Edm is a surveying instrument used to measure the distance electronically. This Surveying Instrument is used in triangulation to measure the length of Base line because more accuracy is required to measure the length of base line.
Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) uses electromagnetic waves like light or radio waves to measure distances. EDM instruments transmit a signal that bounces off a reflecting prism and returns to the instrument. The distance is calculated based on the time it takes for the signal to return. EDM has largely replaced tape measurements and improved surveying efficiency. Modern EDM instruments are integrated into total stations and can measure slope distances with millimeter accuracy over several kilometers.
This document discusses the use of a theodolite for surveying. It begins by explaining that a theodolite is needed to precisely measure horizontal and vertical angles, unlike a compass. It then defines theodolite surveying as surveying that measures angles using a theodolite. The document goes on to classify theodolites based on their horizontal axis and method of angle measurement. It describes the basic parts of a transit vernier theodolite and explains terms used in manipulating one. Finally, it discusses methods for measuring horizontal angles, including the general, repetition, and reiteration methods.
This document provides an overview of a total station, including its key components and functions. A total station is an electronic surveying instrument that combines an electronic distance meter and theodolite to measure horizontal and vertical angles and distances. It allows simultaneous measurement of all surveying parameters needed for construction layout and topographic surveys. The total station's main components include an electronic distance measurement system, angle measurement circles, telescope, microprocessor, keyboard, and display. Accessories such as prisms, data collectors, and software enable various surveying tasks.
Total station is an electronic surveying instrument that combines an electronic distance meter (EDM), an electronic theodolite, and a microprocessor. It simultaneously measures horizontal and vertical angles as well as slope distances from the instrument to a particular point. Over 100 models have been released by different firms. Total stations can measure distances from 1.5 to 12 km depending on the number of prisms used, with angular accuracy ranging from 1 to 20 seconds. Applications include topographic surveys, construction layout, and mapping. Proper use requires establishing a site datum, setting up the total station, creating job files, measuring points, and post-processing data.
What is a Total Station?
Capability of a Total Station
Important Operations of Total Station
Uses of Total Station
Advantages of Using Total Stations
Applications
Definition of Surveying
Objects of Surveying
Uses of Surveying
Primary Divisions of Surveying
Principles of Surveying
List of Classification of Surveying
Definitions : Plan and Map, scales :Plain Scale and Diagonal Scale,
Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) uses electromagnetic waves like light or radio waves to measure distances. EDM instruments transmit a signal that bounces off a reflecting prism and returns to the instrument. The distance is calculated based on the time it takes for the signal to return. EDM has largely replaced tape measurements and improved surveying efficiency. Modern EDM instruments are integrated into total stations and can measure slope distances with millimeter accuracy over several kilometers.
This document discusses the use of a theodolite for surveying. It begins by explaining that a theodolite is needed to precisely measure horizontal and vertical angles, unlike a compass. It then defines theodolite surveying as surveying that measures angles using a theodolite. The document goes on to classify theodolites based on their horizontal axis and method of angle measurement. It describes the basic parts of a transit vernier theodolite and explains terms used in manipulating one. Finally, it discusses methods for measuring horizontal angles, including the general, repetition, and reiteration methods.
This document provides an overview of a total station, including its key components and functions. A total station is an electronic surveying instrument that combines an electronic distance meter and theodolite to measure horizontal and vertical angles and distances. It allows simultaneous measurement of all surveying parameters needed for construction layout and topographic surveys. The total station's main components include an electronic distance measurement system, angle measurement circles, telescope, microprocessor, keyboard, and display. Accessories such as prisms, data collectors, and software enable various surveying tasks.
Total station is an electronic surveying instrument that combines an electronic distance meter (EDM), an electronic theodolite, and a microprocessor. It simultaneously measures horizontal and vertical angles as well as slope distances from the instrument to a particular point. Over 100 models have been released by different firms. Total stations can measure distances from 1.5 to 12 km depending on the number of prisms used, with angular accuracy ranging from 1 to 20 seconds. Applications include topographic surveys, construction layout, and mapping. Proper use requires establishing a site datum, setting up the total station, creating job files, measuring points, and post-processing data.
What is a Total Station?
Capability of a Total Station
Important Operations of Total Station
Uses of Total Station
Advantages of Using Total Stations
Applications
Definition of Surveying
Objects of Surveying
Uses of Surveying
Primary Divisions of Surveying
Principles of Surveying
List of Classification of Surveying
Definitions : Plan and Map, scales :Plain Scale and Diagonal Scale,
Surveying is an important part of Civil engineering. Various part like theodolite, plane table surveying, computation of area and volume are useful for all university examination and other competitive examination
The Global Positioning System is a satellite-based radio navigation system for determination of precise position and time, using radio signals from the satellites, in real-time or in post-processing mode.
