This document provides a project report on the reaction mechanism of reactive dyes in Bengal Hurricane Group on cellulose fiber. It discusses the raw materials used, including fabrics, dyes, and chemicals. It explains the importance of studying reactive dye usage in major Bangladeshi textile industries. The methods of dyeing and printing cotton with reactive dyes and the technical deficiencies, causes, and remedies are examined.
Pretreatment ,Impurities in natural fibre; Chemistry and practice of preparatory processes for cotton, wool and silk; Mercerization of cotton; Preparatory processes for manmade fibres and their blends,Carbonization ,Scouring barium acitivity number .
Singeing is a process that burns off small fibers and fuzz from fabric surfaces to make them smoother. It helps prevent pilling, improves dyeing and appearance, and increases luster. There are three main types of singeing machines: plate, roller, and gas machines. Gas machines are most common and use burners to singe fabric as it passes through. Proper singeing requires controlling flame intensity, fabric speed, distance to flames, and other parameters to completely remove fibers without damaging the fabric. Issues like uneven singeing can result from moisture, flame or machine inconsistencies.
Chemicals and Auxiliaries used in Textile Wet ProcessingMashrur Wasity
This document discusses various chemicals and auxiliaries used in textile wet processing. It defines auxiliaries as chemicals that help processing operations like preparation, dyeing and printing work more efficiently. Some common auxiliaries mentioned include surfactants, wetting agents, sequestering agents, dispersing agents and emulsifiers. Basic chemicals used in wet processing like acids, bases, salts, oxidizing and reducing agents are also discussed. The roles and examples of various chemicals are provided in concise points.
The document discusses the scouring process, which involves removing natural and added impurities from textile fibers. There are three main methods for removing impurities: saponification, emulsification, and solubilization. Saponification converts impurities like oils and fats into water-soluble soaps. Emulsification forms suspensions of non-saponifiable impurities. Solubilization dissolves substances like pectin and proteins into soluble salts. The scouring process aims to remove all impurities and leave the fibers highly absorbent without damage. Common scouring agents include alkaline solutions, surfactants, and sometimes organic solvents.
1. Dyeing polyester/cotton blend fabrics using reactive disperse dyes in supercritical carbon dioxide has several advantages over conventional dyeing methods.
2. Supercritical carbon dioxide acts as a solvent for the hydrophobic disperse dyes and allows for deep penetration and homogeneous dyeing of the polyester fibers.
3. The process is more environmentally friendly as supercritical carbon dioxide is non-toxic, non-flammable and can be recycled in a closed system without disposal issues.
Dye is a coloured substance that chemically bonds to the substrate to which it is being applied. This distinguishes dyes from pigments which do not chemically bind to the material they colour. Dye is generally applied in an aqueous solution, and may require aftertreatment to improve the fastness of the dye on the fibre.
Dyes are usually soluble in water whereas pigments are insoluble. Dyes selection is very important when dyeing different types of textile fibre. Types of chemical dyes are Direct, Reactive, Vat, Sulphur dyes etc. All dyes required different chemical auxiliaries and different after treatment process. Each dyes possess different light, washing & rubbing fastness and having different characteristics also.
The document discusses various methods for dyeing polyester fibers, including:
1) Batch dyeing without carriers involves dyeing at a boil without additives to help penetration.
2) Carrier dyeing uses compounds to swell the fibers and allow deeper dye penetration.
3) High temperature, high pressure (HTHP) dyeing penetrates dye rapidly at over 120°C without carriers.
4) Continuous thermosol dyeing involves padding, drying, and fixing dye within fibers at 190-220°C.
Pretreatment ,Impurities in natural fibre; Chemistry and practice of preparatory processes for cotton, wool and silk; Mercerization of cotton; Preparatory processes for manmade fibres and their blends,Carbonization ,Scouring barium acitivity number .
Singeing is a process that burns off small fibers and fuzz from fabric surfaces to make them smoother. It helps prevent pilling, improves dyeing and appearance, and increases luster. There are three main types of singeing machines: plate, roller, and gas machines. Gas machines are most common and use burners to singe fabric as it passes through. Proper singeing requires controlling flame intensity, fabric speed, distance to flames, and other parameters to completely remove fibers without damaging the fabric. Issues like uneven singeing can result from moisture, flame or machine inconsistencies.
Chemicals and Auxiliaries used in Textile Wet ProcessingMashrur Wasity
This document discusses various chemicals and auxiliaries used in textile wet processing. It defines auxiliaries as chemicals that help processing operations like preparation, dyeing and printing work more efficiently. Some common auxiliaries mentioned include surfactants, wetting agents, sequestering agents, dispersing agents and emulsifiers. Basic chemicals used in wet processing like acids, bases, salts, oxidizing and reducing agents are also discussed. The roles and examples of various chemicals are provided in concise points.
The document discusses the scouring process, which involves removing natural and added impurities from textile fibers. There are three main methods for removing impurities: saponification, emulsification, and solubilization. Saponification converts impurities like oils and fats into water-soluble soaps. Emulsification forms suspensions of non-saponifiable impurities. Solubilization dissolves substances like pectin and proteins into soluble salts. The scouring process aims to remove all impurities and leave the fibers highly absorbent without damage. Common scouring agents include alkaline solutions, surfactants, and sometimes organic solvents.
1. Dyeing polyester/cotton blend fabrics using reactive disperse dyes in supercritical carbon dioxide has several advantages over conventional dyeing methods.
2. Supercritical carbon dioxide acts as a solvent for the hydrophobic disperse dyes and allows for deep penetration and homogeneous dyeing of the polyester fibers.
3. The process is more environmentally friendly as supercritical carbon dioxide is non-toxic, non-flammable and can be recycled in a closed system without disposal issues.
Dye is a coloured substance that chemically bonds to the substrate to which it is being applied. This distinguishes dyes from pigments which do not chemically bind to the material they colour. Dye is generally applied in an aqueous solution, and may require aftertreatment to improve the fastness of the dye on the fibre.
Dyes are usually soluble in water whereas pigments are insoluble. Dyes selection is very important when dyeing different types of textile fibre. Types of chemical dyes are Direct, Reactive, Vat, Sulphur dyes etc. All dyes required different chemical auxiliaries and different after treatment process. Each dyes possess different light, washing & rubbing fastness and having different characteristics also.
The document discusses various methods for dyeing polyester fibers, including:
1) Batch dyeing without carriers involves dyeing at a boil without additives to help penetration.
2) Carrier dyeing uses compounds to swell the fibers and allow deeper dye penetration.
3) High temperature, high pressure (HTHP) dyeing penetrates dye rapidly at over 120°C without carriers.
4) Continuous thermosol dyeing involves padding, drying, and fixing dye within fibers at 190-220°C.
Scouring is the process of removing natural and added impurities from textiles using alkali solutions. It makes fabrics hydrophilic and absorbent. There are two main methods - batch/discontinuous scouring using kier boilers, and continuous scouring using J-boxes. Key steps involve saponification of oils and emulsification of waxes. Souring neutralizes residual alkali on scoured fabrics using acids.
The document summarizes the general structure and properties of reactive dyes. Reactive dyes have a D-B-G-X structure, where D is the dye/chromogen, B is the bridging group, G is the reactive group, and X is the actual reactive functional group. Reactive dyes form covalent bonds with cellulosic fibers and have good wash and light fastness as a result. They are classified based on the number of reactive groups and dyeing temperature. Factors like pH, temperature, electrolyte concentration influence the dyeing process. Defects can occur but are remedied by washing or chemical treatment.
The document discusses various auxiliaries and chemicals used in dyeing and finishing processes in the textile industry. It defines textile auxiliaries as chemicals that help processing operations like dyeing and printing by speeding them up or making them more efficient. It provides examples of common auxiliaries like sequestering agents, wetting agents, levelling agents, and discusses their functions. It also discusses chemicals used in specific processes like bleaching, mercerizing, soaping and printing.
The document discusses bleaching, which involves decolorizing fabrics using oxidizing agents to break down color-producing compounds. It describes the mechanisms of bleaching using oxidative agents like hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide. Key factors that affect bleaching like pH, time, temperature, and metal ions are outlined. Typical bleaching procedures and recipes for cotton, viscose, and other fibers are provided. Advantages of chlorine dioxide bleaching include complete removal of impurities and a high whiteness, while disadvantages include pollution from ClO2 and the need for acidic conditions.
This document provides an overview of wet processing techniques in the textile industry, including scouring, bleaching, mercerizing, dyeing, printing, and finishing. It discusses the various types of processes under each technique, provides examples of chemicals and equipment used, and includes diagrams to illustrate how each process works. The conclusion emphasizes that wet processing requires well-trained workers and developments are ongoing to improve quality, competitiveness, and sustainability while satisfying customer needs. Links to related Facebook pages on textile manufacturing topics are also provided.
This presentation is my graduation internship presentation at BSL (LNJ group) Bhilwara (Rajasthan).
In this presentation I describe BSL company profile, Process significance, all steps which use for fibre to fabric in textile.
The document discusses the desizing process of cotton fabric. Desizing involves removing the size material that was applied to warp yarns during weaving to prevent breakage. This is done to increase the fabric's absorbency and affinity for chemicals in subsequent processing. Common methods of desizing include acid desizing using dilute acids, enzymatic desizing using amylase enzymes to hydrolyze starch, and oxidative desizing using oxidizing agents. The key objectives of desizing are to remove the size material, increase wettability and absorbency of the fabric to prepare it for downstream processes like dyeing and printing.
The document provides information about reactive dyes, including:
- Reactive dyes form covalent bonds with fiber polymers through reactive groups, giving excellent wash and light fastness.
- Important reactive groups include triazine, vinyl sulfone, and halogen groups.
- Reactive dyes were invented in 1956 and became popular for their bright colors, low temperature dyeing, and simple process.
- Common application methods are pad-batch and pad-dry processes at low temperatures. Proper pH, electrolyte, alkali, and time are required for effective dye fixation to the fiber.
Natural fibers contain coloring compounds that make them appear off-white. The objective of bleaching is to remove these color bodies and produce a white fabric using oxidizing bleaching agents while minimizing fiber damage. Hydrogen peroxide is the most widely used bleaching agent for cotton and blends. It works through its decomposition product, perhydroxyl ion, which breaks the double bonds in color compounds at an optimal pH of 10-11. Proper regulation of perhydroxyl ions through stabilizers prevents rapid decomposition of the bleach and fiber degradation. Temperature, time, concentration, and liquor ratio must be optimized to achieve effective bleaching with minimal impact on strength properties.
Softening finishes are important textile treatments that make fabrics feel softer. Chemical softeners allow fabrics to have a soft, smooth hand. The main types of softeners are cationic, anionic, non-ionic, and amphoteric softeners. Cationic softeners provide excellent softening but can cause yellowing, while anionic softeners have lower softening ability but better compatibility. Silicone softeners provide unique softness and properties like durability and heat stability, but can be expensive. Softener selection depends on the desired properties like fastness, compatibility with other chemicals, and effect on processes like seam slippage or drying.
This document provides information on quality control procedures for various steps in the dyeing process, including greige goods inspection, desizing, scouring, bleaching, and souring. It outlines objectives and standards for important quality control measurements at each stage, such as chemical concentrations, temperatures, times, pickups, and pH levels. Corrective actions are suggested for when standards are not met. The overall goal of the quality control procedures is to maintain a consistent, high quality of materials throughout the textile manufacturing process.
1. Desizing is done to remove sizing agents like starch that were applied to warp yarns during weaving to facilitate the weaving process.
2. There are several methods of desizing including enzymatic, acid, and oxidative methods. Enzymatic desizing uses enzymes like amylase to break down starch into soluble sugars.
3. Proper control of factors like temperature, pH, and fabric speed are important for effective desizing when using the enzymatic method.
