The document describes the process used by a structural analysis program to design concrete beam flexural reinforcement according to BS 8110-97. The program calculates reinforcement required for flexure and shear. For flexural design, it determines factored moments, calculates reinforcement as a singly or doubly reinforced section, and ensures minimum reinforcement requirements are met. Design is conducted for rectangular beams and T-beams under positive and negative bending.
Calulation of deflection and crack width according to is 456 2000Vikas Mehta
This document discusses the calculation of crack width in reinforced concrete flexural members. It provides information on:
1) Crack width is calculated to satisfy serviceability limits and is only relevant for Type 3 pre-stressed concrete members that crack under service loads.
2) Crack width depends on factors like amount of pre-stress, tensile stress in bars, concrete cover thickness, bar diameter and spacing, member depth and location of neutral axis, bond strength, and concrete tensile strength.
3) The method of calculation involves determining the shortest distance from the surface to a bar and using equations involving member depth, neutral axis depth, average strain at the surface level. Permissible crack widths are specified depending on exposure
Design of steel structure as per is 800(2007)ahsanrabbani
It does not offer resistance against rotation and also termed as a hinged or pinned connections.
It transfers only axial or shear forces and it is not designed for moment
It is generally connected by single bolt/rivet and therefore full rotation is allowed
This document provides information on the structural design of a simply supported reinforced concrete beam. It includes:
- A list of students enrolled in an elementary structural design course.
- Equations and diagrams showing the forces and stresses in a reinforced concrete beam with a singly reinforced bottom section.
- Limits on the maximum depth of the neutral axis according to the grade of steel.
- Examples of analyzing the stresses and determining steel reinforcement for a given beam cross-section.
- A design example calculating the dimensions and steel reinforcement for a rectangular beam with a factored uniform load.
This document discusses the design of floor slabs including one-way spanning slabs, two-way spanning slabs, continuous slabs, cantilever slabs, and restrained slabs. It covers slab types based on span ratios, bending moment coefficients, determining design load, reinforcement requirements, shear and deflection checks, crack control, and reinforcement curtailment details for different slab conditions. The document is authored by Eng. S. Kartheepan and is related to the design of floor slabs for a civil engineering project.
information on types of beams, different methods to calculate beam stress, design for shear, analysis for SRB flexure, design for flexure, Design procedure for doubly reinforced beam,
The document provides steps for designing different structural elements:
1. Design of a beam subjected to torsion including calculation of torsional and bending moments, determination of steel requirements, and detailing.
2. Design of continuous beams involving calculation of bending moments and shears, reinforcement sizing, shear design, deflection check, and detailing including curtailment.
3. Design of circular water tanks with both flexible base and rigid base using approximate and IS code methods. This includes sizing hoop and vertical tension reinforcement, sizing wall thickness, designing cantilever sections and base slabs, and providing detailing diagrams.
The document provides details to design the reinforcement for a basement retaining wall. It includes calculating the required wall thickness, loads on the wall, bending moments, shear forces, and reinforcement requirements. The summary is as follows:
1. The thickness of the basement retaining wall is determined to be 200mm based on the given height and material properties.
2. The loads on the wall, including soil pressure, water pressure, and surcharge loads are calculated.
3. The bending moment and shear force diagrams are drawn, with the maximum bending moment found to be 33.12 kNm and maximum shear force 65.76kN.
4. The required vertical and horizontal reinforcement is calculated for different sections based on
This document discusses shear wall analysis and design. It defines shear walls as structural elements used in buildings to resist lateral forces through cantilever action. The document classifies different types of shear walls and discusses their behavior under seismic loading. It outlines the steps for designing shear walls, including reviewing layout, analyzing structural systems, determining design forces, and detailing reinforcement. The document emphasizes the importance of properly locating shear walls in a building to resist seismic loads and minimize torsional effects.
Calulation of deflection and crack width according to is 456 2000Vikas Mehta
This document discusses the calculation of crack width in reinforced concrete flexural members. It provides information on:
1) Crack width is calculated to satisfy serviceability limits and is only relevant for Type 3 pre-stressed concrete members that crack under service loads.