Total station and its application to civil engineeringTushar Dholakia
Total stations are surveying instruments that combine an electronic theodolite, electronic distance meter, and on-board computer. They allow users to measure horizontal and vertical angles as well as slope distances to calculate coordinates. Modern total stations can store thousands of data points, perform computations, and transfer data remotely via memory cards or wireless connections. They have largely replaced standalone theodolites and distance meters due to greater accuracy, automation, and data processing capabilities. Total stations find wide application in civil engineering, mining, accident reconstruction, and other fields requiring precise spatial measurements and positioning.
This document provides information about tacheometry, which is a method of surveying that determines horizontal and vertical distances from instrumental observations. It discusses how tacheometry can be used when obstacles make traditional surveying difficult. The key aspects covered include:
- Defining tacheometry and the measurements it provides
- When tacheometry is advantageous over other surveying methods
- The instruments used, including tacheometers and levelling rods
- How horizontal and vertical distances are calculated using constants
- The different types of tacheometer diaphragms and telescopes
- The fixed hair method for taking readings
Here are the coordinates of points A, B and C:
XA = 171,809.49 m
YA = YD = 114,056.00 m
XB = XA + AB cos (37 28 41) = 171,981.97 m
YB = YA + AB sin (37 28 41) = 114,257.39 m
XC = XB + BC cos (55 20 14) = 172,053.04 m
YC = YB + BC sin (55 20 14) = 113,995.32 m
Introduction, electromagnetic spectrum, electromagnetic distance measurement, types of EDM instruments, electronic digital theodolites, total station, digital levels, scanners for topographical survey, global positioning system.
Chapter 6 area & volume measurement, Digital PlanimeterAbhay Abhale
This document discusses the components, uses, and measurement process of a digital planimeter. It describes the main components of a digital planimeter which include a roller, tracing arm, tracing magnifier, tracing point, and function keys. It then explains the various function keys and their purposes. Finally, it outlines the step-by-step process for measuring the area of a shape using a digital planimeter, which involves selecting a scale, marking a starting point, tracing the outline while holding the tracing point, and reading the area measurement from the display.
1. Levelling is used to determine relative heights and elevations of points and establish points at required elevations. It involves using instruments like levels and staffs.
2. There are different types of levels (dumpy, tilting, wye, automatic) and staffs (self-reading, target). Precise levelling is done to establish permanent benchmarks.
3. Adjustments must be made to level instruments during setup and permanently. Methods like differential, profile and cross levelling are used depending on the task. Reciprocal levelling involves backsight-foresight exchange to check for errors.
Trilateration and triangulation are surveying methods to establish horizontal control networks. Trilateration involves measuring the lengths of all three sides of triangles without measuring angles, while triangulation measures angles and the length of one base line. Both methods are used to determine coordinate positions through trigonometric computations. Triangulation networks can be classified based on their intended accuracy and purpose, from primary/first order for determining large areas to tertiary/third order for more detailed surveys.
1) Levelling is the process of determining the relative elevations of points on or near the earth's surface. It is important for engineering projects to determine elevations along alignments.
2) Levelling is used to prepare contour maps, determine altitudes, and create longitudinal and cross sections needed for projects.
3) Key terms include bench mark, datum, reduced level, line of collimation, and height of instrument. Different types of levelling include simple, differential, fly, longitudinal, and cross-sectional levelling.
The document provides information about theodolites. It begins with an introduction stating that a theodolite is used to measure horizontal and vertical angles more precisely than a magnetic compass. It then discusses the main parts of a theodolite including the horizontal circle, vertical circle, telescope, and levels. The document also covers the history of theodolites from their early origins to modern electronic versions. It describes how to operate a transit vernier theodolite including terms like centering, transiting, swinging the telescope, and changing face. Finally, it discusses the permanent and temporary adjustments needed to ensure accurate theodolite measurements.
Total stations are surveying instruments that electronically measure angles and distances to calculate locations of points. They combine an electronic distance meter, theodolite, and microprocessor. Measurements can achieve angular accuracy of 1-20 seconds and linear accuracy of 2-10 mm per km. Total stations are used for topographic surveys, construction layout, and other applications. Proper use requires careful centering, accurate pointing, averaging multiple measurements, and accounting for environmental factors.