Dyeing is the application of dyes or pigments on textile materials such as fibers, yarns, and fabrics with the goal of achieving color with desired color fastness. Dyeing is normally done in a special solution containing dyes and particular chemical material. … In dyeing, it is applied to the entire textile.
Fabric softener (also called fabric conditioner) is used to prevent static cling and make fabric softer i.e. Softening agents are applied to textiles to improve their hand, drape, cutting and sewing qualities.Fabric softeners work by coating the surface of the cloth fibers with a thin layer of chemicals; these chemicals have lubricant properties and are electrically conductive, thus making the fibers feel smoother and preventing buildup of static electricity
This document provides information on chemicals used in various textile wet processing stages. It discusses chemicals used in pre-treatment processes like desizing, scouring, bleaching and mercerization. Specific chemicals are listed along with their functions in each process. The document also covers latest specialty chemicals used in pre-treatment like cracking agents, bleach processors and surfactants. Finally, it briefly introduces dyes and dyeing process.
Azoic dyes are produced by reacting a diazo-component or base salt with a coupling component like naphthol. This reaction forms an insoluble azo group that produces the dye within the fiber, resulting in excellent washing fastness. Azoic dyes can be used to dye cellulose fibers like cotton. The dyeing process involves three steps: naphtholation, diazotization, and coupling. Azoic dyes form an insoluble color product within the fabric, making them different from azo dyes which use a soluble azo group.
This document provides information on different types of dyes used in textile processing, including their properties and application methods. It discusses acid dyes, how they are applied to wool fibers in an acidic bath, and their general structure. It also covers basic dyes, including their cationic nature and application to acrylic and wool. Metal complex dyes are discussed as having high fastness properties and not requiring pre-treatment. The document concludes with information on phthalogen blue and alcian blue dyes, used for bright shades, and their application process to cotton which involves dyeing and fixation with alkali.
This document discusses dyeing in textiles, including different types of dyes, dye classification systems, dyeing parameters and calculations, auxochromes, chromophores, direct dyes, vat dyes, acidic dyes, basic dyes, dyeing faults, and dyeing remedies. It covers natural and synthetic dyes, factors that influence dyeing like temperature and pH, functional groups that increase dye absorption, chromophores that determine color, direct dye mechanisms and applications, vat dye mechanisms and applications, and remedies for uneven or inconsistent dyeing.
Textile bleaching is one of the stages in the manufacture of textiles. All raw textile materials, when they are in natural form, are known as 'greige' material. This greige material will have its natural color, odor and impurities that are not suitable for clothing materials
The document discusses different methods of finishing garments, including stone washing. Stone washing involves tumbling freshly dyed jeans with pumice stones to produce a pre-washed and faded look through abrasion. The degree of fading depends on factors like the garment to stone ratio, washing time, stone size and hardness. Stone washing can damage machinery and pollute water. It also risks uneven fading and back staining if dye is redeposited on fabrics.
The document provides information about dyeing cotton with reactive dyes, including:
1. Reactive dyes form covalent bonds with cotton fibers through reaction groups, making them very colorfast.
2. The dyeing process involves an exhaustion phase where the dye adsorbs to the fiber, and a fixation phase where the dye chemically reacts with and bonds to the fiber.
3. Key factors that affect dyeing include salt, soda, temperature, pH, time, and other assistants; the optimal time for fixation of reactive dyes to cotton is around 60 minutes.
Scouring is the process of removing natural and added impurities from textiles using alkali solutions. It makes fabrics hydrophilic and absorbent. There are two main methods - batch/discontinuous scouring using kier boilers, and continuous scouring using J-boxes. Key steps involve saponification of oils and emulsification of waxes. Souring neutralizes residual alkali on scoured fabrics using acids.
The document summarizes the general structure and properties of reactive dyes. Reactive dyes have a D-B-G-X structure, where D is the dye/chromogen, B is the bridging group, G is the reactive group, and X is the actual reactive functional group. Reactive dyes form covalent bonds with cellulosic fibers and have good wash and light fastness as a result. They are classified based on the number of reactive groups and dyeing temperature. Factors like pH, temperature, electrolyte concentration influence the dyeing process. Defects can occur but are remedied by washing or chemical treatment.
The document discusses various auxiliaries and chemicals used in dyeing and finishing processes in the textile industry. It defines textile auxiliaries as chemicals that help processing operations like dyeing and printing by speeding them up or making them more efficient. It provides examples of common auxiliaries like sequestering agents, wetting agents, levelling agents, and discusses their functions. It also discusses chemicals used in specific processes like bleaching, mercerizing, soaping and printing.
The document discusses bleaching, which involves decolorizing fabrics using oxidizing agents to break down color-producing compounds. It describes the mechanisms of bleaching using oxidative agents like hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide. Key factors that affect bleaching like pH, time, temperature, and metal ions are outlined. Typical bleaching procedures and recipes for cotton, viscose, and other fibers are provided. Advantages of chlorine dioxide bleaching include complete removal of impurities and a high whiteness, while disadvantages include pollution from ClO2 and the need for acidic conditions.
This document provides an overview of wet processing techniques in the textile industry, including scouring, bleaching, mercerizing, dyeing, printing, and finishing. It discusses the various types of processes under each technique, provides examples of chemicals and equipment used, and includes diagrams to illustrate how each process works. The conclusion emphasizes that wet processing requires well-trained workers and developments are ongoing to improve quality, competitiveness, and sustainability while satisfying customer needs. Links to related Facebook pages on textile manufacturing topics are also provided.
This presentation is my graduation internship presentation at BSL (LNJ group) Bhilwara (Rajasthan).
In this presentation I describe BSL company profile, Process significance, all steps which use for fibre to fabric in textile.
The document discusses the desizing process of cotton fabric. Desizing involves removing the size material that was applied to warp yarns during weaving to prevent breakage. This is done to increase the fabric's absorbency and affinity for chemicals in subsequent processing. Common methods of desizing include acid desizing using dilute acids, enzymatic desizing using amylase enzymes to hydrolyze starch, and oxidative desizing using oxidizing agents. The key objectives of desizing are to remove the size material, increase wettability and absorbency of the fabric to prepare it for downstream processes like dyeing and printing.
The document provides information about reactive dyes, including:
- Reactive dyes form covalent bonds with fiber polymers through reactive groups, giving excellent wash and light fastness.
- Important reactive groups include triazine, vinyl sulfone, and halogen groups.
- Reactive dyes were invented in 1956 and became popular for their bright colors, low temperature dyeing, and simple process.
- Common application methods are pad-batch and pad-dry processes at low temperatures. Proper pH, electrolyte, alkali, and time are required for effective dye fixation to the fiber.
Natural fibers contain coloring compounds that make them appear off-white. The objective of bleaching is to remove these color bodies and produce a white fabric using oxidizing bleaching agents while minimizing fiber damage. Hydrogen peroxide is the most widely used bleaching agent for cotton and blends. It works through its decomposition product, perhydroxyl ion, which breaks the double bonds in color compounds at an optimal pH of 10-11. Proper regulation of perhydroxyl ions through stabilizers prevents rapid decomposition of the bleach and fiber degradation. Temperature, time, concentration, and liquor ratio must be optimized to achieve effective bleaching with minimal impact on strength properties.
Softening finishes are important textile treatments that make fabrics feel softer. Chemical softeners allow fabrics to have a soft, smooth hand. The main types of softeners are cationic, anionic, non-ionic, and amphoteric softeners. Cationic softeners provide excellent softening but can cause yellowing, while anionic softeners have lower softening ability but better compatibility. Silicone softeners provide unique softness and properties like durability and heat stability, but can be expensive. Softener selection depends on the desired properties like fastness, compatibility with other chemicals, and effect on processes like seam slippage or drying.
This document provides information on quality control procedures for various steps in the dyeing process, including greige goods inspection, desizing, scouring, bleaching, and souring. It outlines objectives and standards for important quality control measurements at each stage, such as chemical concentrations, temperatures, times, pickups, and pH levels. Corrective actions are suggested for when standards are not met. The overall goal of the quality control procedures is to maintain a consistent, high quality of materials throughout the textile manufacturing process.
1. Desizing is done to remove sizing agents like starch that were applied to warp yarns during weaving to facilitate the weaving process.
2. There are several methods of desizing including enzymatic, acid, and oxidative methods. Enzymatic desizing uses enzymes like amylase to break down starch into soluble sugars.
3. Proper control of factors like temperature, pH, and fabric speed are important for effective desizing when using the enzymatic method.
Dyeing is the application of dyes or pigments on textile materials such as fibers, yarns, and fabrics with the goal of achieving color with desired color fastness. Dyeing is normally done in a special solution containing dyes and particular chemical material. … In dyeing, it is applied to the entire textile.
Fabric softener (also called fabric conditioner) is used to prevent static cling and make fabric softer i.e. Softening agents are applied to textiles to improve their hand, drape, cutting and sewing qualities.Fabric softeners work by coating the surface of the cloth fibers with a thin layer of chemicals; these chemicals have lubricant properties and are electrically conductive, thus making the fibers feel smoother and preventing buildup of static electricity
This document provides information on chemicals used in various textile wet processing stages. It discusses chemicals used in pre-treatment processes like desizing, scouring, bleaching and mercerization. Specific chemicals are listed along with their functions in each process. The document also covers latest specialty chemicals used in pre-treatment like cracking agents, bleach processors and surfactants. Finally, it briefly introduces dyes and dyeing process.
Azoic dyes are produced by reacting a diazo-component or base salt with a coupling component like naphthol. This reaction forms an insoluble azo group that produces the dye within the fiber, resulting in excellent washing fastness. Azoic dyes can be used to dye cellulose fibers like cotton. The dyeing process involves three steps: naphtholation, diazotization, and coupling. Azoic dyes form an insoluble color product within the fabric, making them different from azo dyes which use a soluble azo group.
This document provides information on different types of dyes used in textile processing, including their properties and application methods. It discusses acid dyes, how they are applied to wool fibers in an acidic bath, and their general structure. It also covers basic dyes, including their cationic nature and application to acrylic and wool. Metal complex dyes are discussed as having high fastness properties and not requiring pre-treatment. The document concludes with information on phthalogen blue and alcian blue dyes, used for bright shades, and their application process to cotton which involves dyeing and fixation with alkali.
This document discusses dyeing in textiles, including different types of dyes, dye classification systems, dyeing parameters and calculations, auxochromes, chromophores, direct dyes, vat dyes, acidic dyes, basic dyes, dyeing faults, and dyeing remedies. It covers natural and synthetic dyes, factors that influence dyeing like temperature and pH, functional groups that increase dye absorption, chromophores that determine color, direct dye mechanisms and applications, vat dye mechanisms and applications, and remedies for uneven or inconsistent dyeing.
Textile bleaching is one of the stages in the manufacture of textiles. All raw textile materials, when they are in natural form, are known as 'greige' material. This greige material will have its natural color, odor and impurities that are not suitable for clothing materials
The document discusses different methods of finishing garments, including stone washing. Stone washing involves tumbling freshly dyed jeans with pumice stones to produce a pre-washed and faded look through abrasion. The degree of fading depends on factors like the garment to stone ratio, washing time, stone size and hardness. Stone washing can damage machinery and pollute water. It also risks uneven fading and back staining if dye is redeposited on fabrics.
The document provides information about dyeing cotton with reactive dyes, including:
1. Reactive dyes form covalent bonds with cotton fibers through reaction groups, making them very colorfast.
2. The dyeing process involves an exhaustion phase where the dye adsorbs to the fiber, and a fixation phase where the dye chemically reacts with and bonds to the fiber.
3. Key factors that affect dyeing include salt, soda, temperature, pH, time, and other assistants; the optimal time for fixation of reactive dyes to cotton is around 60 minutes.
