This document provides examples and steps for calculating earthwork quantities for roads and canals. It includes sample problems showing how to calculate the cross-sectional area of a canal cutting using the width, depth, and side slopes. It also shows how to calculate earthwork quantities using the mid-sectional area method and mean sectional area method by considering the ground level, formation level, height/depth at different stations, and length between stations. Formulas and tables with chainage, height, depth, areas, and quantities are provided for illustrative examples.
Permeability and factors affecting permeability roshan mankhair
Permeability is the property of soil that allows water to flow through it, denoted by 'K'. Factors that affect permeability include grain size, properties of pore water, temperature, void ratio, stratification, entrapped air/organics, adsorbed water, degree of saturation, shape of particles, and structure of the soil mass. Permeability generally increases with larger grain size, higher temperatures, and void ratios, and decreases with stratified layers perpendicular to flow, entrapped air/organics, adsorbed water, partial saturation, angular particles, and dispersed soil structures.
This document discusses materials used in highway construction including aggregates, bitumen, asphalt, cement, and steel reinforcement. It provides details on the composition, production, and properties of these materials. Aggregates include sand, gravel, and crushed stone. Bitumen and asphalt are refined from crude oil and used to bind aggregates in asphalt concrete. Cement is produced by heating limestone and clay and is the binding agent in concrete. Steel reinforcement provides tensile strength to concrete.
The document discusses permeability, which is the property of soil that allows water to flow through it. Permeability depends on factors like particle size, void ratio, and degree of saturation. Methods to determine the coefficient of permeability include constant head tests, falling head tests, and pumping tests. Darcy's law states that the rate of water flow through soil is proportional to the hydraulic gradient, where the coefficient of proportionality is the permeability. The law was established by Henry Darcy based on experiments in 1856 and is valid for laminar flow through saturated soils.
This document provides information on index properties, relationships, and tests for soils. It discusses topics like phase diagrams, basic terms and definitions, functional relationships, determination of index properties, and relative density. Phase diagrams for soils that are partially dry/saturated and fully dry/saturated are presented. Key terms like water content, bulk unit weight, dry unit weight, saturated unit weight, specific gravity, void ratio, porosity, degree of saturation are defined. Relationships between these terms and how they relate to volume and mass are also derived. Common methods for determining index properties like water content, specific gravity, and dry density are described.
The document describes the standard Proctor compaction test procedure. The test is used to determine the maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of soils. It involves compacting soil samples at incrementally increased moisture contents using a specified compaction method. A compaction curve is plotted showing the relationship between dry density and moisture content. The peak of the curve indicates the optimum moisture content and maximum dry density achieved for that soil. The test uses a cylindrical metal mold, rammer, balance, oven and other equipment to compact and analyze the soil samples according to steps that sieve, mix, compact and weigh the soil at different moistures.
Permeability and factors affecting permeability roshan mankhair
Permeability is the property of soil that allows water to flow through it, denoted by 'K'. Factors that affect permeability include grain size, properties of pore water, temperature, void ratio, stratification, entrapped air/organics, adsorbed water, degree of saturation, shape of particles, and structure of the soil mass. Permeability generally increases with larger grain size, higher temperatures, and void ratios, and decreases with stratified layers perpendicular to flow, entrapped air/organics, adsorbed water, partial saturation, angular particles, and dispersed soil structures.
This document discusses materials used in highway construction including aggregates, bitumen, asphalt, cement, and steel reinforcement. It provides details on the composition, production, and properties of these materials. Aggregates include sand, gravel, and crushed stone. Bitumen and asphalt are refined from crude oil and used to bind aggregates in asphalt concrete. Cement is produced by heating limestone and clay and is the binding agent in concrete. Steel reinforcement provides tensile strength to concrete.
The document discusses permeability, which is the property of soil that allows water to flow through it. Permeability depends on factors like particle size, void ratio, and degree of saturation. Methods to determine the coefficient of permeability include constant head tests, falling head tests, and pumping tests. Darcy's law states that the rate of water flow through soil is proportional to the hydraulic gradient, where the coefficient of proportionality is the permeability. The law was established by Henry Darcy based on experiments in 1856 and is valid for laminar flow through saturated soils.
This document provides information on index properties, relationships, and tests for soils. It discusses topics like phase diagrams, basic terms and definitions, functional relationships, determination of index properties, and relative density. Phase diagrams for soils that are partially dry/saturated and fully dry/saturated are presented. Key terms like water content, bulk unit weight, dry unit weight, saturated unit weight, specific gravity, void ratio, porosity, degree of saturation are defined. Relationships between these terms and how they relate to volume and mass are also derived. Common methods for determining index properties like water content, specific gravity, and dry density are described.
