Design and Analysis of a Girder Bridge for Highway Structures Using Sap 2000

International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)
Volume 5 Issue 6, September-October 2021 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD47575 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 6 | Sep-Oct 2021 Page 1158
Design and Analysis of a Girder Bridge for
Highway Structures Using Sap 2000
Nitin Singh Raghuwanshi1
, Abhay Kumar Jha2
, Barun Kumar3
1
Research Scholar, 2
Associate Professor, 3
Assistant Professor,
1, 2, 3
Department of Civil Engineering, LNCT, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
ABSTRACT
In this study, a comparative study supported two differing types of
bridges i.e. Deck type and Pre-stressed deck type using finite element
analysis in SAP 2000 is ready , considering same loading class 70-R
as per I.R.C. loading. During this study we'll also prepare a price
analysis of both the structures using S.O.R. C.P.W.D. 2014. This sort
of bridges is more preferred when it involves connectivity to short
distances. So, it's necessary to update the analysis and style methods.
Here, during this paper, there's an effort to review the comparison of
maximum bending moment thanks to super load during a girder and
slab bridge an equivalent bridge is analyzed as a three-dimensional
model in finite element software as SAP2000, apply an equivalent
loading finished conventional methods and compared the results. The
utmost bending moment results obtained from finite element model.
KEYWORDS: IRC Live loadings, longitudinal girder, SAP2000,
bending moment, connectivity, stressed
How to cite this paper: Nitin Singh
Raghuwanshi | Abhay Kumar Jha |
Barun Kumar "Design and Analysis of a
Girder Bridge for Highway Structures
Using Sap 2000" Published in
International
Journal of Trend in
Scientific Research
and Development
(ijtsrd), ISSN:
2456-6470,
Volume-5 | Issue-6,
October 2021,
pp.1158-1161, URL:
www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47575.pdf
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INTRODUCTION
A Girder bridge is a bridge that utilizations braces as
the methods for supporting the deck. A bridge
comprises of three sections: The Foundation of
projections and wharfs and Substructure of projection
and dock and The Superstructure (brace, bracket, or
curve) and deck. A Girder bridge is likely the most
usually fabricated and used bridge on the planet. Its
fundamental plan, in the most improved frame, can be
contrasted with a log extending from one side to
alternate over a stream or river. All bridges comprise
of two principle parts: the substructure, and the
superstructure. The Superstructure is everything from
the bearing cushions, up - it is the thing that backings
the heaps and is the most unmistakable piece of the
bridge. The Substructure is the establishment, what
exchanges the heaps from the superstructure to the
ground. The two sections must cooperate to make a
solid, durable bridge. Pre-stressed Concrete is
fundamentally concrete in which interior worry of
reasonable extent and dispersion are presented
pressure coming about because of outer load are
concentrated to wanted degree. In this dissertation
work we will analyze a girder bridge with the effect
of Pre-stressed concrete and compare it with general
deck bridge. In terms of finite elemental analysis,
forces and cost analysis.
Stages of Bridge Development
Bridge is a structure that gives section over
hindrances, for example, valleys, harsh territory or
waterways by crossing those deterrents with regular
or artificial materials. They initially started be utilized
in old occasions when first present day human
advancements began ascending in the Mesopotamia.
Starting there on, learning, designing, and produce of
new bridge building materials spread past their
fringes, empowering moderate yet consistent
selection of bridges the whole way across the world.
To start with bridges were exceptionally
straightforward structures that were worked from
effectively available normal assets wooden logs,
stone and earth. Therefore, they had capacity just to
IJTSRD47575