This document provides information about reactive dyes and disperse dyes. It discusses the dyeing conditions for different types of dyes including acid, basic, direct, disperse, and reactive dyes. It also summarizes the types and properties of reactive dyes and disperse dyes, as well as the dyeing processes for polyester fibers using disperse dyes. Finally, it lists some of the author's textile-related Facebook pages for additional information.
Dyeing of cotton with reactive dyes quality q&aAdane Nega
The document discusses several key aspects of dyeing cotton with reactive dyes, including:
1) Dye quality can vary depending on the manufacturer and factors like impurities. Quality checks are important to evaluate dye concentration and color properties.
2) Proper dyeing conditions like temperature, pH, salt concentration, and alkali levels are important for ensuring level dyeing and reproducibility.
3) Dyeing properties vary for different dyes, fiber types (e.g. mercerized cotton), and dye classes like phthalocyanine dyes. Incremental addition of materials is often needed to control dye exhaustion.
This document discusses various types of dyes used for different textile fibers, including their classification, application methods, and suitability. It covers direct dyes for cellulosic fibers, azoic dyes which form insoluble colors within fibers, vat dyes which require chemical treatment, sulphur dyes for dark shades, and reactive and acid dyes for protein fibers like wool and silk. Each dye class has different properties in terms of color range, fastness, ease of use, and fiber compatibility. The appropriate dye must be selected based on the fiber and desired color and performance characteristics.
This document provides a project report on applying disperse and reactive dyes to a 65/35 polyester/cotton blended fabric using a two bath system. It acknowledges those who helped with the project and thanks the textile college and company for the opportunity. The abstract discusses challenges in dyeing poly/cotton blends and how dye selection can help control color value, strength, and other properties. Laboratory trials tested compatibility of reactive dyes and analyzed dye fixation using spectrophotometry. The introduction discusses the importance of practical experience and outlines the project goals of studying dye application in different textile industries in Bangladesh.
Dyeing kinetics, (diffusion, pore model, free volume model)Md. Abdul Hannan
This document discusses dyeing kinetics and diffusion models for dye uptake in fibers. It describes the exhaustion curve which defines the rate of dyeing over time. The initial rate is called the strike. Diffusion occurs through three transport zones: flow, absorption, and diffusion into the fiber. Two main diffusion models are described: the pore model which considers diffusion through pores filled with dye liquor, and the free volume model which involves diffusion through amorphous, mobile regions of the polymer chain. The document contrasts these models and discusses how temperature affects dyeing rates.
The document provides information about GTA Sports Ltd., a knitwear factory in Bangladesh. It includes an organogram of the company's management structure and sections. The knitting section is described in detail, outlining the knitting process, types of knitting machines and their parts. It also discusses methods to increase production quantity. The dyeing and finishing sections are briefly introduced, including raw materials, machinery and quality control processes.
Amir Hamza is a student at Daffodil International University with ID 132-23-193 in the Department of Textile Engineering (TE). The document defines and describes different types of dyes including natural dyes, synthetic dyes, and various classes of synthetic dyes such as acid dyes, basic dyes, direct or substantive dyes, mordant dyes, vat dyes, reactive dyes, disperse dyes, azoic dyes, and sulfur dyes. It also discusses dye classification, color fastness, the basis of color, molecular energy levels, and food dyes.
Elastomeric fibers are fibers that can stretch to very high elongations (400-800%) and rapidly recover their original length. They include fibers made from natural and synthetic rubbers as well as spandex and polyacrylates. Elastomeric fibers are produced via a spinning process where polymers are mixed and reacted to form long chains, then extruded through spinnerets into a water bath or air to solidify. The fibers have excellent elasticity and strength even at high elongations. Common applications include clothing, automotive and industrial parts, coatings and more where elasticity is required.
The document discusses acrylic fiber, including its definition, chemical composition, properties, characteristics, advantages, uses, and commercial applications. Acrylic fiber is a synthetic fiber made from polymers containing acrylonitrile. It is often used as an artificial replacement for wool in applications like sweaters, socks, and blankets due to its softness and insulating properties. Major uses of acrylic fiber include knit apparel, carpets, and home furnishings due to its ability to wick moisture, durability, and resistance to moths and chemicals.
This document discusses dyes, their classification, and properties. It defines dyes as colored organic compounds used to impart color. Dyes must be colorfast, soluble, able to bond to fibers, and withstand washing. There are several classification methods, including by source (natural vs synthetic), chromophore (nitro/nitroso, azo, triarylmethane, anthraquinone, indigo), and application method (direct, vat, mordant, azoic, disperse). Synthetic dyes account for most commercial use due to low cost, brightness, and ease of application. Azo dyes represent over half of dyes and provide a wide range of colors.
This document provides an overview of Apex Weaving & Finishing Mills Limited, a textile company located in Gazipur, Bangladesh. It describes the company's various subsidiaries and business sections, which include weaving, dyeing, printing, finishing, and garments. The document also lists the types of machinery used in each section of the facility, such as 231 shuttleless looms, rotary printers, loop steamers, and sewing machines. Finally, it includes photos of the different areas of the plant, including the weaving floor, wet processing section, printing area, laboratories, and maintenance facilities.
This document summarizes methods for dyeing cotton yarn, including batch and continuous dyeing processes. It discusses classifying dyes and the reactive dyeing mechanism and process for cotton. Batch dyeing methods described are package, hank, and beam dyeing. Continuous dyeing methods covered are rope and slasher dyeing. A comparative study of costs for cotton yarn dyeing is also presented.
An investigation on the inspection of grey & finished knit fabric in wet proc...Md. Mazadul Hasan Shishir
This document discusses fabric inspection processes at Aman Tex Ltd, a knit fabric dyeing and garment manufacturing company in Bangladesh. It outlines the company's operations and describes their grey fabric and finished fabric inspection procedures. For grey fabric, common defects like needle marks, holes, and dropped stitches are defined. For finished fabric, defects from dyeing and finishing like uneven dyeing, dye spots, and crease marks are explained. The aims of inspection are to ensure quality, reduce costs from defects, and improve production efficiency. Inspection standards like the four point system used by Aman Tex are presented.
The document discusses batch-to-batch shade variation in knit dyeing. It identifies many factors that can cause shade variation between batches, including uneven pretreatment, improper dosing, fluctuating power/temperature, dye lot variation, pH issues, and poor lab-to-bulk correlation. Maintaining standard procedures, equal parameters like liquor ratio and cycle time, proper dosing, and consistent finishing can help minimize shade variation. The goal is to control variables and ensure replicable dyeing conditions across batches.
Difference between reactive dye and disperse dye on fabricAzmir Latif Beg
We are introducing about reactive dye and disperse dye on fabric. At present reactive dye and disperse dyes is not a single word globally now it achieved vast sector in dyeing sector. I just try to make a different reactive dye and disperse dye on fabric application based.
This document provides information about Interstoff Apparels Ltd., a garment manufacturing company in Bangladesh. It discusses the company profile, including its name, business type, employees, and address. It also describes the knitting, quality control, dyeing, and project work sections of the company. The knitting section details the types of yarns, knitting machines, production calculations, and common knitting faults. The quality control section lists inspection equipment. The dyeing section outlines the dyeing process and possible faults. The project work section explains common knitting defects and their causes and remedies.
It has great effect of hot brand reactive dye on cotton fabric with exhaustion method. Migration method is more acceptable for proper color fixation in a dyeing process. Another way when we followed ISO method has create a lot of problem such as wash fastness variation rubbing fastness variation, uneven dyeing etc. If we want to get perfect dyeing than we must maintain migration method.
This document discusses the classification and properties of various dye classes. It states that different dye classes are only applicable to certain fibre types, and describes the main dye classes for cellulosic fibres (direct, azoic, reactive, vat, sulphur dyes), protein fibres (acid, metal-complex, chrome dyes), other fibres like polyester and acrylic (disperse, cationic dyes). Each dye class is defined in terms of its application method, colour range, fastness properties and main applications. Examples of individual dyes within each class are also provided.
Analyzing different fabric properties after garments dyeingS.M. Zahidul Islam
The garment dyeing process has a lot influence on the properties of different woven fabrics. Commercially garment dyeing is relatively newer field in Textile processing. Here we have used different parameters to get result. It just an example of an experiment which we were trying to find out the facility of the different fabrics after garments dyeing.
Special Note: Everyone is requested to avoid these slide to use exactly same, It can be used just an example.We will be trying to improve the DRAWBACK of this experiment.
The document provides information about textile processing and the associated chemicals used. It discusses the various steps in textile processing including pretreatment methods like singeing, desizing, and bleaching. It then covers dyeing processes like direct dyeing, naphthol dyes, vat dyes, and reactive dyes. Finishing and printing are also mentioned. The document lists chemicals used at different stages and provides profiles of 5 companies that manufacture textile processing auxiliaries and chemicals.
The document provides information about textile processing and the associated chemicals used. It discusses the various steps in textile processing including pretreatment methods like singeing, desizing, and bleaching. It then covers dyeing processes like direct dyeing, naphthol dyes, vat dyes, and reactive dyes. Finishing and printing are also mentioned. The document lists chemicals used at different stages and provides profiles of 5 companies that manufacture textile processing auxiliaries and chemicals.
This document discusses reactive dyes, including their classification, chemical properties, influencing dyeing factors, and application methods. Reactive dyes are classified based on their reactive groups and dyeing temperatures. They form covalent bonds with cellulose and protein fibers during dyeing. Key factors that influence dyeing include pH, temperature, electrolyte concentration, and time. Reactive dyes are applied using discontinuous, continuous, or semi-continuous methods. Their advantages include color permanence due to covalent bonding and easy washing without color transfer. Uneven dyeing can be difficult to strip due to the strong bonds formed.
Color fastness properties of different reactive dyesAzmir Latif Beg
In knitwear industry, dyeing of cotton knitted fabrics is mostly done with reactive dyes, because of their good fastness properties and versatility of applications. The ease of application, wide shade range, high brilliancy and excellent wet fastness properties make the reactive dyes preferred choice for the dyeing of cellulosic fabrics. The most important characteristic of reactive dyes is the formation of covalent bonds with the substrate to be colored, i.e. the dye forms a chemical bond with cellulose. Fiber reactive dyes are the most permanent of all dye types. Unlike other dyes, it actually forms a covalent bond with the cellulose or protein molecule. Once the bond is formed, what you have is one molecule, as the dye molecule has become an actual part of the cellulose fiber molecule.
Sustainable dyeing process to cope with Industry 4.0Emran Ali
1. The document discusses sustainable dyeing processes and some modern methods that use less water and chemicals than traditional exhaust and continuous dyeing. These include foam dyeing, electrochemical dyeing, microwave dyeing, and ultrasonic wave dyeing.
2. It also outlines new developments in sustainable dyeing, including hybrid pigments that dye at lower temperatures without salt, powder dyes made from recycled textile fibers, and using natural or engineered microorganisms to color fabrics.
3. Additional innovations are diffusible reactive dyes that bond readily to fibers, reducing water and energy usage, as well as digital printing technologies that are waterless or use insoluble pigments rather than dyes.
This document provides an introduction to a study on the alkali reductive stripping process of reactive dyes from cotton fabric and its effects on fabric quality. The study aims to investigate the color stripping efficiency of dyed cotton fabric using alkali reductive stripping and evaluate the effects of stripping on fabric quality factors like strength, weight and pilling resistance. Previous literature on stripping of reactive dyes from cotton using reducing agents like sodium hydrosulphite is reviewed. The introduction outlines the stripping process and factors that affect stripping efficiency and fabric quality during stripping like stripping agents, temperature and time. The methodology, results and conclusion of the study on stripping percentage, levelness, strength loss, weight loss and pilling resistance of stripped
Vat Dyes Properties & Chemical StructureMehedi Hasan
This document provides information about vat dyes, including their chemical structure and properties. It discusses the history of dyes and how vat dyes were developed. The document then describes the vat dyeing process in detail, including reduction, diffusion, oxidation and soaping steps. It discusses the classification, advantages and disadvantages of vat dyes. Vat dyes have excellent fastness properties but require an extra vatting process before dyeing and careful control of reducing agents during dyeing.