The document describes the standard Proctor compaction test procedure. The test is used to determine the maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of soils. It involves compacting soil samples at incrementally increased moisture contents using a specified compaction method. A compaction curve is plotted showing the relationship between dry density and moisture content. The peak of the curve indicates the optimum moisture content and maximum dry density achieved for that soil. The test uses a cylindrical metal mold, rammer, balance, oven and other equipment to compact and analyze the soil samples according to steps that sieve, mix, compact and weigh the soil at different moistures.
The document discusses different types of geosynthetics including geotextiles, geogrids, geomembranes, and geocomposites. It provides details on their manufacturing processes and applications in civil engineering projects. Geotextiles include woven, nonwoven, knitted, and stitched fabrics that are used for separation, filtration, drainage, reinforcement, and erosion control. Geogrids and geomembranes are stiff polymer sheets used for reinforcement and as barriers. The document outlines common functions of geosynthetics like separation, reinforcement, filtration, drainage, and erosion control. It provides examples of their applications in walls, waste water treatment, and other civil works. Properties discussed include physical characteristics and hydraulic
This document discusses soil mechanics concepts related to lateral earth pressure. It defines active and passive earth pressures and describes Rankine's theory and assumptions for calculating lateral pressures on retaining walls. Equations are provided for determining active and passive earth pressure coefficients and distributions for cohesionless and cohesive soils. The effects of groundwater, surcharges, and sloping backfills are also examined. Sample problems are included to calculate lateral earth pressures and forces on retaining walls for different soil and loading conditions.
Rates Analysis For Calculating Material and Labour for building works ALI HYDER GADHI
The document discusses the analysis of rates for construction items. It provides materials costs, labor costs, and calculations to determine the total rate per unit of different construction works. For example, it calculates that the rate of excavation work is Rs. 9857 per cubic meter based on labor and materials. It also provides an example of determining the materials required for a 10 square meter conglomerate floor with two layers of concrete.
Pumping stations are necessary to lift wastewater in certain situations, such as when sewage needs to be pumped over ridges or into treatment plants at higher elevations. A pumping station contains elements like grit channels, screens, a wet well, dry well housing pumps, and rising mains to transport sewage to higher gravity sewers. Proper design considers flow rates, sediment removal, pump access and reliability, and connections to discharge sewage safely.
1) The document discusses ground improvement techniques of preloading and vertical drainage. Preloading involves applying a surcharge load to improve soil strength and reduce settlements before construction.
2) Vertical drains are often used with preloading to accelerate consolidation by shortening the drainage path. Common types are sand drains and prefabricated vertical drains.
3) Vacuum preloading is described as an alternative to conventional preloading using surcharge loads, applying atmospheric pressure via a membrane system instead. This requires an effective drainage and vacuum maintenance system.
This document discusses soil sampling and exploration. It describes different types of soil samples including disturbed, undisturbed, representative and non-representative samples. It discusses criteria for obtaining undisturbed samples and transporting and preserving samples. Different types of soil samplers are described. Factors related to planning a soil exploration program such as spacing and depth of borings are covered. Components of a soil exploration report are outlined.
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW AND HYDRAULIC MACHINERY
Open channel flow: Types of flows – Type of channels – Velocity distribution – Energy and momentum correction factors – Chezy’s, Manning’s; and Bazin formula for uniform flow – Most Economical sections. Critical flow: Specific energy-critical depth – computation of critical depth – critical sub-critical – super critical flows
Non-uniform flows –Dynamic equation for G.V.F., Mild, Critical, Steep, horizontal and adverse slopes-surface profiles-direct step method- Rapidly varied flow, hydraulic jump, energy dissipation
The document discusses job layout, which is a scaled drawing of a construction site showing key features like entry/exit points, storage areas, and temporary facilities. It notes that a job layout is prepared to promote efficient work without obstructions. The document then provides:
- A brief history of static vs. dynamic site models.
- The purposes of preparing a job layout, which include saving time/money, safety, and maximizing output.
- Factors that affect job layout decisions, like the project nature, construction methods, and available resources.
- The principal steps in preparing a job layout, such as locating administrative areas, warehouses, and temporary roads.
Lacey's regime theory states that the dimensions and slope of a channel are uniquely determined by the discharge, silt load, and erodibility of the soil material. A channel is in regime if there is no scouring or silting. Lacey proposed equations to calculate parameters like velocity, slope, and dimensions based on variables like discharge, silt factor, and side slopes. The theory has limitations as the conditions of true regime cannot be achieved and parameters like silt grade/load are not clearly defined. Lacey also developed shock theory accounting for form resistance due to bed irregularities.
The document discusses sewage pumping stations. Sewage pumping stations are needed when sewage must be raised to flow by gravity, such as when basements are too low to discharge into main sewers or sewage must be conveyed over ridges. Problems with sewage pumping include fouling, solids causing clogs, corrosion from waste, health risks from pathogens, and flow variations. Pumping stations have dry wells to house pumps and wet wells for incoming sewage. Design considerations include retention time, water levels, screens, standby pumps, space for future pumps, and formulas for head loss and pump power.