The document discusses different types of traverses and methods for conducting traverse surveys. It describes two types of traverses: open traverses that begin and end at points of known and unknown positions, and closed traverses that begin and end at points of known positions, including closed-loop traverses that begin and end at the same point. It also outlines four methods for determining directions during traversing: chain angle method, free needle method, fast needle method, and measuring angles between lines. Finally, it discusses instruments used for measuring angles like compasses and theodolites, and defines different types of bearings including true, magnetic, and arbitrary bearings.
Photogrammetry is the science of making measurements from photographs, especially to determine the exact positions of surface points. It involves planning and taking photographs, processing the photographs, and measuring the photographs to produce results like maps. Photogrammetry can be used for topographic surveys, engineering surveys, geological mapping, and urban and regional planning applications. There are two main types of photographs used in photogrammetry: terrestrial photographs taken from fixed positions on the ground using a phototheodolite, and aerial photographs taken from an aerial camera mounted on an aircraft.
This document provides an overview of field astronomy concepts. It defines key celestial coordinate systems used to specify the position of heavenly bodies, including the horizon system (using altitude and azimuth), independent equatorial system (using right ascension and declination), and dependent equatorial system (using declination and hour angle). It also describes the celestial latitude and longitude system. Spherical trigonometry formulas are presented for computing angles and distances on the celestial sphere. The astronomical triangle relating altitude, declination, and latitude is illustrated. Key terms like latitude, longitude, declination, and right ascension are defined.
Total station is a modern surveying instrument that combines an electronic theodolite and electronic distance meter. It allows the user to determine coordinates of points by measuring horizontal and vertical angles and slope distances to a reflector target simultaneously. The total station records measurements directly into its internal microprocessor, allowing precise data collection and processing without manual calculations. It has made surveying work faster, more accurate and less tedious compared to traditional instruments.
A small description about the principle and operation of widely used instrument 'Total Station' in Civil Engineering and Global Positioning System through a technical view...!
The document provides information about lectures on surveying topics including:
- Classification of theodolites as transit, non-transit, vernier, and micrometer theodolites.
- Uses of theodolites for measuring horizontal and vertical angles, locating points, and other surveying tasks.
- Terms used in manipulating a transit vernier theodolite such as centering, transiting, swinging the telescope, and changing face.
- Bearings and the rules for converting whole circle bearings to quadrantal/reduced bearings.
- Definitions of open and closed traverses and the formula to check the interior angles of a closed traverse.
- An example problem on calculating
EDM-Electronic Distance Measurement by Denis Jangeed.pptxDenish Jangid
EDM-Electronic Distance Measurement by Denis Jangeed
Origin of Electronic Distance Measurement
Principle of E.D.M. (Electronic Distance Measurements), Modulation,
Types of E.D.M., Distomat,
advantages and application.
electromagnetic waves
EDM Range 100 KM
EDM accuracy of 1 in 105
Electromagnetic Spectrum Range
microwaves, infrared waves and visible light waves
Measurement of distance with EDM and a Reflector
Classification of Electronic Distance Measurement Instrument
EDM instruments are classified based on the type of carrier wave as
Microwave instruments
Infrared wave instruments
Light wave instruments.
Parts of EDM instruments
Geodimeter
Tellurometer
Distomat
Errors in EDM
Modern surveying instruments have advanced significantly with technology. Traditional instruments like tapes, theodolites, compasses and plane tables have been replaced by electromagnetic distance measurement (EDM) devices, total stations, global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). These modern instruments allow for faster, simpler and more accurate distance, angle, and coordinate measurement compared to conventional methods. Sources of error from instruments are also reduced. Total stations integrate EDM and theodolite capabilities to directly measure horizontal and slope distances as well as angles to compute point coordinates. GNSS uses satellite signals for real-time three dimensional coordinate determination. UAVs capture aerial images that can be used to generate high
Surveying is an important part of Civil engineering. Various part like theodolite, plane table surveying, computation of area and volume are useful for all university examination and other competitive examination
The Global Positioning System is a satellite-based radio navigation system for determination of precise position and time, using radio signals from the satellites, in real-time or in post-processing mode.
Total station and its application to civil engineeringTushar Dholakia
Total stations are surveying instruments that combine an electronic theodolite, electronic distance meter, and on-board computer. They allow users to measure horizontal and vertical angles as well as slope distances to calculate coordinates. Modern total stations can store thousands of data points, perform computations, and transfer data remotely via memory cards or wireless connections. They have largely replaced standalone theodolites and distance meters due to greater accuracy, automation, and data processing capabilities. Total stations find wide application in civil engineering, mining, accident reconstruction, and other fields requiring precise spatial measurements and positioning.
