This document provides a project report on applying disperse and reactive dyes to a 65/35 polyester/cotton blended fabric using a two bath system. It acknowledges those who helped with the project and thanks the textile college and company for the opportunity. The abstract discusses challenges in dyeing poly/cotton blends and how dye selection can help control color value, strength, and other properties. Laboratory trials tested compatibility of reactive dyes and analyzed dye fixation using spectrophotometry. The introduction discusses the importance of practical experience and outlines the project goals of studying dye application in different textile industries in Bangladesh.
Scope of Dyeing Polyester Cotton (PC) Blended Fabric in Single Bath Process f...iosrjce
Dyeing of fabric blends such as Polyester/Cotton (P/C) is presently done with two
chemically different classes of dyes namely disperse for polyester and reactive for cotton, in
two bath process. Experimental work was carried out on finding the possibility of dyeing the
P/C blends in one bath process without drain the liquor after polyester part dyeing. All the
existing chemical and conventional temperature range were applied in this study. The result
indicates that, the using of one bath method in the polyester cotton dyeing can slightly change
the fastness properties than the conventional method. The one bath dyeing method showed
level dyeing having good fastness properties and offers the option of cost effective and ecofriendly
dyeing process.
Effect of Alternative Scouring Agents on Dyeing Properties of Cotton/Polyeste...IOSR Journals
This research comprises of six alternative agents ((NH4)2C2O4, liquid NH3, CH3COOH, NH4OH, (COOH) 2, CH3CH2OH) at various concentrations of 1-5% used as scouring agents with NaOH as control on cotton/polyester blend fabric. The samples were bleached, mercerized and dyed. The suitability and reliability of the agents were evaluated for dyeing properties of the treated fabric. Water imbibing properties of the treated fabric, was investigated. The experimental results showed that the percentage exhaustion of indigo dye on the treated fabric were wonderful with values far above average (86.8-62.6%) except for 1% (NH4)2C2O4 that recorded slightly below average (49.7%). 2% liquid NH3 ranked the highest. The wash fastness is another interesting results where only 1-5% liquid NH3, 2% and 4% (NH4)2C2O4 that gave a grey scale rating for wash fastness of 4 (very good). The other alternative agents strongly competed at various concentrations with the control which revealed a rating of 5 (excellent wash fastness). 4% (NH4)2C2O4 scoured fabrics recorded the highest water of imbibitions (2.9 g). This implies that the alternative agents are suitable and reliable as impurity-removing (scouring) agents. The alternative agents improved the dyeing and water imbibing properties of the treated fabric far better than the control. Therefore could be employed in the textile industry.
This document discusses blended dyeing of textiles. It begins with an introduction to blending different fiber types and the properties this can provide. It then describes the types of blends as fiber, combination fiber, or single yarns composed of blended fibers. Reasons for blending fibers include processing, improved properties, multi-colored fabrics, and cost. Key factors that affect dyeing methods are the desired color effect, required colorfastness, compatibility with finishing processes, and costs. The document concludes by stating that learning about blended dyeing, procedures, recipes, and factors is important knowledge for textile students and their future careers.
The document discusses batch-to-batch shade variation in knit dyeing. It identifies many factors that can cause shade variation between batches, including uneven pretreatment, improper dosing, fluctuating power/temperature, dye lot variation, pH issues, and poor lab-to-bulk correlation. Maintaining standard procedures, equal parameters like liquor ratio and cycle time, proper dosing, and consistent finishing can help minimize shade variation. The goal is to control variables and ensure replicable dyeing conditions across batches.
As we know polyester is a synthetic fiber and has
more crystalline structure than natural fibers. In continuous
dyeing of polyester by pad-Thermosol process, there are many
advantages such as bulk production, low-cost, good efficiency etc.
But during dyeing process there is a severe problem occurs that
is dye migration .in order to control the dye migration different
migration inhibitors are used in this project. Both natural and
synthetic migration inhibitors are applied on the 100% polyester
fabric in order to compare that which migration inhibitor hives
better results on the pad-Thermosol process.
After comparing the different properties of the both migration
inhibitors the synthetic inhibitors found more efficient then the
natural one. The following tests were conducted during project:
Migration test, tensile strength, color strength, bending length,
light fatness.
Synthetic migration inhibitors gives better results for the tests
which were conducted .but there is a problem that the synthetic
migration inhibitors are not environmental friendly and they are
costly then natural migration inhibitors.
This senior project report discusses dyeing methods for polyester/cotton blend fabrics. Specifically, it examines a one-bath dyeing process where the fabric is pretreated using an azeotropic solvent mixture to improve dyeing results. The report provides background on cotton and polyester fibers as well as their properties. It also reviews literature on traditional two-bath dyeing methods and more recent research on one-bath dyeing processes. The objective is to establish a new one-bath dyeing method for blends by pretreatment with a solvent mixture to make the process more efficient.
This document discusses the process of dyeing textiles. It explains that there are three main types of dyeing: fiber, yarn and fabric dyeing. The dyeing process involves successive stages including dispersing dye in a dye bath, diffusion of dye onto and into the fiber substrate, and bonding between dye and fiber molecules. Dyes are also classified by their application method and chemical structure. Proper control of dye bath parameters like liquor ratio, electrolyte concentration, pH and temperature are important to ensure efficient dye absorption and an even color. Modern industrial dyeing is automated but still aims to produce textiles with homogeneous color in an economic manner with good colorfastness.
Scope of Dyeing Polyester Cotton (PC) Blended Fabric in Single Bath Process f...iosrjce
Dyeing of fabric blends such as Polyester/Cotton (P/C) is presently done with two
chemically different classes of dyes namely disperse for polyester and reactive for cotton, in
two bath process. Experimental work was carried out on finding the possibility of dyeing the
P/C blends in one bath process without drain the liquor after polyester part dyeing. All the
existing chemical and conventional temperature range were applied in this study. The result
indicates that, the using of one bath method in the polyester cotton dyeing can slightly change
the fastness properties than the conventional method. The one bath dyeing method showed
level dyeing having good fastness properties and offers the option of cost effective and ecofriendly
dyeing process.
Effect of Alternative Scouring Agents on Dyeing Properties of Cotton/Polyeste...IOSR Journals
This research comprises of six alternative agents ((NH4)2C2O4, liquid NH3, CH3COOH, NH4OH, (COOH) 2, CH3CH2OH) at various concentrations of 1-5% used as scouring agents with NaOH as control on cotton/polyester blend fabric. The samples were bleached, mercerized and dyed. The suitability and reliability of the agents were evaluated for dyeing properties of the treated fabric. Water imbibing properties of the treated fabric, was investigated. The experimental results showed that the percentage exhaustion of indigo dye on the treated fabric were wonderful with values far above average (86.8-62.6%) except for 1% (NH4)2C2O4 that recorded slightly below average (49.7%). 2% liquid NH3 ranked the highest. The wash fastness is another interesting results where only 1-5% liquid NH3, 2% and 4% (NH4)2C2O4 that gave a grey scale rating for wash fastness of 4 (very good). The other alternative agents strongly competed at various concentrations with the control which revealed a rating of 5 (excellent wash fastness). 4% (NH4)2C2O4 scoured fabrics recorded the highest water of imbibitions (2.9 g). This implies that the alternative agents are suitable and reliable as impurity-removing (scouring) agents. The alternative agents improved the dyeing and water imbibing properties of the treated fabric far better than the control. Therefore could be employed in the textile industry.
This document discusses blended dyeing of textiles. It begins with an introduction to blending different fiber types and the properties this can provide. It then describes the types of blends as fiber, combination fiber, or single yarns composed of blended fibers. Reasons for blending fibers include processing, improved properties, multi-colored fabrics, and cost. Key factors that affect dyeing methods are the desired color effect, required colorfastness, compatibility with finishing processes, and costs. The document concludes by stating that learning about blended dyeing, procedures, recipes, and factors is important knowledge for textile students and their future careers.
The document discusses batch-to-batch shade variation in knit dyeing. It identifies many factors that can cause shade variation between batches, including uneven pretreatment, improper dosing, fluctuating power/temperature, dye lot variation, pH issues, and poor lab-to-bulk correlation. Maintaining standard procedures, equal parameters like liquor ratio and cycle time, proper dosing, and consistent finishing can help minimize shade variation. The goal is to control variables and ensure replicable dyeing conditions across batches.
As we know polyester is a synthetic fiber and has
more crystalline structure than natural fibers. In continuous
dyeing of polyester by pad-Thermosol process, there are many
advantages such as bulk production, low-cost, good efficiency etc.
But during dyeing process there is a severe problem occurs that
is dye migration .in order to control the dye migration different
migration inhibitors are used in this project. Both natural and
synthetic migration inhibitors are applied on the 100% polyester
fabric in order to compare that which migration inhibitor hives
better results on the pad-Thermosol process.
After comparing the different properties of the both migration
inhibitors the synthetic inhibitors found more efficient then the
natural one. The following tests were conducted during project:
Migration test, tensile strength, color strength, bending length,
light fatness.
Synthetic migration inhibitors gives better results for the tests
which were conducted .but there is a problem that the synthetic
migration inhibitors are not environmental friendly and they are
costly then natural migration inhibitors.
This senior project report discusses dyeing methods for polyester/cotton blend fabrics. Specifically, it examines a one-bath dyeing process where the fabric is pretreated using an azeotropic solvent mixture to improve dyeing results. The report provides background on cotton and polyester fibers as well as their properties. It also reviews literature on traditional two-bath dyeing methods and more recent research on one-bath dyeing processes. The objective is to establish a new one-bath dyeing method for blends by pretreatment with a solvent mixture to make the process more efficient.
This document discusses the process of dyeing textiles. It explains that there are three main types of dyeing: fiber, yarn and fabric dyeing. The dyeing process involves successive stages including dispersing dye in a dye bath, diffusion of dye onto and into the fiber substrate, and bonding between dye and fiber molecules. Dyes are also classified by their application method and chemical structure. Proper control of dye bath parameters like liquor ratio, electrolyte concentration, pH and temperature are important to ensure efficient dye absorption and an even color. Modern industrial dyeing is automated but still aims to produce textiles with homogeneous color in an economic manner with good colorfastness.
Standard, Monitoring & Evaluation of dyeing process Asaye Dessie
The document discusses various aspects of textile dyeing processes including:
- Different types of dyes and dyeing methods used for fibers like cotton, nylon, polyester.
- Key parameters to control in dyeing like temperature, time, chemical concentrations.
- Recipes and conditions for specific dyeing processes like direct dyeing, reactive dyeing, acid dyeing etc.
- Energy sources commonly used in textile dyeing like electricity, steam.
- Machines used for dyeing like jet dyeing machines, jigger dyeing machines.
- Process parameters and evaluation methods for dyeing.
The document discusses the latest innovations in dyeing technology for textiles. It describes several major types of dyes used in textile finishing and their classifications. New developments in dyeing machinery aim to improve quality, productivity, and sustainability. Recent innovations include e-control dyeing concepts using minimal chemicals, batch dyeing developments for safe fabric transport, and vibratronic dryers for uniform drying. Novel dyes are also discussed, including dyes bound to fibers by high molecular weight compounds and electrochemical dyeing as an efficient and environmentally friendly process. The document concludes that while dyeing methods have changed little over time, technology continues to drive new innovations in the textile industry.