The document discusses hydrology and the runoff process. It defines runoff and describes its key components: surface runoff, groundwater flow, and direct precipitation over rivers. It explains the runoff process when rainfall occurs and factors that affect runoff like precipitation characteristics, catchment shape and size, topography, geology, and storage. The runoff cycle and its four conditions - end of dry period, start of rainfall, end of heavy rainfall, and after rainfall - are outlined. Finally, the document summarizes the rainfall-runoff process and definitions of related terms.
This document discusses duty of water and delta in irrigation engineering. It defines duty of water as the area irrigated using 1 cumec of continuous water supply. Delta is defined as the total depth of water required by a crop in its base period. Duty is calculated using the formula D=8.64/B(days) * Δ(meters). Several factors that affect duty are discussed such as crop type, irrigation method, soil type, climate etc. Methods to improve duty include proper land preparation, lining canals to reduce seepage, using efficient irrigation methods, and training farmers in optimal water usage.
This document discusses the index properties of soil, which can be divided into soil grain properties and soil aggregate properties. Soil grain properties depend on individual grains and are independent of formation, including mineral composition, specific gravity, grain size and shape. Soil aggregate properties depend on the soil mass as a whole and represent collective behavior, influenced by stress history, formation and structure. Common index properties discussed include grain size distribution, Atterberg limits which classify soil consistency, and plasticity index. Engineering applications of index properties include soil classification, permeability estimation, and criteria for materials selection.
The document summarizes the standard penetration test (SPT), a common in situ geotechnical testing method. It describes the basic procedure, which involves driving a split spoon sampler into subsurface soils using a hammer, and recording the number of blows required for each increment of penetration. Corrections are made to SPT values to account for overburden pressure and dilatancy. Empirical correlations are presented relating SPT values to properties like density, shear strength, and consistency of cohesionless and cohesive soils. Both advantages like being inexpensive and quick, and limitations like lack of precision are discussed.
The document discusses various processes involved in water treatment, including screening, sedimentation, coagulation, flocculation, and disinfection. Screening involves using coarse and fine screens to remove large and small particles from water. Sedimentation allows particles to settle out of water through detention in tanks. Coagulation uses chemicals like alum to form flocs that attract smaller particles. Flocculation occurs in tanks with paddles to keep flocs suspended. Disinfection uses chemicals like chlorine to kill pathogens. Design considerations for sedimentation tanks, mixing basins, and flocculators are also covered.
This document provides an overview of groundwater flow concepts including:
- Derivation of the Laplace equation and equations for steady and unsteady confined and unconfined groundwater flow from Darcy's law and the continuity equation.
- Definitions of specific yield, specific storage, and storativity and their relationships.
- Expressions for one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and seepage flow.
- Analytical solutions for steady one-dimensional flow in confined and unconfined aquifers with constant and variable thickness.
Determination of co efficient of consolidation methodParth Joshi
This document discusses two methods for determining the coefficient of consolidation (Cv) of soil through consolidation testing: the square root of time fitting method and the logarithm of time fitting method. The square root of time fitting method involves plotting dial readings versus the square root of time to obtain Cv. The logarithm of time fitting method involves plotting dial readings versus the log of time and using the 50% consolidation point to calculate Cv based on drainage path and time.
This document discusses surface runoff, stream flow, hydrographs, and unit hydrographs. It begins by defining surface runoff and stream flow, explaining that surface runoff occurs when precipitation is unable to infiltrate the ground and flows overland into streams, rivers, and other bodies of water. It then discusses measuring stream flow through various methods like current meters and weirs to determine discharge. The document introduces the concept of hydrographs, which plot discharge over time, and unit hydrographs, which represent the hydrograph resulting from 1 unit of excess precipitation. It provides examples of using unit hydrographs and the S-curve method to develop hydrographs of different durations.
The document presents the results of a student fieldwork exercise in surveying. It includes leveling data collected at 12 stations using both the rise and fall method and the collimation method. Adjustments were made to both data sets to account for instrumental errors. The final misclosure of -0.029m was within an acceptable range, demonstrating the accuracy of the leveling exercise. The document provides background on leveling techniques and terminology to contextualize the collected data and results.
The document describes a levelling fieldwork report conducted by students. It includes an introduction to levelling, the objectives and procedures of the fieldwork, definitions of levelling terms, raw and adjusted leveling data using the collimation and rise-fall methods, and a conclusion stating the fieldwork was conducted and the data was processed. The fieldwork allowed students to apply their theoretical knowledge of levelling and gain practical surveying skills through cooperative work.