This document provides information about tacheometry, which is a method of surveying that determines horizontal and vertical distances from instrumental observations. It discusses how tacheometry can be used when obstacles make traditional surveying difficult. The key aspects covered include:
- Defining tacheometry and the measurements it provides
- When tacheometry is advantageous over other surveying methods
- The instruments used, including tacheometers and levelling rods
- How horizontal and vertical distances are calculated using constants
- The different types of tacheometer diaphragms and telescopes
- The fixed hair method for taking readings
Here are the coordinates of points A, B and C:
XA = 171,809.49 m
YA = YD = 114,056.00 m
XB = XA + AB cos (37 28 41) = 171,981.97 m
YB = YA + AB sin (37 28 41) = 114,257.39 m
XC = XB + BC cos (55 20 14) = 172,053.04 m
YC = YB + BC sin (55 20 14) = 113,995.32 m
Introduction, electromagnetic spectrum, electromagnetic distance measurement, types of EDM instruments, electronic digital theodolites, total station, digital levels, scanners for topographical survey, global positioning system.
Chapter 6 area & volume measurement, Digital PlanimeterAbhay Abhale
This document discusses the components, uses, and measurement process of a digital planimeter. It describes the main components of a digital planimeter which include a roller, tracing arm, tracing magnifier, tracing point, and function keys. It then explains the various function keys and their purposes. Finally, it outlines the step-by-step process for measuring the area of a shape using a digital planimeter, which involves selecting a scale, marking a starting point, tracing the outline while holding the tracing point, and reading the area measurement from the display.
1. Levelling is used to determine relative heights and elevations of points and establish points at required elevations. It involves using instruments like levels and staffs.
2. There are different types of levels (dumpy, tilting, wye, automatic) and staffs (self-reading, target). Precise levelling is done to establish permanent benchmarks.
3. Adjustments must be made to level instruments during setup and permanently. Methods like differential, profile and cross levelling are used depending on the task. Reciprocal levelling involves backsight-foresight exchange to check for errors.
Trilateration and triangulation are surveying methods to establish horizontal control networks. Trilateration involves measuring the lengths of all three sides of triangles without measuring angles, while triangulation measures angles and the length of one base line. Both methods are used to determine coordinate positions through trigonometric computations. Triangulation networks can be classified based on their intended accuracy and purpose, from primary/first order for determining large areas to tertiary/third order for more detailed surveys.
1) Levelling is the process of determining the relative elevations of points on or near the earth's surface. It is important for engineering projects to determine elevations along alignments.
2) Levelling is used to prepare contour maps, determine altitudes, and create longitudinal and cross sections needed for projects.
3) Key terms include bench mark, datum, reduced level, line of collimation, and height of instrument. Different types of levelling include simple, differential, fly, longitudinal, and cross-sectional levelling.
The document provides information about theodolites. It begins with an introduction stating that a theodolite is used to measure horizontal and vertical angles more precisely than a magnetic compass. It then discusses the main parts of a theodolite including the horizontal circle, vertical circle, telescope, and levels. The document also covers the history of theodolites from their early origins to modern electronic versions. It describes how to operate a transit vernier theodolite including terms like centering, transiting, swinging the telescope, and changing face. Finally, it discusses the permanent and temporary adjustments needed to ensure accurate theodolite measurements.
Total stations are surveying instruments that electronically measure angles and distances to calculate locations of points. They combine an electronic distance meter, theodolite, and microprocessor. Measurements can achieve angular accuracy of 1-20 seconds and linear accuracy of 2-10 mm per km. Total stations are used for topographic surveys, construction layout, and other applications. Proper use requires careful centering, accurate pointing, averaging multiple measurements, and accounting for environmental factors.
The document discusses different types of traverses and methods for conducting traverse surveys. It describes two types of traverses: open traverses that begin and end at points of known and unknown positions, and closed traverses that begin and end at points of known positions, including closed-loop traverses that begin and end at the same point. It also outlines four methods for determining directions during traversing: chain angle method, free needle method, fast needle method, and measuring angles between lines. Finally, it discusses instruments used for measuring angles like compasses and theodolites, and defines different types of bearings including true, magnetic, and arbitrary bearings.