The document discusses various aspects of dyeing textiles, including:
1) Dyeing can be done at any stage of textile manufacturing (fiber, yarn, fabric) and involves coloring the substrate using dyes and pigments.
2) Dyes are applied through adsorption and become fixed to the textile through bonding or physical entanglement.
3) Proper dye selection and application process are important to avoid dyeing faults like uneven or patchy coloring.
4) Different dyeing machines like jiggers and winches are used depending on the material and process needs.
The document discusses various auxiliaries and chemicals used in dyeing and finishing processes in the textile industry. It defines textile auxiliaries as chemicals that help processing operations like dyeing and printing by speeding them up or making them more efficient. It provides examples of common auxiliaries like sequestering agents, wetting agents, levelling agents, and discusses their functions. It also discusses chemicals used in specific processes like bleaching, mercerizing, soaping and printing.
This document provides an overview of the functions of various dyeing auxiliaries used in the textile dyeing process. It discusses the roles of sequestrants, lubricants, leveling agents, antifoams, pH buffers, desizing agents, yarn lubricants, mercerizing agents, dye fixing agents, optical brighteners, soaping agents, and finishing chemicals. Each auxiliary type is described in 1-2 sentences explaining its purpose in the dyeing process such as preventing hard water ions, providing lubrication, ensuring even dye distribution, or removing size from fabrics.
This document discusses dyeing and the dyeing process. It begins by defining dyeing as the process of adding color to textile materials like fibers, yarns, and fabrics using dyes and chemicals. It then describes the two primary types of dyes as natural dyes derived from plants and minerals, and synthetic dyes made in laboratories from sources like coal tar. The document outlines several dyeing methods including mass coloration, fiber dyeing, yarn dyeing, fabric dyeing, and continuous and garment dyeing. It also explains the three steps of the dyeing process as preparation, dyeing, and finishing.
Polyester is a polymer made from a condensation reaction between small molecules to form ester groups. It is commonly made from a dibasic acid and a dihydric alcohol. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibers are widely produced today and modified forms also exist. PET polyester fabric can be finished through various sequences including scouring, heat-setting, and dyeing. Heat-setting is important to stabilize the fabric against shrinkage during further processing and use. Dyeing is typically done with disperse dyes at high temperature for an even application.
This document provides production parameters and quality control procedures for dyeing and finishing a knit fabric. It includes details on:
- Special instructions for fabric properties like shrinkage, color fastness, and pH levels.
- Dyeing parameters like temperature, pH, time, and liquor ratios for different dyeing processes.
- Quality assurance system to check fabric properties before and after processing.
- Calculations related to dyeing capacity and chemical requirements.
- Finishing target details to control fabric quality like shade, GSM, shrinkage and spirality.
This document provides an introduction to basic textile definitions and preparation processes. It defines different types of fibers, yarns and fabrics. The key textile preparation processes described include singeing, desizing, scouring, bleaching, mercerizing and adding optical brightening agents. The goals of preparation are to remove impurities from fibers and ensure even dyeing and finishing. Proper preparation is important for quality textiles.
Leveling agents are chemicals that help promote even dye distribution on fabrics during dyeing. They work by slowing the initial dye uptake to allow more uniform absorption over time. Leveling agents are classified as anionic, cationic, or non-ionic depending on their ionic nature, and include compounds like fatty acids, alcohols, and alkyl aryl sulphonates. Their effectiveness is tested by measuring factors like strike percentage and active content to evaluate uniformity. Careful selection of leveling agent type and concentration is needed to control dye exhaustion for consistent color without compromising yield.
1. The document discusses dyeing polyester fabric with disperse dyes and different dyeing methods, including using a carrier or high temperature dyeing.
2. It explains that a carrier helps the disperse dye penetrate polyester fibers better than normal dyeing, while high temperature dyeing at 130C can achieve deep shades without a carrier.
3. The experiments compare dyeing polyester with a carrier versus high temperature dyeing, and how being heat set first affects dye uptake, finding that heat setting before dyeing reduces uptake while carriers or high heat increase it.
Recent Trends in Anti-crease finishing of cottonVijay Prakash
This seminar report summarizes recent research on developing formaldehyde-free crease resistance treatments for cotton fabric. The report examines using citric acid and silk fibroin solution as crosslinking agents to improve crease recovery angle while avoiding yellowing issues from citric acid alone. Through experiments varying the concentration of citric acid, fibroin solution, and other chemicals, the report determines that the optimal formulation is 6% fibroin solution, 30 g/L citric acid, and 6% sodium dihydrogen phosphate at a pH of 5.5 and curing temperature of 150°C. This treatment achieves a dry crease recovery angle of 252° while maintaining 84% tensile strength retention and avoiding yellowing.
This document discusses water saving technology in the textile industry. It proposes using solophenyl dyes for dyeing cotton and cotton-polyester blends, which can save significant amounts of water compared to conventional reactive dyes. For 100% cotton fabrics, solophenyl dyes can reduce water consumption from 60-80 liters/kg to 20-30 liters/kg. For cotton-polyester blends, a one-batch dyeing process using solophenyl dyes has the potential to save water consumption from 120-140 liters/kg down to 30-40 liters/kg. Adopting these new dyeing techniques could help textile factories minimize their environmental impact and reduce production costs.
This document provides information about dyeing finished garments. It discusses categories of garment dyeing, reasons for dyeing garments, selection of materials, dyes used for cotton garments, dyeing machines, processing machines, dyeing sequences for woven and knit garments, dyeing techniques, special chemicals, finishing processes, smart colorants, constraints of post-dyeing, recent developments, advantages and disadvantages of garment dyeing, comparison to fabric dyeing, problems that can occur, causes and effects of those problems, precautions to take before dyeing, and ways to avoid environmental hazards.
This document provides an overview of garment dyeing, including its definition, benefits, popularity, and basic processes. Some key points:
- Garment dyeing involves dyeing fully assembled garments and provides benefits like quick response to fashion trends and improved inventory control.
- It is defined as dyeing cut and sewn garments, knitted fabrics, woven fabrics, or mixed fabrics.
- The popularity of garment dyeing is increasing globally due to its lower costs and faster production times compared to traditional fabric dyeing methods.
- The basic process involves pretreating garments, dyeing them using direct or reactive dyes, washing to fix the dyes, and applying soften
The document discusses the dyeing process for knitted fabrics. It describes how knitted fabrics are commonly dyed using winch dyeing machines or jet dyeing machines in an exhaust method. It also discusses space dyeing of knitted fabrics to produce patterns. Key factors that affect the dyeing process are the dyeing temperature and common dyeing faults like cracks or creases that can occur. The document provides remedies for common dyeing faults encountered in knit dyeing.
Lab dip is a process by which buyers supplied swatch is matched with the varying dyes percentage in the laboratory with or without help of “DATA COLOR”
Lab dip plays an important role in shade matching & and detaching the characteristics of the dyes and chemicals are to be used in the large scale of production. So this is an important task before bulk production.
Color fastness is one of the important factors in case of buyers demand. The outstandingly important property of a dyed material is the fastness of the shade of color. Color fastness refers to the resistance of color to fade or bleed of a dyed or printed textile materials to various types of influences e.g. water, light, rubbing, washing, perspiration etc. to which they are normally exposed in textile manufacturing and in daily use. We have written a lot of articles on color fastness.
Textile dyeing practices including finishingMithila Eranda
This document provides an overview of dyeing and finishing practices for textile fabrics. It discusses dyeing cotton, synthetic, and wool fabrics using different dye types like reactive dyes, acid dyes, and disperse dyes. It also covers laboratory dyeing procedures and color matching techniques. The document then explains various finishing processes like sanforizing, calendaring, and compacting that are used to improve fabric properties and aesthetics.
A Project work on Natural Dyeing of Cotton Fabric using Turmeric (Curcuma lon...Md Naim Hasan Towhid
A Project work on Natural Dyeing of Cotton Fabric using Turmeric and Antimicrobial finish by Md.Naimul Hasan, Md. Anisur Rahman, B.M.Tanimul Isalm, S.K. Asgar Hossain, Abdulluah Al Bitar, Ananna Rahman, Khandakar Hasanuzzaman, Md Naim Hasan Towhid,MD. Shariful Huda
This document provides a project report on the reaction mechanism of reactive dyes in Bengal Hurricane Group on cellulose fiber. It discusses the raw materials used, including fabrics, dyes, and chemicals. It explains the importance of studying reactive dye usage in major Bangladeshi textile industries. The methods of dyeing and printing cotton with reactive dyes and the technical deficiencies, causes, and remedies are examined.
Standard, Monitoring & Evaluation of dyeing process Asaye Dessie
The document discusses various aspects of textile dyeing processes including:
- Different types of dyes and dyeing methods used for fibers like cotton, nylon, polyester.
- Key parameters to control in dyeing like temperature, time, chemical concentrations.
- Recipes and conditions for specific dyeing processes like direct dyeing, reactive dyeing, acid dyeing etc.
- Energy sources commonly used in textile dyeing like electricity, steam.
- Machines used for dyeing like jet dyeing machines, jigger dyeing machines.
- Process parameters and evaluation methods for dyeing.
The document discusses the latest innovations in dyeing technology for textiles. It describes several major types of dyes used in textile finishing and their classifications. New developments in dyeing machinery aim to improve quality, productivity, and sustainability. Recent innovations include e-control dyeing concepts using minimal chemicals, batch dyeing developments for safe fabric transport, and vibratronic dryers for uniform drying. Novel dyes are also discussed, including dyes bound to fibers by high molecular weight compounds and electrochemical dyeing as an efficient and environmentally friendly process. The document concludes that while dyeing methods have changed little over time, technology continues to drive new innovations in the textile industry.
The document discusses various aspects of dyeing textiles, including:
1) Dyeing can be done at any stage of textile manufacturing (fiber, yarn, fabric) and involves coloring the substrate using dyes and pigments.
2) Dyes are applied through adsorption and become fixed to the textile through bonding or physical entanglement.
3) Proper dye selection and application process are important to avoid dyeing faults like uneven or patchy coloring.
4) Different dyeing machines like jiggers and winches are used depending on the material and process needs.
The document discusses various auxiliaries and chemicals used in dyeing and finishing processes in the textile industry. It defines textile auxiliaries as chemicals that help processing operations like dyeing and printing by speeding them up or making them more efficient. It provides examples of common auxiliaries like sequestering agents, wetting agents, levelling agents, and discusses their functions. It also discusses chemicals used in specific processes like bleaching, mercerizing, soaping and printing.
This document provides an overview of the functions of various dyeing auxiliaries used in the textile dyeing process. It discusses the roles of sequestrants, lubricants, leveling agents, antifoams, pH buffers, desizing agents, yarn lubricants, mercerizing agents, dye fixing agents, optical brighteners, soaping agents, and finishing chemicals. Each auxiliary type is described in 1-2 sentences explaining its purpose in the dyeing process such as preventing hard water ions, providing lubrication, ensuring even dye distribution, or removing size from fabrics.