2) Crack width depends on factors like amount of pre-stress, tensile stress in bars, concrete cover thickness, bar diameter and spacing, member depth and location of neutral axis, bond strength, and concrete tensile strength.
3) The method of calculation involves determining the shortest distance from the surface to a bar and using equations involving member depth, neutral axis depth, average strain at the surface level. Permissible crack widths are specified depending on exposure
Design of steel structure as per is 800(2007)ahsanrabbani
It does not offer resistance against rotation and also termed as a hinged or pinned connections.
It transfers only axial or shear forces and it is not designed for moment
It is generally connected by single bolt/rivet and therefore full rotation is allowed
This document provides information on the structural design of a simply supported reinforced concrete beam. It includes:
- A list of students enrolled in an elementary structural design course.
- Equations and diagrams showing the forces and stresses in a reinforced concrete beam with a singly reinforced bottom section.
- Limits on the maximum depth of the neutral axis according to the grade of steel.
- Examples of analyzing the stresses and determining steel reinforcement for a given beam cross-section.
- A design example calculating the dimensions and steel reinforcement for a rectangular beam with a factored uniform load.
This document discusses the design of floor slabs including one-way spanning slabs, two-way spanning slabs, continuous slabs, cantilever slabs, and restrained slabs. It covers slab types based on span ratios, bending moment coefficients, determining design load, reinforcement requirements, shear and deflection checks, crack control, and reinforcement curtailment details for different slab conditions. The document is authored by Eng. S. Kartheepan and is related to the design of floor slabs for a civil engineering project.
information on types of beams, different methods to calculate beam stress, design for shear, analysis for SRB flexure, design for flexure, Design procedure for doubly reinforced beam,
The document provides steps for designing different structural elements:
1. Design of a beam subjected to torsion including calculation of torsional and bending moments, determination of steel requirements, and detailing.
2. Design of continuous beams involving calculation of bending moments and shears, reinforcement sizing, shear design, deflection check, and detailing including curtailment.
3. Design of circular water tanks with both flexible base and rigid base using approximate and IS code methods. This includes sizing hoop and vertical tension reinforcement, sizing wall thickness, designing cantilever sections and base slabs, and providing detailing diagrams.
The document provides details to design the reinforcement for a basement retaining wall. It includes calculating the required wall thickness, loads on the wall, bending moments, shear forces, and reinforcement requirements. The summary is as follows:
1. The thickness of the basement retaining wall is determined to be 200mm based on the given height and material properties.
2. The loads on the wall, including soil pressure, water pressure, and surcharge loads are calculated.
3. The bending moment and shear force diagrams are drawn, with the maximum bending moment found to be 33.12 kNm and maximum shear force 65.76kN.
4. The required vertical and horizontal reinforcement is calculated for different sections based on
This document discusses shear wall analysis and design. It defines shear walls as structural elements used in buildings to resist lateral forces through cantilever action. The document classifies different types of shear walls and discusses their behavior under seismic loading. It outlines the steps for designing shear walls, including reviewing layout, analyzing structural systems, determining design forces, and detailing reinforcement. The document emphasizes the importance of properly locating shear walls in a building to resist seismic loads and minimize torsional effects.
This document provides an overview of reinforced concrete design principles for civil engineers and construction managers. It discusses the aim of structural design according to BS 8110, describes the properties and composite action of reinforced concrete, explains limit state design methodology, and summarizes key elements like slabs, beams, columns, walls, and foundations. The document also covers material properties, stress-strain curves, failure modes, and general procedures for slab sizing and design.
This document provides an overview of the design of steel beams. It discusses various beam types and sections, loads on beams, design considerations for restrained and unrestrained beams. For restrained beams, it covers lateral restraint requirements, section classification, shear capacity, moment capacity under low and high shear, web bearing, buckling, and deflection checks. For unrestrained beams, it discusses lateral torsional buckling, moment and buckling resistance checks. Design procedures and equations for determining effective properties and capacities are also presented.
