yarn contains foreign fibre then it remains in the fabric even
after finishing.
b. If lot, count mixing occur.
remedies: same count of yarn has to used
67. • The textile materials that are used in different sphere to meet the demand
and to solve the various technical problems and to improve the quality in
need is called technical textiles.
Fiber used in Technical Textiles
The following fibers are used in technical textile product manufacturing.
1. Conventional fibers.
2. High strength and high modulus organic fibers.
3. High chemical- and combustion-resistant organic fibers.
4. High performance inorganic fibers.
5. Ultra-fine and novelty fibers.
6. Civil and agricultural engineering fibers.
7. Automotive and aeronautics fibers.
8. Medical and hygiene applications fibers.
9. Protection and defense fibers.
Technical Textiles:
68. Yarn used in technical textiles
Technical yarns are produced for the manufacture of technical textiles.
They have to meet the specific functional requirements of the intended
end-use. This may be achieved through special yarn production techniques
or through the selection of special fibre blends or a combination of both.
This chapter describes the yarn production technologies that are applicable
to technical yarns and discusses the structures and properties of the yarns
that may be produced using these technologies.
Staple fibre yarns
1. Ring spinning
2. Rotor spinning
3. Friction spinning
4. Wrap spinning
5. Air-jet spinning
6. Twistless spinning
69. • Normally in technical fabrics production woven, knitted and non woven
structure are used.
• Woven Fabrics: Plain, sateen, twill, etc are used.
• knitted Fabrics: Weft & warp knitted designs and their derivatives are
used.
• Non- Woven Fabrics:
• 1. Air laying .
• 2. Wet laying .
• 3. Dry laying wood pulp .
• 4. Spun laying .
• 5. Flash spinning .
• 6. Melt blown .
• 7. Chemical bonding .
• 8. Thermal bonding .
• 9. Solvent bonding .
• 10. Needle felting .
• 11. Stitch bonding .
• 12. Hydro-entanglement.
• Etc are used.
Structure of Fabrics used
70. Categories Of Technical Textiles
Technical textiles can be classified into many categories, depending on their
end use. The classification developed by Techtextil, Messe Frankfurt
Exhibition GmbH is widely used in Europe, North America and Asia.
reporting solutions
The classifications are :
Agrotech (Agro-textiles)
Mobiltech (Automotive and aerospace textiles)
Buildtech (Construction Textiles)
Clothtech (Clothing Textiles)
Geotech (Geo-textiles)
Hometech (Domestic Textiles)
Indutech (Industrial Textiles)
Medtech (Medical textiles)
Mobiltech (Textiles used in transport)
Oekotech or Ecotech (Environmentally-friendly textiles)
Packtech (Packaging textiles)
Protech (Protective textiles)
Sporttech (Sports textiles)
71. Geo-textile
Definition:
Textiles used in the ground are termed “Geo – textiles”. Any permeable
textile materials used for filtration, drainage, separation, reinforcement and
stabilization purposes as an integral part of civil engineering structures of
earth,
rock or other construction materials.
Materials and structures:
Natural & synthetic materials can be used. Jute, Absorbent cotton,
substitute, polypropylene, acrylic, rayon, monofilament, spun yarn and
thermoplastic yarn can be used. Woven, non-woven and knitted fabrics can be
used as Geo textile material.
Classification of Geo textile:
Geo textiles should include constituent polymers or fibres elements, the
form or method of construction, weight and thickness, engineering function,
end
use and engineering properties.
1. According to polymers or fibrous elements:
a. PP
b. PE
c. PES
d. Nylon
2. According to form or method:
a. Melt bonded Fabric
b. Woven
c. Non woven
d. Needle punched
e. Resin bonded
f. Combined non woven technique.
3. Knitted fabric
a. Warp knitted fabric
72. b. Weft knitted fabric
Warp knitted weft insertion geo textiles offer the following
advantages when compared to woven geo textile:
1. Strength: For strength they are lighter than woven geo textiles using the
same yarn. This makes for easier handling & laying on site, thus transport
& labour costs are less in real terms.
2. Knitted geo textile has exceptional tear strength. Additional strength can
be designed & built in to the weft insertion.
3. Knitted geo textiles can be incorporate as additional fabric to form a true
composite geo textile, the fabric being simply knitted in.
4. The individual yarns in the warp knitted weft insertion geo textiles are
straight when incorporated. So, they are able to take up the strain
immediately on loading.
What functions are performed by Geo textiles?
The functions are:
� Filtration
� Separation
� Drainage
� Protective shield against erosion
� Reinforcement
� Land stabilization/support
� Earth filling
� Moisturizer
Discuss the potential areas of application of Geo textile:
Applications are:
1. Road construction: Construction of road over soft land (Link road)
2. Rail road: To prevent upward pushing of mud.
3. Road surface: For the reinforcement of asphall in road surface.
4. Area stabilization: Swam plants.
5. Foundation for industrial development
6. Waste disposal: Cover and seal in waste.
7. Ground drainage
8. Canal and river lining
9. Marine erosion control
73. 10. Construction of new land area
Geo Jute
Introduction:
It is a biodegradable soil stabilizing blanket to control erosion on
disturbed earth surface while encouraging the growth of protective
negotiation
.