This document discusses dyeing and the dyeing process. It begins by defining dyeing as the process of adding color to textile materials like fibers, yarns, and fabrics using dyes and chemicals. It then describes the two primary types of dyes as natural dyes derived from plants and minerals, and synthetic dyes made in laboratories from sources like coal tar. The document outlines several dyeing methods including mass coloration, fiber dyeing, yarn dyeing, fabric dyeing, and continuous and garment dyeing. It also explains the three steps of the dyeing process as preparation, dyeing, and finishing.
Polyester is a polymer made from a condensation reaction between small molecules to form ester groups. It is commonly made from a dibasic acid and a dihydric alcohol. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibers are widely produced today and modified forms also exist. PET polyester fabric can be finished through various sequences including scouring, heat-setting, and dyeing. Heat-setting is important to stabilize the fabric against shrinkage during further processing and use. Dyeing is typically done with disperse dyes at high temperature for an even application.
This document provides production parameters and quality control procedures for dyeing and finishing a knit fabric. It includes details on:
- Special instructions for fabric properties like shrinkage, color fastness, and pH levels.
- Dyeing parameters like temperature, pH, time, and liquor ratios for different dyeing processes.
- Quality assurance system to check fabric properties before and after processing.
- Calculations related to dyeing capacity and chemical requirements.
- Finishing target details to control fabric quality like shade, GSM, shrinkage and spirality.
This document provides an introduction to basic textile definitions and preparation processes. It defines different types of fibers, yarns and fabrics. The key textile preparation processes described include singeing, desizing, scouring, bleaching, mercerizing and adding optical brightening agents. The goals of preparation are to remove impurities from fibers and ensure even dyeing and finishing. Proper preparation is important for quality textiles.
Leveling agents are chemicals that help promote even dye distribution on fabrics during dyeing. They work by slowing the initial dye uptake to allow more uniform absorption over time. Leveling agents are classified as anionic, cationic, or non-ionic depending on their ionic nature, and include compounds like fatty acids, alcohols, and alkyl aryl sulphonates. Their effectiveness is tested by measuring factors like strike percentage and active content to evaluate uniformity. Careful selection of leveling agent type and concentration is needed to control dye exhaustion for consistent color without compromising yield.
1. The document discusses dyeing polyester fabric with disperse dyes and different dyeing methods, including using a carrier or high temperature dyeing.
2. It explains that a carrier helps the disperse dye penetrate polyester fibers better than normal dyeing, while high temperature dyeing at 130C can achieve deep shades without a carrier.
3. The experiments compare dyeing polyester with a carrier versus high temperature dyeing, and how being heat set first affects dye uptake, finding that heat setting before dyeing reduces uptake while carriers or high heat increase it.
Recent Trends in Anti-crease finishing of cottonVijay Prakash
This seminar report summarizes recent research on developing formaldehyde-free crease resistance treatments for cotton fabric. The report examines using citric acid and silk fibroin solution as crosslinking agents to improve crease recovery angle while avoiding yellowing issues from citric acid alone. Through experiments varying the concentration of citric acid, fibroin solution, and other chemicals, the report determines that the optimal formulation is 6% fibroin solution, 30 g/L citric acid, and 6% sodium dihydrogen phosphate at a pH of 5.5 and curing temperature of 150°C. This treatment achieves a dry crease recovery angle of 252° while maintaining 84% tensile strength retention and avoiding yellowing.
This document discusses water saving technology in the textile industry. It proposes using solophenyl dyes for dyeing cotton and cotton-polyester blends, which can save significant amounts of water compared to conventional reactive dyes. For 100% cotton fabrics, solophenyl dyes can reduce water consumption from 60-80 liters/kg to 20-30 liters/kg. For cotton-polyester blends, a one-batch dyeing process using solophenyl dyes has the potential to save water consumption from 120-140 liters/kg down to 30-40 liters/kg. Adopting these new dyeing techniques could help textile factories minimize their environmental impact and reduce production costs.
This document provides information about dyeing finished garments. It discusses categories of garment dyeing, reasons for dyeing garments, selection of materials, dyes used for cotton garments, dyeing machines, processing machines, dyeing sequences for woven and knit garments, dyeing techniques, special chemicals, finishing processes, smart colorants, constraints of post-dyeing, recent developments, advantages and disadvantages of garment dyeing, comparison to fabric dyeing, problems that can occur, causes and effects of those problems, precautions to take before dyeing, and ways to avoid environmental hazards.
This document provides an overview of garment dyeing, including its definition, benefits, popularity, and basic processes. Some key points:
- Garment dyeing involves dyeing fully assembled garments and provides benefits like quick response to fashion trends and improved inventory control.
- It is defined as dyeing cut and sewn garments, knitted fabrics, woven fabrics, or mixed fabrics.
- The popularity of garment dyeing is increasing globally due to its lower costs and faster production times compared to traditional fabric dyeing methods.
- The basic process involves pretreating garments, dyeing them using direct or reactive dyes, washing to fix the dyes, and applying soften
The document discusses the dyeing process for knitted fabrics. It describes how knitted fabrics are commonly dyed using winch dyeing machines or jet dyeing machines in an exhaust method. It also discusses space dyeing of knitted fabrics to produce patterns. Key factors that affect the dyeing process are the dyeing temperature and common dyeing faults like cracks or creases that can occur. The document provides remedies for common dyeing faults encountered in knit dyeing.
Lab dip is a process by which buyers supplied swatch is matched with the varying dyes percentage in the laboratory with or without help of “DATA COLOR”
Lab dip plays an important role in shade matching & and detaching the characteristics of the dyes and chemicals are to be used in the large scale of production. So this is an important task before bulk production.
Color fastness is one of the important factors in case of buyers demand. The outstandingly important property of a dyed material is the fastness of the shade of color. Color fastness refers to the resistance of color to fade or bleed of a dyed or printed textile materials to various types of influences e.g. water, light, rubbing, washing, perspiration etc. to which they are normally exposed in textile manufacturing and in daily use. We have written a lot of articles on color fastness.
Textile dyeing practices including finishingMithila Eranda
This document provides an overview of dyeing and finishing practices for textile fabrics. It discusses dyeing cotton, synthetic, and wool fabrics using different dye types like reactive dyes, acid dyes, and disperse dyes. It also covers laboratory dyeing procedures and color matching techniques. The document then explains various finishing processes like sanforizing, calendaring, and compacting that are used to improve fabric properties and aesthetics.
A Project work on Natural Dyeing of Cotton Fabric using Turmeric (Curcuma lon...Md Naim Hasan Towhid
A Project work on Natural Dyeing of Cotton Fabric using Turmeric and Antimicrobial finish by Md.Naimul Hasan, Md. Anisur Rahman, B.M.Tanimul Isalm, S.K. Asgar Hossain, Abdulluah Al Bitar, Ananna Rahman, Khandakar Hasanuzzaman, Md Naim Hasan Towhid,MD. Shariful Huda
This document provides a project report on the reaction mechanism of reactive dyes in Bengal Hurricane Group on cellulose fiber. It discusses the raw materials used, including fabrics, dyes, and chemicals. It explains the importance of studying reactive dye usage in major Bangladeshi textile industries. The methods of dyeing and printing cotton with reactive dyes and the technical deficiencies, causes, and remedies are examined.
Elastomeric fibers are fibers that can stretch to very high elongations (400-800%) and rapidly recover their original length. They include fibers made from natural and synthetic rubbers as well as spandex and polyacrylates. Elastomeric fibers are produced via a spinning process where polymers are mixed and reacted to form long chains, then extruded through spinnerets into a water bath or air to solidify. The fibers have excellent elasticity and strength even at high elongations. Common applications include clothing, automotive and industrial parts, coatings and more where elasticity is required.
The document discusses acrylic fiber, including its definition, chemical composition, properties, characteristics, advantages, uses, and commercial applications. Acrylic fiber is a synthetic fiber made from polymers containing acrylonitrile. It is often used as an artificial replacement for wool in applications like sweaters, socks, and blankets due to its softness and insulating properties. Major uses of acrylic fiber include knit apparel, carpets, and home furnishings due to its ability to wick moisture, durability, and resistance to moths and chemicals.
The document provides information about GTA Sports Ltd., a knitwear factory in Bangladesh. It includes an organogram of the company's management structure and sections. The knitting section is described in detail, outlining the knitting process, types of knitting machines and their parts. It also discusses methods to increase production quantity. The dyeing and finishing sections are briefly introduced, including raw materials, machinery and quality control processes.
An investigation on the inspection of grey & finished knit fabric in wet proc...Md. Mazadul Hasan Shishir
This document discusses fabric inspection processes at Aman Tex Ltd, a knit fabric dyeing and garment manufacturing company in Bangladesh. It outlines the company's operations and describes their grey fabric and finished fabric inspection procedures. For grey fabric, common defects like needle marks, holes, and dropped stitches are defined. For finished fabric, defects from dyeing and finishing like uneven dyeing, dye spots, and crease marks are explained. The aims of inspection are to ensure quality, reduce costs from defects, and improve production efficiency. Inspection standards like the four point system used by Aman Tex are presented.
This document is a presentation on work study for the Department of Textile Engineering at Southeast University. It includes an introduction to work study and discusses the textile production pipeline from fibers to consumers. It also provides an overview of various job categories in the ready-made garment sector and classifications of stitches used in textile manufacturing.
This document provides an overview of Apex Weaving & Finishing Mills Limited, a textile company located in Gazipur, Bangladesh. It describes the company's various subsidiaries and business sections, which include weaving, dyeing, printing, finishing, and garments. The document also lists the types of machinery used in each section of the facility, such as 231 shuttleless looms, rotary printers, loop steamers, and sewing machines. Finally, it includes photos of the different areas of the plant, including the weaving floor, wet processing section, printing area, laboratories, and maintenance facilities.
This document provides information about Interstoff Apparels Ltd., a garment manufacturing company in Bangladesh. It discusses the company profile, including its name, business type, employees, and address. It also describes the knitting, quality control, dyeing, and project work sections of the company. The knitting section details the types of yarns, knitting machines, production calculations, and common knitting faults. The quality control section lists inspection equipment. The dyeing section outlines the dyeing process and possible faults. The project work section explains common knitting defects and their causes and remedies.
This document provides information about Urmi Group and one of its concerns, Fakhruddin Textile Mills Ltd. It details the company profile, factory information, manpower and organizational structure, raw materials used, and production process of the textile mill. Fakhruddin Textile Mills Ltd is a leading Bangladeshi manufacturer and exporter of knit garments established in 2004. It has over 1200 employees and uses various natural and synthetic yarns, chemicals, and dyes to produce knitted fabrics and garments for the export market.
MX dyes are a family of "cold" reactive dyes first developed by Imperial Chemical Industries of Britain. They are very popular for dyeing cellulose fibers like cotton. MX dyes are less commonly used by industrial dyers due to their high reactivity making them harder to control and their relatively high cost. Care should be taken when using MX dyes due to the potential to cause respiratory allergies from inhaling dye dust.
The document provides information about the pretreatment process at Sinha Dyeing & Finishing Limited (SDFL). It discusses the theory and objectives of pretreatment. The key processes covered are singeing, desizing, scouring, bleaching, and mercerizing. Details are given about the singeing machines and gas singeing process at SDFL, which aims to remove protruding fibers from fabric surfaces before further processing.