The document discusses different types of geosynthetics including geotextiles, geogrids, geomembranes, and geocomposites. It provides details on their manufacturing processes and applications in civil engineering projects. Geotextiles include woven, nonwoven, knitted, and stitched fabrics that are used for separation, filtration, drainage, reinforcement, and erosion control. Geogrids and geomembranes are stiff polymer sheets used for reinforcement and as barriers. The document outlines common functions of geosynthetics like separation, reinforcement, filtration, drainage, and erosion control. It provides examples of their applications in walls, waste water treatment, and other civil works. Properties discussed include physical characteristics and hydraulic
This document discusses soil mechanics concepts related to lateral earth pressure. It defines active and passive earth pressures and describes Rankine's theory and assumptions for calculating lateral pressures on retaining walls. Equations are provided for determining active and passive earth pressure coefficients and distributions for cohesionless and cohesive soils. The effects of groundwater, surcharges, and sloping backfills are also examined. Sample problems are included to calculate lateral earth pressures and forces on retaining walls for different soil and loading conditions.
Rates Analysis For Calculating Material and Labour for building works ALI HYDER GADHI
The document discusses the analysis of rates for construction items. It provides materials costs, labor costs, and calculations to determine the total rate per unit of different construction works. For example, it calculates that the rate of excavation work is Rs. 9857 per cubic meter based on labor and materials. It also provides an example of determining the materials required for a 10 square meter conglomerate floor with two layers of concrete.
Pumping stations are necessary to lift wastewater in certain situations, such as when sewage needs to be pumped over ridges or into treatment plants at higher elevations. A pumping station contains elements like grit channels, screens, a wet well, dry well housing pumps, and rising mains to transport sewage to higher gravity sewers. Proper design considers flow rates, sediment removal, pump access and reliability, and connections to discharge sewage safely.
1) The document discusses ground improvement techniques of preloading and vertical drainage. Preloading involves applying a surcharge load to improve soil strength and reduce settlements before construction.
2) Vertical drains are often used with preloading to accelerate consolidation by shortening the drainage path. Common types are sand drains and prefabricated vertical drains.
3) Vacuum preloading is described as an alternative to conventional preloading using surcharge loads, applying atmospheric pressure via a membrane system instead. This requires an effective drainage and vacuum maintenance system.
This document discusses soil sampling and exploration. It describes different types of soil samples including disturbed, undisturbed, representative and non-representative samples. It discusses criteria for obtaining undisturbed samples and transporting and preserving samples. Different types of soil samplers are described. Factors related to planning a soil exploration program such as spacing and depth of borings are covered. Components of a soil exploration report are outlined.
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW AND HYDRAULIC MACHINERY
Open channel flow: Types of flows – Type of channels – Velocity distribution – Energy and momentum correction factors – Chezy’s, Manning’s; and Bazin formula for uniform flow – Most Economical sections. Critical flow: Specific energy-critical depth – computation of critical depth – critical sub-critical – super critical flows
Non-uniform flows –Dynamic equation for G.V.F., Mild, Critical, Steep, horizontal and adverse slopes-surface profiles-direct step method- Rapidly varied flow, hydraulic jump, energy dissipation
The document discusses job layout, which is a scaled drawing of a construction site showing key features like entry/exit points, storage areas, and temporary facilities. It notes that a job layout is prepared to promote efficient work without obstructions. The document then provides:
- A brief history of static vs. dynamic site models.
- The purposes of preparing a job layout, which include saving time/money, safety, and maximizing output.
- Factors that affect job layout decisions, like the project nature, construction methods, and available resources.
- The principal steps in preparing a job layout, such as locating administrative areas, warehouses, and temporary roads.
Lacey's regime theory states that the dimensions and slope of a channel are uniquely determined by the discharge, silt load, and erodibility of the soil material. A channel is in regime if there is no scouring or silting. Lacey proposed equations to calculate parameters like velocity, slope, and dimensions based on variables like discharge, silt factor, and side slopes. The theory has limitations as the conditions of true regime cannot be achieved and parameters like silt grade/load are not clearly defined. Lacey also developed shock theory accounting for form resistance due to bed irregularities.
The document discusses sewage pumping stations. Sewage pumping stations are needed when sewage must be raised to flow by gravity, such as when basements are too low to discharge into main sewers or sewage must be conveyed over ridges. Problems with sewage pumping include fouling, solids causing clogs, corrosion from waste, health risks from pathogens, and flow variations. Pumping stations have dry wells to house pumps and wet wells for incoming sewage. Design considerations include retention time, water levels, screens, standby pumps, space for future pumps, and formulas for head loss and pump power.
The document discusses hydrology and the runoff process. It defines runoff and describes its key components: surface runoff, groundwater flow, and direct precipitation over rivers. It explains the runoff process when rainfall occurs and factors that affect runoff like precipitation characteristics, catchment shape and size, topography, geology, and storage. The runoff cycle and its four conditions - end of dry period, start of rainfall, end of heavy rainfall, and after rainfall - are outlined. Finally, the document summarizes the rainfall-runoff process and definitions of related terms.