International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
traverse close separations, and their auxiliary
uprightness was not high since mortar was not yet
concocted and rain gradually but rather continually
broke up earth fillings of the bridge. Upheaval in the
bridge development came in Ancient Rome whose
designers found that granulated out volcanic rocks
can fill in as a great material for making mortar. This
innovation empowered them to fabricate significantly
more sturdier, ground-breaking and bigger structures
than any human advancement before them. Seeing the
intensity of streets and associations with removed
terrains, Roman planners before long spread over the
Europe, Africa and Asia, building bridges and streets
of high caliber.
The seventies will be recorded by engineering
historians as the decade in which Pre-stressed
concrete segmental bridge construction came of age
in North America.
Sinha et al. (2009) (static analysis of bridge system
using various types of deck profiles)Bridges are
required to be provided under earth embankment for
crossing of water course like streams, Nallas across
the embankment as road embankment can not be
allowed to obstruct the natural water way. The
culverts are also required to balance the flood water
on both sides of earth embankment to reduce flood
level on one side of road thereby decreasing the water
head consequently reducing the flood menace.
Culverts can be of different shapes such as arch, slab
and box. These can be constructed with different
material such as masonry (brick, stone etc.) or
reinforced cement concrete. Since culvert pass
through the earthen embankment, these are subjected
to same traffic loads as the road carries and therefore,
required to be designed for such loads. This Paper
deals with box culverts made of RCC, with and
without cushion. The size, invert level, layout etc. are
decided by hydraulic considerations and site
conditions. The cushion depends on road profile at
the culvert location. The scope of this Paper has been
further restricted to the structural design of box. The
structural design involves consideration of load cases
(box empty, full, sur-charge loads etc.) and factors
like live load, effective width, braking force, dispersal
of load through fill, impact factor, co-efficient of
earth pressure etc. Relevant IRC Codes are required
to be referred. The structural elements are required to
be designed to withstand maximum bending moment
and shear force. The Paper provides full discussions
on the provisions in the Codes, considerations and
justification of all the above aspects on design. Proper
design covering these aspects has also been given in
the Annexure. To our knowledge, these matters have
neither been covered in any text book nor in any
special publication at one place.
Serap Altin et al. (2012) (Analysis of T-beam
girder bridge as per I.R.C. loading) Here the
authors analysis was concerned with earthquake
analysis of suspension bridges, where the effects of
large deflections were taken into account. The author
prescribed a procedure which enables the designer to
evaluate the non-linear dynamic response of
suspension bridges in a symmetry providing a
realistic evaluation of the overall dynamic response of
suspension bridge, a three dimensional idealization
was desirable which permits a study of the torsional
oscillations of the bridge deck. Hence, these general
procedures supplied essential information on the
study of aerodynamics of suspension bridge.
Shreedhar and Mamadapur (2012) ( Analysis of T-
beam Bridge Using Finite Element Method)
Illustrated that T-beam bridge decks are one of the
principal types of cast-in place concrete decks. T-
beam bridge decks consist of a concrete slab integral
with girders. The finite element method is a general
method of structural analysis in which the solution of
a problem in continuum mechanics is approximated
by the analysis of an assemblage of finite elements
which are interconnected at a finite number of nodal
points and represent the solution domain of the
problem. A simple span T-beam bridge was analyzed
by using I.R.C. loadings as a one dimensional
structure. The same T-beam bridge is analysed as a
three- dimensional structure using finite element plate
for the deck slab and beam elements for the main
beam using software STAAD ProV8i. Both models
are subjected to I.R.C. Loadings to produce maximum
bending moment. The results obtained from the finite
element model are lesser than the results obtained
from one dimensional analysis, which means that the
results obtained from manual calculations subjected
to IRC loadings are conservative.
Shreedhar et al. (2013) (Hydraulic Analysis of
minor bridge under soft soil condition) Talked
about Multiple cell reinforced box culverts are ideal
bridge structure if the discharge in a drain crossing
the road is large and if the bearing capacity of the soil
is low as the single box culvert becomes
uneconomical because of the higher thickness of the
slab and walls. In such cases, more than one box can
be constructed side- by- side monolithically. The box
culvert has to be analyzed for moments, shear forces
and thrusts developed due to the various loading
conditions by any classical methods such as moment
distribution method, slope deflection method etc. It
becomes very tedious for the designer to arrive at
design forces for various loading conditions. Hence a