Photogrammetry is the science of making measurements from photographs, especially to determine the exact positions of surface points. It involves planning and taking photographs, processing the photographs, and measuring the photographs to produce results like maps. Photogrammetry can be used for topographic surveys, engineering surveys, geological mapping, and urban and regional planning applications. There are two main types of photographs used in photogrammetry: terrestrial photographs taken from fixed positions on the ground using a phototheodolite, and aerial photographs taken from an aerial camera mounted on an aircraft.
This document provides an overview of field astronomy concepts. It defines key celestial coordinate systems used to specify the position of heavenly bodies, including the horizon system (using altitude and azimuth), independent equatorial system (using right ascension and declination), and dependent equatorial system (using declination and hour angle). It also describes the celestial latitude and longitude system. Spherical trigonometry formulas are presented for computing angles and distances on the celestial sphere. The astronomical triangle relating altitude, declination, and latitude is illustrated. Key terms like latitude, longitude, declination, and right ascension are defined.
Total station is a modern surveying instrument that combines an electronic theodolite and electronic distance meter. It allows the user to determine coordinates of points by measuring horizontal and vertical angles and slope distances to a reflector target simultaneously. The total station records measurements directly into its internal microprocessor, allowing precise data collection and processing without manual calculations. It has made surveying work faster, more accurate and less tedious compared to traditional instruments.
A small description about the principle and operation of widely used instrument 'Total Station' in Civil Engineering and Global Positioning System through a technical view...!
The document provides information about lectures on surveying topics including:
- Classification of theodolites as transit, non-transit, vernier, and micrometer theodolites.
- Uses of theodolites for measuring horizontal and vertical angles, locating points, and other surveying tasks.
- Terms used in manipulating a transit vernier theodolite such as centering, transiting, swinging the telescope, and changing face.
- Bearings and the rules for converting whole circle bearings to quadrantal/reduced bearings.
- Definitions of open and closed traverses and the formula to check the interior angles of a closed traverse.
- An example problem on calculating
EDM-Electronic Distance Measurement by Denis Jangeed.pptxDenish Jangid
EDM-Electronic Distance Measurement by Denis Jangeed
Origin of Electronic Distance Measurement
Principle of E.D.M. (Electronic Distance Measurements), Modulation,
Types of E.D.M., Distomat,
advantages and application.
electromagnetic waves
EDM Range 100 KM
EDM accuracy of 1 in 105
Electromagnetic Spectrum Range
microwaves, infrared waves and visible light waves
Measurement of distance with EDM and a Reflector
Classification of Electronic Distance Measurement Instrument
EDM instruments are classified based on the type of carrier wave as
Microwave instruments
Infrared wave instruments
Light wave instruments.
Parts of EDM instruments
Geodimeter
Tellurometer
Distomat
Errors in EDM
Modern surveying instruments have advanced significantly with technology. Traditional instruments like tapes, theodolites, compasses and plane tables have been replaced by electromagnetic distance measurement (EDM) devices, total stations, global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). These modern instruments allow for faster, simpler and more accurate distance, angle, and coordinate measurement compared to conventional methods. Sources of error from instruments are also reduced. Total stations integrate EDM and theodolite capabilities to directly measure horizontal and slope distances as well as angles to compute point coordinates. GNSS uses satellite signals for real-time three dimensional coordinate determination. UAVs capture aerial images that can be used to generate high
This document discusses microwave sensors and their applications. Microwave sensors use electromagnetic waves in the microwave frequency range to sense targets and environments. They have advantages like all-weather operation and the ability to penetrate materials. The document describes different types of microwave sensors like Doppler radar sensors, continuous wave radar sensors, and imaging radar sensors. It also discusses applications in areas such as weather forecasting, automotive systems, medical imaging, and more. Finally, it covers future trends in microwave sensor technology such as miniaturization and higher frequencies.
Modern surveying instruments include EDM, electronic theodolites, and total stations. EDM uses modulated signals to measure distance electronically. A total station integrates an EDM, theodolite, and data recorder to measure distances and angles and determine coordinates. Total stations provide accurate positioning, automated measurements, data storage, and compatibility with computers. They can work in various conditions and are useful for general surveying, mapping, construction, and setting out.
Distance measurement is a basic component of surveying. There are two main types of distance measurement: direct and indirect. Direct measurement uses instruments like tapes to directly measure distances. Indirect measurement determines distances through computations based on direct measurements of related quantities, like angles and line lengths. Modern electronic distance measurement (EDM) uses electromagnetic waves and the speed of light to indirectly measure distances electronically between two points with high accuracy and efficiency. Total stations integrate EDM and angle measurement capabilities into a single precise digital instrument.