The document discusses shear design of beams. It covers shear strength, which depends on the web thickness and h/t ratio to prevent shear buckling. Shear strength is calculated as 60% of the tensile yield stress. Block shear failure is also discussed, where the strength is governed by the shear and net tension areas. An example calculates the maximum reaction based on block shear for a coped beam connection.
This document describes the design of a pile cap by a group of civil engineering students. It defines a pile cap as a concrete mat that rests on piles driven into soft ground to provide a stable foundation. It then provides two examples of pile cap design, showing dimensions, load calculations, reinforcement requirements and construction details. The document concludes that a pile cap distributes a building's load to piles to form a stable foundation on unstable soil. It acknowledges the guidance of professors in completing this project.
This document provides information on the design of a concrete beam, including:
1) Key principles in beam design such as determining the effective depth ratio and performing deflection checks.
2) Details on flanged beam design including how the location of the neutral axis affects the process.
3) Procedures for continuous beam design including determining load cases, calculating fixed end moments, and using moment distribution.
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structure (IS 456:2000)MachenLink
This is the 1st Lecture Series on Design Reinforced Cement Concrete (IS 456 -2000).
In this video, you will learn about the objective of structural designing and then basic properties of concrete and steel.
Concrete properties like...
1. Grade of Concrete
2. Modulus of Elasticity
3. Characteristic Strength
4. Tensile Strength
5. Creep and Shrinkage
6. Durability
Reinforced Steel Properties....
1. Grade and types of steel
2. Yield Strength of Mild Steel and HYSD Bars
- The document discusses the design of a combined footing to support two columns carrying loads of 700 kN and 1000 kN respectively.
- A trapezoidal combined footing of size 7.2m x 2m is designed to support the loads and transmit them uniformly to the soil.
- Longitudinal and transverse reinforcement is designed for the footing and a central beam is included to join the two columns. Detailed design calculations and drawings of the footing and beam are presented.
1) Two-way slabs are slabs that require reinforcement in two directions because bending occurs in both the longitudinal and transverse directions when the ratio of longest span to shortest span is less than 2.
2) The document discusses various types of two-way slabs and design methods, focusing on the direct design method (DDM).
3) Using the DDM, the total factored load is first calculated, then the total factored moment is distributed to positive and negative moments. The moments are further distributed to column and middle strips using factors that consider the slab and beam properties.
This document provides information on the design of reinforced concrete columns, including:
- Columns transmit loads vertically to foundations and may resist both compression and bending. Common cross-sections are square, circular and rectangular.
- Columns are classified as braced or unbraced depending on lateral stability, and short or slender based on buckling resistance. Short column design considers axial load capacity while slender column design accounts for second-order effects.
- Reinforcement details include minimum longitudinal bar size and spacing and design of lateral ties. Slender column design determines loadings and calculates moments from stiffness, deflection and biaxial bending effects. Design charts are used to select reinforcement for columns under axial and uniaxial
Tutorial for design of foundations using safeAsaye Dilbo
This document provides a tutorial on designing foundations using the CSI-SAFE software. It outlines how to model isolated, combined and mat foundations. Specifically, it describes how to design a square isolated footing from the built-in model by inputting dimensions, loads and material properties. It also mentions how to model rectangular and circular footings using grids or importing from AutoCAD. The tutorial is intended for readers familiar with shallow foundation design theory.
Design of column base plates anchor boltKhaled Eid
This document discusses the design of column base plates and steel anchorage to concrete. It covers base plate materials and design for different load cases including axial, moment, and shear loads. It also discusses anchor rod types, materials, and design for tension and shear loading based on calculations of the steel and concrete breakout strengths according to building codes.
This document provides an overview of design in reinforced concrete according to BS 8110. It discusses the basic materials used - concrete and steel reinforcement - and their properties. It describes two limit states for design: ultimate limit state considering failure, and serviceability limit state considering deflection and cracking. Key aspects of beam design are summarized, including types of beams, design for bending and shear resistance, and limiting deflection. Reinforcement detailing rules are also briefly covered.