Leveling agents are chemicals that help promote even dye distribution on fabrics during dyeing. They work by slowing the initial dye uptake to allow more uniform absorption over time. Leveling agents are classified as anionic, cationic, or non-ionic depending on their ionic nature, and include compounds like fatty acids, alcohols, and alkyl aryl sulphonates. Their effectiveness is tested by measuring factors like strike percentage and active content to evaluate uniformity. Careful selection of leveling agent type and concentration is needed to control dye exhaustion for consistent color without compromising yield.
Study on cost effectiveness of silk dyeing with acid dyes and basic dyesMd. Ariful Islam
This document summarizes research on the cost effectiveness of silk dyeing with acid dyes and basic dyes. It begins with an acknowledgment of those who contributed to the project. The abstract indicates that the project aims to compare silk dyeing with acid dyes, commonly used on nylon and wool, versus basic dyes, commonly used on jute and acrylic. Various shades of red, blue and yellow were dyed on silk with both acid and basic dyes. Testing evaluated dye uptake, fastness properties, and total dyeing costs. Preliminary results found acid dyes showed higher uptake for red shades while basic dyes were better for blue and yellow shades. Fastness properties were generally better with acid dyes
This document discusses a study on salt free reactive dyeing of cotton knit fabric using a cationic fixing agent. It provides background on conventional reactive dyeing which uses large amounts of salt. The study aims to compare dyeing with and without salt by analyzing color values and fastness properties. Pretreatment, dyeing, and properties of different reactive dyes are explained. The document serves as the background and objectives for a student project on evaluating salt free reactive dyeing.
The document discusses the latest innovations in dyeing technology for textiles. It describes several major types of dyes used in textile finishing and their classifications. New developments in dyeing machinery aim to improve quality, productivity, and sustainability. Recent innovations include e-control dyeing concepts using minimal chemicals, batch dyeing developments for safe fabric transport, and vibratronic dryers for uniform drying. Novel dyes are also discussed, including dyes bound to fibers by high molecular weight compounds and electrochemical dyeing as an efficient and environmentally friendly process. The document concludes that while dyeing methods have changed little over time, technology continues to drive new innovations in the textile industry.
Effect of Alternative Scouring Agents on Dyeing Properties of Cotton/Polyeste...IOSR Journals
This research comprises of six alternative agents ((NH4)2C2O4, liquid NH3, CH3COOH, NH4OH, (COOH) 2, CH3CH2OH) at various concentrations of 1-5% used as scouring agents with NaOH as control on cotton/polyester blend fabric. The samples were bleached, mercerized and dyed. The suitability and reliability of the agents were evaluated for dyeing properties of the treated fabric. Water imbibing properties of the treated fabric, was investigated. The experimental results showed that the percentage exhaustion of indigo dye on the treated fabric were wonderful with values far above average (86.8-62.6%) except for 1% (NH4)2C2O4 that recorded slightly below average (49.7%). 2% liquid NH3 ranked the highest. The wash fastness is another interesting results where only 1-5% liquid NH3, 2% and 4% (NH4)2C2O4 that gave a grey scale rating for wash fastness of 4 (very good). The other alternative agents strongly competed at various concentrations with the control which revealed a rating of 5 (excellent wash fastness). 4% (NH4)2C2O4 scoured fabrics recorded the highest water of imbibitions (2.9 g). This implies that the alternative agents are suitable and reliable as impurity-removing (scouring) agents. The alternative agents improved the dyeing and water imbibing properties of the treated fabric far better than the control. Therefore could be employed in the textile industry.
This document discusses reactive dyes and disperse dyes used for dyeing textiles. It provides details on:
- Reactive dyes chemically bind to cellulose fibers and provide excellent wet fastness. Disperse dyes are used for synthetic fibers like polyester and acetate.
- Dyeing conditions like temperature, time and pH levels vary depending on the type of dye and fiber. Proper dye selection and process is needed to achieve good color fastness.
- Blends require multi-step dyeing using both reactive and disperse dyes in separate baths or a single bath approach to dye both natural and synthetic fiber components.
The document provides an overview of reactive dyes:
1) Reactive dyes chemically bond to fibers through reactive groups that form covalent bonds with hydroxyl or amino groups on fibers like cotton, polyamide, and wool.
2) They were first invented in 1956 and provided brighter colors and better fastness than previous dyes.
3) Reactive dyes are now widely used for cellulosic fibers due to their brighter colors, good fastness properties, and simpler dyeing process compared to other dyes.
IRJET - Effect of Ph and Oxidation Reduction Potential on Dyeing of Modal Kni...IRJET Journal
1) The document studies the dyeing performance of natural and synthetic indigo dyes on modal knitted fabric in terms of dye uptake (K/S value), color fastness to rubbing, and color fastness to wash.
2) It finds that natural indigo dye shows lower dye absorbency (K/S value) than synthetic indigo dye under the same dyeing parameters, but the color fastness to wash and rubbing is better with natural indigo dyed modal fabric than synthetic indigo dyed modal.
3) The dyeing performance is influenced by dye concentration, pH, and oxidation reduction potential (ORP), with pH 12 and ORP of -800mV found to produce the optimal color
The document discusses various aspects of dyeing textiles, including:
1) Dyeing can be done at any stage of textile manufacturing (fiber, yarn, fabric) and involves coloring the substrate using dyes and pigments.
2) Dyes are applied through adsorption and become fixed to the textile through bonding or physical entanglement.
3) Proper dye selection and application process are important to avoid dyeing faults like uneven or patchy coloring.
4) Different dyeing machines like jiggers and winches are used depending on the material and process needs.
Fixing agent is one of the important textile auxiliaries in dyeing and printing industry, which can improve the color fastness of dye in fabric. On the fabric, it can form insoluble colored material with dye, thus to improve the color of washing, perspiration fastness, and sometimes can improve its sun fastness.
In recent years, with the development of science and technology, dyeing and finishing technology has also been significantly improved. Due to the expansion of international textile trade and the improvement of people's living standards and environmental awareness, it's more required of textiles comfort, clean and safety. Since the 1970s, Germany first launched the "Blue Angel" plan, the world's developed countries (Japan, the United States, etc.) have passed and implemented the related laws, regulations, and rules for the various indicators of textiles. Green textiles require that in the printing and dyeing process prohibit the use of carcinogenic, teratogenic, poor biodegradability of poor and some aromatic amine intermediates banned in the regulations. At the same time, the use of additives not contain heavy metal ions and not producing free formaldehyde is also required, which means the use of "green auxiliaries”.
Classification
The commonly used color fixing agent for dyeing and printing in textile has cationic fixing agent, such as Cetylpyridinium Chloride, Cetylpyridinium Bromide; fixing agent Y; polyamine contraction (silk fixing agent la); crosslinking fixing agent; non formaldehyde dye fixing agent, and phenolic sulfonate formaldehyde condensate used for nylon (polyamide) fabrics instead of tannin as fixing agents.
Preparation
Take the fixing agent y as an example: After adding the quantitative double cyanide amine to the atmospheric pressure reaction kettle to dissolve, in order to quantify the formaldehyde solution in the constant agitation slowly drops into the reactor, finally uses the ammonium chloride neutralization, produces the certain solid quantity transparent viscous liquid to be the finished product. This method produces the formaldehyde fixing agent, the solid color effect is good but there is free formaldehyde pollution problem, which is now banned in many products.
Fixing agents are important textile auxiliaries that improve the color fastness of dyes. They form insoluble colored materials with dyes on fabrics to improve washing fastness, perspiration fastness, and sometimes sun fastness. Common fixing agents include cationic agents and crosslinking agents. Fixing agents are applied after dyeing by dipping or padding fabrics in solutions containing 1-6% of the agent. This treatment improves fastness to washing, perspiration, friction and other stresses. Proper application and testing ensures fixing agents provide their fastness benefits without color changes or issues.
Id 120303045 (chemials use in bangladesh textile industry)Sarif Md. Al amin
This document discusses chemicals used in the Bangladesh textile industry. It provides details on size chemicals such as starches, PVA, and tallow used to improve yarn strength and smoothness. Basic chemicals like acetic acid, oxalic acid, and soda ash are explained along with their uses to maintain pH levels. Bleaching agents including hydrogen peroxide and its environmental benefits over chlorine are covered. The roles of salts like sodium sulfate and sodium chloride as electrolytes to increase dye affinity are summarized. Finally, scouring agents used to remove oils and dirt from fabrics are presented.
Similar to PROJECT : REACTION MECHANISM OF REACTIVE DYES IN ON CELLULOSE FIBER. (20)
This document provides definitions and background information on various textile terms. It begins with an introduction to textiles and defines key terms like fiber, filament, yarn and fabric. It then discusses the history of natural fibers like cotton, wool and silk. The document also summarizes the development of various man-made fibers like rayon, nylon, acrylic and polyester. It provides timelines of when these fibers were first invented and commercialized. The document is intended to serve as a reference for textile engineering students.
This document provides information about garment manufacturing and exporting processes. It was prepared by Md. Kamrul Hasan, a Textile Engineering graduate from Southeast University in Bangladesh. The document contains several sections that discuss key topics like buyers and buying houses, major garment exporting countries, GSP status, garment export procedures, costing, purchase orders, letters of credit, and timelines. It aims to serve as a reference for students and professionals in the garments sector.
This document provides information about carbon fiber, including:
1. What carbon fiber is composed of and its structure.
2. The process of forming carbon fiber from precursor materials like polyacrylonitrile through heating without oxygen.
3. Applications of carbon fiber in composites for aircraft, vehicles, and other products due to its strength and light weight.
4. Major manufacturers of carbon fibers and the growing market for carbon fiber composites.
The document provides information about GTA Sports Ltd., a knitwear factory in Bangladesh. It includes an organogram of the company's management structure and sections. The knitting section is described in detail, outlining the knitting process, types of knitting machines and their parts. It also discusses increasing production quantity and common knitting faults. The dyeing and finishing sections are briefly introduced, including raw materials, machinery and quality control processes.
This document discusses the development of looms from primitive hand looms to modern automated looms. It outlines the key stages of development including the fly shuttle loom, power looms, semi-automatic looms, and modern shuttle-less looms. The basic mechanisms and motions of weaving are described, including primary, secondary, and tertiary motions. Different parts of a loom and their functions are also summarized.
This document provides information about Urmi Group and one of its concerns, Fakhruddin Textile Mills Ltd. It details the company profile, factory information, manpower and organizational structure, raw materials used, and production process of the textile mill. Fakhruddin Textile Mills Ltd is a leading Bangladeshi manufacturer and exporter of knit garments established in 2004. It has over 1200 employees and uses various natural and synthetic yarns, chemicals, and dyes to produce knitted fabrics and garments for the export market.
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This document provides an overview of Mitali Fashions Ltd., a knit composite garment factory in Bangladesh. It discusses the company's establishment in 2000, leadership, expansion, and certification. The factory has various production sections including knitting, dyeing, finishing, garments, and quality control. It employs over 5,000 people and produces knitwear and garments for major international brands. The document also includes organizational charts, maps of the factory premises, and lists of raw materials and major customers.
The document provides information about an industrial training internship at Olio Apparels Ltd, which is part of the Envoy Group. The objectives of the internship are to learn about the different departments of the company and gain practical knowledge about garment manufacturing. It also aims to compare theoretical knowledge learned in class to real-world practices and identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the company. Olio Apparels Ltd is described as a large garment manufacturing facility that produces high quality products for European and American customers using modern machinery and technologies.