Radar uses radio waves to detect distant objects by transmitting pulses and measuring their reflection. It can determine an object's range, angle, speed, and other features. Originally developed for military use, radar is now widely used in civil applications like weather monitoring. It works by transmitting microwave pulses and measuring properties of the returning echo, allowing it to calculate characteristics of detected objects.
This document discusses infrared spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. It begins by defining the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum and describing how infrared radiation is produced by molecular vibration when the applied frequency matches the natural vibration frequency. It then explains how FTIR works using an interferometer to measure all infrared frequencies simultaneously, producing a faster analysis. Key advantages of FTIR are also summarized such as speed, sensitivity, and requiring only one moving part.
This document discusses modern surveying instruments such as total stations and digital levels. It explains that total stations can measure horizontal and vertical angles as well as slope distances electronically using electromagnetic waves. Total stations have replaced traditional surveying equipment and come in manual, semi-automatic, and automatic varieties. Digital levels also use electronic image processing to read staffs automatically and provide elevation measurements and levelling capabilities. Modern surveying instruments have improved accuracy and efficiency over traditional equipment through incorporation of electronic components and digital technologies.
Theory and Principle of FTIR head points:
What is Infrared Region?
Infrared Spectroscopy
What is FTIR?
Superiority of FTIR
FTIR optical system diagram
sampling techniques
The sample analysis process
advantage of FTIR
References
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Radar uses radio waves to detect objects at a distance by transmitting pulses and measuring their reflection. It was developed for military use in World War 2 to locate ships and planes. There are two main types - pulse radar which measures distance using transit time of pulses, and continuous wave radar which relies on the Doppler effect. Radar has many applications including weather forecasting, air traffic control, and speed detection guns.
This document provides information about total station surveying. It discusses:
- Total stations combine an electronic theodolite, electronic distance meter, and external computer for data collection.
- Total stations can be classified as manual, semiautomatic, or automatic based on how angles and distances are measured.
- Electro-optical total stations use light waves like visible light or infrared, while microwave total stations use radio waves to measure distances.
- The document explains the operating principles, components, and potential sources of error for different types of total stations.
An FT-IR instrument consists of a source, Michelson interferometer, sample, and detector. Common sources include heated solids that emit infrared radiation. The Michelson interferometer splits the infrared beam, reflects it between stationary and moving mirrors, and recombines the beams to create an interference pattern that is measured by the detector. Common detectors include pyroelectric and photoconducting transducers. FT-IR provides qualitative and quantitative analysis of samples, with detection limits in the parts-per-million range, through the measurement of characteristic absorption peaks that identify chemical functional groups.
This document discusses remote sensing fundamentals, including the types of sensors, physics, and platforms used. It describes two main types of sensors - passive sensors that record radiation from the sun and active sensors that provide their own illumination. The key aspects of electromagnetic radiation used in remote sensing are wavelength and frequency. Platforms can be ground, air, or space-based, with satellites and aircraft being most common. Remote sensing relies on measuring electromagnetic energy reflected or emitted from the target area.
Shruti Verma discusses the components and operation of a spectrophotometer. The key components are a light source, wavelength selectors like filters or monochromators, sample cuvettes, and detectors. It works by measuring the transmittance or absorbance of a sample as a function of wavelength. Common applications are structure elucidation of organic compounds, quantitative analysis, and detection of impurities.
This document discusses interfacing an ultrasonic rangefinder module with an AVR microcontroller. It begins by describing the limitations of basic infrared obstacle sensors, such as not being able to measure accurate distances. Ultrasonic rangefinder modules are introduced as a better solution, being able to measure distances from 1cm to 400cm with 1cm accuracy. The document then discusses the characteristics and advantages of ultrasonic sensors, how they interface with microcontrollers, and provides an overview of the hardware that will be used to build a test circuit around an ATmega32 microcontroller and LCD display.
There are three main types of radiation detectors: gas-filled detectors which use a gas between electrodes, scintillation detectors which use materials that produce light when irradiated, and semiconductor detectors made of purified crystalline materials. Detectors can also be classified by the type of information they provide, such as counting interactions, measuring energy, or indicating dose. The main challenges for detectors are dead time at high interaction rates and maintaining good energy resolution and detection efficiency.
Radar is an electronic system that uses electromagnetic signals to detect objects by transmitting signals and receiving echoes. It was invented in the early 1900s and widely used during World War 2. A radar works by transmitting a modulated signal that bounces off a target and is detected by the receiver. Radar is used for applications like air traffic control, navigation, weather sensing, and military purposes. New technologies aim to reduce radar detection through stealth materials and synthetic aperture radar.