study is made to arrive at the coefficients for
moments, shear forces and axial thrusts for different
loading cases and for different ratios of L/H = 1.0,
L/H = 1.25, L/H = 1.5, L/H = 1.75 and L/H = 2.0 for
three cell box culvert. This enables the designer to
decide the combination of various loading cases to
arrive at the maximum design forces at the critical
section thus saving considerable design time and
effort.
Asli and Ahmad (2013) (Analysis and Design of
Continuous Pre-stressed Concrete Bridge based on
Construction Sequence) Explained the process of
analysis and design of continuous Pre-stressed
concrete bridge based on construction stages on site.
In this study, the construction sequence is first studied
and understood. Several analysis of loadings acted on
continuous bridge is conducted using Staad Pro
software to determine the bending moment of the
bridge at various construction sequence. Then, the
bending moments obtained from the Staad Pro is used
to design the cable profile, prestress force and number
of tendons of the continuous bridge. The bending
moment value due to selfweight obtained from the
first construction stages are higher than last
construction stages thus it is used to design the
prestress force and number of tendons required by the
continuous bridge on the stage of transfer while the
combination of bending moment due to selfweight
obtained from the first construction and bending
moment due to external loading gained from the last
construction stages are used to design the prestress
force and number of tendons required on the stage of
service respectively. Analysis of construction
sequence is important during the designing process as
the value of bending moment on the first construction
stages are more critical compared to the last
construction stages.
Kolate et al. (2014) (Comparative Study of Deck
and box type minor Bridge) Here the author has
investigated the different design parameters of box
culverts namely angle of dispersion or effective width
of live load, effect of earth pressure and depth of
cushion provided of top slab of box culverts. Other
mandatory elements which was considered were
depth of cushion, coefficient of earth pressure for
lateral pressures on walls, width and angle
OBJECTIVE OF THE PRESENT STUDY
1. Study of existing design of Deck Bridge.
2. Study of bridge design using SAP 2000 based on
F.E.M.
3. Study on suitability of different materials for
bridge design.
4. Techno economic analysis of materials selected
for bridge constructs.
FORMULATION
In this study, a comparative study based on two
different types of bridges i.e. Deck type and Pre-
stressed deck type using finite element analysis in
SAP2000 is prepared, considering same loading class
70-R as per I.R.C. loading. In this study we will also
prepare a cost analysis of both the structures using
S.O.R. C.P.W.D. 2014.
Methodology
In this research work our motive is to justify the
variation in strength and cost of four cases of bridges
for same loading and hydraulic conditions to carry out
the best of them.
In this study, I am focusing the analysis using finite
element method using analysis tool SAP 2000, which
is capable of applying all conditions and methods
with respect to preferred standard code.
Determine the site condition and position for
casting bridge.
Hydraulic design to determine required Bridge
length and profile grade
Preparation of geometry of Bridge in SAP 2000
Assigning of Loads and section properties with
support conditions.
Assigning hydraulic load and vehicle load as per
I.R.C. Analysis (finite element)
Assigning Pre-stressed deck
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Maximum Bending Moment
Table 1. Maximum Bending Moment
Max. bending moment in Pier
Deck Bridge (RCC)Deck Bridge (Foam Concrete)Pre-stressed deck bridge
Pre-stressed deck bridge
(Foam Concrete)
387.98 382.54 367.09 359.09

Fig 1. Maximum Bending Moment
CONCLUSIONS
1. In this study we manually calculate the total
discharge and assigned it in software.
2. It is concluded that in terms of cost Deck type
bridge R.C.C. is comparatively more costly than
Pre-stressed Bridge.
3. I.R.C. loading is applied for justification of
vehicular load analysis.
REFERENCES –
[1] Alvarez J.J and Aparicio A. C: “Seismic
Response of Cable-Stay Bridges for Different
Layout Conditions: A Comparative Analysis”
15 WCEW, LISBOA, 2012.
[2] Bridge rules (Railway Board). Rules specifying
the loads for design of super structure and
substructure of bridges and for assessment of
the strength of existing bridges.
[3] Coenraad Esveld, MODERN RAILWAY
TRACK, MRT - Productions, Vol 2, 1989.
[4] Coenraad ESVELD and Valéri MARKINE,
SLAB TRACK DESIGN FOR HIGH-SPEED.
Vol 1, 1999.
[5] David N. Bilow, P.E., S.E. and Gene M.
Randich, P.E., SLAB TRACK FOR THE
NEXT 100 YEARS, Portland Cement
Association, Skokie, IL. ISSN 1874:2334, Vol.
7, 2011.
[6] Desai A K, Savaliya G. M, Vasanwala S.A:
“static and dynamic analysis of cable-stay
suspension hybrid bridge &validation, Vol. 6,
Issue 11, 2015.
[7] D. Johnson Victor, “Essentials of Bridge
Engineering”, Fifth Edition. 2014.
[8] Indian railway standards-Steel Bridge Code
indian railway standard code of practice for the
design of steel or wrought iron bridges carrying
rail,road or pedestrian traffic 2007.
[9] IRC: 21-2014 Section –III Cement Concrete
(plain and reinforced) standard specifications
and code of practice for road bridges.
[10] IRS Concrete Bridge Code : 1997 Code of
practice for plain, Reinforced &Pre-stressed
concrete for general bridge construction
[11] IRS Bridge Rules : 2008 Rules specifying the
loads for Design of super-structure and sub-
structure of Bridges and for assessment of the
strength of Existing bridges
[12] IRS Bridge Manual : 1998
[13] IS-456:2000 Code of practice for plain and
reinforced concrete.
[14] IS-875 Code of practice for design loads.
[15] IS-1786:2008 High strength deformed steel
bars and wires for concrete reinforcement
Specification.

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