This document discusses duty of water and delta in irrigation engineering. It defines duty of water as the area irrigated using 1 cumec of continuous water supply. Delta is defined as the total depth of water required by a crop in its base period. Duty is calculated using the formula D=8.64/B(days) * Δ(meters). Several factors that affect duty are discussed such as crop type, irrigation method, soil type, climate etc. Methods to improve duty include proper land preparation, lining canals to reduce seepage, using efficient irrigation methods, and training farmers in optimal water usage.
This document discusses the index properties of soil, which can be divided into soil grain properties and soil aggregate properties. Soil grain properties depend on individual grains and are independent of formation, including mineral composition, specific gravity, grain size and shape. Soil aggregate properties depend on the soil mass as a whole and represent collective behavior, influenced by stress history, formation and structure. Common index properties discussed include grain size distribution, Atterberg limits which classify soil consistency, and plasticity index. Engineering applications of index properties include soil classification, permeability estimation, and criteria for materials selection.
The document summarizes the standard penetration test (SPT), a common in situ geotechnical testing method. It describes the basic procedure, which involves driving a split spoon sampler into subsurface soils using a hammer, and recording the number of blows required for each increment of penetration. Corrections are made to SPT values to account for overburden pressure and dilatancy. Empirical correlations are presented relating SPT values to properties like density, shear strength, and consistency of cohesionless and cohesive soils. Both advantages like being inexpensive and quick, and limitations like lack of precision are discussed.
The document discusses various processes involved in water treatment, including screening, sedimentation, coagulation, flocculation, and disinfection. Screening involves using coarse and fine screens to remove large and small particles from water. Sedimentation allows particles to settle out of water through detention in tanks. Coagulation uses chemicals like alum to form flocs that attract smaller particles. Flocculation occurs in tanks with paddles to keep flocs suspended. Disinfection uses chemicals like chlorine to kill pathogens. Design considerations for sedimentation tanks, mixing basins, and flocculators are also covered.
This document provides an overview of groundwater flow concepts including:
- Derivation of the Laplace equation and equations for steady and unsteady confined and unconfined groundwater flow from Darcy's law and the continuity equation.
- Definitions of specific yield, specific storage, and storativity and their relationships.
- Expressions for one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and seepage flow.
- Analytical solutions for steady one-dimensional flow in confined and unconfined aquifers with constant and variable thickness.
Determination of co efficient of consolidation methodParth Joshi
This document discusses two methods for determining the coefficient of consolidation (Cv) of soil through consolidation testing: the square root of time fitting method and the logarithm of time fitting method. The square root of time fitting method involves plotting dial readings versus the square root of time to obtain Cv. The logarithm of time fitting method involves plotting dial readings versus the log of time and using the 50% consolidation point to calculate Cv based on drainage path and time.
This document discusses surface runoff, stream flow, hydrographs, and unit hydrographs. It begins by defining surface runoff and stream flow, explaining that surface runoff occurs when precipitation is unable to infiltrate the ground and flows overland into streams, rivers, and other bodies of water. It then discusses measuring stream flow through various methods like current meters and weirs to determine discharge. The document introduces the concept of hydrographs, which plot discharge over time, and unit hydrographs, which represent the hydrograph resulting from 1 unit of excess precipitation. It provides examples of using unit hydrographs and the S-curve method to develop hydrographs of different durations.
The document presents the results of a student fieldwork exercise in surveying. It includes leveling data collected at 12 stations using both the rise and fall method and the collimation method. Adjustments were made to both data sets to account for instrumental errors. The final misclosure of -0.029m was within an acceptable range, demonstrating the accuracy of the leveling exercise. The document provides background on leveling techniques and terminology to contextualize the collected data and results.
The document describes a levelling fieldwork report conducted by students. It includes an introduction to levelling, the objectives and procedures of the fieldwork, definitions of levelling terms, raw and adjusted leveling data using the collimation and rise-fall methods, and a conclusion stating the fieldwork was conducted and the data was processed. The fieldwork allowed students to apply their theoretical knowledge of levelling and gain practical surveying skills through cooperative work.
The document describes a student's levelling fieldwork report. It includes an introduction to levelling, the objectives and procedures of the fieldwork, definitions of levelling terms, raw and adjusted leveling data tables using the collimation and rise-and-fall methods, and a conclusion stating the fieldwork was successfully completed. The fieldwork allowed students to apply their theoretical knowledge of levelling techniques and gain practical surveying skills and experience through cooperative work.
Fantastic tutorial, shared with us by Dario Ilardi, of Grafica2d3d.com, I recommend to see.
The website is in Italian, but it is full of excellent tutorials, understandable in any language.
This great tutorial, explain, step by step, how to obtain, by using vray 2.0 for sketchup, a render, clear and clean as what we see in the picture below.
Dario say : " I'm experimenting with the use of brute force as a substitute of irradiance map and I must say that in terms of speed and quality impressed me positively "
Thanks so much Dario for this one, the result is really good !