A total station is an instrument that can measure both horizontal and vertical angles as well as slope distances. It combines an electronic theodolite with a distance measurement component. Total stations use electromagnetic waves or pulses to measure distances to a reflector or target. They can measure distances to a few kilometers with an accuracy of 2-3 mm at short ranges, decreasing to 4-5 mm at 1 km. Total stations are commonly used in surveying, civil engineering, and construction to define positions through combined angle and distance measurements.
Similar to Electronic distance measurement (EDM) (20)
Railway Engineering: signaling, interlocking, train control systemBathla Tuition Centre
This Presentation Contains Railway engineering concepts. The contents covered are Railway Signaling, Interlocking & trail control system.
Feel free to write in Comment Section or drop a line in my Inbox amanbathla710@gmail.com
The document discusses chemical bonding and molecular structures. It begins by defining a chemical bond as the force that binds two atoms together within a molecule. It then discusses the different types of bonds ranked by decreasing bond strength - ionic, covalent, coordinate, hydrogen, and Van der Waals. Ionic bonds form through the transfer of electrons from metals to nonmetals. Covalent bonds form through the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. The document also discusses bond parameters such as bond length, bond order, bond energy, bond angle, and dipole moment. It introduces concepts such as Lewis structures, formal charge, resonance structures, and hybridization. It concludes with an overview of valence bond theory and molecular orbital theory.
This Presentation Contains Railway engineering concepts. The contents covered are Points & crossings: Turnout, switches, throw switches, diamond crossing, cross-overs, single slip and double slip, scissor cross-over, Triangle & turntable. Feel free to write in Comment Section or drop a line in my Inbox amanbathla710@gmail.com
National planning for construction & infrastructure developmentBathla Tuition Centre
The slides comprises of national planning for construction & infrastructure development; mainly focuses on position of construction industry vis-a-vis other industries, five year plan outlays for construction, current budgets for infrastructure works.
Traditional surveying techniques (introduction to civil engineering)Bathla Tuition Centre
Ancient Egyptians were among the first known surveyors. Surveying was important for re-establishing property boundaries each year after floods. Basic tools like the plummet, square level, and 3-4-5 triangle principle were used to build structures with astonishing accuracy, including the pyramids. Babylonian surveyors developed the base 60 system and used boundary stones to mark land. Greek and Roman mathematicians advanced the field and used tools like the chorobates, diopra, and hodometer for horizontal measurement, angle measurement, and distance measurement, respectively.
Public-private partnerships (PPPs) are collaborations between government agencies and private sector companies to develop infrastructure like roads. In India, PPPs are needed to expand and improve its large but underdeveloped road network. Common PPP models include BOT (build-operate-transfer) where a private entity builds and operates a road for a period before transferring it to the government, collecting tolls or annuities. Case studies of successful PPP road projects in India include the Jaipur-Kishangarh highway and Yamuna Expressway. However, PPPs have faced challenges in India and have not achieved the same success level as in other developed nations.
This sheet is a quiz-sheet of Class 10th chemistry first chapter for central as well as state board. This sheet is a revision test in just a single sheet.
These slides are of the technical event organized by the department of civil engineering & it composed of some ideas that the students can pick to make their projects.
The Slides comprises of all the elements of Airport Layout like Terminal Building, Hanger, Apron, Runway & Taxiway.
feel free to ask any question, just drop a line in comment box.
These notes covers chemistry chapter 2nd of class 11th which are strictly according to CBSE & state board syllabus.The contents covered are Model of atom, electronic configuration & many more..
These notes are of chemistry class 11th first chapter which are strictly according to CBSE & state Board. This notes covers Some basics concepts of chemistry i.e. Branches of chemistry, classification of matter & many more..
The presentation include basic introduction about Sleepers, Ballasts, Track Fitting & Fastenings. The presentation is made according to KUK syllabus.For any query feel free to drop a line in my inbox amanbathla710@gmail.com.
This document provides an overview of key components and considerations for railway engineering. It discusses:
- The definition of railway engineering as dealing with design, construction and maintenance of railway tracks.
- Key components of permanent way including rails, sleepers, ballast and track gauge.
- Selection and standard sizes of rails and factors that influence this like locomotive axle load.
- Common defects in rails like wear, creep, buckling and methods to prevent or address them.
- Importance of proper gauge, alignment, gradient and super elevation on curves for safety and efficiency of train movement.