This document summarizes key concepts related to structural analysis including:
1) The effects of axial and eccentric loading on columns including direct stress, bending stress, and maximum/minimum stresses.
2) Maximum and minimum pressures at the base of dams and retaining walls including calculations of total water/earth pressure, eccentricity, and stability conditions.
3) Forces and stresses on chimneys and walls due to wind pressure including calculations of direct stress from self-weight, wind force, induced bending moment, and maximum/minimum stresses.
This document provides an overview of concrete shear wall design requirements according to the 1997 UBC and 2002 ACI code. It discusses the definition of shear walls, requirements for wall reinforcement, shear and flexural design, and determination of boundary zones using both a simplified approach based on load levels and a more rigorous approach using displacement and strain calculations. Details of boundary zone reinforcement are also covered.
The document provides information on column design according to BS 8110-1:1997, including general recommendations, classifications of columns, effective length and minimum eccentricity, design moments, and design. Short columns have a length to height or breadth ratio less than 15 for braced or 10 for unbraced. Braced columns have lateral stability from walls or bracing. Additional moments are considered for slender or unbraced columns based on deflection. Design moments are calculated considering axial load and biaxial bending for different column classifications. Shear design also considers axial load and reinforcement is required if shear exceeds the shear capacity. The interaction diagram is constructed based on equilibrium equations relating stresses on a column cross section to axial load and bending
This document discusses the design of beams for torsion. It defines important terminology related to torsional design. It explains how torsion occurs in structures like bridges and buildings. It discusses threshold torsion and moment redistribution. It also covers torsional stresses, the torsional moment strength, and the torsional reinforcement required to resist torsional forces.
The document discusses analysis of doubly reinforced concrete beams. It begins by explaining how compression reinforcement allows less concrete to resist tension, moving the neutral axis up. It then provides the equations for analyzing strain compatibility and equilibrium in doubly reinforced sections. The document discusses finding the compression reinforcement strain and stress through iteration. It provides reasons for using compression reinforcement, including reducing deflection and increasing ductility. Finally, it includes an example problem demonstrating the full analysis process.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document provides an overview of reinforced concrete design principles for civil engineers and construction managers. It discusses the aim of structural design according to BS 8110, describes the properties and composite action of reinforced concrete, explains limit state design methodology, and summarizes key elements like slabs, beams, columns, walls, and foundations. The document also covers material properties, stress-strain curves, failure modes, and general procedures for slab sizing and design.
This document provides an overview of the design of steel beams. It discusses various beam types and sections, loads on beams, design considerations for restrained and unrestrained beams. For restrained beams, it covers lateral restraint requirements, section classification, shear capacity, moment capacity under low and high shear, web bearing, buckling, and deflection checks. For unrestrained beams, it discusses lateral torsional buckling, moment and buckling resistance checks. Design procedures and equations for determining effective properties and capacities are also presented.
The document discusses shear design of beams. It covers shear strength, which depends on the web thickness and h/t ratio to prevent shear buckling. Shear strength is calculated as 60% of the tensile yield stress. Block shear failure is also discussed, where the strength is governed by the shear and net tension areas. An example calculates the maximum reaction based on block shear for a coped beam connection.
This document describes the design of a pile cap by a group of civil engineering students. It defines a pile cap as a concrete mat that rests on piles driven into soft ground to provide a stable foundation. It then provides two examples of pile cap design, showing dimensions, load calculations, reinforcement requirements and construction details. The document concludes that a pile cap distributes a building's load to piles to form a stable foundation on unstable soil. It acknowledges the guidance of professors in completing this project.
This document provides information on the design of a concrete beam, including:
1) Key principles in beam design such as determining the effective depth ratio and performing deflection checks.
2) Details on flanged beam design including how the location of the neutral axis affects the process.
3) Procedures for continuous beam design including determining load cases, calculating fixed end moments, and using moment distribution.