This document provides a program of work and cost estimate for constructing a diversion works structure in Barangay Aslum, Leyte, Philippines. It includes a project description, duration, needed equipment, personnel, itemized scope of works, cost breakdown, funding sources, concrete and rebar estimates, and excavation details. The total estimated cost is PHP 687,964.80. It seeks to implement the sub-project through a KALAHI-CIDSS grant and contributions from community and local government units.
This document provides specifications for wide flange steel shapes, including:
1) Dimensional specifications and properties like cross-sectional area, moments of inertia, radii of gyration, and modulus of section for various steel sizes.
2) Tolerances for dimensions of widths, depths, thicknesses.
3) Chemical composition and mechanical properties for different grades of steel.
4) Table of weights in kg/m and kg/12m for common hot rolled beam, wide flange, and H-beam sizes.
biaxial footing will have staad model interaction. with scroll system more than 100 load cases can be analysed & printed in separate sheet. saves considerable time
This document provides a cost summary for constructing a breeder farm including the land, buildings, facilities, water and electric systems. The total estimated cost is 202,469,747.75 Taka. It then provides details of the estimated costs to construct the main breeder houses which consist of 4 identical buildings costing 156,804,276 Taka each for a total of 19,600,534,000 Taka for the main houses. Breakdowns of the estimated costs for building elements like floors, walls, roofs etc. are given for each building.
The document provides specifications for wide flange shapes, including:
- Dimensional specifications and tolerances for various metric sizes
- Chemical composition and mechanical properties of steel grades
- Tables listing the section properties and weights of different wide flange sections
- The specifications are according to the JIS G3192 standard
A_MukherjeePresn for engineers good fileZiad Salem
This document discusses the evaluation of roll pass design using software. It describes the objectives of roll pass design which is to reduce the cross-sectional area in each pass to gradually form the desired product profile. It then explains the rolling process and factors to consider in roll pass design like taper percentage, groove angles, and fitting. Finally, it shows an example evaluation of 19 passes to reduce a material's cross sectional area and calculates the required power in each pass.
This document discusses different types of traverses used in geomatics, including loop and link traverses. It provides steps to complete a loop traverse, including computing latitudes and departures, azimuths, and final coordinates. It also discusses issues that can arise from short legs in a traverse, where carrying the orientation through subsequent legs can distort the overall shape of the traverse. Precision is computed to be around 1/4300 for the example loop traverse.
This document contains technical specifications and performance metrics for a link between Iranshar TV and Iranshahr PC, including their locations, antenna details, frequencies used, path length, losses, reliability factors, and a graph of elevation along the path. The link has a path length of 5.5 km and is designed to provide a 99.97% reliable signal. Performance was analyzed using ITU recommendations for factors like fading, multipath, and rain attenuation.
The document appears to list properties for sale in a development called "RESIDENCIALES VILLA ESMERALDA". It includes details of residential and commercial lots such as the series, block, lot number, sizes, prices, down payments and monthly payment amounts over different lengths of loans. There are listings for both houses and undeveloped lots.
The document discusses a study on improving the surface roughness of parts manufactured by selective laser melting (SLM). The study examines the effects of process parameters on surface roughness, including laser power, scan speed, hatch distance, and contour offset. Experiments were designed using Taguchi and full factorial methods with different parameter levels for the contour and upskin areas. Surface roughness was measured and statistical analysis was performed to identify significant factors and optimal parameters. The Taguchi method achieved a surface roughness of 3.5 μm for the upskin, while the full factorial method achieved 4.06 μm.
This document provides technical specifications for hollow structural sections (HSS) including dimensions, section properties, and weight for various sizes of round, square, and rectangular HSS. It includes tables with information like outside diameter, wall thickness, moment of inertia, section modulus, and other properties. The document also contains notes about intended use, limitations of liability, and a foreword.
This document provides an overview of the key information needed to perform a satellite link budget analysis. It discusses the various parameters that must be accounted for, such as location, frequency, antenna characteristics, rain attenuation levels, coupling and mispointing losses. Tables of rain attenuation values for different frequency bands and climatic zones are also presented. The document aims to explain all of the relevant factors that impact satellite communication links and must be considered in a link budget calculation.
This document provides details of a proposed project to implement a bicycle path and improve the road for pilgrims along Rodovia GO-060 between Goiânia and Trindade, Brazil. The project extends 14.8 km and includes earthworks, paving, drainage works, complementary works like fencing and landscaping, special structures like culverts, and mobilization costs. The total estimated cost is R$5,865,084.23, working out to an average cost of R$396,289.48 per km. Technical specifications and unit costs are provided for each item of work. Alignment profiles and cross sections are also included.
The document provides dimensional and mechanical properties for various standard steel shapes from the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) 13th edition. It includes tables listing properties like cross-sectional area, moments of inertia, radii of gyration, and weights per foot for wide flange beams, channels, angles, and other standard sections. Accompanying notes provide definitions and explanations of the terms and properties.