Give the typical specification of Geo Jute:
Raw materials: Cuttings, Caddis & lowest part of long jute.
Warp/10 cm: 6.5
Weft/10cm: 4.5
Width: 122 cm
Weight: 600 gm/linear meter
1000 gm/linear meter
What are the prime functions of Geo Jute?
The functions are:
1. Control erosion of base soil allows the formation of vegetation to give long
term protection.
2. On initial rainfall jute will absorb up to 2.5 lift of water per square of geo
jute, so reduces over land flow.
3. Helps to reduce loss of grass seeds
4. Mesh structure of jute forms micro tarraus which controls rates of flows.
5. Prevents dehydration of soil.
End use:
� Road & railway slopes, bridge alentments, medium strips.
� Drainage, ditches, culvert and table drain out let
� Lake, canal & river banks.
� Farm & forestry.
� Green ward development in sports ground, airports, housing estates
� Sand dune, stabilization.
74. Buildtech (Construction Textiles)
Textiles used in the building of the concrete reinforcement and before the
foundation is, fittings, insulating materials, fitting, air conditioning, noise
prevention, eye protection, sun protection, building safety . In the cold
isolation of the country in the walls and ceiling, but the mass communication
is one of the most significant criteria of advanced constructions and
architectural constructions. build-tech is valuable in providing protection
against the external environment and internal documents such as bars and
cement.
Application:
Textiles and complex materials applied in building of constructions,
dams,bridges, tunnels and roads fall into this class. Illustrations of
productions are compounds built architectural technology, sun blinds,
canopies, objective reinforcement, lamp, table linen, blankets, roof, the
network structure of scaffolding, signaling, waxing and textile structures are
taken and rolled products.
Interesting and enjoyable to use aesthetic is the function of textile membranes
for the construction of housing. This region is also known textile architecture.
PSE covered tenacity, PVC, Teflon woven fiberglass or silicone PSA covered for
their losses by pulling function. A example of the construction steps are in
football, airports and hotels.
75. Medical Textiles:
Due to astounding technological developments, techincal textiles are
extensively used in the healthcare industry today. In the field of medical
application, technical textiles are not just used in contact with the skin, but
also fulfill important functions within the body (intra-corporal applications
like implants). Technical textiles offer medical and hygiene industry with
unparalleled protection, comfort and cost saving.
These highly specialized and bio- compatible technical textiles, used for
medical and hygiene applications are called “MEDTECH.” The characteristics
required of MEDTECH vary depending on the task for which they are to be
used. Some applications demand a protective function, others a high
absorptive capacity and some other others impermeability. Special
antimicrobial finishes are an important characteristic of these textiles
Depending on the nature of application, most of the medical products are
disposable in nature and are made of nonwoven fabrics. In global markets
disposables are fast replacing non-disposable health care textiles.
Application:
Healthcare/ hygiene products- Include bedding, clothing, surgical
clothes, products for feminine hygiene like sanitary napkins, baby and
adult diapers etc.
Non-implantable materials- For wound care that includes absorbent pad
(wound contact layer, base material viscose, plastic film) and bandages
(simple inelastic/elastic, orthopaedic, plasters, gauzes, lint, padding)
Textiles in Extracorporeal devices- Like artificial kidney, liver and lungs.
Implantable materials- Like sutures (biodegradable and non-
biodegradable), soft tissue implants, artificial tendon (meshes), artificial
ligament, artificial cartilage, orthopedic implants artificial joint,
cardiovascular implants vascular grafts, heart valves.
Healthcare/hygiene products- Include bedding, clothing, surgical gown
clothes, filters, bandages, support and protective material, surgical
sutures etc
76. Sports Textile
Sports textile is one of the branch of technical textile. Now a days
sophisticated technology are used in technical textile to produce sports wear.
Textile has done it successfully . Hi-tech textiles in sport are nothing new. In
recent years we have seen the design of fabrics that can take moisture away
from the body, patches on all black jerseys so players can dry their hands for
better grip, fabrics that can sense high impact stresses on players joints, and
fabrics that can sense heart rate, temperature and other physiological data .
Properties of Sports Textile:
Sports textile must have comport ability, easy to wear, easy handling.
Sports textiles fabrics have a very high electrical conductivity, so they can
permit the effectual dissipation of electrical charge.
It should be light as best as possible.
Filaments fabrics are made highly effecting in moisture management & thus
they can wick the moisture as known as sweat away from the body & keeps
body dry.
Sports textile should have good perspiration fastness.
As this sports fabric has a special property well known as heat conductivity
make possible to feel the user cooler in summer & warmer in winter.
Garments manufactured from sports textiles fabrics, keeps the normal
stability of body comfort, because these fabrics are ultra-breathable, fast
drying and possess outstanding moisture managing properties, which rapidly
wick moisture away from the body.
These garments are also very less in weight & feature elasticity properties,
which provides immense comfort and independence of movement.