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structure (IS 456:2000)MachenLink
This is the 1st Lecture Series on Design Reinforced Cement Concrete (IS 456 -2000).
In this video, you will learn about the objective of structural designing and then basic properties of concrete and steel.
Concrete properties like...
1. Grade of Concrete
2. Modulus of Elasticity
3. Characteristic Strength
4. Tensile Strength
5. Creep and Shrinkage
6. Durability
Reinforced Steel Properties....
1. Grade and types of steel
2. Yield Strength of Mild Steel and HYSD Bars
- The document discusses the design of a combined footing to support two columns carrying loads of 700 kN and 1000 kN respectively.
- A trapezoidal combined footing of size 7.2m x 2m is designed to support the loads and transmit them uniformly to the soil.
- Longitudinal and transverse reinforcement is designed for the footing and a central beam is included to join the two columns. Detailed design calculations and drawings of the footing and beam are presented.
1) Two-way slabs are slabs that require reinforcement in two directions because bending occurs in both the longitudinal and transverse directions when the ratio of longest span to shortest span is less than 2.
2) The document discusses various types of two-way slabs and design methods, focusing on the direct design method (DDM).
3) Using the DDM, the total factored load is first calculated, then the total factored moment is distributed to positive and negative moments. The moments are further distributed to column and middle strips using factors that consider the slab and beam properties.
This document provides information on the design of reinforced concrete columns, including:
- Columns transmit loads vertically to foundations and may resist both compression and bending. Common cross-sections are square, circular and rectangular.
- Columns are classified as braced or unbraced depending on lateral stability, and short or slender based on buckling resistance. Short column design considers axial load capacity while slender column design accounts for second-order effects.
- Reinforcement details include minimum longitudinal bar size and spacing and design of lateral ties. Slender column design determines loadings and calculates moments from stiffness, deflection and biaxial bending effects. Design charts are used to select reinforcement for columns under axial and uniaxial
Tutorial for design of foundations using safeAsaye Dilbo
This document provides a tutorial on designing foundations using the CSI-SAFE software. It outlines how to model isolated, combined and mat foundations. Specifically, it describes how to design a square isolated footing from the built-in model by inputting dimensions, loads and material properties. It also mentions how to model rectangular and circular footings using grids or importing from AutoCAD. The tutorial is intended for readers familiar with shallow foundation design theory.
Design of column base plates anchor boltKhaled Eid
This document discusses the design of column base plates and steel anchorage to concrete. It covers base plate materials and design for different load cases including axial, moment, and shear loads. It also discusses anchor rod types, materials, and design for tension and shear loading based on calculations of the steel and concrete breakout strengths according to building codes.
This document provides an overview of design in reinforced concrete according to BS 8110. It discusses the basic materials used - concrete and steel reinforcement - and their properties. It describes two limit states for design: ultimate limit state considering failure, and serviceability limit state considering deflection and cracking. Key aspects of beam design are summarized, including types of beams, design for bending and shear resistance, and limiting deflection. Reinforcement detailing rules are also briefly covered.
This document summarizes key concepts related to structural analysis including:
1) The effects of axial and eccentric loading on columns including direct stress, bending stress, and maximum/minimum stresses.
2) Maximum and minimum pressures at the base of dams and retaining walls including calculations of total water/earth pressure, eccentricity, and stability conditions.
3) Forces and stresses on chimneys and walls due to wind pressure including calculations of direct stress from self-weight, wind force, induced bending moment, and maximum/minimum stresses.
This document provides an overview of concrete shear wall design requirements according to the 1997 UBC and 2002 ACI code. It discusses the definition of shear walls, requirements for wall reinforcement, shear and flexural design, and determination of boundary zones using both a simplified approach based on load levels and a more rigorous approach using displacement and strain calculations. Details of boundary zone reinforcement are also covered.