1. The document provides information about Divine Group of Industries Limited (DGI), a textile company in Bangladesh. It details DGI's facilities, production capacity, certifications, and clientele.
2. DGI aims to suit every fashion taste and demand from around the world. It has several factories producing knitted fabrics and garments.
3. The document outlines DGI's management structure, production processes from knitting to garments, and machinery used in key departments like CAD and sampling.
This document provides information about garment merchandising and industrial engineering. It defines merchandising and outlines the key steps in the merchandising process from developing buyers to shipment. It also describes the work of merchandisers, including sourcing, pricing, order follow up, and ensuring on-time shipment. Additionally, it discusses industrial engineering and its focus on improving productivity through methods like time studies, layout optimization, and training. It provides details on cost analysis, production planning, and the different techniques used to set work standards.
The document provides information about industrial training and sample making at Sea Moss Knitwear Ltd., a garment factory in Bangladesh. It discusses the factory's training center which trains new workers on sewing machine operation and the garment production process. It also describes the different types of samples produced by the sample section, including original samples, photo samples, pre-production samples, and others. The purpose of each sample and the sample development process is explained. In summary, the document outlines the training programs and sample making procedures at this Bangladeshi garment factory.
This document provides information about an industrial training completed by the author at Cotton Club (BD) Ltd. It begins with an introduction to the garment industry in Bangladesh and the purpose of industrial training programs. It then discusses the company details including history, mission, vision, competitors and organizational structure. The document focuses on the knitting section of the factory, providing definitions of knitting technology, types of knitted fabrics produced, machinery used and processes involved. It concludes with an overview of common knitting faults and their remedies.
This document provides information about an industrial training internship at Tusuka Jeans, Trouser & Processing Ltd. It outlines the objectives of the internship which are to learn about the various departments of the company and gain practical knowledge. It then provides details about the company profile, sister concerns, buyers, human resources management, machine descriptions, raw materials, production planning, merchandising, and compliance issues.
This document provides an overview of APS Group (Dyeing Unit), a 100% export-oriented composite knitwear factory located in Pubail, Gazipur, Bangladesh. It details the factory's production capacities and facilities, including its knitting, dyeing, finishing, and garment sections. It also describes the factory layout, manpower structure, and sources and costs of raw materials like yarn, grey fabrics, dyes, and chemicals. The factory has a daily production capacity of over 15 tons and employs over 5,000 people across its operations.
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This document provides an overview of the author's industrial attachment at Impress-Newtex Composite Textiles Ltd. It describes the company profile including general information, buyers, and location. It outlines the organizational structure with organizational chart and shift classifications. It also summarizes the key departments in the factory including knitting, planning, wet processing lab, dyeing, finishing, quality control, dry lab, water treatment plant, maintenance, and utilities. The document is intended to provide knowledge gained from the practical experience in the various production processes at the factory.
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The document provides an overview of the Hotapara Garments Ltd company, including its infrastructure, departments, manpower, production capacity, and product mix. The company has over 1850 workers split across various departments like knitting, dyeing, quality control, sewing, and maintenance. It has a daily production capacity of 40,000 pieces and manufactures items like T-shirts, polo shirts, jackets, and bottoms.
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- The key is to be mindful of your time allocation and strive for a healthy balance across the three categories.
Information and Communication Technology in EducationMJDuyan
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𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐈𝐂𝐓 𝐢𝐧 𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:
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3. CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Raw Materials
• Importance of The Survey
• Reason of using Reactive dyes in major textile
industry in Bangladesh
• Methods of Dyeing & Printing Cotton Goods
with Reactive Dyes
• Technical Deficiency of Reactive Dyes, Causes
and Remedies of Technical Deficiency
• Conclusion
4. Chapter 1
Acknowledgement
Project Work is an academic function of the Pabna Textile Engineering College. Our teacher Md. Abdul Mannan,
Principal, Pabna Textile Engineering College, gave us an opportunity to choose preferable mills for Project Work. I
chose Bengal Hurricane Dyeing & printing (pvt.) Ltd. joyfully with the supervision of Mithun Biswas, Asst.
Manager(production).
During the Project with Bengal Hurricane Dyeing & printing (pvt.) Ltd. I worked in all the departments related with
Dyes and Chemicals. Beside these, I learned about Dye Quality Control and Storage System,printing, Garments,
Store & Inventory , finishing & specially dyeing.
Our deepest appreciation goes to Mithun Biswas, Asst. Manager(production)Dyeing, Bengal Hurricane Dyeing &
printing (pvt.) Ltd. to give us the opportunity to have project work at BENGAL HURRICAN GROUP.
I would like to thank Engr. Md. Iqbal Mahamud (Head of the Factory), GM, Dyeing, Bengal Hurricane Dyeing & printing
(pvt.) Ltd. for helping to know about the all aspects of BENGAL HURRICAN GROUP.
I would also like to thank Tareq Ahmed(Deputy Manager),Md.Anwarul
Islam(Deputy Manager), Md. Arif Rabbani Talukdar(Deputy Manager),Dyeing, Bengal Hurricane Dyeing & printing (pvt.)
Ltd. for helping to know about the all aspects of BENGAL HURRICAN GROUP.
Our gratitude also goes to all the employees of BENGAL HURRICAN GROUP for their sincere co-operation, support and
valuable advice which they have provided us during the two months of training.
Lastly I express my gratitude to our supervising teacher, the name that should be mentioned first, Shib Shankar
Chakraborty, Head of the Dept. Wet Processing Technology for his valuable direction & supervision.
However, I have prepared my Industrial Attachment overcoming all the difficulties & also the shortage of time. Here I
would like to present the report.
•
7. Chapter:3
Project Abstract
•
The use of reactive for Dyed products has dramatically increased over the last 50 years. Reactive dyes
are now used to produce multiple products. Reactive coloring components are inert into materials
which are adhered to the base substrate by the application of soda ash which act as fixing agent.
The main goal of our project is to provide information about the reason of using reactive dyestuff in
major textile industry in Bangladesh, different methods using in our industry for cotton dyeing with
reactive dyes, technical deficiency of reactive dyes during dyeing & causes and remedies of
deficiency of reactive dyes.
During reactive dyeing there is a rule of using different amount of soda ash with fixed amount of salt &
auxiliaries. In case of dyeing of cotton with reactive dyes alkali pH should be correctly maintained
as during dyeing more electrolytes required for exhaustion and alkali for fixation.
However the rubbing fastness and hand feel properties of dyed fabric depends on the amount of soda
ash. When we use fewer amounts of soda ash then hand feel is good but rubbing fastness is not
good. And when we use more amounts of soda ash then rubbing fastness is good but hand feel is
not good.
8. Chapter 4
INTRODUCTION
• With the evaluation of the wet processing industries the use of the reactive dyes in the most of the
industries increases day by day. As a result to complete the project it is has become a part to discus
about the evaluation or growth of the wet processing industries in Bangladesh. Now the number of
the wet processing industries and finishing industries in Bangladesh is 193 which are totally export
oriented according to the survey of the BTMA which has been provided into their we address.
• But the interesting matter is that with the growth of the textile wet processing mills the number of
the employee is not increasing. This is because of to reduce the cost and increase the quality the
modernization of the machine is also increasing which reduce the number of worker in wet
processing industries. But what is the actual number of the worker in wet processing industries has
not been found due to the lack of proper survey in this sector.
• Our project work was estimated as:
• APPLICATION OF REACTIVE DYES IN MAJOR TEXTILE IN BANGLADESH & DEFICIENCY OF REACTIVE
DYE:
• The project work is interesting as well as lengthy but we must admit that we had to really work
hard and it helps us a great deal to know about whole procedure of reactive dyeing on dyed fabric.
Though reactive dyeing products exhibit intrinsic characteristics which make them suitable for
multiple products application but reactive dye has it main problem with hydrolysis while dyeing as
a result wastage of the reactive dye increase and it become difficult to match the proper
9. The objects of project are:
Knowing the source of textile raw materials of wet
processing and cost.
To mention the reasons of using reactive dyes in major
textile industry.
To study on the application of reactive dyes
To learn about the technical deficiency of reactive dyeing.
To study the causes and remedy of deficiency of reactive
dyeing.
10. Chapter 5
RAW MATERIALS
• Raw material is a unique
substance in any production
oriented textile industry. It
not only plays a vital role in
case of continuous
production & for high
quality fabric but also it is
related to the profit of the
industry.
Types of raw material
• The basic raw materials
used in wet processing
industries are:
• Fabric
• Dyestuffs
• Chemicals & auxiliaries.
•
11. Names & source
Fabric:
Different types of fabric treated in Bengal Hurricane Group pvt Ltd. dyeing section are
namely
dyeing section
• Single Jersey
• Single jersey with Lycra
attachment
• Single Jersey with slub
• Double Jersey
• Polo pique
• Back pique
• Rib Fabric
• Flat back Rib
• Interlock
dyeing section
• Interlock with Lycra
• Pique
• Lacost
• Lacost Lycra
• Fleece
• Tery Fleece
• Waffle
• Melange
12. Fibres dyed:
By reactive dyes the
following fibres can be
dyed successfully:
1)Cotton, rayon, flax and
other cellulosic fibres.
2)Polyamide and wool
fibres.
3)Silk and acetate fibres
It covers a wide range of
color spectrum and
includes shades varying
from bright to heavy
dark like,
a. Violet
b. Blue
c. Green
d. Red
e. Black
f. Yellow
g.Etc.
13. Trade names
Some trade names of this dye are mentioned:
Trade name Manufacturer Country
Procion I.C.I U.K
Ciba cron Ciba Switzerland
Remazol Hoechst Germany
Levafix Bayer Germany
Reactone Geigy Switzerland
Primazin BASF Germany
Drimarine Sandoz Switzerland
14. Popularity of reactive dye:
Reactive are mostly used for dyeing cellulosic fibres. At past cellulosic fibres
were dyed with direct and vat dyes, but after the introduction of reactive
dyes there utility has become limited. Reactive dyes are superior to direct
dye in the following aspects:
i) Ability to procedure bright shades of wide range.
ii) High leveling quality.
iii) Good washing fastness.
iv) Good light fastness.
And it is superior to vat dyes in the following aspects:
i) Simple dyeing method therefore one stage dyeing.
ii) Low temperature dyeing (below 1000
C)
iii) Lower cost, i.e. cheaper.
Again its dyeing process is fast and gives brighter shades than metallized azo
dyes. For the above reasons reactive dyes are more popular.
15. NH (bridging part)
C
C C
N
Cl
N
N
-N N-
- NH
Hetreocyclic ring
The general structure of reactive dye is: D-B-G-X.
Chemical structure of reactive dyes
Here,
D= dye part or chromogen (color producing part)
Dyes may be direct, acid, disperse, premetallised dye etc.
B = bridging part.
Bridging part may be –NH- group or –NR- group.
G = reactive group bearing part.
X= reactive group.
16. Classification of reactive dyes:
Reactive dyes may be classified in various ways as below:
1) On the basis of reactive group:
a) Halogen (commonly chlorine) derivatives of nitrogen containing
heterocycle, like 3 types-
• Triazine group
• Pyridimine group
• Quinoxaline dyes
Example:
Triazine derivatives: procion, cibacron.
Pyridimine derivatives: reactone
Quinoxaline derivatives: levafix.
b)Activated vinyl compound:
• Vinyl sulphone
• Vinyl acrylamide
• Vinyl sulphonamide.
Example:
Vinyl sulphone: remazol
Vinyl acrylamide: primazine
Vinyl sulphonamide: levafix.
17. Classification of reactive dyes:
2) On the basis of reactivity:
a) Lower reactive dye:
Here ph is maintained 12-12.5 by using NaOH in bath.
b) Medium reactive dye: here pH is maintained 11-12 by using Na2CO3 in dye
bath.
c) Higher reactive dye: here pH is maintained 10-11 by using NaHCO3 in dye
bath.
3) On the basis of dyeing temperature:
a) Cold brand:
These types of dyes contain reactive group of high reactivity. So dyeing can be
done in lower temperature i.e. 320
-600
C.
For example: PROCION M, LIVAFIX E.
b) Medium brand:
This type of dyes contains reactive groups of moderate reactivity. So dyeing is
done in higher temperature than that of cold brand dyes i.e. in between 600
-710
C
temperatures.
For example, Remazol, Livafix are medium brand dyes.
c) Hot brand:
This type of dye contains reactive groups of least reactivity. So high temperature
is required for dyeing i.e. 720-930 C temperature is required for dyeing.
For example PRICION H, CIBACRON are hot brand dyes.
18. The reactive rate of some compounds are mentioned
below:
COMPOUND STRUCTURE REACTIVE RATE
Water H-OH 1.0
Iso-propanol CH3
-CHOH-CH3
0.7
Ethanol CH3
-CH2
-OH 7.4
Methanol H-CH2
-OH 12.3
Glucose C6
H12
O6
5.5
So from the above table it is obvious that secondary hydroxyl group is the beast reactive while
primary one is the most reactive.
19. Dyeing mechanism of reactive dye:
The dyeing mechanism of material with reactive dye takes place in 3 stages:-
1.Exhaustion of dye in presence of electrolyte or dye absorption.
2.Fixation under the influence of alkali.
3.wash-off the unfixed dye from material surface.
•Now they are mentioned below:
1.Dye absorption:
When fibre is immersed in dye liquor, an electrolyte is added to assist the exhaustion
of dye. Here NaCl is used as the electrolyte. This electrolyte neutralize the negative
charge formed in the fibre surface and puts extra energy to increase dye absorption. So
when the textile material is introduces to dye liquor the dye is exhausted on to the
fibre.
20. Dyeing mechanism of reactive dye:
2. Fixation:
Fixation of dye means the reaction of reactive group of
dye with terminal –OH or-NH2 group of fibre and thus
forming strong covalent bond with the fibre and thus
forming strong covalent bond with the fibre. This is an
important phase, which is controlled by maintaining
proper pH by adding alkali. The alkali used for this
purpose depends on brand of dye and dyeing
temperature. Here generally caustic soda, soda ash or
NaHCO3 is used as alkali depending upon reactivity of
dye. They create proper pH in dye bath and do as the
dye-fixing agent. The reaction takes place in this stage
is shown below:
21. alkali
pH10-12.5
1. D-SO2
-CH2
-CH2
-OSO3
Na + OH-Cell D-SO2
-CH2
-CH2
-O-Cell + NaHSO3
Alkali
2. D-SO2
-CH2
-CH2
-OSO3
Na + OH-Wool D-SO2
-CH2
-CH2
-O-Wool + NaHSO3
3.
3.
alkali
pH10-12.5
3. Wash-off:
As the dyeing is completed, a good wash must be applied to the material to remove extra
and unfixed dyes from material surface. This is necessary for level dyeing and good
22. Application method of reactive dyes varies significantly with type of dyes, shade
required, and available equipments in the mill. These are 3 application procedures
available:
1. Discontinuous method-
-Conventional method
-Exhaust or constant temperature method
-High temperature method
-Hot critical method.
2. Cotinuous method-
-Pad-steam method
-Pad dry method
- Pad thermofix method
3. Semi continuous method-
- Pad roll method
- Pad jig method
- Pad batch method.
23. Stripping of reactive dye:
1.Partial stripping:
Partial stripping is obtained by treating the dyed fabric with dilute acetic
acid or formic acid. Here temperature is raised to 70-100°C and treatment
is continued until shade is removed by desired amount. After that a
through washing is necessary to remove the product of hydrolysis. The
amount of acid used is as below: -
Glacial acetic acid : 5-10 parts
With water :1000 parts
Or
Formic acid :2.5 to 10 parts
With water :1000 parts
Temperature : 70 - 100°C
Time : until desired shade is obtained.
24. 2. Full stripping:
For complete stripping the goods are first treated with sodium
hydrosulphite (hydrose) at boil then washed off and bleached with 1%
sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) at room temperature. This is carried out for
30 min. The recipe is as below: -
Na-hypochlorite : 1% at room
temperature
Na-hydrosulpite: at boil.
Time : 30 min
D-R-Cl + H-OH D-R-OH
+ H-Cl
•Hydrolysis of activated vinyl compound containing dye,
D-F-CH2
-CH2
-OSO3
H + H-OH D-F- CH2
-CH2
-OH + H2
SO4
For preventing hydrolysis the following precautions are taken—
1.As hydrolysis increases with increasing temperature during dissolving and
application temperature should not be more than 40°C.
1.Dye and alkali solution are prepared separately and mixed just before using.
2.Dye and alkali should not be kept for long time after mixing.
25. Important factors for dyeing cellulosic fibre with
cold brand reactive dye in batching process:
The important factors are as follows:
1) pH of the dye bath:
The optimum pH for fixing cold brand reactive dyes on cotton and viscose rayon depends on
individual dyes, the temperature and time of dyeing. pH decreases with increasing
temperature and time of dyeing. For most of the dyes the optimum pH is 10.8 to 11 at 20o
to
25o
C. Soda ash has been the best alkali for dyeing at 30o
C for cotton, mercerized cotton and
linen. Increased fixation (due to higher temperature) and increased dye bath stability and
better reproducibility are the advantages of soda ash as the fixing agent.
For viscose rayon the optimum pH is 10.3 at 20o
to 25o
C.
2) Amount of alkali:
The amount of alkali used for fixing depends on the depth of shade dyed and the liquor ratio
employed.Some quantities of alkali required for fixing the reactive dyes are given table 28.
3) Dyeing temperature:
Since increase in temperature affects the rate of physical and chemical processes involved in
dyeing, it is important in dyeing reactive dyes also. The affinity of the dye for the fibre
decreases with increases in temperature and at the same time the rate of hydrolysis of the
dye increases and adversely affects the fixation of color yield. However the rate of diffusion
of the dye in the fibre increases with increased temperature. At temperatures lower than
20o
c, the rate of fixation is very low. Hence for most of the dyes a temperature of 20o
to 25o
C
is the recommended temperature while for some other dyeing at 50o
to 60o
C with sodium
bicarbonate as the alkali gives maximum color value.
26. Important factors for dyeing cellulosic fibre with
cold brand reactive dye in batching process:
4) Electrolyte concentration:
Since reactive dyes have low affinity for cellulose exhausting the dye bath by
adding common salt or Glauber’s salt prior to fixation can increase the fixation. The
amount of salt required producing adequate exhaustion decreases with decreasing
liquor ratio. Thus for pale shade on cotton and viscose rayon 15 and 10 g/l of
common salt used. The quantities may be increased to 30 and 20 to 30 g/l for
medium and deep shades on these fibres.
5) Time of dyeing:
Generally the dye may be added in two portions. The salt may also be added in
two lots. The exhaustion takes place in 20 to 30 min. There is generally no
advantage in extending the period beyond 30 min. The alkali is then added and the
dyeing continued for 30 to 90 min. The depth of shade and reactivity of the dye
decide the time of dyeing. For deeper shades larger times are required.
6) Liquor ratio:
With decreased liquor ratio, both exhaustion and fixation take place to increased
exert. However the rate of fixation of most of the dyes is not significantly affected.
As the liquor ratio is decreased, the effectiveness of increasing salt addition also
decreases. Hence lower amount of salt are sufficient to get optimum exhaustion.
27. Why low affinity reactive dyes are preferred for dyeing?
• If the reactivity of the dye is increased considerably, the rate of reaction with the fibre
increases. There fore, the dyeing can be carried out in a short time. However in this case the
rate of dye also increases, leading to deactivation of a part of the dye. This results in
wastage of the dye. If on the other hand the reactivity of the dye is decreased, the extent of
hydrolysis can be reduced considerably. However this results in the slower rate of reaction
with the fibre also. The ultimate object of dyeing is to react as much of the dye ass possible
with the fibre and minimize the hydrolysis of the dye. This is achieved in practice in two
stages. The dyeing is first started from the aqueous medium under neutral conditions when
the dye does not react either with the fibre or with water. Then gluber salt or common salt is
added to exhaust the dye onto the fibre as much as possible. In this respect, this stage of
dyeing (exhaustion) resembles the dyeing of direct dyes on cotton. Then the second step (that
of fixation or reaction with the fibre) is carried out by adding the alkali (usually used soda
ash). Since the exhausted dye is already on the fibre, it is more likely that the exhausted dye
reacts with the fibre in preference to water. However the dye present in the dye bath (which
contains a substantial amount of the reactive dye) can now react with water since it is under
alkaline condition. It is already stated that the hydrolyzed dye cannot further react with the
fibre but dye to the affinity forces; it is absorbed by the fibre and is retained in it. During the
subsequent washing or soaping the substantivity held hydrolyzed dye gets stripped into the
treatment of the dyeing with boiling soap or detergent solution removes almost all
hydrolyzed dye. However if the affinity is very low, exhaustion of the dye bath prior to
fixation cannot be achieved substantially. This results in a larger amount of the reactive dye
remaining in the dye bath and getting hydrolyzed when alkali is added subsequently. If the
dye has high affinity for cellulose like a direct dye, it becomes difficult to remove the
hydrolyzed dye from the dyeing since it is also absorbed by and retained in the fibre by fairly
strong affinity forces, through not as strong ass the covalent bond formed between the dye
and the fibre. Hence in actual practice low affinity dyes are selected for converting in to
reactive dyes.
29. Brand name Type Source
Novolube Jet Anti creasing agent Techna,Italy
Bluton BVB1 Violet tone brightener CHT,Germany
Cibacel DBC Sequestering agent Ciba,India.
Cibafix ECO Fixing agent Ciba ,Switz.
Cibafluid C Anticreasing agent Ciba ,Switz.
SandocleanPCLF Detergent Clarient,Germany
Permacol FA Stabilizer Techna,Italy
Novostone CR Enzyme Techna,Italy
Cotton white T Redder tone brightener CHT,Germany
Cyclanon E Fixing agent BASF,Germany
Cyclanon ECO Reduction cleaning agent BASF,Germany
Jinlev RLF349 Dispersing agent Geigy,Taiwan
Eulysin S pH buffer in PET dyeing BASF,Germany
Felosan NOF Detergent CHT,Germany
Uvitex EBF Whitening agent Ciba ,Switz.
Jinlev CL-225 Levelling agent for reactive dye Geigy,Taiwan
Oxalic caid Iron remover -
Palegal FA-8 Levelling agent for disperse dye BASF,Germany
Respumit BU Antifoaming agent BASF,Germany
Permacol SQ Sequestering agent Techna,Italy
Na thiosulphate Peroxide killer -
Uniperol O Washing agent for PET dyeing BASF,Germany
Uvitex EVF PET brightener Ciba, Switz.
Uvitex 2B Yellow tone brightener Ciba ,Switz.
Mollan129 Soapinging agent Rota,dystar
Acetic acid pH controller -
Reduction HCS Reduction cleaning agent Geigy,Taiwan
Mollan130 Sequestering agent Rota,dystar
Bluton 2B Whitening agent Ciba,India
Chemicals:
30. • Remark
• The list is for the time of our industrial attachment. It
varies according to the availability of the material &
their price.
• The price has not been supplied to us due to their
secrecy act.
• The annual requirement was not available & is a record
of the procurement department.
31. Chapter 6
IMPORTANCE OF THE SURVEY
The main goal of our project is to provide information about the reason of using
reactive dyestuff in major textile industry in Bangladesh, different methods using
in our industry for cotton dyeing with reactive dyes, technical deficiency of reactive
dyes during dyeing & causes and remedies of deficiency of reactive dyes.