The document discusses horizontal alignment in highway geometric design. It covers minimum radii, horizontal curves including full circle, spiral-circle-spiral and spiral-spiral curves, sight distance on curves, widening on curves, superelevation diagrams, and stationing. Formulas are provided for determining minimum radii based on design speed and superelevation, and calculating sight distances. The document instructs on different types of horizontal curves and how to design them to meet requirements.
This document contains a bar bending schedule listing the details of 11 steel bars to be used in bending including the bar number, spacing, length, weight, and bending position. It also includes a table with unit rates for various construction materials and labor.
Similar to EQS - EARTHWORK FOR ROADS AND CANALS.pdf (20)
This is an overview of my current metallic design and engineering knowledge base built up over my professional career and two MSc degrees : - MSc in Advanced Manufacturing Technology University of Portsmouth graduated 1st May 1998, and MSc in Aircraft Engineering Cranfield University graduated 8th June 2007.
Cricket management system ptoject report.pdfKamal Acharya
The aim of this project is to provide the complete information of the National and
International statistics. The information is available country wise and player wise. By
entering the data of eachmatch, we can get all type of reports instantly, which will be
useful to call back history of each player. Also the team performance in each match can
be obtained. We can get a report on number of matches, wins and lost.
Sachpazis_Consolidation Settlement Calculation Program-The Python Code and th...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Consolidation Settlement Calculation Program-The Python Code
By Professor Dr. Costas Sachpazis, Civil Engineer & Geologist
This program calculates the consolidation settlement for a foundation based on soil layer properties and foundation data. It allows users to input multiple soil layers and foundation characteristics to determine the total settlement.
Covid Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
CoVID-19 sprang up in Wuhan China in November 2019 and was declared a pandemic by the in January 2020 World Health Organization (WHO). Like the Spanish flu of 1918 that claimed millions of lives, the COVID-19 has caused the demise of thousands with China, Italy, Spain, USA and India having the highest statistics on infection and mortality rates. Regardless of existing sophisticated technologies and medical science, the spread has continued to surge high. With this COVID-19 Management System, organizations can respond virtually to the COVID-19 pandemic and protect, educate and care for citizens in the community in a quick and effective manner. This comprehensive solution not only helps in containing the virus but also proactively empowers both citizens and care providers to minimize the spread of the virus through targeted strategies and education.
A high-Speed Communication System is based on the Design of a Bi-NoC Router, ...DharmaBanothu
The Network on Chip (NoC) has emerged as an effective
solution for intercommunication infrastructure within System on
Chip (SoC) designs, overcoming the limitations of traditional
methods that face significant bottlenecks. However, the complexity
of NoC design presents numerous challenges related to
performance metrics such as scalability, latency, power
consumption, and signal integrity. This project addresses the
issues within the router's memory unit and proposes an enhanced
memory structure. To achieve efficient data transfer, FIFO buffers
are implemented in distributed RAM and virtual channels for
FPGA-based NoC. The project introduces advanced FIFO-based
memory units within the NoC router, assessing their performance
in a Bi-directional NoC (Bi-NoC) configuration. The primary
objective is to reduce the router's workload while enhancing the
FIFO internal structure. To further improve data transfer speed,
a Bi-NoC with a self-configurable intercommunication channel is
suggested. Simulation and synthesis results demonstrate
guaranteed throughput, predictable latency, and equitable
network access, showing significant improvement over previous
designs
This study Examines the Effectiveness of Talent Procurement through the Imple...DharmaBanothu
In the world with high technology and fast
forward mindset recruiters are walking/showing interest
towards E-Recruitment. Present most of the HRs of
many companies are choosing E-Recruitment as the best
choice for recruitment. E-Recruitment is being done
through many online platforms like Linkedin, Naukri,
Instagram , Facebook etc. Now with high technology E-
Recruitment has gone through next level by using
Artificial Intelligence too.
Key Words : Talent Management, Talent Acquisition , E-
Recruitment , Artificial Intelligence Introduction
Effectiveness of Talent Acquisition through E-
Recruitment in this topic we will discuss about 4important
and interlinked topics which are
An In-Depth Exploration of Natural Language Processing: Evolution, Applicatio...DharmaBanothu
Natural language processing (NLP) has
recently garnered significant interest for the
computational representation and analysis of human
language. Its applications span multiple domains such
as machine translation, email spam detection,
information extraction, summarization, healthcare,
and question answering. This paper first delineates
four phases by examining various levels of NLP and
components of Natural Language Generation,
followed by a review of the history and progression of
NLP. Subsequently, we delve into the current state of
the art by presenting diverse NLP applications,
contemporary trends, and challenges. Finally, we
discuss some available datasets, models, and
evaluation metrics in NLP.