The document provides information on column design according to BS 8110-1:1997, including general recommendations, classifications of columns, effective length and minimum eccentricity, design moments, and design. Short columns have a length to height or breadth ratio less than 15 for braced or 10 for unbraced. Braced columns have lateral stability from walls or bracing. Additional moments are considered for slender or unbraced columns based on deflection. Design moments are calculated considering axial load and biaxial bending for different column classifications. Shear design also considers axial load and reinforcement is required if shear exceeds the shear capacity. The interaction diagram is constructed based on equilibrium equations relating stresses on a column cross section to axial load and bending
This document discusses the design of beams for torsion. It defines important terminology related to torsional design. It explains how torsion occurs in structures like bridges and buildings. It discusses threshold torsion and moment redistribution. It also covers torsional stresses, the torsional moment strength, and the torsional reinforcement required to resist torsional forces.
The document discusses analysis of doubly reinforced concrete beams. It begins by explaining how compression reinforcement allows less concrete to resist tension, moving the neutral axis up. It then provides the equations for analyzing strain compatibility and equilibrium in doubly reinforced sections. The document discusses finding the compression reinforcement strain and stress through iteration. It provides reasons for using compression reinforcement, including reducing deflection and increasing ductility. Finally, it includes an example problem demonstrating the full analysis process.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
El documento presenta 3 ejercicios de análisis de vigas de concreto armado. En el primer ejercicio, se determina que la sección es subreforzada y la resistencia a flexión es de 17.4 toneladas-metro. En el segundo ejercicio, se calcula que la sección es sobrerreforzada y la resistencia a flexión es de 11.34 toneladas-metro. El tercer ejercicio presenta una viga rectangular con dimensiones dadas y refuerzo con 6 barras.
The superstructure of a building consists of elements above the foundation like beams, columns, lintels, roofing and flooring. Beams are horizontal members that carry loads and transfer them to columns or walls. Reinforced concrete beams are designed to resist both bending moments and shear forces from loads. There are different types of beams like simply supported, fixed, cantilever, continuous and overhanging beams which are designed based on how they are supported. Columns are vertical load bearing members that transfer loads from beams and slabs to the foundation. Common column types include long, short and intermediate columns. Lintels are short horizontal members that span small openings like doors and windows and transfer loads to masonry, steel or reinforced concrete
Este documento trata sobre los fundamentos del diseño estructural en concreto armado. Se explica el proceso de diseño por estado límite y los factores de carga y reducción de capacidad considerados. También se describen las propiedades del concreto como material, incluyendo su comportamiento a compresión uniaxial y biaxial, y su resistencia a tensión. Finalmente, se mencionan factores que afectan la resistencia del concreto como la edad, relación agua-cemento, velocidad de carga y deformación.
rectangular and section analysis in bending and shearqueripan
The document discusses the design of reinforced concrete beams for bending and shear. It covers the analysis of singly and doubly reinforced rectangular beam sections. Key points covered include the concept of neutral axis, under-reinforced and over-reinforced sections, design of bending reinforcement, design of shear reinforcement including link spacing, and deflection criteria. Worked examples are provided to demonstrate the design of bending and shear reinforcement for rectangular beams.
This document provides information on the design of reinforced concrete beams, including:
1. It outlines the three basic design stages: preliminary analysis and sizing, detailed analysis of reinforcement, and serviceability calculations.
2. It describes how to calculate the lever arm, depth of the neutral axis, and required area of tension and compression reinforcement for singly and doubly reinforced beams.
3. It discusses considerations for preliminary sizing of beams, including required cover, breadth, effective depth, shear stress limits, and span-depth ratios. Trial calculations are suggested to determine suitable beam dimensions.
This document provides an overview of the design of rectangular reinforced concrete beams that are singly or doubly reinforced. It defines key assumptions in the design process including plane sections remaining plane after bending. It also covers evaluation of design parameters such as moment factors, strength reduction factors, and balanced reinforcement ratios. The design procedures for singly and doubly reinforced beams are described including checking crack width for singly reinforced beams. Figures are also provided to illustrate concepts such as stress distributions and the components of a doubly reinforced beam.