Scouring is a process that removes natural and added impurities from textiles to make them more absorbent and suitable for dyeing and finishing. It works by saponification, emulsification, and solubilization using alkalis, surfactants, and sometimes solvents. The document provides details on scouring of different natural and synthetic fibers like cotton, silk, wool, polyester/cotton blends. It also lists typical recipes and procedures for scouring cotton and polyester/cotton blend goods.
This document discusses the development of looms from primitive hand looms to modern automated looms. It outlines the key stages of development including the fly shuttle loom, power looms, semi-automatic looms, and modern shuttle-less looms. The basic mechanisms and motions of weaving are described, including primary, secondary, and tertiary motions. Different parts of a loom and their functions are also summarized.
The document provides information about reactive dyes, including:
- Reactive dyes form covalent bonds with fiber polymers through reactive groups, giving excellent wash and light fastness.
- Important reactive groups include triazine, vinyl sulfone, and halogen groups.
- Reactive dyes were invented in 1956 and became popular for their bright colors, low temperature dyeing, and simple process.
- Common application methods are pad-batch and pad-dry processes at low temperatures. Proper pH, electrolyte, alkali, and time are required for effective dye fixation to the fiber.
This document provides information about carbon fiber, including:
1. What carbon fiber is composed of and its structure.
2. The process of forming carbon fiber from precursor materials like polyacrylonitrile through heating without oxygen.
3. Applications of carbon fiber in composites for aircraft, vehicles, and other products due to its strength and light weight.
4. Major manufacturers of carbon fibers and the growing market for carbon fiber composites.
The document discusses different types of shrinkage that can occur in fabrics including construction shrinkage, processing shrinkage, drying shrinkage, elastic shrinkage, and relaxation shrinkage. It also outlines factors that can influence shrinkage like yarn construction, weave/knit type, fiber content, and tensions during processing. The standard procedure for measuring fabric shrinkage involves marking samples before and after washing and drying to calculate the percentage change in dimensions.
Analyzing different fabric properties after garments dyeingS.M. Zahidul Islam
The garment dyeing process has a lot influence on the properties of different woven fabrics. Commercially garment dyeing is relatively newer field in Textile processing. Here we have used different parameters to get result. It just an example of an experiment which we were trying to find out the facility of the different fabrics after garments dyeing.
Special Note: Everyone is requested to avoid these slide to use exactly same, It can be used just an example.We will be trying to improve the DRAWBACK of this experiment.
IRJET- Sustainable Cotton Poly Blended Woven Fabric with Anti Pilling FinishIRJET Journal
This document discusses the development of a sustainable cotton-poly blended woven fabric made from pre-consumer and post-consumer waste. The fabric is treated with an anti-pilling finish to reduce pilling that occurs due to the recycled yarns. Testing shows the recycled fabric with anti-pilling finish meets acceptable standards for color fastness, dimensional stability, pilling resistance, tensile strength, and tear strength. The sustainable fabric provides benefits like reduced costs, lead times, and environmental impacts from reduced dye, energy, and water usage compared to regular fabrics. Further commercial adoption is recommended to promote more sustainable fashion industry practices.
garments---Effect of blent ratio on quality of polyester/cotton yarnsApurba Adhikary
This document provides an introduction and overview of a project presentation on the effect of blend ratio on the quality of polyester/cotton yarns. The project aims to compare different blend ratios in terms of yarn quality parameters to determine the best quality blended yarn. Literature on cotton, polyester, and blended fibers is reviewed, including properties, objectives of blending, and blending types. The document outlines the project structure, which involves testing polyester/cotton blend yarns against 100% cotton yarn across quality metrics like CVm%, strength, and hairiness.
This document discusses bamboo fiber and its use in the textile industry. It begins with an abstract that introduces bamboo fiber and its advantages, such as being naturally abundant, cheap, and eco-friendly. The introduction provides more details on bamboo fiber production. The literature review covers previous research on bamboo fiber properties and blending bamboo with cotton. The materials and methods section describes the yarn samples tested. The results and discussion section analyzes properties such as unevenness, imperfections, and strength of the bamboo and bamboo-cotton blended yarns. It finds that 100% bamboo yarns generally perform better but blended yarns still show potential. The conclusion is that both 100% bamboo and blended bamboo-cotton yar
Recent Trends in Anti-crease finishing of cottonVijay Prakash
This seminar report summarizes recent research on developing formaldehyde-free crease resistance treatments for cotton fabric. Acrylate copolymers with low glass transition temperatures and high molecular weights were found to improve crease resistance when applied with crosslinking agents like DHDMEU. Citric acid is a potential formaldehyde-free alternative but causes yellowing; adding silk fibroin solution to citric acid treatments was shown to increase crease resistance while avoiding yellowing. The report describes materials and methods used to optimize citric acid and silk fibroin concentration, pH, and curing temperature to achieve good crease recovery with high strength retention and minimal whiteness loss.
Highperformance&colour strength behavior of bambo or opolyester blendedwo...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this work, theHigh performance &colour strength Behaviourof bamboo & polyester woven fabrics have been studied in relation to weave and % of component fibers in the blends. The objective was to determine the influence of fabric factors such as weave and the constituent fiberscharacteristics on the fabric properties such as anti-bacterial activity, ultra-violet protection ability, dye take up and capillarity havebeen studied. The experimental results show that 2/30s bamboo in warp way of twill woven fabric exhibits higher anti-bacterial activity, ultra-violet protection ability , dye take up and capillaritywhen compared to other samples Keywords: high performance, colour strength, weave type, % component fibres, anti-bacterial activity, ultra-violet protection ability and dye take up.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Developments in environment friendly functional finishesAdane Nega
The document discusses developments in environmentally friendly functional finishes for cotton fabrics and garments. It provides an overview of finishes that are formaldehyde-free, as well as silicone softeners, bio-finishes, water repellent breathable finishes, and anti-microbial finishes. Emerging technologies discussed include plasma treatment, fiber coating, and genetically modifying cotton through biotechnology. The document then focuses on wrinkle-free finishes for cotton and methods for imparting these finishes through pre-cure, post-cure, dip, and tumble processes.
The document summarizes research on developing formaldehyde-free crease-resistant finishing methods for cotton fabric. It investigates treating cotton with citric acid and silk fibroin solution. The optimum combination found was 6% silk fibroin solution, 30 g/L citric acid, 6% sodium dihydrogen phosphate at pH 5.5, cured at 150°C. This achieved a dry crease recovery angle of 252° while retaining 84% tensile strength and 96% tearing strength, with minimal yellowing. The document also reviews the use of acrylate copolymers with DHDMEU or DMDHEU to improve crease resistance and mechanical properties of treated cotton fabrics.
This document discusses a dissertation submitted by Md. Rafsan Jany to the Department of Textile Engineering at Southeast University on bio-processing of textiles using enzymes. The dissertation covers various topics related to enzymes and their use in textile processing, including the history of enzymes, properties of enzymes, classification of enzymes, and trends in bio-processing techniques like bio-scouring, bio-polishing, and enzyme washing of denim. Experiments were conducted to study the effects of cellulase enzyme on bio-polishing of knit fabric and enzyme washing of denim fabric under different conditions.
Study on cost effectiveness of silk dyeing with acid dyes and basic dyesMd. Ariful Islam
This document summarizes research on the cost effectiveness of silk dyeing with acid dyes and basic dyes. It begins with an acknowledgment of those who contributed to the project. The abstract indicates that the project aims to compare silk dyeing with acid dyes, commonly used on nylon and wool, versus basic dyes, commonly used on jute and acrylic. Various shades of red, blue and yellow were dyed on silk with both acid and basic dyes. Testing evaluated dye uptake, fastness properties, and total dyeing costs. Preliminary results found acid dyes showed higher uptake for red shades while basic dyes were better for blue and yellow shades. Fastness properties were generally better with acid dyes
The document is an internship report submitted by Waleed Ghafoor for their internship at Crescent Textile Mills Limited. The report provides an overview of Crescent Textile Mills, which produces yarn, fabric, and other textile products. It also includes a SWOT analysis of the company, identifying strengths such as its strong brand image and automated systems, as well weaknesses like high wastage rates. The report concludes by praising the experience gained from the internship and noting Crescent Textile Mills is profitable but should focus on motivating and retaining employees through better compensation.
This document summarizes developments in grey preparatory processes for cotton textiles from the 1960s to the early 2000s. It discusses how increasing costs, pollution regulations, and quality demands drove research into more efficient desizing, scouring, and bleaching processes. Researchers explored continuous processes, solvent processes, cold processes, and combined processes with the goal of reducing time, energy and costs while maintaining quality. More recent work focused on enhancing hydrogen peroxide bleaching and finding alternatives to hazardous chemicals. Advances were also made in preparatory machinery design to improve quality, efficiency and sustainability. Overall the document provides an overview of the major trends and innovations in cotton grey preparation chemistry and technology over the past 40-50 years.
Eco frendily dyeing and finishing on silk fabriceSAT Journals
Abstract Today in the world of eco-friendly textiles, it becomes very important to solve the water pollution problem. Most of the textiles effluent came from dyeing industries spoil the water source and carcinogenic dyes create skin diseases and environmental hazards. So the present study focuses on plasma treatment, dyeing and fragrance finishing using natural sources. Plasma treatment is increase the dye uptake and luster in the silk fabric without more water consumption. Plasma treatment stands for, energy efficient, water saving, and economic than classical textile finishing processes. Traditional textile wet process needs lots of water to reduce the water consumption plasma treatment is used for surface modification of silk fabric. Plasma is a dry process is done by gases. Onion skin is a good dye yielding and antimicrobial source. These kind of natural sources are best alternative for synthetic dyes because these dyes are nature friendly dyes. Fragrance finish is a process where the substrate is subjected to inclusion of fragrance or essential oil which gives effects such as sedation, hypogynies, curing hyper tension. A new branch of textiles called “Aromatherapy textiles”, involves the incorporation of these essential oils on the textiles substrate for daily use. Key words: Plasma treatment, Silk fabric, Natural dye, Fragrance finishing,
Vijay prakash seminar Report on crease resistance finishVijay Prakash
The document summarizes a seminar report on recent trends in anti-crease finishing of cotton. It discusses using acrylate copolymers and crosslinking agents like DHDMEU to provide crease resistance while maintaining strength and durability. Testing showed that using copolymers with low glass transition temperatures below -22°C and high molecular weight above 105 provided excellent crease resistance and strength retention after treatment. The report also explores formaldehyde-free treatments using citric acid and silk fibroin solution, finding that a combination of 6% fibroin, 30g/L citric acid, and 6% sodium dihydrogen phosphate at pH 5.5 and 150°C provided good crease recovery and strength retention without
Recent Trends in Anti-crease finishing of cottonVijay Prakash
The document is a seminar report on recent trends in anti-crease finishing of cotton. It discusses using acrylate copolymers and crosslinking agents like DHDMEU to provide crease resistance while avoiding the use of formaldehyde. Testing showed that acrylate copolymers with low glass transition temperatures below -22°C and high molecular weight above 105 provided excellent crease resistance, strength retention, and durability when applied with the crosslinking agent. The report also explores using citric acid and silk fibroin solution as a formaldehyde-free crease resistant treatment for cotton. Different concentrations of citric acid, fibroin solution, and sodium dihydrogen phosphate were tested to optimize the treatment parameters.
Denim washing process and value addition by different processsajib chakma
This document discusses denim washing processes. It begins by defining denim and providing background on its history and uses. The document then outlines different types of denim washes including rinse wash, enzyme wash, stone wash, acid wash, and random bleach wash. It provides details on the recipe and process for random bleach washing. The document also lists chemicals commonly used in denim washing and characteristics of denim fabric. Finally, it identifies types of machinery employed in denim washing plants such as washing machines, dryers, grinding machines, and tagging machines.
IRJET- Review of Cotton Cleaning in Blow Room DepartmentIRJET Journal
The document summarizes research on cotton cleaning in the blow room department of textile manufacturing. It discusses how adjusting beater settings at different stages of the blow room process can change cotton cleanliness. Very high cleanliness can improve yarn quality characteristics but can also deteriorate them if taken to an extreme. The literature review discusses previous research finding that fiber openness and cleanliness are influenced by factors like beater speed and grid bar settings. Maintaining high cleanliness and machinery is important to reduce faults during spinning. The conclusion is that blow room cleaning plays a vital role in preparing quality sliver for good quality yarn production.
Workbook - Textile Dyes and Dyeing - 19TE39PervaizAli13
This document provides instructions for a laboratory experiment to identify dyestuffs that have been used on textile materials. The experiment involves treating fabric samples with various chemical solutions to strip dyestuffs from the fabric. By observing how the dyestuff is stripped and which other fabrics it transfers to in the solutions, it is possible to identify whether the dyestuff is a direct dye, reactive dye, vat dye, sulfur dye, azoic dye, or basic dye. The procedures are described separately for different fiber types, including cellulosic fibers, silk, and acrylic. The goal of the experiment is to provide students with practical skills to identify unknown dyestuffs applied to textiles.
This document provides definitions and background information on various textile terms. It begins with an introduction to textiles and defines key terms like fiber, filament, yarn and fabric. It then discusses the history of natural fibers like cotton, wool and silk. The document also summarizes the development of various man-made fibers like rayon, nylon, acrylic and polyester. It provides timelines of when these fibers were first invented and commercialized. The document is intended to serve as a reference for textile engineering students.
This document provides information about garment manufacturing and exporting processes. It was prepared by Md. Kamrul Hasan, a Textile Engineering graduate from Southeast University in Bangladesh. The document contains several sections that discuss key topics like buyers and buying houses, major garment exporting countries, GSP status, garment export procedures, costing, purchase orders, letters of credit, and timelines. It aims to serve as a reference for students and professionals in the garments sector.
The document provides information about GTA Sports Ltd., a knitwear factory in Bangladesh. It includes an organogram of the company's management structure and sections. The knitting section is described in detail, outlining the knitting process, types of knitting machines and their parts. It also discusses increasing production quantity and common knitting faults. The dyeing and finishing sections are briefly introduced, including raw materials, machinery and quality control processes.
This document provides an overview of Sadma Fashion Wear Ltd., a garment manufacturing company in Bangladesh. It details the company's profile, facilities, production capacity, certifications, buyers, and organizational structure. Key points include that it has over 200 employees, a production capacity of 20,000 pieces per day, and major buyers such as Walmart, C&A, and Sears. The company operates departments for knitting, dyeing, finishing, garments production and quality assurance.
This document provides an overview of Mitali Fashions Ltd., a knit composite garment factory in Bangladesh. It discusses the company's establishment in 2000, leadership, expansion, and certification. The factory has various production sections including knitting, dyeing, finishing, garments, and quality control. It employs over 5,000 people and produces knitwear and garments for major international brands. The document also includes organizational charts, maps of the factory premises, and lists of raw materials and major customers.
The document provides information about an industrial training internship at Olio Apparels Ltd, which is part of the Envoy Group. The objectives of the internship are to learn about the different departments of the company and gain practical knowledge about garment manufacturing. It also aims to compare theoretical knowledge learned in class to real-world practices and identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the company. Olio Apparels Ltd is described as a large garment manufacturing facility that produces high quality products for European and American customers using modern machinery and technologies.
1. The document provides information about Divine Group of Industries Limited (DGI), a textile company in Bangladesh. It details DGI's facilities, production capacity, certifications, and clientele.
2. DGI aims to suit every fashion taste and demand from around the world. It has several factories producing knitted fabrics and garments.
3. The document outlines DGI's management structure, production processes from knitting to garments, and machinery used in key departments like CAD and sampling.
This document provides information about garment merchandising and industrial engineering. It defines merchandising and outlines the key steps in the merchandising process from developing buyers to shipment. It also describes the work of merchandisers, including sourcing, pricing, order follow up, and ensuring on-time shipment. Additionally, it discusses industrial engineering and its focus on improving productivity through methods like time studies, layout optimization, and training. It provides details on cost analysis, production planning, and the different techniques used to set work standards.
The document provides information about industrial training and sample making at Sea Moss Knitwear Ltd., a garment factory in Bangladesh. It discusses the factory's training center which trains new workers on sewing machine operation and the garment production process. It also describes the different types of samples produced by the sample section, including original samples, photo samples, pre-production samples, and others. The purpose of each sample and the sample development process is explained. In summary, the document outlines the training programs and sample making procedures at this Bangladeshi garment factory.
This document provides information about an industrial training completed by the author at Cotton Club (BD) Ltd. It begins with an introduction to the garment industry in Bangladesh and the purpose of industrial training programs. It then discusses the company details including history, mission, vision, competitors and organizational structure. The document focuses on the knitting section of the factory, providing definitions of knitting technology, types of knitted fabrics produced, machinery used and processes involved. It concludes with an overview of common knitting faults and their remedies.
This document provides information about an industrial training internship at Tusuka Jeans, Trouser & Processing Ltd. It outlines the objectives of the internship which are to learn about the various departments of the company and gain practical knowledge. It then provides details about the company profile, sister concerns, buyers, human resources management, machine descriptions, raw materials, production planning, merchandising, and compliance issues.
This document provides an overview of APS Group (Dyeing Unit), a 100% export-oriented composite knitwear factory located in Pubail, Gazipur, Bangladesh. It details the factory's production capacities and facilities, including its knitting, dyeing, finishing, and garment sections. It also describes the factory layout, manpower structure, and sources and costs of raw materials like yarn, grey fabrics, dyes, and chemicals. The factory has a daily production capacity of over 15 tons and employs over 5,000 people across its operations.
This document provides information about an industrial training at Biswas Synthetic Ltd, a textile company in Bangladesh. It includes details about the company profile, various production sections like knitting, dyeing, finishing, and quality control. The knitting section describes the different types of knitting processes, primary knitting elements, and end products produced on single jersey circular knitting machines.
This document provides an overview of the author's industrial attachment at Impress-Newtex Composite Textiles Ltd. It describes the company profile including general information, buyers, and location. It outlines the organizational structure with organizational chart and shift classifications. It also summarizes the key departments in the factory including knitting, planning, wet processing lab, dyeing, finishing, quality control, dry lab, water treatment plant, maintenance, and utilities. The document is intended to provide knowledge gained from the practical experience in the various production processes at the factory.
This document provides information about an industrial internship at Rupa Fabrics Ltd, a knit dyeing and finishing company in Bangladesh. It includes:
1. An overview of the company's profile, production capacity and certifications. Rupa Fabrics produces basic t-shirts, sweaters and knit fabrics for export.
2. Details on the production processes used, including knitting, dyeing, finishing and garment manufacturing. Knitting is done on circular and flatbed machines in various gauges. Dyeing and finishing include processes like batching, laboratory testing, knit dyeing, and finishing.
3. Descriptions of the management structure and responsibilities of roles like the general manager
The document provides an overview of the Hotapara Garments Ltd company, including its infrastructure, departments, manpower, production capacity, and product mix. The company has over 1850 workers split across various departments like knitting, dyeing, quality control, sewing, and maintenance. It has a daily production capacity of 40,000 pieces and manufactures items like T-shirts, polo shirts, jackets, and bottoms.
This document provides an overview of Divine Group Ltd, a textile company located in Bangladesh. It discusses the company's history, facilities, production capacities, and management structure. The company was established in 1997 and has since expanded to include multiple factories producing knitted fabrics, dyed fabrics, finished fabrics, garments, and more. It employs thousands of staff and has the goal of meeting international quality standards and customer demands.
This document provides information about an industrial training completed at YASSMA KNITTING & DYEING LTD., including an introduction to the training, company profile, management structure, machines used, raw materials, production process, and quality control procedures. The training focused on the dyeing and finishing sections and was intended to bridge the gap between theoretical and practical textile engineering knowledge.
- ACS Textiles (Bangladesh) Ltd operates a large textile manufacturing facility in Bangladesh with over 6,000 employees. It produces a wide range of home textile products including bed sheets, towels, and other linen products.
- The company aims to capture value at each stage of textile production from weaving to dyeing, finishing, and packaging. It prides itself on producing high quality products meeting ISO 9001:2008 standards.
- During the internship, the author gained exposure to various departments within ACS Textiles like weaving, dyeing, finishing, quality control, and maintenance to better understand industrial operations and management.
Industrial attachment of acs textils ltd Bangladesh
Presentation of sayeed
1. PROJECT REPORT ON
Application of Disperse & Reactive Dyes In a P/C
Blended Fabric of 65/35 In Using Two Bath System
BASIS OF
FAKIR APPARELS LTD.
BSCIC SHILPA NAGARY, FATULLAH, NARAYANGANJ
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Praise be to Allah the creator and sustainer who has given us strength and opportunity
to complete our two months long industrial attachment at “Fakir Apparels Ltd.”
Pabna Textile Engineering College has given me the opportunity to perform the
industrial project report with “Fakir Apparels Ltd.”. I am grateful to Md. Abdul
Mannan, the principal of the college for giving me the opportunity to accomplish the
attachment.
Special thanks go to my supervising teacher Shib Shankar Chakraborty Sir,
without whose help it would not have possible to complete the training successfully.
May I also take the opportunity to express my sincerest gratitude to “Fakir Apparels
Ltd.” management, and administration & personnel for their kind co-operation.
My deepest appreciation goes to ED-Sir and to DGM –Sir, who provided us all the
necessary information we needed.
Above all, I would like to acknowledge my deep debt to all teachers of our college and
especially of “WET PROCESSING TECHONOLOGY Department ”for their kind
inspiration and help, which remain as the backdrop of all my efforts.
Finally, I would like to acknowledge that I remain responsible for the inadequacies and
errors, which doubtless remain.
3. Application of Disperse & Reactive
Dyes In a P/C Blended Fabric of 65/35
In Using Two Bath System.
4. AbstractThe dyeing of the polyester and cotton blend fabric (P/C fabric or PCF) has becomes a challenge to
the modern textile industries due to its variation in color value, shed depth, tensile strength and
surface residual weight loss. All of this drawback can be control by the proper selection of the dye-
fiber combination which ultimately governs the XRD, SEM, FTIR analysis of the dyed blend fabric.
The water fastness or wash fastness and light fastness can be also improved by the proper analysis
of the thermodynamic equilibrium of dye fiber bond and its stoichiometry.
The present work deals with the ways of testing the compatibility of disperse & reactive dyes with
P/C blended fabrics dyeing in different textile industries in Bangladesh. This report includes three
laboratory trials that were carried out for three different reactive dyes to check the compatibility
for use in a dye recipe on cotton knitted goods. In this study, Spectrophotometric analysis was
conducted and the fixation of each dye was determined by using computer colour matching system.
The results found from different industries were analysed and discussed. This testing can be used as
a tool for selecting good quality dyes as well as to reduce dyeing cost and hazard. Finally few
recommendations are highlighted to overcome the problem of selecting better quality dyes for
cotton goods in textile industries in Bangladesh.
Fiber reactive dyes for cotton were shown to vary widely in their substantivity for the fiber.
Substantivity also depended on dye bath temperature and salt concentration, as expected. The
relative substantivities of the hydrolyzed forms of the reactive dyes were assessed in the laboratory
by means of a sample, quick and inexpensive paper chromatography test. Correlation of the
substantivity of the dye with the amount removed from the cotton under various washing
conditions indicated that it should be possible to select higher or lower washing temperatures
based on the substantivity of the dye to be removed. In addition, the paper chromatography test
was useful for quick selection of dyes of about the same substantivity. Mixtures of such dyes dyed
cotton with little change in hue during the dyeing process; dyes of different substantivity gave
pronounced color changes.
5. INTRODUCTIONIf the theoretical knowledge is a glass of water, then the practical knowledge would be drinking of the
water. So, for any technical education the practical experience is the most important along with the
theoretical knowledge.With the evaluation of the wet processing industries the use of the reactive &
disperse dyes in the most of the industries increases day by day. As a result to complete the project it is
has become a part to discus about the evaluation or growth of the wet processing industries in
Bangladesh. Now the number of the wet processing industries and finishing industries in Bangladesh is
206 which are totally export oriented according to the survey of the BTMA which has been provided into
their web address.
The application & fixing of a dye to a substrate, normally with the intention of obtaining an even
distribution throughout the substrate. Dyeing is the Wet Processing Technology by which physical and
chemical changes happen in textile material.
Reactive dye stuffs directly combinds with cellulose by chemical bonding i.e. covalent bonds are
produced. They have excellent wash fastness. Mainly used on cotton dyeing. Can also be applied on
wool, silk and nylon dyeing. Dyeing is carried out in an alkaline bath.
By achieving Practical knowledge it is possible to apply the theoretical knowledge in the technical field.
For any technical education, practical experience is almost equally necessary in association with the
theoretical knowledge. The Industrial attachment is most effective process of achieving the practical
experience. It provides us sufficient practical knowledge about production, management, productivity,
evaluation, work study, efficiency, Industrial management, production planning & control, Production
cost analysis, inventory control, purchasing, utilities and Maintenance of machinery and their operation
technique etc.
Industrial project report is an essential part of four years B.Sc in Textile Engineering course of Pabna
Textile Engineering College under the University of Rajshahi. We had the opportunity to perform the
industrial attachment at “FAKIR APPARELS LTD.”. During two month long attachment, I am studied the
man, machine, material aspects of the knitting section, Dyeing section, quality control section, planning
section, grey fabric inspection, finished fabric inspection, finishing section and merchandising section
of the factory, also studied about the reactive dyes . According to my studies there we have prepared the
following report and would like to present.
6. Dyeing:
Dyeing is the process by which a textile material is to be changed physically
or chemically, so that it looks mono uniform colored. Or we can say that ,
Dyeing is the process of imparting colors to a textile material in loose
fiber,yarn , cloth or garment form by treatment with a dye.
Blending:
Blending is the combining of different fibres together intimately to achieve a
desired product characteristic. Blends can influence colouring, strength,
softness, absorbency, ease of washing, resistance to wrinkling, ease of
spinning, cost, etc.
7. Advantages of Blending:
When two different types of fibres are blended, the properties of these
two different fibres are synergised. For instance, in the blend of cotton
and polyester, cotton provides the absorbency and polyester provides
the strength.
Blending is done to produce a fabric, which is economical by
combining the aesthetic comfort properties of the natural fibres with the
easy care and strength properties of synthetic fibers.
Blending also helps to provide the fabric’s light weight with all
desirable characteristics.Improving spinning, weaving and finishing
efficiency and the uniformity of product.
Methods of Blending:
Blending can be done at the opening stage, drawing etc.
In the initial opening stage of the blow room operation, the fibres are
spread one on top of the other and fed into the blending feeder.
The blending can also be done in the carding stage.
Similarly the blending can be done at drawing or roving stage.
A filament yarn blended contains yarns of different deniers (denier is
the yarn numbering system used for filament yarns) blended tog.
8. Polyester
Polyester is a term often defined as “long-chain polymers chemically composed of at least
85% by weight of an ester and a dihydric alcohol and a terephthalic acid”. In other words, it
means the linking of several esters within the fibers. Reaction of alcohol with carboxylic acid
results in the formation of esters.
Polyester is a manmade polymer material. It is made from coal, air, water and petroleum
products. Polyester is a strong fiber that keeps its shape and therefore resists wrinkling. The
fiber does not withstand medium to high temperatures and melts and burns at the same time,
therefore ironing polyester must be done at a cool temperature, if at all. Threads of polyester
last for a long time and wear well, so are used for many garments and sewing projects.
Polyester does not shrink like its natural counterpart and holds dye extremely well, a good
thing for textile artists, but bad for stain-removal from polyester items. Polyester was
extremely popular in the 1950s but since then is used more as a blend than the main fiber
used for garments or fabric.
The chemical name for the polyester used in fiber production is polyethylene terephthalate or
PET. This compound is also used to make plastic soft drink bottles, which can be melted
down after use, allowing the PET fibers to be reused. Companies currently producing
polyester fiber include Color-Fi, Dak Fibers, Fiber Science Inc and Palmetto Synthetics.
Cotton:
Cotton is an all-natural fiber made from the pod of a cotton plant. It is the principal fiber used
in making the world's clothing. Cotton is known for being light, cool, comfortable and
absorbent. Many people describe cotton as a fabric that "breathes." It is also easy to dye and
to clean, though dyes do not hold as fast to natural fibers as to the synthetic fibers of
polyester. Cotton can withstand high temperatures, but does wrinkle easily and shrinks with
washing.
9. Blend BenefitsA polyester cotton blend can be versatile, as it most likely retains the coolness and
lightness of the cotton fiber, but also adds the strength, durability and wrinkle-
resistance of polyester. A polyester cotton blend should only shrink slightly in
comparison to a garment or fabric that is 100 percent cotton. This blend is often
preferred by at-home sewers and quilters as it is extremely easy to sew.
Blend Cons
Adding polyester to cotton can cause unattractive pilling of the fabric and
make the fabric not withstand high temperatures as well. Many people prefer
pure cotton to a polyester blend cotton in clothing that they need to breathe,
as the blend does not breathe or stay as cool as pure cotton.
Uses
Polyester cotton blend is mostly used in the garment industry to make
clothing that people want to be able to wash and wear without having to iron
and that will be tougher than a 100 percent cotton blend and withstand more
washing. Many home sewers prefer polyester cotton blends as it is more
forgiving and easy to sew than pure cotton, as it wrinkles and shrinks less.
10. Reason of using Reactive & Disperse Dyes in p/c blended fabric dyeing:
Reactive dyes are easily applicable to cellulose fibers & disperse dyes are mostly suitable for polyester that is why for p/c blended fabric both
disperse and reactive dyes are used.
Other associated reason as follows:
REACTIVE:
1. Reactive dyes are soluble in water.
2. They have very good light fastness with rating about 6.
3. The dyes have very stable electron arrangement and can protect the degrading effect of ultra-violet ray.
4. Textile materials dyed with reactive dyes have very good wash fastness with rating about (4-5) due to strong covalent bonds formed
between fiber polymer and reactive group of dye.
5. Reactive dyes give brighter shades and have moderate rubbing fastness.
6. Dyeing method of reactive dye is easy. It requires less time and low temperature for dyeing.
7. Reactive dyes are comparatively cheap.
8. Fixation occurs in alkaline condition.
9. Reactive dyes have good perspiration fastness with rating 4-5.
10. It has a wide range of shade
DISPERSE:
1.Generally these dyes are insoluble in water, but they are soluble in hot water in some extent.
2.These dyes have no ionic groups.These are used for dyeing hydrophobic fibre like polyester, nylon, cellulose acetate, tri-acetate, acrylic
etc.
3.It has no affinity to cellulose fibre.
4. It gives Variety shade of color.
5. Its washing, rubbing, and light fastness are good.
6. It is connected with fibre by hydrogen bond and Venders walls force.
7. Dye particles of these dyes are smaller than the other dyes.
8. These are soluble in organic solvent like benzene, toluene, zyline etc.
9. These are applied in neutral or acetic medium.
10. These are applied at high temperature i.e. 125-140°C.
11. Solubility of this dye bath increase with temperature.
11. Raw MaterialRaw materials are those, by using or processing which we get final product. In textile there are different types of raw
materials. Such as- Yarn is raw material for fabric, dyes & chemicals are raw materials for dyed fabric. Dyed fabrics are
raw material for garments etc.
In Fakir Apparels Two Types Of Dyes Are Mainly Used:
1. Reactive dye
- Cold Brand (400C)
- Medium Brand (600C)
- Hot Brand (800C)
2. Disperse dye
DISPERSE DYE:
Disperse dyes are traditionally non-ionic chemicals with sparing solubility in water which, consequently, are able to
retain comparatively better substantivity for hydrophobic fibres, such as polyester, nylon and acetate. For the sake of
efficient diffusion into textiles, the particles of disperse dye should be as fine as possible comprising low molecular
weight molecules in the range of 400 – 600. It is essential for disperse dyes to be able to withstand various dyeing
conditions, pH and temperature, resulting in negligible changes in shade and fastness.
Disperse dyes are often substituted azo , anthraquinone or diphenylamine compounds
which are non-ionic and contain no water solubilising groups. The dye particles are thus
held in dispersion by the surface-active agent and the dyes themselves are called disperse dyes. They are marketed in
the form of either an easily dispersible powder or a concentrated aqueous dispersion and are now the main class of
dye for certain synthetic fibres .
CLASSIFICATION OF DISPERSE DYES:
Anthraquinone, monoazo and disazo disperse dyes are the most important classes
of disperse dyes in terms of market share, there are a number of other important classes as follows ;
- Nitroarylamino disperse dyes
- Coumarin disperse dyes
- Methine disperse dyes
- Naphthostyryl disperse dyes
- Quinophthalone disperse dyes
- Formazan disperse dyes
- Benzodifuranone disperse dyes
12. Disperse Dyes used in Fakir Apparels Ltd.
The list is for the time of our industrial attachment. It varies according to the availability
of the material & their price.
The price has not been supplied to us due to their secrecy act.
The annual requirement was not available & is a record of the procurement
department.
The list is for the time of our industrial attachment. It varies according to the availability
of the material & their price.
The list is for the time of our industrial attachment. It varies according to the availability of the material & their price.
The list is for the time of our industrial attachment. It varies according to the availability of the material & their price.
The price has not been supplied to us due to their secrecy act. The annual requirement was not available & is a record of the procurement department.