Keeping a normal level of bacteria on the skin offers a high level of comfort
and personal hygiene, especially during athletic activities.
Sports textiles fabrics remove UVA and UVB rays that are dangerous to the
skin, and guarantees an improved level of defense compared to the majority
general natural and man-made fibres.
77. It also provides superior strength and durability.
The athletics & the leisure activities for their better performance in the sports.
Application:
Sports textile has versatile use. Some uses of Sports Textile are given below:
Shoes, sports equipment, flying and sailing sports, climbing, angling, cycling,
winter and summer sports, indoor sports wear. Some of the sports where
these textiles are being used are Golf, Tennis, Mountaineering, Skiing, Cricket
and Paralympic Sports.
A few areas where these textiles are being increasingly used are:
Swimming costume
Artificial turfs, sleeping bags, ballooning and parachute fabrics
Material technology and design,of equipment
Biomechanics and the engineering aspects of sports machinery
Surface treatment of equipment
Sports footwear
78. WATER PROOF TEXTILES
• Waterproof breathable fabrics
Waterproof breathable fabrics are designed for use in garments that provide protection from the
weather, that is from wind, rain and loss of body heat.Waterproof fabric completely prevents the
penetrati and absorption of liquid water, in contrast to water-repellent (or, shower-resistant)
fabric. Traditionally,fabric was made waterproof by coating it with a continuous layer of impervious
flexible material. The first coating materials used were animal fat, wax and hardened vegetable
oils. Nowadays synthetic polymers such as polyvinylchloride (PVC) and polyurethane are used.
Coated fabrics are considered to be more uncomfortable to wear than water-repellent fabric, as
they are relatively stiff and do not allow the escape of perspiration vapour. During physical activity
the body provides cooling partly by producing insensible perspiration. If the water vapour cannot
escape to the surrounding atmosphere the relative humidity inside the clothing increases causing a
corresponding increased thermal conductivity of the insulating air, and the clothing becomes
uncomfortable. In extreme cases hypothermia can result if the body loses heat more rapidly than it
is able to produce it. If perspiration cannot evaporate and liquid sweat (sensible perspiration) is
produced, the body is prevented from cooling at the same rate as heat is produced. The ability of
fabric to allow water vapour to penetrate is commonly known as breathability.This property should
more scientifically be referred to as water vapour permeability.Although perspiration rates and
water vapour permeability are usually quoted in units of grams per day and grams per square
metre per day, respectively, the maximum work rate can only be endured for a very short time. It
has also been shown that the maximum performance of a subject wearing clothing with a vapour
barrier is some 60% less than that of a subject wearing the same clothing but without a vapour
barrier.
• Types of waterproof breathable fabric
There are several methods which can be used to obtain fabrics which are both breathable and
waterproof. These can be divided into three groups:
• • densely woven fabrics
• • membranes
• • coatings.
79. DEFENCE TEXTILES:
Introduction
Defence forces on land, sea, or air throughout the world are heavily reliant on
technical textiles of all types – whether woven, knitted, nonwoven, coated,
laminated or other composite forms.Technical textiles offer invaluable
properties for military land forces in particular, who are required to move, live,
survive and fight in hostile environments. They have to carry or wear all the
necessities for comfort and survival and thus need the most lightweight,
compact, durable, and high performance personal clothing and equipment. The
life-critical requirements for protecting individuals from both environmental and
battlefield threats have ensured that the major nations of the world expend
significant resources in developing and providing the most advanced technical
textiles for military use.
Textiles for environmental protection
Military forces have to be prepared to operate in all parts of the globe from
arctic,through temperate, to jungle and desert areas. As such they experience
the widest range of climatic conditions possible encountering rain, snow, fog,
wind, lightning, sunlight,dust, attendant heat, cold, wetness,UV light, windchill &
other discomforts on land, sea, and in the air. The environment is considered
the highest priority where protection of the individual is considered .Whether
forces are operating at headquarters, during training, on internal security, or
peace-keeping duties, or involved in full scale war, the environment is ever
present.The battlefield threats – whilst probably much more life threatening.
80. Cause of ballistic casualties in general war
Cause of casualty
Percentage
Fragments
59
Bullets
19
Other
22
inflict several wounds, ranging in severity, depending on the
source and distance of the blast.There may also be casualties
from the secondary effects of bombs, including collapsing
buildings, exploding aircraft, sinking ships, and flying debris.
1. Levels of protection
Total fatalities –no armour
If helmets are worn –19% reduction
If armour is worn –40% reduction
Armour & helment –65% reduction
Estimated reduction in casualties resulting from wearing body
armour .The ultimate clothing system for whole body and head
protection is the EOD suit.
81.
82. • Because of secrecy act, the data on costing and
marketing activities has not been supplied in details.
• In spite of our limited time, we could not study in detail.
• Some of the points in different chapter are not
described as these were not available.
• It is not possible to hold the whole thing of a textile
industry in such a small frame as this report, hence our
effort spent on summarizing them.
LIMITATIONS OF THE REPORT: