Global Warming has an enormous impact on melting glaciers and ice sheets. Rising
global temperatures melt glaciers increasing the amount of seawater. A large in rise sea level across the world
poses many threats. With continuous increase of rise in water level, the area occupied by land decreases. This
paper represents the study concerning floating construction to counter the ill effects of global warming in terms
of utilisation of offshore renewable energy resources and improving an awareness to construct them.
A report format presentation of earthquake-resistance construction techniques, stressing upon the relevance of such techniques in the architecture industry.
This document discusses techniques for building earthquake resistant structures in India. It covers various sources of earthquakes and methods to resist seismic activity, including both active and passive systems. Some specific techniques mentioned are shear walls, bracing, dampers, isolation, and using light-weight materials. Suggestions are provided such as avoiding weak column designs, including thick slabs and cross walls, and following building codes.
The bundled tube structure meant that "buildings no longer need be boxlike in appearance: they could become sculpture." Hybrids. Hybrids include a varied category of structures where the basic concept of tube is used, and supplemented by other structural support(s).
framed tube structure
structure tube furniture
structure tube canada
tube structural system
tube structure design
tube frame building kits
tube structure buildings
tube framed buildings
interesting civil engineering topics
civil engineering topics for presentation
seminar topics pdf
best seminar topics for civil engineering
civil seminar topics ppt
civil engineering seminar topics 2019
seminar topics for mechanical engineers
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Basics of earthquake & structural and non structural guidelines for building ...Bhasker Vijaykumar Bhatt
The presentation covers the scenario post a hazard of Earthquake turned into a disaster. Further, it includes the basic terminology, dynamics of EQ event, and suggests remedial practices for structural and non-structural elements of a building. Purpose the compilation is to sensitize learners.
This presentation discusses prefabricated building components. It covers prefabrication systems including large panel systems, frame systems, and slab-column systems. Manufacturing processes are described for various components like roof slabs, floor slabs, waffle slabs, wall panels, shear walls, beams, and columns. Specific component types like floor slabs, waffle slabs, wall panels, and shear walls are explained in more detail. Architectural and structural design aspects of using prefabricated components are also addressed.
Prefabrication is the practice of assembling components of a structure in a factory or other manufacturing site, and transporting them to the construction site where the structure is to be located.
A report format presentation of earthquake-resistance construction techniques, stressing upon the relevance of such techniques in the architecture industry.
This document discusses techniques for building earthquake resistant structures in India. It covers various sources of earthquakes and methods to resist seismic activity, including both active and passive systems. Some specific techniques mentioned are shear walls, bracing, dampers, isolation, and using light-weight materials. Suggestions are provided such as avoiding weak column designs, including thick slabs and cross walls, and following building codes.
The bundled tube structure meant that "buildings no longer need be boxlike in appearance: they could become sculpture." Hybrids. Hybrids include a varied category of structures where the basic concept of tube is used, and supplemented by other structural support(s).
framed tube structure
structure tube furniture
structure tube canada
tube structural system
tube structure design
tube frame building kits
tube structure buildings
tube framed buildings
interesting civil engineering topics
civil engineering topics for presentation
seminar topics pdf
best seminar topics for civil engineering
civil seminar topics ppt
civil engineering seminar topics 2019
seminar topics for mechanical engineers
mechanical engineering seminar topics 2018
Basics of earthquake & structural and non structural guidelines for building ...Bhasker Vijaykumar Bhatt
The presentation covers the scenario post a hazard of Earthquake turned into a disaster. Further, it includes the basic terminology, dynamics of EQ event, and suggests remedial practices for structural and non-structural elements of a building. Purpose the compilation is to sensitize learners.
This presentation discusses prefabricated building components. It covers prefabrication systems including large panel systems, frame systems, and slab-column systems. Manufacturing processes are described for various components like roof slabs, floor slabs, waffle slabs, wall panels, shear walls, beams, and columns. Specific component types like floor slabs, waffle slabs, wall panels, and shear walls are explained in more detail. Architectural and structural design aspects of using prefabricated components are also addressed.
Prefabrication is the practice of assembling components of a structure in a factory or other manufacturing site, and transporting them to the construction site where the structure is to be located.
The document discusses different structural systems used for high-rise buildings, including bracing systems. It describes rigid frames, braced frames, shear wall systems, core and outrigger systems, and tube structures. For steel buildings, it outlines vertical and horizontal bracing systems. Vertical bracing includes diagonal bracing installed between columns to transfer horizontal loads and provide stability. Proper bracing is necessary to resist wind forces and second order effects.
This document discusses structural systems used in high-rise buildings. It defines high-rise buildings and outlines the increasing demand for them due to factors like land scarcity. It describes the development of structural systems from the first generation using stone, brick and cast iron to modern systems using steel and concrete. Interior structural systems discussed include rigid frames, shear walls and outrigger structures. Exterior systems include tube systems and diagrid systems that resist lateral loads through a rigid perimeter structure.
Retaining walls are used to retain earth in a vertical position where there is an abrupt change in ground level. There are several types of retaining walls including gravity, cantilever, counterfort, and buttress walls. Cantilever walls are the most common type for heights up to 8 meters. They consist of a vertical stem and base slab that behave like one-way cantilevers. Counterfort walls include transverse supports called counterforts to reduce bending moments in the stem and slabs. Proper design of the stem, heel slab, toe slab, and foundation depth is required to resist overturning, sliding, soil pressure, and bending failure.
The document provides information on basement construction, including:
1) Basements are constructed below ground level to provide additional space, act as a buoyancy raft, or reduce bearing pressure. They require retaining walls to withstand soil and water pressures.
2) There are different methods for basement construction including open cut, cut and cover, and top down. The cut and cover method uses retaining walls and bracing during excavation before basement construction.
3) Key considerations for basement design and construction include ventilation, drainage, waterproofing, and following local building codes.
The document provides details about the history, design, construction and facts related to the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco. It discusses how the bridge connects San Francisco to Marin County, spanning the Golden Gate strait. Key details include the bridge's length, height, weight, materials used, dates of construction milestones, and notable engineering aspects like its suspension and cable design. Statistics on deflection, load capacity, and quantities of concrete and steel used are also presented.
The document discusses limit state design of reinforced concrete structures. It introduces limit states as conditions where the structure becomes unfit for use, including limit states of strength and serviceability. Limit state design involves characterizing loads and resistances as random variables and using partial safety factors on loads and resistances to achieve a target reliability. The document outlines the general principles of limit state design according to Indian Standard code IS 800, including defining actions, factors governing strength limits, and serviceability limits related to deflection, vibration and durability.
Shear walls are vertical reinforced concrete walls that resist lateral forces like wind and earthquakes. They provide strength and stiffness to control lateral building movement. Shear walls are classified into different types including simple rectangular, coupled, rigid frame, framed with infill, column supported, and core type walls. Design of shear walls involves reviewing the building layout, determining loads, estimating earthquake forces, analyzing the structural system, and designing for flexural and shear strengths with proper reinforcement detailing. The behavior of shear walls under seismic loading depends on their height to width ratio, with squat walls experiencing more shear deformation and slender walls undergoing primarily bending deformation.
This document discusses different structural systems used for high-rise buildings, including belt truss systems, core truss systems, framed tube structures, bundled tube systems, tube-in-tube systems, and diagrid systems. It also covers common construction materials like concrete and steel, different foundation types, and construction methods like slip forming, climb forming, table forming, system column formwork, and vertical panel systems.
Construction techniques in flood prone areasSanjay gowda
This document discusses construction techniques for buildings in flood-prone areas. It describes various floodproofing methods like dry floodproofing, wet floodproofing, elevation of structures, and anchoring systems. Dry floodproofing aims to seal the building from floodwaters while wet floodproofing allows floodwaters inside but uses flood-resistant materials. Elevating structures raises them above flood levels. Anchoring systems secure buildings to their foundations to prevent movement during floods. The document also discusses foundation requirements and types like pile foundations for withstanding flooding and coastal hazards.
1. Structural systems include architectural structures like buildings that are assemblages of components designed to support loads through interconnected members.
2. Loads on structures can be static like dead loads or dynamic like wind loads, and forces like tension, compression, bending, and shear act on structural members.
3. Common structural forms include trusses, arches, shells, frames, and cable nets which use specific geometries and materials like steel and concrete to transfer loads.
A weir is a solid structure built across a river to raise the water level and divert water into canals. There are different types of weirs including masonry weirs with vertical drops, rock fill weirs with sloping aprons, and concrete weirs with downstream slopes. Weirs can fail due to subsurface piping, uplift pressure, surface water suction or scouring. Remedies include installing sheet piles and ensuring sufficient floor thickness and length. A barrage is similar to a weir but uses gates rather than a solid structure to control water levels. Barrages are more expensive than weirs but allow better control of water levels and less silting during floods by raising the gates.
This presentation discusses jump formwork, a type of temporary structure used to support wet concrete for vertical elements of buildings under construction. Jump formwork, also called climbing formwork, allows construction to proceed more quickly by lifting pre-assembled formwork sections to subsequent floors as concrete cures. The presentation covers the design, classification, processes, safety and sustainability aspects of jump formwork systems. It emphasizes that careful planning and coordination is required to efficiently and safely erect self-climbing jump forms on high-rise structures.
The document discusses earthquake resistant building design techniques. It begins by defining earthquakes and explaining seismology, the study of seismic waves. It then discusses different types of ground shaking caused by earthquakes like shaking, landslides, and liquefaction. It introduces earthquake zones and describes earthquake resistant design as designing buildings to resist seismic forces. Popular techniques discussed include shear walls, bracing, seismic dampers, isolation, bands, and rollers. Specific techniques like shear walls, bracing, dampers, base isolation, horizontal bands, and expansion joints are explained. Suggestions for earthquake resistant design and construction are provided.
The document discusses earthquakes and techniques for improving earthquake resistance in buildings. It defines earthquakes and describes how they occur due to movement in the earth's crust. It then covers types of earthquakes, causes and effects, seismic waves, and performance and design considerations for improving earthquake resistance. Specific techniques discussed include using shear walls, base isolation methods, energy dissipation devices, and keeping buildings in compression. The conclusion emphasizes following construction standards and periodic training to help assure earthquake-resistant buildings.
This document summarizes earthquake resistant techniques. It discusses conventional methods like strengthening buildings through stiffness and ductility. Advanced methods of base isolation and energy dissipation devices are explained. Case studies on buildings like Torre Mayor and Transamerica Pyramid are provided. Techniques under research like shape memory alloys, mussel fibers, visco-elastic dampers and rubber cloaking are outlined. Seismic zones and codes in India are briefly covered along with references.
Suspension bridges have several key components: cables that suspend the roadway from towers, towers that stabilize the cables, and anchorages that provide structure and keep the cables tight. A typical construction process involves building tower foundations, erecting the towers, installing saddles and cables between the towers, adding vertical suspender cables to hang the roadway, and constructing the deck between the towers. The main forces in a suspension bridge are tension in the cables and compression in the towers. Some of the world's largest suspension bridges include the Akashi Kaikyō Bridge in Japan and the Sidu River Bridge in China.
Slip form construction is a method where concrete is poured into a continuously moving form to construct structures without joints. There are two main types - vertical slip forming used for tall structures like buildings and towers, and horizontal slip forming for pavement. The moving formwork is supported by hydraulic jacks and remains intact until the entire structure is completed, allowing faster construction at lower cost compared to traditional formwork. Slip forming produces monolithic, jointless structures but requires careful planning of the construction process and a skilled workforce.
Tidal Energy the most common topic in science section and one of the most interesting topic . This slides contains the information how does actually tidal energy in generated and what are the advantages and disadvantages of tidal energy . Wave power design and how it works . This topic is mostly used as a project in schools and colleges in science section in higher schools
The document provides an overview of tidal energy, including:
- Tidal energy harnesses the gravitational pull of the moon and sun to generate waves that can be captured by tidal turbines or barrages.
- While tidal power has been used since the 9th century, the first large tidal power plant was built in France in 1967 and generates 240 MW.
- Tidal energy has advantages like being predictable and having high energy density, but also challenges like high costs and potential environmental impacts.
- The document discusses different tidal energy technologies and their applications, environmental effects, and regulatory considerations.
The document discusses different structural systems used for high-rise buildings, including bracing systems. It describes rigid frames, braced frames, shear wall systems, core and outrigger systems, and tube structures. For steel buildings, it outlines vertical and horizontal bracing systems. Vertical bracing includes diagonal bracing installed between columns to transfer horizontal loads and provide stability. Proper bracing is necessary to resist wind forces and second order effects.
This document discusses structural systems used in high-rise buildings. It defines high-rise buildings and outlines the increasing demand for them due to factors like land scarcity. It describes the development of structural systems from the first generation using stone, brick and cast iron to modern systems using steel and concrete. Interior structural systems discussed include rigid frames, shear walls and outrigger structures. Exterior systems include tube systems and diagrid systems that resist lateral loads through a rigid perimeter structure.
Retaining walls are used to retain earth in a vertical position where there is an abrupt change in ground level. There are several types of retaining walls including gravity, cantilever, counterfort, and buttress walls. Cantilever walls are the most common type for heights up to 8 meters. They consist of a vertical stem and base slab that behave like one-way cantilevers. Counterfort walls include transverse supports called counterforts to reduce bending moments in the stem and slabs. Proper design of the stem, heel slab, toe slab, and foundation depth is required to resist overturning, sliding, soil pressure, and bending failure.
The document provides information on basement construction, including:
1) Basements are constructed below ground level to provide additional space, act as a buoyancy raft, or reduce bearing pressure. They require retaining walls to withstand soil and water pressures.
2) There are different methods for basement construction including open cut, cut and cover, and top down. The cut and cover method uses retaining walls and bracing during excavation before basement construction.
3) Key considerations for basement design and construction include ventilation, drainage, waterproofing, and following local building codes.
The document provides details about the history, design, construction and facts related to the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco. It discusses how the bridge connects San Francisco to Marin County, spanning the Golden Gate strait. Key details include the bridge's length, height, weight, materials used, dates of construction milestones, and notable engineering aspects like its suspension and cable design. Statistics on deflection, load capacity, and quantities of concrete and steel used are also presented.
The document discusses limit state design of reinforced concrete structures. It introduces limit states as conditions where the structure becomes unfit for use, including limit states of strength and serviceability. Limit state design involves characterizing loads and resistances as random variables and using partial safety factors on loads and resistances to achieve a target reliability. The document outlines the general principles of limit state design according to Indian Standard code IS 800, including defining actions, factors governing strength limits, and serviceability limits related to deflection, vibration and durability.
Shear walls are vertical reinforced concrete walls that resist lateral forces like wind and earthquakes. They provide strength and stiffness to control lateral building movement. Shear walls are classified into different types including simple rectangular, coupled, rigid frame, framed with infill, column supported, and core type walls. Design of shear walls involves reviewing the building layout, determining loads, estimating earthquake forces, analyzing the structural system, and designing for flexural and shear strengths with proper reinforcement detailing. The behavior of shear walls under seismic loading depends on their height to width ratio, with squat walls experiencing more shear deformation and slender walls undergoing primarily bending deformation.
This document discusses different structural systems used for high-rise buildings, including belt truss systems, core truss systems, framed tube structures, bundled tube systems, tube-in-tube systems, and diagrid systems. It also covers common construction materials like concrete and steel, different foundation types, and construction methods like slip forming, climb forming, table forming, system column formwork, and vertical panel systems.
Construction techniques in flood prone areasSanjay gowda
This document discusses construction techniques for buildings in flood-prone areas. It describes various floodproofing methods like dry floodproofing, wet floodproofing, elevation of structures, and anchoring systems. Dry floodproofing aims to seal the building from floodwaters while wet floodproofing allows floodwaters inside but uses flood-resistant materials. Elevating structures raises them above flood levels. Anchoring systems secure buildings to their foundations to prevent movement during floods. The document also discusses foundation requirements and types like pile foundations for withstanding flooding and coastal hazards.
1. Structural systems include architectural structures like buildings that are assemblages of components designed to support loads through interconnected members.
2. Loads on structures can be static like dead loads or dynamic like wind loads, and forces like tension, compression, bending, and shear act on structural members.
3. Common structural forms include trusses, arches, shells, frames, and cable nets which use specific geometries and materials like steel and concrete to transfer loads.
A weir is a solid structure built across a river to raise the water level and divert water into canals. There are different types of weirs including masonry weirs with vertical drops, rock fill weirs with sloping aprons, and concrete weirs with downstream slopes. Weirs can fail due to subsurface piping, uplift pressure, surface water suction or scouring. Remedies include installing sheet piles and ensuring sufficient floor thickness and length. A barrage is similar to a weir but uses gates rather than a solid structure to control water levels. Barrages are more expensive than weirs but allow better control of water levels and less silting during floods by raising the gates.
This presentation discusses jump formwork, a type of temporary structure used to support wet concrete for vertical elements of buildings under construction. Jump formwork, also called climbing formwork, allows construction to proceed more quickly by lifting pre-assembled formwork sections to subsequent floors as concrete cures. The presentation covers the design, classification, processes, safety and sustainability aspects of jump formwork systems. It emphasizes that careful planning and coordination is required to efficiently and safely erect self-climbing jump forms on high-rise structures.
The document discusses earthquake resistant building design techniques. It begins by defining earthquakes and explaining seismology, the study of seismic waves. It then discusses different types of ground shaking caused by earthquakes like shaking, landslides, and liquefaction. It introduces earthquake zones and describes earthquake resistant design as designing buildings to resist seismic forces. Popular techniques discussed include shear walls, bracing, seismic dampers, isolation, bands, and rollers. Specific techniques like shear walls, bracing, dampers, base isolation, horizontal bands, and expansion joints are explained. Suggestions for earthquake resistant design and construction are provided.
The document discusses earthquakes and techniques for improving earthquake resistance in buildings. It defines earthquakes and describes how they occur due to movement in the earth's crust. It then covers types of earthquakes, causes and effects, seismic waves, and performance and design considerations for improving earthquake resistance. Specific techniques discussed include using shear walls, base isolation methods, energy dissipation devices, and keeping buildings in compression. The conclusion emphasizes following construction standards and periodic training to help assure earthquake-resistant buildings.
This document summarizes earthquake resistant techniques. It discusses conventional methods like strengthening buildings through stiffness and ductility. Advanced methods of base isolation and energy dissipation devices are explained. Case studies on buildings like Torre Mayor and Transamerica Pyramid are provided. Techniques under research like shape memory alloys, mussel fibers, visco-elastic dampers and rubber cloaking are outlined. Seismic zones and codes in India are briefly covered along with references.
Suspension bridges have several key components: cables that suspend the roadway from towers, towers that stabilize the cables, and anchorages that provide structure and keep the cables tight. A typical construction process involves building tower foundations, erecting the towers, installing saddles and cables between the towers, adding vertical suspender cables to hang the roadway, and constructing the deck between the towers. The main forces in a suspension bridge are tension in the cables and compression in the towers. Some of the world's largest suspension bridges include the Akashi Kaikyō Bridge in Japan and the Sidu River Bridge in China.
Slip form construction is a method where concrete is poured into a continuously moving form to construct structures without joints. There are two main types - vertical slip forming used for tall structures like buildings and towers, and horizontal slip forming for pavement. The moving formwork is supported by hydraulic jacks and remains intact until the entire structure is completed, allowing faster construction at lower cost compared to traditional formwork. Slip forming produces monolithic, jointless structures but requires careful planning of the construction process and a skilled workforce.
Tidal Energy the most common topic in science section and one of the most interesting topic . This slides contains the information how does actually tidal energy in generated and what are the advantages and disadvantages of tidal energy . Wave power design and how it works . This topic is mostly used as a project in schools and colleges in science section in higher schools
The document provides an overview of tidal energy, including:
- Tidal energy harnesses the gravitational pull of the moon and sun to generate waves that can be captured by tidal turbines or barrages.
- While tidal power has been used since the 9th century, the first large tidal power plant was built in France in 1967 and generates 240 MW.
- Tidal energy has advantages like being predictable and having high energy density, but also challenges like high costs and potential environmental impacts.
- The document discusses different tidal energy technologies and their applications, environmental effects, and regulatory considerations.
The document discusses concepts for future underwater cities, including proposals from Japan, Australia, and other countries. It describes several specific proposals, such as Ocean Spirals off the coast of Japan that could house 5,000 people, and a self-sustaining underwater city called Syph proposed for Australia. The document also outlines potential benefits of underwater cities like reduced impact of natural disasters and addressing issues like overpopulation and resource scarcity on land.
India is a peninsular country three sides covered with water. It faces a heavy monsoon season that causes large scale destruction throughout the country. Perennial rivers such as Ganga, Brahmaputra, etc. always causes flooding in north India and cyclones and heavy monsoon are the reason for flood in southern parts of India. India is the one of the vulnerable country for climatic change. It should work to provide flood proof, safe and affordable structures for all citizens. For centuries, the coastline has been the focus for variety of activities including industries, agriculture, recreation and fisheries. All the major cities in India have developed along the coastline. Over the past centuries, the sea level increased nearly eight inches in the coastal area and the scientists suggest a constant increase in sea level due to climatic change. There are two major factors for sea level rise, melting of ice sheets and thermal expansion of ocean. These factors are the result of global warming which cannot be changed easily. The sea level rise will have multiple impacts like migrating from coastal areas, frequent flooding, erode beaches; the net result will be migration from this densely populated areas. This report will explore and documents the various ways of protecting and creating a sustainable living environment for seaside and riverside residents. This will document the projection sea level rise and in change in climate will increase the frequencies of flood. This dissertation will answer the questions like “How can a structure sits in ground can survive during floods?” The techniques to provide low flood residents Amphibious housing functioning both in land and water. Amphibious Architecture is cost effective and safe alternative for permanent static elevation and it is achieved by buoyant foundations.
Abstract Ocean currents are an enormous source of green energy. This energy from marine currents can be extracted by means of tidal turbines. This paper explains different types of tidal current turbines. This paper discusses about tidal energy and site selection criteria for tidal current turbine in general. This paper gives general overview about tidal current turbine design methods such as the blade element momentum theory and computational fluid dynamics. Keywords: Tidal energy, Tidal current turbines, Site selection, BEMT, CFD
The document proposes an "Aquatecture" architectural typology to adapt homes and cities to rising sea levels through flexible and water-inspired design. It discusses how water has influenced architecture historically and cites case studies of floating and amphibious structures. The research aims to define design parameters allowing buildings to behave like fluids and accommodate water through a parametric architecture approach. The methodology examines case studies and proposes designing for a coastal site in Karachi, Pakistan threatened by sea level rise. The fluid-inspired design seeks to provide long-term, self-sufficient housing alternatives for coastal communities impacted by climate change.
This report discusses the potential contribution that energy derived from the tides and waves can make to overall energy supply in a sustainable way. It covers the topics of wide range like how tides and waves are formed; functions of the possible and popular power generation systems especially tidal barrages,turbines, oscillating water columns and wave farms. Advantages and disadvantages of tidal and wave energy are also briefly discussed. Some cost data’s used give us brief insight into the economic prospects of the tidal and wave energy. By turning to potential along the Indian coastline, we found that India do have a huge potential of tidal and wave energy, though it has started very late. Government
initiatives and extensive research focused on the mentioned relevant opportunities will surely change the energy scenario.
Abstract Ocean energy can be harnessed in different ways. One of those ways is the kinetic energy in water flows. This form of energy is present in ocean currents and tidal streams created when water is forced to flow between coastal barriers. This form of energy corresponds to a significant portion of total energy present in the oceans and very interesting features it presents better predictability and less variability over time, compared with other forms of energy. This article reviews the main settings available to convert energy from currents and discusses some projects in various stages of development. Keywords: Ocean Energy; Sea Currents; Tides; Energy Conversion; Equipments; State of the Art.
This intern summarized their work over the summer supporting the Tethys database, which collects documents on environmental effects of renewable energy from the sea. The intern wrote descriptions of interactions between stressors from energy devices and receptors in the environment. They also added new documents to Tethys and retagged older documents to improve accessibility. This work will help various groups understand environmental risks and make more informed decisions, while advancing offshore renewable energy.
On completion of the course, the students will be able to:
1. The impact which Civil Engineering projects have on the Society at large and on the global arena and using resources efficiently and effectively.
2. The extent of Infrastructure, its requirements for energy and how they are met: past, present and future
3. The Sustainability of the Environment, including its Aesthetics,
4. The potentials of Civil Engineering for Employment creation and its Contribution to the GDP
5. The Built Environment and factors impacting the Quality of Life
6. The precautions to be taken to ensure that the above-mentioned impacts are not adverse but beneficial.
7. Applying professional and responsible judgement and take a leadership role;
Environmental Impacts of Hydroelectric PowerContentsLand.docxYASHU40
Environmental Impacts of Hydroelectric Power
Contents
Land Use
Wildlife Impacts
Life-cycle Global Warming Emissions
Contents
Land Use
Wildlife Impacts
Life-cycle Global Warming Emissions
Hydroelectric power includes both massive hydroelectric dams and small run-of-the-river plants.
Large-scale hydroelectric dams continue to be built in many parts of the world (including China and
Brazil), but it is unlikely that new facilities will be added to the existing U.S. fleet in the future.
Instead, the future of hydroelectric power in the United States will likely involve increased capacity at
current dams and new run-of-the-river projects. There are environmental impacts at both types of
plants.
Learn more: How Hydroelectric Energy Works
For more on the benefits of hydroelectric power and other renewable energy technologies, see
Benefits of Renewable Energy Use.
Land Use
The size of the reservoir created by a hydroelectric
project can vary widely, depending largely on the size of
the hydroelectric generators and the topography of the
land. Hydroelectric plants in flat areas tend to require
much more land than those in hilly areas or canyons
where deeper reservoirs can hold more volume of water
in a smaller space.
At one extreme, the large Balbina hydroelectric plant,
which was built in a flat area of Brazil, flooded 2,360
square kilometers—an area the size of Delaware—and it
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only provides 250 MW of power generating capacity (equal to more than 2,000 acres per MW) [1].
In contrast, a small 10 MW run-of-the-rive plant in a hilly location can use as little 2.5 acres (equal to
a quarter of an acre per MW) [2].
Flooding land for a hydroelectric reservoir has an extreme environmental impact: it destroys forest,
wildlife habitat, agricultural land, and scenic lands. In many instances, such as the Three Gorges
Dam in China, entire communities have also had to be relocated to make way for reservoirs [3].
Wildlife Impacts
Dammed reservoirs are used for multiple purposes, such as agricultural ...
Sakshi Saraf wrote a document about water recycling and utilization. The document provided details about the multi-step water recycling process, including primary treatment using physical processes to remove contaminants, secondary treatment using biological processes, and advanced treatment/disinfection using chemicals. It described how recycled water can be utilized for landscape irrigation, groundwater recharge, and streamflow augmentation. The document also discussed how hard water forms mineral deposits due to reactions between calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate ions, and methods to remove these ions through lime-soda processing or household ion exchange systems.
This document provides an overview of dam engineering and the history of dam construction. It discusses that dams were first constructed over 8,000 years ago for irrigation purposes. The 20th century saw a rapid increase in large dam construction, with over 45,000 large dams built globally by the end of the century. China alone has built around 22,000 large dams, accounting for nearly half of the world's total. Dams were promoted as a means to meet water and energy needs and foster regional development. Factors governing dam type selection include valley topography, geology and foundation conditions, availability of construction materials, and environmental and cost considerations.
This document provides an overview of tidal power energy as a renewable energy source. It discusses the history and basic principles of how tidal power works, including how tides are caused and different tidal power technologies such as barrages, tidal fences, and tidal turbines. It also covers topics such as tidal resource availability, energy conversion processes, advantages and disadvantages of tidal power, representative tidal power projects around the world, and social attitudes toward tidal power energy.
This document provides an overview of earthquakes and dams in India. It discusses that India has over 5,100 large dams and is also seismically active, so dams must be designed to withstand earthquakes. Near-field ground motions from earthquakes can cause more damage to dams than far-field motions. Several Indian dams located in seismic zones are vulnerable to near-field quakes. Discrete element modeling can be used to study dam behavior under near-field quake loading and observe crack initiation and propagation. The document also summarizes the causes of dam failures worldwide and performance of some concrete gravity dams that withstood significant quake shaking.
Hydroelectric power harnesses the kinetic energy of flowing water through turbines to generate electricity. It works by collecting water in a reservoir at a higher elevation and releasing it through pipes to spin turbines connected to generators. There are three main types: impoundment, diversion, and pumped storage. Dams can operate sustainably for over 100 years with proper maintenance. Case studies on the Bakun Dam in Malaysia and Three Gorges Dam in China show hydro provides renewable energy but also causes environmental impacts. Advantages are renewable sources and reducing greenhouse gases, while disadvantages include disruption during droughts and effects on habitat and communities.
IRJET- Multi Use Eco Friendly Floating PanelIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed design for a multi-use floating panel. The panel is designed to float on water and provide multiple functions. It discusses the objectives of developing a floating panel to create more land space sustainably and introduce innovative construction ideas. The design aims to increase farm area and resilience to climate change through adaptive technology. Details are provided on the panel's dimensions, buoyancy force calculations, stability analysis, connecting facilities, materials used, and environmental aspects like its potential for aquaculture, oil skimming, and floating agriculture.
Ocean wave energy and its uses in generating electricityDr. Ved Nath Jha
This document discusses ocean wave energy and its potential uses and challenges. It describes how ocean waves are a renewable source of energy generated by wind. While wave energy could help meet electricity demand, there are technological and environmental challenges to overcome. These include efficiently converting wave motion to electricity, designing structures that can withstand storms and corrosion, and reducing costs. Further research is needed to better understand the feasibility and impacts of wave energy technologies for specific locations like remote Alaskan communities. Overall, the document examines the viability and opportunities of harnessing ocean wave power, but notes the development challenges that must still be addressed.
- Ocean wave energy is captured from the motion of ocean surface waves or pressure fluctuations below the surface, which are caused by wind blowing across the ocean surface. There is significant energy that can be harnessed from ocean waves.
- Technologies to capture ocean wave energy include terminator devices, oscillating water columns, point absorbers, attenuators, overtopping devices, and seagoing vessels. These technologies differ in their orientation to waves and how they convert wave energy to electricity.
- Developing wave energy technologies could impact marine environments and require consideration of other ocean users, but may provide a renewable source of energy.
- Ocean wave energy is captured from the motion of ocean surface waves or pressure fluctuations below the surface, which are caused by wind blowing across the ocean surface. There is significant energy that can be harnessed from ocean waves.
- Technologies to capture ocean wave energy include terminator devices, oscillating water columns, point absorbers, attenuators, overtopping devices, and seagoing vessels. These technologies differ in their orientation to waves and how they convert wave energy to electricity.
- Developing wave energy technologies faces environmental considerations like impacts on marine habitats, potential toxic releases, and conflicts with other ocean users.
Understanding the Impact and Challenges of Corona Crisis on Education Sector...vivatechijri
n the second week of March 2020, governments of all states in a country suddenly declared
shutting down of all colleges and schools for a temporary period of time as an immediate measure to stop the
spread of pandemic that is of novel corona virus. As the days pass by almost close to a month with no certainty
when they will again reopen. Due to pandemic like this an alarm bells have started sounding in the field of
education where a huge impact can be seen on teaching and learning process as well as on the entire education
sector in turn. The pandemic disruption like this is actually gave time to educators of today to really think about
the sector. Through the present research article, the author is highlighting on the possible impact of
coronavirus on education sector with the future challenges for education sector with possible suggestions.
LEADERSHIP ONLY CAN LEAD THE ORGANIZATION TOWARDS IMPROVEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT vivatechijri
This document discusses the importance of leadership in leading an organization towards improvement and development. It states that leadership is responsible for providing a clear vision and strategy to successfully achieve that vision. Effective leadership can impact the success of an organization by controlling its direction and motivating employees. Leadership is different from traditional management in that it guides employees towards organizational goals through open communication and motivation, rather than simply directing work. The paper concludes that only leadership can lead an organization to change according to its evolving environment, while management may simply follow old rules. Leadership is key to adapting to new market needs and trends.
The topic of assignment is a critical problem in mathematics and is further explored in the real
physical world. We try to implement a replacement method during this paper to solve assignment problems with
algorithm and solution steps. By using new method and computing by existing two methods, we analyse a
numerical example, also we compare the optimal solutions between this new method and two current methods. A
standardized technique, simple to use to solve assignment problems, may be the proposed method
Structural and Morphological Studies of Nano Composite Polymer Gel Electroly...vivatechijri
The document summarizes research on a nano composite polymer gel electrolyte containing SiO2 nanoparticles. Key points:
1. Polyvinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene polymer was used as the base polymer mixed with propylene carbonate, magnesium perchlorate, and SiO2 nanoparticles to synthesize the nano composite polymer gel electrolyte.
2. The electrolyte was characterized using XRD, SEM, and FTIR which confirmed the homogeneous dispersion of SiO2 nanoparticles and increased amorphous nature of the electrolyte, enhancing its ion conductivity.
3. XRD showed decreased crystallinity and disappearance of polymer peaks upon addition of SiO2. SEM revealed
Theoretical study of two dimensional Nano sheet for gas sensing applicationvivatechijri
This study is focus on various two dimensional material for sensing various gases with theoretical
view for new research in gas sensing application. In this paper we review various two dimensional sheet such as
Graphene, Boron Nitride nanosheet, Mxene and their application in sensing various gases present in the
atmosphere.
METHODS FOR DETECTION OF COMMON ADULTERANTS IN FOODvivatechijri
Food is essential forliving. Food adulteration deceives consumers and can endanger their health. The
purpose of this document is to list common food adulterant methods commonly found in India. An adulterant is
a substance found in other substances such as food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, fuels, or other chemicals that
compromise the safety or effectiveness of that substance. The addition of adulterants is called adulteration. The
most common reason for adulteration is the use of undeclared materials by manufacturers that are cheaper than
the correct and declared ones. The adulterants can be harmful or reduce the effectiveness of the product, or
they can be harmless.
The novel ideas of being a entrepreneur is a key for everyone to get in the hustle, but developing a
idea from core requires a systematic plan, time management, time investment and most importantly client
attention. The Time required for developing may vary from idea to idea and strength of the team. Leadership to
build a team and manage the same throughout the peak of development is the main quality. Innovations and
Techniques to qualify the huddles is another aspect of Business Development and client Retention.
Innovation for supporting prosperity has for quite some time been a focus on numerous orders, including PC science, brain research, and human-PC connection. In any case, the meaning of prosperity isn't continuously clear and this has suggestions for how we plan for and evaluate advances that intend to cultivate it. Here, we talk about current meanings of prosperity and how it relates with and now and then is a result of self-amazing quality. We at that point center around how innovations can uphold prosperity through encounters of self-amazing quality, finishing with conceivable future bearings.
An Alternative to Hard Drives in the Coming Future:DNA-BASED DATA STORAGEvivatechijri
Demand for data storage is growing exponentially, but the capacity of existing storage media is not keeping up, there emerges a requirement for a storage medium with high capacity, high storage density, and possibility to face up to extreme environmental conditions. According to a research in 2018, every minute Google conducted 3.88 million searches, other people posted 49,000 photos on Instagram, sent 159,362,760 e-mails, tweeted 473,000 times and watched 4.33 million videos on YouTube. In 2020 it estimated a creation of 1.7 megabytes of knowledge per second per person globally, which translates to about 418 zettabytes during a single year. The magnetic or optical data-storage systems that currently hold this volume of 0s and 1s typically cannot last for quite a century. Running data centres takes vast amounts of energy. In short, we are close to have a substantial data-storage problem which will only become more severe over time. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are often potentially used for these purposes because it isn't much different from the traditional method utilized in a computer. DNA’s information density is notable, 215 petabytes or 215 million gigabytes of data can be stored in just one gram of DNA. First we can encode all data at a molecular level and then store it in a medium that will last for a while and not become out-dated just like floppy disks. Due to the improved techniques for reading and writing DNA, a rapid increase is observed in the amount of possible data storage in DNA.
The usage of chatbots has increased tremendously since past few years. A conversational interface is an interface that the user can interact with by means of a conversation. The conversation can occur by speech but also by text input. When a chatty interface uses text, it is also described as a chatbot or a conversational medium. During this study, the user experience factors of these so called chatbots were investigated. The prime objective is “to spot the state of the art in chatbot usability and applied human-computer interaction methodologies, to research the way to assess chatbots usability". Two sorts of chatbots are formulated, one with and one without personalisation factors. the planning of this research may be a two-by-two factorial design. The independent variables are the two chatbots (unpersonalised versus personalised) and thus the speci?c task or goal the user are ready to do with the chatbot within the ?nancial ?eld (a simple versus a posh task). The results are that there was no noteworthy interaction effect between personalisation and task on the user experience of chatbots. A signi?cant di?erence was found between the two tasks with regard to the user experience of chatbots, however this variation wasn't because of personalisation.
The Smart glasses Technology of wearable computing aims to identify the computing devices into today’s world.(SGT) are wearable Computer glasses that is used to add the information alongside or what the wearer sees. They are also able to change their optical properties at runtime.(SGT) is used to be one of the modern computing devices that amalgamate the humans and machines with the help of information and communication technology. Smart glasses is mainly made up of an optical head-mounted display or embedded wireless glasses with transparent heads- up display or augmented reality (AR) overlay in it. In recent years, it is been used in the medical and gaming applications, and also in the education sector. This report basically focuses on smart glasses, one of the categories of wearable computing which is very popular presently in the media and expected to be a big market in the next coming years. It Evaluate the differences from smart glasses to other smart devices. It introduces many possible different applications from the different companies for the different types of audience and gives an overview of the different smart glasses which are available presently and will be available after the next few years.
Future Applications of Smart Iot Devicesvivatechijri
With the Internet of Things (IoT) bit by bit creating as the resulting time of the headway of the Internet, it gets critical to see the diverse expected zones for the utilization of IoT and the research challenges that are connected with these applications going from splendid savvy urban areas, to medical care administrations, shrewd farming, collaborations and retail. IoT is needed to attack into for all expectations and purposes for all pieces of our day-to-day life. Despite the fact that the current IoT enabling advancements have immensely improved in the continuous years, there are so far different issues that require attention. Since the IoT ideas results from heterogeneous advancements, many examination difficulties will arise. In like manner, IoT is planning for new components of exploration to be finished. This paper presents the progressing headway of IoT advancements and inspects future applications.
Cross Platform Development Using Fluttervivatechijri
Today the development of cross-platform mobile application has under the state of compromise. The developers are not willing to choose an alternative of either building the similar app many times for many operating systems or to accept a lowest common denominator and optimal solution that will going to trade the native speed, accuracy for portability. The Flutter is an open-source SDK for creating high-performance, high fidelity mobile apps for the development of iOS and Android. Few significant features of flutter are - Just-in-time compilation (JIT), Ahead- of-time compilation (AOT compilation) into a native (system-dependent) machine code so that the resulting binary file can execute natively. The Flutter’s hot reload functionality helps us to understand quickly and easily experiment, build UIs, add features, and fix bugs. Hot reload works by injecting updated source code files into the running Dart Virtual Machine (VM). With the help of Flutter, we believe that we would be having a solution that gives us the best of both worlds: hardware accelerated graphics and UI, powered by native ARM code, targeting both popular mobile operating systems.
The Internet, today, has become an important part of our lives. The World Wide Web that was once a small and inaccessible data storage service is now large and valuable. Current activities partially or completely integrated into the physical world can be made to a higher standard. All activities related to our daily life are mapped and linked to another business in the digital world. The world has seen great strides in the Internet and in 3D stereoscopic displays. The time has come to unite the two to bring a new level of experience to the users. 3D Internet is a concept that is yet to be used and requires browsers to be equipped with in-depth visualization and artificial intelligence. When this material is included, the Internet concept of material may become a reality discussed in this paper. In this paper we have discussed the features, possible setting methods, applications, and advantages and disadvantages of using the Internet. With this paper we aim to provide a clear view of 3D Internet and the potential benefits associated with this obviously cost the amount of investment needed to be used.
Recommender System (RS) has emerged as a significant research interest that aims to assist users to seek out items online by providing suggestions that closely match their interests. Recommender system, an information filtering technology employed in many items is presented in internet sites as per the interest of users, and is implemented in applications like movies, music, venue, books, research articles, tourism and social media normally. Recommender systems research is usually supported comparisons of predictive accuracy: the higher the evaluation scores, the higher the recommender. One amongst the leading approaches was the utilization of advice systems to proactively recommend scholarly papers to individual researchers. In today's world, time has more value and therefore the researchers haven't any much time to spend on trying to find the proper articles in line with their research domain. Recommender Systems are designed to suggest users the things that best fit the user needs and preferences. Recommender systems typically produce an inventory of recommendations in one among two ways -through collaborative or content-based filtering. Additionally, both the general public and also the non-public used descriptive metadata are used. The scope of the advice is therefore limited to variety of documents which are either publicly available or which are granted copyright permits. Recommendation systems (RS) support users and developers of varied computer and software systems to beat information overload, perform information discovery tasks and approximate computation, among others.
The study LiFi (Light Fidelity) demonstrates about how can we use this technology as a medium of communication similar to Wifi . This is the latest technology proposed by Harold Haas in 2011. It explains about the process of transmitting data with the help of illumination of an Led bulb and about its speed intensity to transmit data. Basically in this paper, author will discuss about the technology and also explain that how we can replace from WiFi to LiFi . WiFi generally used for wireless coverage within the buildings while LiFi is capable for high intensity wireless data coverage in limited areas with no obstacles .This research paper represents introduction of the Lifi technology,performance,modulation and challenges. This research paper can be used as a reference and knowledge to develop some of LiFitechnology.
Social media platform and Our right to privacyvivatechijri
The advancement of Information Technology has hastened the ability to disseminate information across the globe. In particular, the recent trends in ‘Social Networking’ have led to a spark in personally sensitive information being published on the World Wide Web. While such socially active websites are creative tools for expressing one’s personality it also entails serious privacy concerns. Thus, Social Networking websites could be termed a double edged sword. It is important for the law to keep abreast of these developments in technology. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the limits of extending existing laws to battle privacy intrusions in the Internet especially in the context of social networking. It is suggested that privacy specific legislation is the most appropriate means of protecting online privacy. In doing so it is important to maintain a balance between the competing right of expression, the failure of which may hinder the reaping of benefits offered by Internet technology
THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCEvivatechijri
THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE was innovatively created by Google engineers and it is ready for production in record time. The success of Google is to attributed the efficient search algorithm, and also to the underlying commodity hardware. As Google run number of application then Google’s goal became to build a vast storage network out of inexpensive commodity hardware. So Google create its own file system, named as THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE that is GFS. THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE is one of the largest file system in operation. Generally THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE is a scalable distributed file system of large distributed data intensive apps. In the design phase of THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE, in which the given stress includes component failures , files are huge and files are mutated by appending data. The entire file system is organized hierarchically in directories and identified by pathnames. The architecture comprises of multiple chunk servers, multiple clients and a single master. Files are divided into chunks, and that is the key design parameter. THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE also uses leases and mutation order in their design to achieve atomicity and consistency. As of there fault tolerance, THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE is highly available, replicas of chunk servers and master exists.
Google File System was innovatively created by Google engineers and it is ready for production in record time. The success of Google is to attributed the efficient search algorithm, and also to the underlying commodity hardware. As Google run number of application then Google’s goal became to build a vast storage network out of inexpensive commodity hardware. So Google create its own file system, named as Google File System that is GFS. Google File system is one of the largest file system in operation. Generally Google File System is a scalable distributed file system of large distributed data intensive apps. In the design phase of Google file system, in which the given stress includes component failures , files are huge and files are mutated by appending data. The entire file system is organized hierarchically in directories and identified by pathnames. The architecture comprises of multiple chunk servers, multiple clients and a single master. Files are divided into chunks, and that is the key design parameter. Google File System also uses leases and mutation order in their design to achieve atomicity and consistency. As of there fault tolerance, Google file system is highly available, replicas of chunk servers and master exists.
A Study of Tokenization of Real Estate Using Blockchain Technologyvivatechijri
Real estate is by far one of the most trusted investments that people have preferred, being a lucrative investment it provides a steady source of income in the form of lease and rents. Although there are numerous advantages, one of the key downsides of real estate investments is lack of liquidity. Thus, even though global real estate investments amount to about twice the size of investments in stock markets, the number of investors in the real estate market is significantly lower. Block chain technology has real potential in addressing the issues of liquidity and transparency, opening the market to even retail investors. Owing to the functionality and flexibility of creating Security Tokens, which are backed by real-world assets, real estate can be made liquid with the help of Special Purpose Vehicles. Tokens of ERC 777 standard, which represent fractional ownership of the real estate can be purchased by an investor and these tokens can also be listed on secondary exchanges. The robustness of Smart Contracts can enable the efficient transfer of tokens and seamless distribution of earnings amongst the investors. This work describes Ethereum blockchainbased solutions to make the existing Real Estate investment system much more efficient.
This is an overview of my current metallic design and engineering knowledge base built up over my professional career and two MSc degrees : - MSc in Advanced Manufacturing Technology University of Portsmouth graduated 1st May 1998, and MSc in Aircraft Engineering Cranfield University graduated 8th June 2007.
Data Communication and Computer Networks Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Networking is a telecommunications network that allows computers to exchange data. In
computer networks, networked computing devices pass data to each other along data
connections. Data is transferred in the form of packets. The connections between nodes are
established using either cable media or wireless media.
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji - Bandi Chor Guru.pdfBalvir Singh
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
• On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
afterwards, Guru Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mogul Emperor
Jahangir.
• Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606. He was barely
eleven years old when he became 6th Guru.
• As ordered by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, he put on two swords, one indicated his spiritual
authority (PIRI) and the other, his temporal authority (MIRI). He thus for the first time
initiated military tradition in the Sikh faith to resist religious persecution, protect
people’s freedom and independence to practice religion by choice. He transformed
Sikhs to be Saints and Soldier.
• He had a long tenure as Guru, lasting 37 years, 9 months and 3 days
An In-Depth Exploration of Natural Language Processing: Evolution, Applicatio...DharmaBanothu
Natural language processing (NLP) has
recently garnered significant interest for the
computational representation and analysis of human
language. Its applications span multiple domains such
as machine translation, email spam detection,
information extraction, summarization, healthcare,
and question answering. This paper first delineates
four phases by examining various levels of NLP and
components of Natural Language Generation,
followed by a review of the history and progression of
NLP. Subsequently, we delve into the current state of
the art by presenting diverse NLP applications,
contemporary trends, and challenges. Finally, we
discuss some available datasets, models, and
evaluation metrics in NLP.
Covid Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
CoVID-19 sprang up in Wuhan China in November 2019 and was declared a pandemic by the in January 2020 World Health Organization (WHO). Like the Spanish flu of 1918 that claimed millions of lives, the COVID-19 has caused the demise of thousands with China, Italy, Spain, USA and India having the highest statistics on infection and mortality rates. Regardless of existing sophisticated technologies and medical science, the spread has continued to surge high. With this COVID-19 Management System, organizations can respond virtually to the COVID-19 pandemic and protect, educate and care for citizens in the community in a quick and effective manner. This comprehensive solution not only helps in containing the virus but also proactively empowers both citizens and care providers to minimize the spread of the virus through targeted strategies and education.
Online train ticket booking system project.pdfKamal Acharya
Rail transport is one of the important modes of transport in India. Now a days we
see that there are railways that are present for the long as well as short distance
travelling which makes the life of the people easier. When compared to other
means of transport, a railway is the cheapest means of transport. The maintenance
of the railway database also plays a major role in the smooth running of this
system. The Online Train Ticket Management System will help in reserving the
tickets of the railways to travel from a particular source to the destination.
Call Girls Nagpur 8824825030 Escort In Nagpur service 24X7
Floating Construction
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Floating Construction
Amit Roy1
, Rehan Wagle2
, Ronak Vaghasiya3
, Pranit Wadekar4
1,2,3,4
(Civil Engineering Department, VIVA Institute of Technology, India)
Abstract: Global Warming has an enormous impact on melting glaciers and ice sheets. Rising
global temperatures melt glaciers increasing the amount of seawater. A large in rise sea level across the world
poses many threats. With continuous increase of rise in water level, the area occupied by land decreases. This
paper represents the study concerning floating construction to counter the ill effects of global warming in terms
of utilisation of offshore renewable energy resources and improving an awareness to construct them.
Keywords – Concrete Pontoon, Energy Efficiency, Floating Construction, Urbanisation.
1. INTRODUCTION
The increase in the growth of population of the world has led to the unmanageable use of land which
ultimately leads to the destruction of our environment. Population is increasing with each day passing and it is
becoming a huge trouble for the world. As per latest data (November 2018), population of the world is estimated
to have reached 7.7 billion.
There is no doubt that very large growth in human population is a crucial contributor to global warming,
because humans uses fossil fuels to leverage their rapidly mechanized lifestyle. More population means more
requirement for oil, gas, coal and other fuels, which are mined or drilled below the surface of the earth. Burning
these fossil fuels results in the emission of pollutants harmful to both human health and environment, spewing
carbon dioxide into the air thus polluting the atmosphere and increasing temperature.
Global warming has an enormous impact with respect to melting glaciers and ice sheets. Higher
global temperatures melt glaciers adding to the amount of seawater. A large rise sea levels across the world poses
many threats. With continuous increase of rise in water level, the area occupied by land decreases.
It is practically difficult to live against the water, but not impossible to live with the rising water level.
This project focuses on the design and construction of integrated habitable floating structure for fluctuating water
level, an alternative to the land structure. The development of integrated floating structure system is a new concept
and approach at present. Construction of floating structures shows that they not only have environmental benefits
but also conserve onshore conventional energy resources resulting in economic benefits.
2. PREVIOUS AND NEW GENERATION TECHNOLOGIES
It is said that Ancient China was the birthplace of the pontoon bridges. According to the text of the
ancient book, Shi Jing, from the Zhou Dynasty, first ever pontoon bridge was built in the 11th Century B.C.
Pontoon Bridges were constructed in the year 480 B.C. by Persian King Xerxes during the second
invasion of Greece by Persians. The major obstacle faced by the Persian soldiers was the Hellespont, a waterway.
King Xerxes bridged the gap with ships by placing them side by side, constructing a unique pair of bridge, instead
of carrying out ferrying operation. In order to withstand the strong waves and rogue winds, the Persians moored
the bridge with unequal size of anchors.
During Cholas period, their invasion across rivers, they used trained elephants over which planks were
laid for the passage of army towards other end.
Fig. 1 Old Floating Bridge
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With the Technological advancements, the design of floating construction has developed at a slow pace
through the years catering to various individual needs. However in recent years, due to global energy crisis, the
designs have become environmentally more aware. With proper design calculations, the floating constructions
can be situated far away from the shores which can be connected to seabed with proper mooring technology, so
that it does not get float away during the times of flood and with proper connection can even help the structure to
rise or fall with the rise or fall in water level during low and high tides.
In general, floating mechanism can be broadly classified into two categories which are floating on the
liquid and floating on the air. For this research paper purpose, the investigation will be carried out on the floating
mechanism for the structure to float on water. The most vital parameter for a floating construction is the weight
of the structure which it needs to carry. The buoyant force or lift capacity of the pontoon must be greater than the
weight of the structure including the self-weight of the pontoon.
Fig. 2 Floating Pontoon
Floating structures are connected with the shore line so that fresh water can be brought straight into the
residential units and sewage can be pumped back into sewer lines.
3. ENERGY EFFICIENCY OPPORTUNITIES
Considering global energy crisis, ocean and sea energy can prove to be producing a great deal of profit.
There are three main types of energy resources which can be obtained from sea. Those are, tidal energy, wave
energy and sea thermal energy. Energy obtained from sea has the advantage of being clean, pollution free and it
is renewable which is of great practical significance to improve our ecosystem and help us fight climate change,
conserve onshore energy and reduce the effect of global warming.
In addition to three renewable energy sources mentioned above, offshore winds can also be considered
as a clean source of ocean energy. The kinetic energy of the moving air above seas and ocean can be controlled
and make use of with the provisions of wind turbines. Offshore winds are comparatively stronger and steadier
than the offshore winds.
Wave energy is also one of the main energy sources that has the potential to address growing concerns
of global energy crisis and produce huge amount of energy over other renewable energy sources. It is an irregular
and oscillating low frequency that can be easily converted to a 60 Hertz frequency which can then be added to
electricity utility grid. There are basically three methods to harness wave energy:
Float or buoy systems that use the rise and fall of ocean expands to drive hydraulic pumps. The device
can be mounted to a floating raft or to an arrangement fixed on the ocean floor. A series of moored buoys
rise and fall with the waves. The movement smacks an electrical generator and makes electricity that is
then sent ashore by underwater power cable.
Oscillating water column are those devices in which the in-and-out motion of waves at the shoreline
enters the water column and force air to rotate a turbine. The column fills with water as the wave rises
and empties as it falls. In this process, air inside the column gets compressed and heats up, thus creating
energy as a piston does. That energy is then collected and sent to shore by electrical cable.
Tapered channel system, lean on a shore-mounted structure to channel and centralize the waves, steering
them into an elevated reservoir. Water flowing out of this reservoir is used to generate electricity, using
standard hydropower automation.
4. SUPERSTRUCTURE
The Superstructure can be designed by both using combination of structural steel and reinforced concrete
or reinforced concrete alone. Superstructure can also be designed using Prefabricated building materials that are
manufactured offsite and shipped later to assemble at the final location. Some of the commonly used prefabricated
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building materials are aluminium, steel, wood, fiberglass and concrete. Depending upon the type of structure and
load it needs to carry, the superstructure materials can be decided.
Fig. 3 Floating House
Conventional floating houses, normally houseboats, have been built in various countries in the places
vulnerable to floods, near seashore and on the lakes and rivers. In Australia, on the Murray River and along the
coastline of Queensland, there are many vehicular device equipped pontoon based houseboats with more than just
a bed room, some even having multi-storeyed structure. Houseboats can also be found in Lake Eldon in Victoria
and in Hawkesbury River near Sydney. Floating houses, as of now are constructed which float only during floods.
Thus, there are two broad type of floating construction, one which float endlessly and other that float only during
flood waters else get placed on ground, particularly during dry season when there is no water.
There are two general basic principles for making floating houses. First is the pontoon principle, in which
a solid platform is constructed which is lighter than the surrounding water and the other is based on the ship or
boat in which a hollow concrete box is created which is kept open at the top. The pontoon principle has the benefit
of its use in shallow water as well as in deep water, compared to the hollow concrete box which has the benefit of
higher space utilization within as a part of the construction. Both type of floating houses are connected with a
flexible connection to the dock, so the houses can rise and fall with the water during high tides and during low
tides. When required the floating construction can also be moved elsewhere at short notice without causing any
damage to the environment.
The superstructure of the floating construction in consideration has been designed as a composite
structure, with slabs designed with RCC of grade M25 and beams and columns of steel sections, which has to
transmit a factored load 7014kN.
5. FLOATING COMPARTMENT
The floating compartment is a watertight vessel where buoyancy is required in water, which is inflatable
to support a bridge or a temporary or mobile structure. The pontoons can be made up of different materials, each
having its own advantages and disadvantages and type of structure or intensity load to be carried.
Fiberglass Pontoon: Fiberglass is used as a construction substance for the hulls of many boats as it is a
flimsy and fairly long-lasting material. It is not subject to rust. If the pontoons are punctured or harmed,
and require repairs, the cost of repairing them can be quite expensive. It is equitably durable, but cannot
carry heavy loads.
Foam filled Pontoon: The big benefit with foam filled pontoon is that they are not hollow, so they cannot
leak. They are also usually inexpensive to manufacture, as they typically have a plastic exterior and don’t
require a thick and protective casing to shield an empty interior. Foam filled pontoons typically have to
be fairly small, as the wider they get, the lower the pontoon sits in the water, which leads to more pull.
Steel Pontoon: Many antiquated pontoon boats were made using steel, as it is a cheaper substance. The
big benefit to steel pontoons is that they are almost always used. The big drawback of steel for pontoon
is that steel is a corrosive material, and it will become rusty over time when exposed to moisture and air.
This leads to leaks and cracks, which requires persistent maintenance and may require substantial repairs.
It can carry heavy loads.
Concrete Pontoon: Concrete pontoons stand out in contradistinction to other pontoons for its firmness
and imperishability. The concrete pontoons are filled with foam plastic which is then covered from all
sides with concrete. The pontoons made up of concrete are designed to last for 40-50 years when
compared with the pontoons which are lighter in weight and are made up of wood, for its functioning in
harsh environmental conditions. The pontoons constructed from concrete and Styrofoam achieves a high
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level of buoyancy along with high degree of stability thus making it practically unsinkable. The
constructed pontoon structure has insignificant effect on the built environment as well as on the aquatic
life and has low to zero maintenance.
Fig. 3: Floating Compartment
The floating compartment or pontoon consists of top slab, concrete walls and bottom slab. The entire
size of the pontoon depends upon the area of the structure resting above as well as the maximum load likely to act
upon it. The overall construction of the pontoon involves setting of wall forms, rebars, and installation of post-
tensioning ducts; setting of wall forms for internal concrete walls; pouring of concrete for both exterior as well as
interior concrete walls; installation of rebars of top slab and post tensioning ducts; pouring of top slab concrete
and lastly removal of wall forms and perform post tensioning to add strength to the top slab.
6. FORCE OF BUOYANCY
The upward thrust exerted by the fluid on the body when immersed is known as force of buoyancy or
buoyant force or simply buoyancy. This upward force acting on the body is equal to the weight of the fluid
displaced by the body. The principle of buoyancy discovered by ancient Greek Mathematician, Archimedes states
that, any body whether entirely or partly submerged in a fluid (liquid or gas) at rest is acted upon by an upward
force, which is equal to the magnitude of the weight of the fluid displaced by the body, acting at the centre of
mass. For example, when a ship is launched into an ocean, it sinks, until the weight of the water it displaces is
equal to the weight of the body.
An object is more buoyant in salt water than it is in fresh water. This is because, the dissolved salts in
water increases its density or its mass per unit volume. The salt already present in sea water or in ocean, reacts
with the water molecules, thus forming a polar bond. As per Archimedes principle, the upward push acting on the
submerged body is equal to the weight of the water displaced by the body acting at the centre of mass. The density
of sea water is 10.3 kN/m3 whereas that of ordinary water is 10 kN/m3.
Table 1: Calculation of Buoyant Force
Units L (m) B (m) H (m)
Unit Weight
(kN/m3
)
Service Load
(kN)
Load from Structure - - - - 4676
Pontoon Top Slab
(Dead Wt.)
60 45 0.775 25 11508.75
Pontoon Top Slab
(Imposed Wt.)
60 45 0.775 5.5 14850
Pontoon Bottom
Slab
60 45 0.700 25 47250
Shear Walls 175.139 7.000 25 30649.33
Total 146396.6
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The volume of cavity inside the pontoon as calculated is found to be 17674.03m3. Total weight of water
being replaced by air is calculated to be 173382.2kN which is greater than the total load acting downwards
including self-weight of the pontoon by 26985.6kN. This force known as the uplift force or the buoyant force will
help the floating construction afloat on water.
7. DEGREE OF FLOATING STABILITY
Density plays a crucial role in Archimedes Principle because of the fact that, density of the object will
be the ultimate determination factor whether an object will float or sink. A submerged body or floating body is
said to be stable if it comes back to its original position after a slight disturbance. The positions of centre of gravity
and centre of buoyancy are key terms in determining the stability of a floating body. For the floating structure,
structural stability is very important to prevent failure of the structure caused by overturning due to angular
displacement.
For the study of floating stability of a structure, it is very important to determine the positions of the
various forces acting upon the structure. Stability can be defined as the extent to which an object to return to the
stable equilibrium position. The stability is calculated first by determining the centre of buoyancy, which also
happens to be the centre of the volume of the submerged part of floating construction. The extent to which the
buoyancy centre (FB) moves in a certain angle depends on the width of the float base. The wider the float base,
the small the shifting distance of the buoyancy centre (B) will be from the centre. When the body is given a small
angular displacement, its starts oscillating about a point known as the Meta-Centre. The distance between the
meta-centre of a floating body and the centre of gravity of a floating body is called meta-centric height. The lower
the centre of gravity the greater is the distance between centre of gravity and meta-centre. This leads to more
stable structure.
Fig. 4 Meta-centric height for a cubical floating body
The expression for the Meta-centric height, GM is,
Meta-centric height, GM = I/V - CG where,
I = Moment of Inertia; V = Volume; CG = Centre of Gravity
The meta-centric height for the floating structure is calculated as 28.265m.
Basically, floating house model is to be able to have at least 500mm above the water surface when it is
fully loaded. The buffer height of 500mm above water surface is to cater for any miscellaneous loading added
which might cause the structure to be just above the water surface. The idea of buffer height of 500mm above
water surface is to prevent the water from spreading onto the slab. As referred to the target of having at least
500mm height above the water surface as discussed, this height is evaluated as below:
Height above water surface = [(26985.6 x 1000)/9.81] / (1000 x 60 x 45) = 1.018m = 1018mm
8. SCOPE AND LIMITATION
Scope:
A floating construction is comparatively cheaper than a construction on land
It can achieve significant energy savings everyday
Different modules are readily available for quick assemble
Installation process is lucid
Suitable for all types of water including oceans
Size variance is possible
Excellent Stability of the structure with proper design considerations.
Requires maintenance on rarely basis.
Limitation:
Mooring Connector technology is still experimental
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The cost of construction is high
Skilled labours are required
High end equipments are required for construction of floating structures, which ultimately increases the
cost of project
9. CONCLUSION
This paper analysed a brief description of the construction of floating structures and energy resources
produced by tides, waves and offshore winds. Construction of floating structures shows that they do not only
possess environmental benefits but also utilizes offshore renewable energy resources resulting in economic
benefits. The design must be carried out using light weight construction stuffs and the entire structure must have
a stable arrangement. This paper presented that floating construction can be an interesting way to combine offshore
energy resources and floating architecture. This forthcoming technology will be in application in many parts of
the world, when the existing land surface will be taken away with the rising water level, which is ill effect of rapid
increasing population and global warming. This paper not only discussed about the concept of floating structures
but also encouraged to use offshore energy resources.
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