As these topics are very sensitive for dyeing industries, it is very much important to
make a survey. It will be very helpful not only for our studying period but also for
our future career.
This survey also has these importances:
1. To mention the reason of using reactive dyes in major textile industry.
2. To study on the application of reactive dyes.
3. To learn about the technical deficiency of reactive dyeing.
4. To study the causes and remedy of deficiency of reactive dyeing.
32. Chapter 7
Reason of using Reactive Dyes in Major Textile Industries in Bangladesh
Maximum textile industries in Bangladesh are based on cotton knit fabric and reactive dyes are easily
applicable to cellulose fibres.
Other associated reason as follows:
1. Reactive dyes are soluble in water.
2. They have very good light fastness with rating about 6.
3. The dyes have very stable electron arrangement and can protect the degrading effect of ultra-violet ray.
4. Textile materials dyed with reactive dyes have very good wash fastness with rating about 4-5 due to
strong covalent bonds formed between fibre polymer and reactive group of dye.
5. Reactive dyes give brighter shades and have moderate rubbing fastness.
6. Dyeing method of reactive dye is easy. It requires less time and low temperature for dyeing.
7. Reactive dyes are comparatively cheap.
8. Fixation occurs in alkaline condition.
9. Reactive dyes have good perspiration fastness with rating 4-5.
10. It has a wide range of shade
33. Chapter 8
Methods of Dyeing Cotton Goods with Reactive Dyes
Properties:
1. Anionic in nature.
2. Soluble in water.
3. Form strong covalent bond
4. Better wet & light fastness.
5. Have better substantivity.
6. Dyeing is carried out at alkaline condition.
Influencing factors:
1. PH
2. Temperature.
3. Conc. of electrolyte.
4. Time.
5. Liquor ratio.
REACTIVE DYE :
Reactive dye react with the fibres mainly react with cellulose fibres e.g. cotton, jute, bast fibres,
viscose, flax. It can be applied to protein fibres e.g. wool & silk. Reactive dye contains reactive
group and this reactive group makes covalent bonds with the fibres and becomes the part of the
fibre.
The general formula of reactive dye as follows:
D-X-Y
Here D->Chromophore of dye post
X->Bridge
Y->Functional group
D-X-Y + Fibre ->D-X-Y-Fibre Covalent bond
Reactive dyes water soluble
D-F + Cell-OH ->Dye-F-O-cell
D-F + H-OH ->Dye-F-OH
Hydrolysis
34. REACTIVE DYEING FOR SENSITIVE SHADE AT 60o
C
60min at 60O
C,
10min at 40-50O
C,
Dyeing:
Anticreasing Agent (.5 g/l)
Leveling Agent (1 g/l)
A. Acid ( .2 g/l)
Dyes (According to Shade %)
G. Salt (According to Shade %)
Soda Ash (According to Shade %)
Neutralization (Dyeing):
A. Acid (1 g/l)
Soaping:
Soaping Agent (.5 g/l)
Dyeing curve:
Sequestering Agent Color Dosing 600
C 50min
Leveling Agent Linear (30min) 500
C 10min
Bath drain
350
C 20min 30min 10min 10min 350
C Col
PH +Hardness Check Salt (15min) 1 g/l Soda Rest Soda w
(30min) (60min)
35.
HOT BRAND REACTIVE DYEING:
DYEING AT 92o
C:
60min at 80O
C, PH
= Above8
(Always)
10min at 40-
50O
C,
20min at 70-
80O
C,
15min at
40O
C,
20min at
40O
C,
Process steps:
Dyeing:
Anticreasing Agent (.5 g/l)
Leveling Agent (1 g/l)
A. Acid ( .2 g/l)
Dyes (According to Shade %)
G. Salt (According to Shade %)
Soda Ash (According to Shade %)
Neutralization (Dyeing):
A. Acid (1 g/l)
Soaping:
Soaping Agent (.5 g/l)
Fixing & Softening:
Fixing Agent (.5 g/l)
A. Acid (.5 g/l)
Softener (1.5 g/l)
Bath
Drain
36. Dyeing curve:
800
C 40min
Sequestering Agent Color Dosing 600
C 50min
Leveling Agent Linear (30min) 500
C 10min
Bath Drain
350
C 20min 30min 10min 10min 350
C Cold wash
PH +Hardness Check Salt (15min) 1 g/l Soda Rest Soda
(30min) (60min)
N.B: The temperature increase at the grade 10
C/min because
it’s an important matter to avoid the shade variation in dyeing
37. DARK COLOR DYEING WITH REACTIVE
DYE AT 600
CDyeing:
Anticreasing Agent (1.5 g/l)
Leveling Agent (1 g/l)
A. Acid (.2 g/l)
Dyes (According to Shade %)
G. Salt (According to Shade %)
Soda Ash (According to Shade %)
60min at 60O
C,
Neutralization (Dyeing):
A. Acid (1 g/l)
10min at 40-50O
C,
Soaping:
Soaping Agent (.5 g/l)
20min at 70-80O
C,
Fixing & Softening:
Fixing Agent (.5 g/l)
15min at 40O
C,
15min at 40OC,
A. Acid (.5 g/l)
Softener (1.5 g/l)
20min at 40O
C,
Bath Drain
60min at 60O
C,
10min at 40-50O
C,
20min at 70-80O
C,
20min at 40O
C,
15min at 40O
C,
38. Dyeing procedure for dark shade
Felosan NOF/Wetting agent = 0.5g/l
Kappazon H53NEU/Stabilizer (H2O2) = 0.5 g/l
Anticreasing agent = 1.0 g/l [Only for S/J]
↓ 60o
C x 5'
Caustic → 2 g/l
↓ 60o
C x 15'
Hydrogen peroxide → 2.5 g/l [Dosing 10']
↓ (60o
C - 80o
c)
Temperature rise up to 105o
C
↓ 30'
Acetic acid → 1.0 g/l
H2O2 killer → 0.5 g/l
↓ 60o
C x 10'
Acetic acid → 0.8 g/l (To control pH
= 4.5-5.5)
Enzyme → 1.5 g/l
↓ 55o
C x 45' - 60'
Kappaquest FE / Sequestering Agent → 0.35 g/l
↓ 90o
C x 5'
Sarabid LDR → 0.5 g/l (leveling agent)
↓ 60o
C x 5'
Gluber Salt (Runtime → 10')
↓ 60o
C x 10'
↓
Dye stuff
↓ 60o
C x 35' Runtime 20'
Soda ash
↓ 60o
C x 40' Runtime 60'
Bath drop after shade matching
↓
Hot rinse
↓ 60o
C x 10'
Soaping
↓ 80o
- 95o
C x 10'
Cold rinse
↓ 45o
C x 10'
Neutralize (Acetic acid = 0.5 g/l)
↓ 45o
C x 10'
Fixing
↓ 40o
C x 15'
Softening
↓
Unload
39. Dyeing Procedure for White
↓
Felosan NOF/wetting agent → 0.5 g/l
Kappazon H53NEU /Stabilizer → 0.5 g/l
Anticreasing agent → 1.0 g/l [Only for S/J]
Caustic → 3 g/l
↓ 60o
C x 15'
Hydrogen peroxide → 10.0 g/l
↓ 60o
C x 10'
Syno white 4BK/Optical brightener (60o
→
80o
C)
↓ 105o
x 60'
Acetic acid → 1.0 g/l
↓ NT x 10'
Acetic acid → 0.8 g/l [To Control PH
- 4.5 -
5.5]
Enzyme → 1.5 g/l
↓ 55o
C x 45' - 60'
Sequestering agent →
0.5 g/l
↓ 90o
C x 5'
Acetic acid → 0.35 g/l
Softener → 1.5 g/l
↓ 40o
C x 10'
N. Hot
↓
Unload
40. Dyeing procedure for Light/Medium Shade
↓
NOTE: - During Bleaching we maintain gradian to rise temperature from
80o
- 105o
C as 1.5o
/min and cooling from 105o
C - 80o
C as 2o
/min. For S/J
or low GSM. Fabric.
Felosan NOF/Wetting agent → 0.5 g/l
Kappazon H53NEU /Stabilizer (H2O2) → 0.5 g/l
Anticreasing → 1.0 g/l [Only for S/J]
↓ 60o
C x 5'
Caustic → 2 g/l
↓ 60o
C x 15'
Hydrogen peroxide → 2.5 g/l
↓ (60o
- 80o
C)
Temperature rise up to 105o
C
↓ 30'
Acetic acid → 1 g/l
H2O2 Killer → 0.5 g/l
↓ 60o
C x 10'
Acetic acid → 0.8 g/l [To Control PH
- 4.5 - 5.5]
Enzyme → 1.5 g/l
↓ 55o
C x 45'
Sequestering agent / Kappaquest FE → 0.35 g/l
↓ 90o
C x 5'
Sarabid LDR → 0.5 g/l (leveling agent)
• ↓
Anticreasing agent → 0.5 g/l [ For S/J]
↓ 60o
x 5'
Dye stuff
↓ 60o
C x 35' → Runtime → 20'
Glauber Salt
↓ 60o
x 10' → Runtime → 20'
Soda ash
↓ 60o
x 40' → Runtime → 60'
Bath drop after shade matching
↓
Hot rinse
↓ 60o
x 10'
Soaping
↓ 80o
- 90o
C x 10'
Cold rinse
↓ 45o
x 10'
Neutralize
↓ 45o
x 10'
Softening
↓
Unload
41. Dyeing procedure for S/J Light / Medium Color
↓Felosan NOF/ Wetting agent = 0.5 g/l
Kappazon H53NEU /H2O2 Stabilizer = 0.5 g/l
Anticreasing agent = 1.0 g/l
↓ 60o
x 5'
Caustic = 2 g/l
↓ 60o
C x 15' [Dossing]
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) = 2.5 g/l
↓ (60o
- 80o
C)
Temp rise up to 105o
C & Run - 30'
↓
Acetic acid = 1.0 g/l
H2O2 killer / Kappaquest FE = 0.5 g/l
↓ 60o
C x 10'
Acetic acid = 0.8 g/l [To control PH
- 4.5 - 5.5')
Enzyme = 1.5 g/l
↓ 55o
C x 45' - 60'
Sequestering agent = 0.35 g/l
↓ 90o
C x 5'
Sarabid LDR /Levelling agent = 0.5 g/l
Anticreasing - 0.5 g/l
• ↓
60o
x 5'
Dye stuff
↓ 60o
x 35' - Run time - 20'
Glauber Salt
↓ Dosing - 60o
x 10' - run time - 20'
Soda ash
↓ 60 x 40'
Bath drop after shade matching
↓
Hot rinse - 10' x 60o
C
↓
Soaping
↓ 80o
- 90o
C x 10'
Neutralization / Acetic acid
↓ 45o
C x 10
Cold rinse - 45o
x 10'
↓
Softening
↓
Unload
42. Migration Dyeing procedure for dark, medium & light shade
Felosan NOF/wetting agent → 0.5 g/l
Kappazon H53NEU /stabilizer (H2O2) → 0.5 g/l
Anticreasing → 1.0 g/l [Only for S/J]
↓ 60o
C x 5'
Caustic → 2 g/l
↓ 60o
C x 15'
Hydrogen peroxide → 2.5 g/l
↓ (60o
C - 80o
C)
Temperature rise up to 105o
C
↓ 105o
C x 30'
Acetic acid → 1.0 g/l
Kappaquest FE /H2O2 killer → 0.5 g/l
↓ 60o
C x 10'
Acetic acid → 0.8 g/l [To control PH
= 4.5 - 5.5']
Enzyme → 1.5 g/l
↓ 55o
C x 45' - 60'
Sequestering agent → 0.35
↓ 90o
C x 5'
Sarabid LDR → 0.5 g/l
Anticreasing agent → 0.5 g/l [for S/J]
↓
Dye stuff
↓ 60o
C x 35' → Run time - 20'
↓
Glauber Salt [Run time 10']
↓ 60o
x10'
Temperature rise up to 80o
C [ Run time→ 20']
↓ 80o
C x 20'
cooling to 60o
C
↓
soda ash
↓ 60o
C x 40' → Run time → 60'
Bath drop after shade matching
↓
Hot rinse
↓ 60o
x 10'
Soaping
↓ 80o
C - 95o
C x 10'
Cold rinse
↓ 40o
x 10'
Neutralize
↓ 45o
x 10'
Fixing [ For medium & dark shade]
↓ 40o
x 10'
Softening
↓
Unload
43. Sample (Dyeing)
COLOR RECIPE SAMPLE
BLACK SATAZOL YELLOW 3RS=1.649%
SATAZOL RED 3BS =O.912%
SATAZOL BLACK NNT=8.47%
RED KIRA.YELLOW HB=1.4%
KIRA. RED HB =2.0%
KIRA. RED SP2B=6.64%
MERUN KIRA.YELLOW HB=0.47%
KIRA. RED HB =3.8%
KIRA. BLUE HB =0.86%
DK-BLUE KIRA.YELLOW RR=0.188%
KIRA. RED RR =0.29%
KIRA. BLUE RR =1.26%
PINK SETA. RED 3BS =0.078%
SOLA.RED SP2B=0.02%
DK- TURGISH SATAZOL YELLOW 3RS=0.385%
SATAZOL RED 3BS =O.049%
SATAZOL BLUE BB=1.64%
44. Sample (Dyeing)
COLOR RECIPE SAMPLE
CLASSIC BLUE SATAZOL YELLOW 3RS=0.013%
SATAZOL RED 3BS =O.066%
SATAZOL BLUE SETR =0.62%
GOLD RUST SATAZOL YELLOW 3RS=3.14%
SATAZOL BLUE BB =O.004%
SATAZOL BLUE BB =0.40%
VIO-LET SATAZOL RED 3RS =0.65%
SATAZOL RED 3BS =O.48%
BZ. BLUE VW =1.40%
TURGISH E/B BLUE RSPL =2.1%
R/M T. BLUE G =0.6%
LIGHT YELLOW SETA. YELLOW 3BS=0.048%
RM. YELLOW 3GL =0.076%
NATURAL BEZ.YELLOW SLF=0.154%
BEZ.RED SLF =0.05%
BEZ.BLUE SLF =0.132%
DEEP LILAC E/B. YELLOW-4GL=0.008%
RED 3BSN =1.1%
BE. BLUE VRN =1.14%
45. Printing of cotton fabric with reactive dyes (block and screen
printing method), combination shade.