Company name Brand name Origin Dyes name
Imperial
chemical company
Taifix UK Taifix Red SF 3BT
Taifix Yellow SF 3RT
Taifix Black SF BSDT
Taifix Black SF BT
Everzol Black B
Everzol Black GR
Everzol Red 3BS
Everzol Yellow 3RS
Huntsman Terasil Switzerland Terasil G/Yellow W3R
Terasil Red W4BS
Terasil Red WW-BFS
Terasil Blue WRBS
Terasil Blue BGE-01
Terasil Yellow 4G
Terasil Yellow W4G
Terasil Red R
Terasil Navy WRS
Terasil Black WNS
Terasil Orange 5RL
Terasil Yellow W5SL
Naka Naka Japan Nakalon Blue 2 RLS
Nakalon Bri. Blue BGF
Nakalon Yellow 4GN
Remarks:
13. Reactive Dye:
The dye which reacts with the fibers chemically and makes covalent bond with the fibers & become an
integral part of it is called reactive dyes. Reactive dyes contain reactive group & the covalent bond is
formed between dye molecules & the terminal –OH group of cellulosic fibers respectively.
D-SO2-C2H4-OSO3Na + OH-Cell D-SO2-C2H4-O-Cell + NaHSO3
Here,
D=Dye part
Cell=Cellulose polymer
A reactive dye may be represented by:
D-B-Y-X
Where,
D= Chromospheres of dye part
B= Bridge (It’s a part of dye molecules) e.g. NH-, -NR group
Y= Reactive group bearing part (It can be a heterocyclic ring)
X= Reactive atom or group (It can be the halogen group or activated vinyl group) e.g.-CH=CH2
Reactive Dyes used in Fakir Apparels Ltd.
Company name Brand name Origin Dyes name
Ciba Geigy CIBA Switzerland Cibacron Yellow FN2R
Cibacron Red WB 150%
Cibacron Blue FNR
Cibacron Black WNN HC
Cibacron Orange W 3R
Cibacron Navy WRS
Cibacron White 4BK
Cibacron Syno White BRB
14. Reactive Dyes used in Fakir Apparels Ltd.
.
.
.
Dyes origin
Origin of Dyes
Terasil: Switzerland SK: Korea
Drimaren: Germany. Ciba: Switzerland
Remazol: Germany Sumifix: Japan.
Levafix: Germany Benzactive: Switzerland
Terasil & Disperse dyes are mainly used for dyeing polyester. Acid dyes are use to Nylon.
Sumifix, Drimaren, Remazol, Levafix, Ciba, Sk all these dyes are use to dyeing the Cellulose or Cellulose
based fabric.
Company name Brand name Origin Dyes name
Sumitomo Sumifix Japan Sumifix Yellow EXF
Sumifix Red EXF
Sumifix Blue EXF
Sumifix Navy Blue BS
Sumifix Black B-150%
Sumifix Brill Yellow 3GP
Sumifix Scarlet 2GF
Dystar Livafix Germany Livafix Brill Yellow CA
Livafix Fast Red CA
Livafix Blue CA
Livafix` Red CA
Livafix Amber CA
Livafix Yellow CA
Livafix Scarlet CA
Dystar Remazol Germany Remazol Yellow RR
Remazol Red RGB
Remazol Blue RR
Remazol Red RR
Remazol Navy RGB
Remazol Deep Black GWF
Remazol Green 6B
15. Steps of Reactive Dyeing:
Dyeing with reactive dye generally done in three steps-
Exhaustion of dye in presence of electrolyte or dye absorption.
Fixation of dye under the influence of alkali.
Washing off the unfixed dye, electrolyte and alkali from material.
Steps of Disperse Dyeing:
Dispersion of dye in the dye bath with the help of dispersing agent.
At high temperature (around 140oC) crystalline structure converted to amorphous form.
Then dye molecule enters into the fiber.
When cooling happen dye molecules entrapped into the fibers. (Amorphous region becomes Crystalline).
Dyeing of polyester and its blends:
Dyeing of Hydrophobic fibres:
Dyeing of Hydrophobic fibres like polyester with disperse dyes is a completely different dye transfer
system.
The process involves dye transfer from liquid (water) to a solid organic fibre and it takes as following:
1. Dispersion of the dye in the solid phase into water by breaking up into molecules(dissolution of the dye).
2.Adsorption of the dissolved dye from the solution onto the fibre surface.
3.Diffusion of the dye molecules from the fibre surface into the interior of the fibre.
How does it happen:
• The first step of dye dissolution in the dyebath depends on the dispersability and solubility of the dye with
the help of dispersing agents.
• The second step is the adsorption of the dye by the fibre which is turn is affected by
solubilition of the dye and fabric affinity.
• The rate of diffusion of the dye into the fabric.
16. Equilibrium in dyeing:
• When equilibrium is reached in each of these steps , the dyeing actually takes place.
• If the amount of dye present is not sufficient to saturate the fibre only the first two equillibrium will be established.
• If the fibre is saturated, the third equilibrium will be attained and dyeing will be completed.
• Thus‐Aqueous solubility of the dye and dye diffusion are the two main factors which govern the dyeing process.
Impact of these factors:
• The rate of dyeing.
• The percentage of exhaustion of the dyebath.
• The level dyeing characteristics of the disperse dye.
For achieving good fastness:
• Addition of small amounts of dispersing agents.
• Leads to better exhaustion.
• Longer dyeing period ensures better rubbing fastness.
• Shorter dyeing times usually cause less level dyeing.
Function of the Dispersing agent:
• The dispersing agent performs many functions in dyeing.
• It assists the process of particle size reduction of the dye.
• They increase solubility of the disperse dye.
• The choice of dispersing agent is specific for a dye.
Dye solubility only helpful to an extend:
• Dye solubility only helpful to an extend, although dyeing rate increases with increasing
solubility but upto a certain value and with further increase in solubility, the dyeing rate
actually decreases.
• Each dye has a favorable dispersing agent and is effective with that agent best.
17. Fibre Swelling:
• Fibre swelling take place in hydrophilic fibres such as cotton with water molecules occupying the
amorphous regions of the fibre.
• This imbibed water help translocation to some extent of the absorbed dye.
• However in the case of hydrophobic fibres like polyester the fibre structure is so compact that water is not
able to swell fibres as a result minimal amount of water is imbibed in the fibre structure , so slow diffusion of
dye takes place.
Carriers:
• The fibre structure may be opened up by the use of carrier or by thermal energy.
• For dyeing polyester fibres at temperatures up to 100 degree without any carrier the
diffusion of dye is affected.
• Therefore use of carrier is recommended. This facilitates the diffusion of the dye molecules.
Selection of carrier:
While selecting a carrier for the use in polyester dyeing, the following factors should be considered
1.High carrier efficiency.
2.Availability at low cost.
3.Little or no effect on light fastness on the final dyed product.
4.Absence of unpleasant odour.
5.Non toxicity
6.Ease of removal after dyeing
7.No degradation or discoloration of the fibre
Continued
8. High stability under the dyeing conditions.
Actual dyeing machines used:
In actual practice the polyester components are dyed by the carrier method in
1. Jiggers
2. Winch‐beck
Where the dye used is the ones with high diffusion coefficients, dyes with low diffusion coefficients are less
suitable.
However uniform heating of the fabric presents difficulties in Jigger due to loss of heat in the open
System, even when it is heated to 100 degree the temperature available to the fabric is only 80‐90 degree.
The conditions with Winch‐beck dyeing are more favorable.
18. High temperature dyeing:
Polyester fibres and their blends may be dyed under high temperature conditions above 125‐130 degree.
Above 100 degrees , the fibre swells to a great extend and hence there is rapid penetration of the dye molecules in the
fibre structure.
There is decresed resistance to the diffusion of the dye molecules at 130 degrees than at 100 degrees.
Even the disperse dye is much more soluble in water at a higher temperature.
Factors that matter in polyester dyeing:
1. Dye selection
2. Carrier selection
3. Dyeing temperature and time
4. Use of Glauber’s salt
5. Pre scouring by anionic detergent or liquor ammonia
6. Dyeing
7. After scouring with non ionic detergents and acetic acid.
General Information about blend:
Blends are any textile materials from the fibres (filaments) through yarn to fabric, which are deliberate
combination of chemically or physically different fibrous polymer.
Several interrelated factor may contribute to the justification for replacing a homogeneous textile materials
by a blend.
Economy: The dilution of an expensive fibre by blending with a cheaper substitute.
Durability: Physical the incorporation of a more durable component to extend the useful life of a relatively
fragile.
Physical Properties: A compromise to take advantage of desirable performance characteristics.
Color: The development of decorative garments or fabric design incorporating multicolor effect.
Appearance: The attainment of attractive appearance using combination of yarns of different luster, crimp
etc which differ in appearance even after dye uniformly to the same color.
19. Dyeing Possibilities with Blend:
Union or solid dyeing: Both Fibres: Both fibres are dyed as closely as possible to the same hue, depth and brightness.
Reverse or Resist Dyeing: Only one fibre is dyed and the other is kept as white as possible.
Cross Dyeing:
•Shadow Effect: Same hue and brightness but depth difference.
•Contrast Effect: Strong different in hue brightness and depth.
Methods of Dyeing P/C blended fabric with Disperse & Reactive Dyes In Two Bath System:
There are two methods of P/C blended fabric dyeing as follows:
1. Conservative two bath process.
2. Rapid dyeing one bath process.
Sequence of fabric preparation:
For woven fabric:
Heat Setting(180-205°C for 30-40 sec.)
Desizing
Scouring & Bleaching
Mercerising(optional but not recommended for viscose blend because it will create grains on the fabric surface)
For knitted fabric, Only desizing is not required, but all the process is same as woven.
Classification of blends:
Polyester-cotton:58.4%
Polester-viscose: 20.4%
Polyester-wool: 7.1%
0ther: Rest of 10%
Polyester-cotton blends: For example, 80/20,65/35,70/30, 50/50 are common.
20. Procedure of Disperse/Reactive dye:
Two Bath Process: This is completely separate dyeing & both two dyeing is independent.
Polyester Dyeing: Polyester is dyed with disperse dye in Jet dyeing machine in high temperature with the
following recipe:
Disperse dye= 2%
Dispersing agent= 1%
Acetic acid= 3 ml/L
M: L=1: 10
Time: 100 min
Temperature=120-130°C
Procedure of polyester dyeing:
Disperse dye solution is prepared in hot water(80°C) by stirring & dispersing agent may be used before dye
or simultaneously with dye.One part of dispersing agent is added in dye solution & other part is added in m/c
with water according to liquor ratio.
The dye bath is set at 50-60° C temperature & 1% anionic detergent &rest of dispersing agent is added &
then the material is added.Then dye solution is added in the dye bath.
Then temperature is raised to 85-90°C within 15 minutes.
PH is checked & is adjusted to 5.5-6 by acetic acid.
Then temperature is raised to 130°C within 20 mins. Anionic surfactant+Rest of dispersing agent
Run time of bath is 60-90 min. Dye dispersion
The temperature is lowered & then bath is drain out. pH adjust by 130°C
5.5 by acetic acid
15′ 20′ 60′
Fig: PET DYEING CURVE
21. Reduction Cleaning:
After dyeing, the bath is drained & goods are reduced cleaned to remove unfix surface dyes or cross staining on cotton.The recipe for
reduction cleaning is as below:
For pale shade:
Nonionic detergent=0.5%
Soda ash=0.5%
Temperature=70-80°C
Time= 30 mins
For medium to heavy shade:
Detergent=1 gm/L
Hydrose=2 gm/L
NaoH solution(36C)=3-5 ml/L
Temperature= 80°C
Time= 20-30 mins
Cotton Dyeing:
After polyester part dyeing,cotton part is dyed with reactive with the following recipe:
Dye(cold brand)=3%
Common salt= 50-60 gm/L
Wetting agent=1 gm/L
Soda ash=15 gm/L
Temperature=40-50°C
Time= 100 min
M:L= 1:10
Procedure of cotton dyeing:
The dye bath is set at room temperature.Materials,dyes & auxiliaries are added in the dye bath & kept for10 mins in room temperature.