These slides are very help for the Diploma (civil engineering) as well students and those students who have great interest in model making. Some of the important models taken as a projects are Eiffel tower model, Geodesic dome, Load bearing spaghetti tower, spaghetti arch truss bridge, load bearing pops sticks truss bridge, load bearing pops sticks arch bridge, cable stayed bridge, Suspension bridge & hydraulic bridge.
the presentation is about Field Astronomy, generally deals with astronomical terms & Co-ordinate system related to field astronomy. Astronomical terms like celestial sphere, Zenith, Nadir & Celestial pole/ equators all are included in these slides; rather than that Celestial latitude & longitude co-ordinate system, Altitude & azimuth co-ordinate system, declination & Right ascension co-ordinate system & Declination & hour angle co-ordinate system are explained in these slides.
Sachpazis_Consolidation Settlement Calculation Program-The Python Code and th...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Consolidation Settlement Calculation Program-The Python Code
By Professor Dr. Costas Sachpazis, Civil Engineer & Geologist
This program calculates the consolidation settlement for a foundation based on soil layer properties and foundation data. It allows users to input multiple soil layers and foundation characteristics to determine the total settlement.
Online train ticket booking system project.pdfKamal Acharya
Rail transport is one of the important modes of transport in India. Now a days we
see that there are railways that are present for the long as well as short distance
travelling which makes the life of the people easier. When compared to other
means of transport, a railway is the cheapest means of transport. The maintenance
of the railway database also plays a major role in the smooth running of this
system. The Online Train Ticket Management System will help in reserving the
tickets of the railways to travel from a particular source to the destination.
This study Examines the Effectiveness of Talent Procurement through the Imple...DharmaBanothu
In the world with high technology and fast
forward mindset recruiters are walking/showing interest
towards E-Recruitment. Present most of the HRs of
many companies are choosing E-Recruitment as the best
choice for recruitment. E-Recruitment is being done
through many online platforms like Linkedin, Naukri,
Instagram , Facebook etc. Now with high technology E-
Recruitment has gone through next level by using
Artificial Intelligence too.
Key Words : Talent Management, Talent Acquisition , E-
Recruitment , Artificial Intelligence Introduction
Effectiveness of Talent Acquisition through E-
Recruitment in this topic we will discuss about 4important
and interlinked topics which are
This is an overview of my current metallic design and engineering knowledge base built up over my professional career and two MSc degrees : - MSc in Advanced Manufacturing Technology University of Portsmouth graduated 1st May 1998, and MSc in Aircraft Engineering Cranfield University graduated 8th June 2007.
2. Distance Measurement by Electronic method
Based on Hard-wired algorithm
Relay on Propagation, Reflection and
subsequent reception of electro-magnetic Wave
Electronic Angle Measurement (Combined the
function of theodolite & EDM – TOTAL STATION)
3. Short Range
• Range<3km
• ±(0.2+1mm/km)
accuracy
• Telluromerter
Medium Range
• Range<25km
• ±(5+1mm/km)
accuracy
• Geodimeter
Long Range
• Range<100km
• ±(10+3mm/km)
accuracy
• Distomat
On the basis of Range of Operation
4. On the basis of carrier wave Used
Microwave
• Long range
instrument
• Freq range
3 -30GHz
• Telluromerter
Visible light
• Medium range
instrument
• Freq used
5 x 1014 Hz
• Geodimeter
Infrared
• Short range
instrument
• Freq used
3 x 1014 Hz
• Distomat
5. Geodimeter
Heavier Instrument
Observations are limited to nights
only
Instrument set up at one end &
reflector at other end
Light Radio Waves are used
Tellurometer
Lighter Instrument
Observations may be made during
the day as well as during the night
Two identical instruments at either
ends
High Frequency Radio Waves are
used
8. Setting up Instrument is centered over a station by means of
tribrach. Reflector are set over the remote station on tribrach
Aiming Instrument is aimed at prism by using sighting device
or theodolite telescope
Measurement Operator presses the measure button to
record the slope distance that displayed on LCD panel
Recording Information on LCD panel can be recorded
manually or automatically
9. Distance = Velocity x Time
2
Time is too short- difficult
to measure
Phase Difference method
is Used
10. Distances are calculated
Length of wave is known
No. Of Completed & Uncompleted Wave Is Measured Equivalent Distance when
Received Signal Out of Phase
Length of wave
= Phase Difference of wave
transmitted & received
ʎ = Wavelength
n = No. of wave travelled