Introduction:
By the term textile printing we mean the localized application of dyes or pigment and
chemical by any method, which can produce particular effect of color on the fabric
according to the design. In this practical we print cotton fabric with cold brand
reactive dyes in block and screen-printing methods in combination method.
A dye, which is capable of reacting chemically with a substrate to form a covalent
dye substrate linkage, is known as reactive dye. The dye contains a reactive group
and this reactive group makes covalent bond with the fibre polymer and act as an
integral part of fibre. Reactive dyes forms covalent bond with fibre polymer and
thus attach itself with fibre. It is now a day mostly used for dyeing and printing of
cotton yarn and fabric. It is a cationic dye. Cold brand reactive dyes have higher
reactivity.
Block printing method is the oldest printing method. It is used mostly in sarees,
handkerchiefs etc. in this printing method we use blocks of different designs.
In screen printing a very little screen made by glass fibre is used. There are many
types of screen-printing, but we have done in our experiment was hand screen-
printing. Hand screen-printing is mostly used for sarees to 14-16 colors in on
pattern can be produced at a time.
46. Style of printing:
Direct style.
Method of printing:
Block and screen-printing method.
Sample:
One piece of square size bleached, scoured cotton fabric (small) and One piece of square size
bleached, scoured cotton fabric(bigger)
Combination color:
Total Dyes = 1.8gm
Blue = 0.6gm
Red = 0.6gm
Yellow = 0.6gm
Recipe:
Dye:
Total Dyes = 1.8gm
CIBA CRON RED = 0.6gm
CIBA CRON BLUE = 0.6gm
CIBA CRON YELLOW = 0.6gm
Urea = 8gm
Thickener = 70gm
Alkali = 8gm
Additional water = as required.
47. Preparation of thickener:
1)16 gm of starch and 200cc water are taken in
bowl.
2)Heat is applied and solution is stirred
continuously until a thick viscose solution is
obtained.
3)By continuous stirring and boiling a specific
viscosity is obtained.
4)The heat application is stopped otherwise
viscosity falls down. So temperature is
maintained strictly.
48. Preparation of printing paste:
1) At first we take required amount of dyestuffs in a bath.
2) Then little amount of water is added into the bath for
mixing these dyes. And start stirring for mixing the
three types of dye.
3) Then required amount of urea is added into the dye
bath.
4) After then required amount of thickener is added
5) Then continuous stirring is done for few minutes for
mixing all the ingredients of print paste.
6) After mixing finally required amount of alkali is added
to the dye bath and mix them with the help of stirring.
•
49. Printing process:
• Block printing method:
1)The fabric, which will be printed, is placed on the
printing table.
2)The printing paste is put on the tray box.
3)The block is selected and it is touched with print
paste.
4)Then block is pressed upon the sample fabric.
5)After pressing the block on the sample fabric the
block is put off from the fabric.
6)Finally we get the printed fabric of required dyes.
•
50. Screen-printing method:
1) The fabric is placed on the printing table of flat screen-
printing machine. The table is made of soft by laying
on it.
2) Then the screen is placed on the sample fabric.
3) The printing paste is taken on the screen perforation.
4) Thus we can find the printed fabric with a smooth
wooden strike the paste is spread over the screen with
slight pressure.
5) So that the dye particles can penetrate through the
screen perforation.
6) Thus we get printed fabric.
•
51. After treatment:
• The printed fabric is steamed for 5-10 minutes
in a cottages steamer at 1050
-1100
C and washed
with cold water for removing unfixed dye and
exhausted thickener and then dried.
52. Conclusion
Printing of cotton fabric with reactive dyes has
excellent build up property and maximum
fixation. Shade is also bright. By this
experiment we have acquire knowledge about
process of printing cotton fibres with cold
brand reactive dyes in combination shade. The
shade of printed fabric is moderately good, as
we required. Special thanks to our teacher and
his assistants for grate cooperation.
•
53. Chapter 9
Technical Deficiency of Reactive Dyes, CAUSES AND THEIR
REMEDIES
•
• Hydrolysis is the main problem in dyeing with
Reactive dyes. Only 60 to 70 percent dyes are
absorbed in Reactive dyeing. There are also
many causes of technical deficiency of
reactive dye. Those are described below:
54. Hydrolysis of reactive dyes:
Under alkaline condition, reactive dyes react with the terminal hydroxyl group of
cellulose. But if the solution of the dye is kept for long time, it’s concentration drops.
Then the dye react with the hydroxyl group of water .The reaction of dye with water is
called Hydrolysis of reactive dyes.
55. Factors which affect the hydrolysis of the reactive dye:
1. Salt concentration:
When the cellulosic textile material is sink into water it convert into negetive charge or anionic
charge. But the reactive dye is also convert into anionic charge. So the surface of the cellulosic material repel
the dye molecules. To overcome the problem we use electrolite material like salt. It hepls to netralize the
negetive ion over the textile material and helps the reactive dye ion to fix on the surface of the materail. As a
result If we increase the concentration of the salt hydrolysis of the reactive dye will decrease.
2.pH:
if the pH of the medium increase hydrolysis of the reactive dye also increase. This is for, reactive dye
ionised more in alkaline medium and as a result it react with hydroxyl group of the water.
3.Temperature:
With the increase of temperature hydrolysis of the reactive dye increases.
4.Substantivity:
With the increase of the substantivity hydrolysis of the reactive dye increase.
5.Reactive group of the reactive dye:
Hydrolysis of the reactive dye depends on which group does it bears. Vinyl sulphone dye hydrolyize
more than the Triazinyl group.
56. Factors which affect the hydrolysis of the reactive dye:
Hydrolysis of water:
Hydrolysis of the water is also a cause of
the technical deficiency of the reactive dye.
Remidies of the hydrolysis of the reactive dyes:
The highest absorption of the reactive dye is
about 70%. To minnimize the more lose of the reactive
dye we should maintain proper liquor ratio, proper
time and temperature. Even the pH of the emdium is
also an important factor to avoid the more wastage of
the reactive dye
57. Faults and their remedies for the technical deficiency of reactive dyes:
• There creates many problems and defects in dyed fabrics when dyeing with Reactive dyes due to
technical deficiency. Some defects may be remedied by some process. Those are described below:
•
• Defect: Colors are not fast to washing, Abrasion; Staining in the fabric when transporting from
place to the other, water marks on the fabric
Remedy : Wash the fabric with soap and soda ash at right temperature. Adding sequestering agent
will yield good results. Treating with Ammonia will also give good results.
Defects in the fabric due to Printing- Need to take out full color
Remedy: Treat the dyed fabric with Sodium Hydrosulphite with 5-10 gm Sodium Hydrosulphite at
75 deg C for 30-45 minutes. Add 5-7 gms Caustic Soda for even removal of colors. The color
becomes light yellow or brown after removal. Wash it thoroughly with soap.
The color can also be removed by solution of Sodium Hypochlorite. Treat the fabric with a sodium
hypochlorite solution ( 3-5 gms Chlorine) for 20-30 minutes. Keep the pH between 9-10. The fabric
is treated with Acetic acid after removal of color to remove chlorine and to neutralize the fabric.
The fabric can be re-dyed after removal of color
58. Faults and their remedies for the technical deficiency of
reactive dyes:
• Defect: Bleeding in colors during washing, abrasion
Remedy: Boil the fabric with caustic, Treat the fabric with Hydrogen Peroxide ( 5-10 gpl, 60-70 deg C) to make the color fast.
Defect: The fabric has been dyed in darker shade, uneven dyeing
Remedy: To take out color from the fabric treat it with caustic for 45-60 min at 70 deg C. Thereafter treat the fabric with 10-20 gpl
Acetic Acid for 40-60 min at 80-85 deg C.
Defect: Uneven dyeing, marks of water, marks of colors
Remedy: Wash the fabric in soap and re-dye in a darker shade
Defect : The fabric has become stiff and rough after dyeing
Remedy: Finish after adding right softener
Defect: Color staining of fabric, uneven dyeing
Remedy: Re-dye the fabric in darker shade.
Defect: Color staining in fabrics of darker shade, uneven dyeing.
Remedy: Dye the fabric in Sulphur black.
• Caution: Please treat a small length fabric to check the effectiveness and any harmful effects before commencing a full treatment.
•
• Defect: Color staining of fabric, uneven dyeing
Remedy: Re-dye the fabric in darker shade.
59. Chapter 10
Conclusion
Obviously the project work we have discussed has many other arguments but as far as
we believe the presented view to a large extent is one that has a predominant role
in our textile sector especially in REACTIVE DYEING & thus has the ability to
influence our thoughts.
REACTIVE DYEING is truly an important dyeing phenomenon for cellulose materials &
ranks as the major contribution to the progression of any textile dyeing industry.
Dyeing parameters have a great influence on reactive dyeing which have described
in my report. It was really an important subject & also innovative one. I have tried
my best to express the topics properly.
The project work has given us a special interest & has been arranged as a presentation
of the application reactive dyes in cotton dyeing. I think anyone can research in
future about this topic which will enrich our textile knowledge.
Any absolute conclusion is impossible but waiting the pros & cons I’m certain that my
position is a tenable one.