The temperature is raised to 50° C with in 10 mins.
At 50° C ,the bath is kept 10 mins & then salt dosing is carried out for 10 mins.The run time before salt dosing & duration of salt dosing time
is maintained to prohibit the color strike on the fabric.If not maintained uneven shade will yield due to color strike.
After salt dosing, the bath is run for 20 mins to reach the dyeing equilibrium between the dye bath & the fabric.If soda is added before
reaching equilibrium, then color yield will be poor & dye wastage will be higher.
22. After salt dosing, the bath is run for 20 mins to reach the dyeing equilibrium between the dye bath &
the fabric.If soda is added before reaching equilibrium, then color yield will be poor & dye wastage will
be higher.
Now soda dosing is carried out for 20 mins.
After soda dosing, the material is kept in the dye bath for 20 mins.
Then bath is drained out.
Reactive dye+ Auxiliaries+
Mtl. 50°C Salt dosing Soda dosing
40°C 10′ 10′ 10′ 10′ 20′ 20′ 20′ Drain
Fig: cotton dyeing curve
After-treatment:
Washing process after reactive dyeing is lengthy but unavoidable to light wet fastness because all
hydrolyzed unfixed dye has to be removed.The washing process are as below:
Cold wash at 30°C-50°C
Hot wash at 60°C-80°C
Soap wash with anionic surfactant at 80C-90°C
Hot rinse at 80°C
Cold rinse.
23. Technical Deficiency of Disperse & Reactive Dyes:
In case of Disperse Dyes…
High temperature is needed for dyeing which is Costly to generate.
Dispersing agent is required for using disperse dyes as an auxiliary.
This dye is only suitable for manmade fibre.
In case of Reactive dyes…
Hydrolysis is the main problem in dyeing with Reactive dyes. Only 60 to 70 percent dyes are absorbed
in Reactive dyeing. There are also many causes of technical deficiency of reactive dye. Those are
described below:
Hydrolysis of reactive dyes:
Under alkaline condition, reactive dyes react with the terminal hydroxyl group of cellulose. But if the
solution of the dye is kept for long time, it’s concentration drops. Then the dye react with the hydroxyl
group of water .The reaction of dye with water is called Hydrolysis of reactive dyes.
Factors which affect the hydrolysis of the reactive dye:
Salt concentration:
When the cellulosic textile material is sink into water it convert into negetive charge or
anionic charge. But the reactive dye is also convert into anionic charge. So the surface of the
cellulosic material repel the dye molecules. To overcome the problem we use electrolite material like
salt. It hepls to netralize the negetive ion over the textile material and helps the reactive dye ion to fix
on the surface of the materail. As a result If we increase the concentration of the salt hydrolysis of the
reactive dye will decrease.
pH:
If the pH of the medium increase hydrolysis of the reactive dye also increase. This is for,
reactive dye ionised more in alkaline medium and as a result it react with hydroxyl group of the water.
24. Temperature:
With the increase of temperature hydrolysis of the reactive dye increases.
Substantivity:
With the increase of the substantivity hydrolysis of the reactive dye increase.
Reactive group of the reactive dye:
Hydrolysis of the reactive dye depends on which group does it bears. Vinyl sulphone dye hydrolyize
more than the Triazinyl group.
Hydrolysis of water:
Hydrolysis of the water is also a cause of the technical deficiency of the reactive dye.
Remidies of the hydrolysis of the reactive dyes:
The highest absorption of the reactive dye is about 70%. To minnimize the more lose of the reactive dye
we should maintain proper liquor ratio, proper time and temperature. Even the pH of the emdium is also an important
factor to avoid the more wastage of the reactive dye.
Conclusion:
The dyeing of PCF is a fascinating and tremendous job in the textile processing, but with the help of proper guidance
of dye selection, dye combination analysis, pre-diagnosis of dyeing machinery, dyeing auxiliaries the dyeing
parameters can be optimized. The tensile strength, surface smoothness of polyester/cotton blend fabric can be
significantly improved by the right establishment of kinetic dyeing thermodynamics and which leads to the excellency
of a new dyeing era with almost zero defect in shed.
P/C blend fabrics were successfully dyed with the physical mixture of D/R dyes by two-bath dyeing process. The
novelty of undertake study is successful mixing of the commercially available dyes as is to give complete shade
gamut, in powder form which will open up new avenues to dyestuff suppliers to cater to the blend dyeing needs of the
textile processors. The work is based on the well established process of dyeing however will emerge in readymade
dyes as option to dyers to get rid of cumbersome shade matching at their end. Also, this two-bath dyeing process has
potential in offering savings in time, energy, water and labour. This research work demonstrates the specific
possibility of a commercially acceptable dyeing process for P/C blend using the physical mixture of D/R dyes.
25. ANALYSIS OF MARKETING
Consumer of the products:
FAKIR APPARELS LTD. is a 100% export oriented industry. All the goods produced in this industry
are exported into various foreign countries. Name of the main buyers of the products of the industry
are given below:
1. TOM TAILOR
2. S. OLIVER
3. H&M
4. POINT ZERO
5. GAP ADULT
6. G-STAR
7. AHLENS
Importing countries:
The countries which are importing goods from Fakir Apparels Ltd are given below:
U.S.A
GERMANY
SPAIN
TURKEY
RUSSIA
JAPAN
SWEDEN
THAILAND
SCOPE OF MARKETING:
As the life style of the people is changing and to keep face with that life style people of the world
is seeking for high quality of product at the same time at a low cost. In this case we are lucky to have
all the opportunity for the buyer at a low price. As e result our market is spreading all over the world.
Now we are not competing with China, Thailand, India which was one time impossible to imagine. We
are now not only exporting the knitted products but also the woven is being exported
26. Marketing Philosophy:
Marketing philosophy is a very important factors to sale the products to the buyer. In FAKIR APPARELS LTD. mainly
senior marketing officers, merchandiser deals with buyer. There are some fixed buyers of the industry. The buyers
give their orders continuously all over the year. The marketing officers and by both side understanding the rate and
the order quantity are fixed.
Duties& responsibilities of marketing officer:
The main duties and responsibilities of a marketing officer are given bellow:
To prepare cost sheet by dealing with the buyer.
To take different steps by discussing with the high officials and merchandiser.
To maintain a regular & good relationship between commercial officer & merchandiser.
To maintain a regular communication with the buyers & buying houses.
Communicate with the new buyer.
Display the criteria of the products.
Actually the responsibilities & duties of marketing officer begins from getting order of buyer & ends after receiving
goods by the buyer. So he should be always smart, energetic & sincere.
Remarks:
FAKIR APPARELS LTD. has a well learned marketing & merchandising team. They always communicate with
the buyers. The marketing section also looks for the quality & quantity buyers.
Importance of the Project:
The main goal of our project is to provide information about the reason of using disperse & reactive dyestuff in major
textile industry in Bangladesh, different methods using in our industry for cotton dyeing with reactive dyes & for
polyester dyeing with disperse dyes, technical deficiency of reactive & disperse dyes during dyeing & causes and
remedies of deficiency of reactive & disperse dyes.
As these topics are very sensitive for dyeing industries, it is very much important to make a survey. It will be very
helpful not only for our studying period but also for our future career.
This project also has these importances:
1. To mention the reason of using reactive & disperse dyes in major textile industry.
2. To study on the application of reactive & disperse dyes of a P/C blended fabric.
3. To learn about the technical deficiency of reactive & disperse dyeing
27. ConclusionReactive dyes provide substantial benefits over other dyes. As the prevalence of synthetic fibers
grow, new reactive groups or approaches may have to be developed to improve the economy and
fastness of colorants. The substantivity of reactive dyes for cotton influenced the easy with which the
unfixed dye could be removed from the fabric after dyeing, the lower substantivity dyes being
removed in larger amounts under milder conditions. Although only a limited number of dyes have
been examined, it seems that washing temperatures could be selected to be lower for less substantive
dyes, and higher for more substantive dyes.
In this respect, the paper chromatography test was most useful in providing a quick and inexpensive
measure of the substantivity of the dye. This test would also allow rapid selection of dyes, to be used
in combination, which would dye cotton with little change in hue as the depth of the dyeing gradually
develops. This would give the dyer much more control in colour matching. Future studies should
confirm these initial results.
We have completed our industrial attachment from FAKIR APPARELS LTD. During our two month long
industrial training at FAL, we got the impression that this factory is one of the modern export oriented
composite knit garments composite in our country. This factory does not compromise in case of
quality. So they have established online and offline quality control of each product. Besides they also
use good quality yarn, dyes and chemicals in their production process. Specially they are mostly use
good quality “Reactive Dye & Disperse Dye” for their production process.
Due to using good quality “Reactive Dye & Disperse Dye” it has earned a “ very good reputation” in
foreign market for its quality product over many other export oriented composite textile mills in our
country. It has very well educated & technically experienced manpower to get rid of any defect in
production process.
28. SOME SUGGESTIONS:
More skilled labor should be used in a project and the overall efficiency will increase.
We should always follow up the Colour mixture rule .
Dyeing floor should keep always neat and clean. It kept wet after unloading the fabric from the
dyeing machine specially, for Athena. Water must be swept time to time.
We should always maintain the M:L ratio.
During the transport of the fabric and during the loading of the m/c, fabrics get soiled due to their
drawing over the floor. This makes the fabric/part of the fabric dirty. It may require more
scouring/bleaching agent or may create stain.
We should always use the good quality reactive dyes so that all the fastness properties is to be
supported.
Due to the pressure of higher production some times machine operators do not maintain accurate
time according to the actual process so that less quality product is produced and may reject. So our
suggestion is to increase machine and reduce the pressure on the operator.
We should colour dozing slowly for even dyeing.
We should soda & salt dozing carefully to avoid dyeing fault.
We Should increase understanding between the top level personal and floor level personal.
The m/c stoppage time should be analyzed and minimized. The maintenance should be carried out
when the m/c is out of action (Wherever possible) and routine maintenance should be carried out
regularly.
In knitting and finishing section every workers should use mask to make protect them from fly.
Otherwise the exhaust air system should be more effective.
Workers are not interested to wear their gown & hand gloves they must need to use it.
In the Laboratory there is needed the accurate dyes percentage calculation otherwise production
may be not completed within schedule time.
Operator should follow the overall process carefully
The spectrophotometer is needed all time running other wise problem will be created when make a
recipe.
29. Limitations of the report :
Because of secrecy act, the data on costing and marketing activities have
not been supplied.
We had a very limited time. In spite of our willing to study more it was not
possible to do so.
Some points in different Sections are not included as these were not
available.
It is not possible to hold the whole thing of a textile industry in such a small
frame as this report.
So, try to my hard to summarize all the information that are provided.