The document summarizes the analysis of reinforced concrete beam cross sections to determine their moment of resistance at the ultimate limit state. It outlines the key assumptions of the strength design method and describes the behavior of beams under small, moderate and ultimate loads. It also discusses balanced, under-reinforced and over-reinforced beam sections, and introduces the concept of the equivalent stress block to simplify calculations. Worked examples are provided to demonstrate how to determine the depth of the neutral axis and moment of resistance for various beam cross sections.
good for engineering students
to get deep knowledge about design of singly reinforced beam by working stress method.
see and learn about rcc structure....................................................
This document provides information on analysis and design of reinforced concrete beams. It discusses key concepts such as modular ratio, neutral axis, stress diagrams, and types of reinforcement. It also defines under-reinforced, balanced, and over-reinforced beam sections. Several examples are provided to illustrate determination of neutral axis depth, moment of resistance, steel percentage, and stresses in concrete and steel reinforcement. Design aspects like maximum load capacity are also explained through examples.
1. Reinforced masonry working stress design of flexural members uses assumptions including plane sections remaining plane after bending and neglecting all masonry in tension.
2. The balanced condition occurs when the extreme fiber stress in the masonry equals the allowable compressive stress and the tensile stress in reinforcement equals the allowable tensile stress.
3. Shear design of reinforced masonry considers mechanisms such as dowel action and the ability of shear reinforcement to restrict crack growth and resist tensile stresses. Allowable shear stresses depend on the presence of shear reinforcement.
The origin of the word 'Glulam' comes from the words 'glue' and 'laminated'. Glulam is manufactured by gluing together layers of dimensional lumber or timber boards with structural adhesives to form a structural laminated beam or column. One structural advantage Glulam has over conventional solid timber is that it allows for the manufacture of larger and longer structural members than what could be produced from a single piece of solid timber. An example of a type of structural form that can be constructed from Glulam in buildings is glulam arches.
The document provides information on the design of singly reinforced concrete beams. It defines key terms like overall depth, effective depth, clear cover, neutral axis, and lever arm. It describes the types of beam sections as balanced, under-reinforced and over-reinforced. Under-reinforced beams are designed for economy and provide warning before failure, while over-reinforced beams fail suddenly from concrete overstress. The procedure for designing singly reinforced beams using the working stress method is outlined in steps involving calculating design constants, assuming beam dimensions, determining loads, finding steel area required, and checking for shear and deflection requirements.
The document discusses the historical background and advantages of the strength design method for reinforced concrete structures. It provides details on how structural safety is assured through factored loads and reduced material strengths. Key aspects of the strength design method covered include derivation of expressions for beam design, minimum and balanced steel ratios, requirements for under-reinforced and over-reinforced beams, and minimum thickness and deflection requirements.
This document provides definitions and design considerations for singly reinforced concrete beams. It defines key terms like overall depth, effective depth, clear cover, and neutral axis. It explains that a singly reinforced beam only has steel reinforcement in the tensile zone below the neutral axis. Beam design aims to select member dimensions and reinforcement amount to safely support loads over the structure's lifetime. Singly reinforced beams can be designed as balanced, under-reinforced, or over-reinforced sections depending on steel reinforcement ratio. Basic design rules cover effective span, depth, bearing capacity, deflection limits, and reinforcement requirements.
Design of short columns using helical reinforcementshivam gautam
Helical reinforcement, also known as spiral reinforcement, is used in circular concrete columns. It consists of longitudinal bars enclosed within a continuously wound spiral reinforcement. Helical reinforcement is sometimes designed instead of normal links for columns because it provides increased strength and ductility. The spiral reinforcement acts compositely with the concrete core and allows the column to sustain higher loads than those with normal links. It also minimizes the risk of stirrups opening during seismic events. The document then provides details on the design of helical reinforcement for short concrete columns, including governing equations and an example problem.
Design of Beam- RCC Singly Reinforced BeamSHAZEBALIKHAN1
Concrete beams are an essential part of civil structures. Learn the design basis, calculations for sizing, tension reinforcement, and shear reinforcement for a concrete beam.