8. Sl.
No
Chainage
/ Station
Depth /
Height
Mean Depth
/ Height (d)
Width (B) Area of
central portion
(BXd)
Area of sides
(Sd²)
Total sectional
Area
A = (Bd+Sd²)
Length
(L)
Quantity
Q = A X L
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
Sl.
No
Chainage
/ Station
Depth /
Height
(d)
Width
(B)
Area of
central
portion (BXd)
Total (A1)
sectional Area
(Bd1 + Sd1²)
Total (A2)
sectional
Area
(Bd2+ Sd2²)
Mean sectional
Area
A = (A1+A2)/2
Length
(L)
Quantity
Q = A X L
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
9. Example – 1:
A canal is in cutting and has a width of 4.00 m at bottom of the depth of cutting is 2.00 m and side slopes are
1 ½ : 1, find the area of cross section?
Solution: Given Data: - Width of canal = 4.00m; Depth of the cutting = 2.00 m; Side slopes = 1 ½ : 1 ( S: 1 / n: 1)
Area of c/s of canal = (b+nd)d (or) Bd + Sd²
(4 + 1.5*2)2 (or) 4x2 + 1.5 x 2²
4+3*2 (or) 8 + 6
= 14.00 Sq.m (or) 14.00 Sq.m
10. Example – 2:
A) Mid sectional area method.
A) Mean sectional area method.
Solution:
11. Mid - Sectional Area Method:
Volume of earth work (V) = Area of Mid point X Length
Area of the Midpoint = (b+nd)xd
Where b= 10 m, n = 1.5, d = 1+2+3/3 = 2 m. Am = (10 + 1.5*2)x2 = 26 sq. m
Therefore Volume of earthwork (V) = 26 X 120m = 3120 cu m.
12. Chainage 0 50 100 150 200
R. L of Ground 97.00 96.50 96.00 97.50 98.00
13. Height of the
Bank / Cutting
3.00 3.50 4.00 2.50 2.00
Formation Level 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
R. L of Ground 97.00 96.50 96.00 97.50 98.00
Chainage 0 50 100 150 200
21. Station /
Chainage
Length/
Distance
Height / Depth Mean Height /
Depth (d)
Sloping
Breadth of side
slope d√s²+1
Length in
between stations/
chainage
Total Area of both side
slopes (2X L X d√s²+1)
10 300 2.00 - - - -
11 330 1.20 1.60 3.58 30 214.80
12 360 1.16 1.18 2.63 30 157.80
13 390 0.50 0.83 1.85 30 111.00
14 420 0.78 0.64 1.42 30 85.80
15 450 1.60 1.19 2.65 30 159.60
16 480 0.60 1.10 2.45 30 147.60
17 510 1.20 0.90 2.00 30 120.60
18 540 0.38 0.79 1.77 30 106.20
19 570 0.70 0.54 1.20 30 72.60
20 600 1.10 0.90 2.00 30 120.60
TOTAL QUANTITY 1294.80 sq m
22. Item no Particulars of item Quantity Unit Rate Per Amount in
₹.
1 Earth work in Banking 3513.06 Cu m 345 % cu m 12,120.00
2 Turfing/ pitching for Side slopes 1294.80 Sq m 270 % sq m 3495.96
TOTAL COST in Rs. 16,000.00
23. ₹
Chainage / Station / Distance of the point R. L. of Ground Level
420 118.60
450 119.25
480 119.40
510 118.85
540 118.50
570 117.25
600 116.80
630 117.15
660 117.20
24. Chainage 420 450 480 510 540 570 600 630 660
R.L. of G.L 118.60 119.25 119.40 118.85 118.50 117.25 116.80 117.15 117.20
R.L. of F.L 118.60 118.45 118.30 118.15 118.00 117.85 117.70 117.55 117.40
Height of the bank 0 - - - - 0.60 0.90 0.40 0.20
Depth of the Cutting 0 0.80 1.1 0.7 0.50 - - - -
26. Station /
Chainage
Height / Depth Mean Height / Depth
(d)
Sloping Breadth of
side slope d√s²+1
Length in between
stations/ chainage
Total Area of both side slopes
(2X L X d√s²+1)
420 0.00
450 - 0.80
480 -1.1 Being Cutting - No Turfing is to be taken.
510 -0.70
540 -0.50
Passes 0.00
570 0.60 0.30 0.67 16 21.44
600 0.90 0.75 1.68 30 100.80
630 0.40 0.65 1.45 30 87.00
660 0.20 0.30 0.67 30 40.20
TOTAL QUANTITY 249.54 sq .m
27. Item no Description of item Quantity Unit Rate Per Amount in
₹.
1 Earth work in Cutting 1169.76 Cu m 13.00 Cu m 15,206.88
2 Earthwork in banking 740.28 Cu m 13.00 Cu m 9,623.64
3 Turfing/ pitching for Side slopes 294.54 Sq m 9.00 Sq m 2,650.86
Sundries 518.62
TOTAL COST in Rs. 28,000.00
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