This document provides an example of designing a rectangular reinforced concrete beam. It includes calculating the loads, bending moment, required tension reinforcement, checking shear capacity and deflection. For a simply supported beam with a uniformly distributed load, the document calculates the steel reinforcement area required using formulas and tables. It then checks that the beam satisfies requirements for shear capacity, minimum and maximum steel ratios, and deflection. The document also provides an example of designing a doubly reinforced beam.
This document discusses concepts related to the design of concrete beams including:
1. It introduces concepts like bending, shear, tension and compression as they relate to beam design.
2. It provides formulas for calculating reactions, shear forces, and bending moments in simply supported beams under different loading conditions.
3. It explains concepts like the neutral axis, stress blocks, and strain diagrams that are important to beam design.
4. It discusses factors that influence the strength of beams like the moment of inertia and reinforcement ratio.
5. It compares working stress and limit state methods of design.
The document discusses guidelines for detailing reinforcement in concrete structures. It begins by defining detailing as the preparation of working drawings showing the size and location of reinforcement. Good detailing ensures reinforcement and concrete interact efficiently. The document then discusses sources of tension in concrete structures from various loading conditions like bending, shear, and connections. It provides equations from AS3600-2009 for calculating minimum development lengths for reinforcing bars to develop their yield strength based on bar size, concrete strength, and transverse reinforcement. It also discusses lap splice requirements. In summary, the document provides best practice guidelines for detailing reinforcement to efficiently resist loads and control cracking in concrete structures.
This document discusses the limit state method for designing reinforced concrete beams. It describes key concepts like limit states, stress-strain curves for concrete and steel, and the parameters used to calculate the depth of the neutral axis and moment of resistance. There are three main types of reinforced concrete beams discussed: singly reinforced, doubly reinforced, and singly or doubly reinforced flanged beams. The document focuses on the design and analysis of singly reinforced beams, providing examples of determining the moment of resistance of a given cross-section, as well as designing a beam to resist a specific bending moment.
The document discusses different methods of concrete design including working stress method, limit state method, ultimate load method, and probabilistic method. It then focuses on explaining the limit state method. Key points include:
- The limit state method aims to achieve an acceptable probability that a structure will not reach an unsafe limit state during its lifetime.
- Structures must withstand all reliably expected loads over lifetime and satisfy serviceability requirements like deflection and cracking limits.
- Important limit states to consider in design are flexure, compression, shear, and torsion failure modes.
- Examples are given of analyzing and designing reinforced concrete beam sections using the limit state method. Design calculations for moment of resistance are shown.
This document summarizes design considerations for shear in reinforced concrete structures. It discusses shear strength provided by concrete alone (Vc), shear strength provided by shear reinforcement (Vs), and methods for calculating total shear strength (Vn). It also covers requirements for shear reinforcement spacing and minimum amounts. Design aids are presented for calculating shear capacity of beams, slabs, and members under combined shear and torsion.
Study of Steel Moment Resisting Frame with Reduced Beam SectionIJERA Editor
This document summarizes a study on modeling and analyzing a 15-story steel building with and without reduced beam sections (RBS) using time history analysis. The study found that using RBS increased the building's time period by 25% and increased deflections and drifts compared to a building with regular beams. However, base shear was nearly identical between the two buildings. While RBS increased deformations, it also reduced the total steel material needed by about 11.5 tons, providing a cost savings of around $7,480. Therefore, RBS can improve seismic performance by shifting plastic hinging away from beam-column connections while also offering a cost benefit from reduced material.
Online train ticket booking system project.pdfKamal Acharya
Rail transport is one of the important modes of transport in India. Now a days we
see that there are railways that are present for the long as well as short distance
travelling which makes the life of the people easier. When compared to other
means of transport, a railway is the cheapest means of transport. The maintenance
of the railway database also plays a major role in the smooth running of this
system. The Online Train Ticket Management System will help in reserving the
tickets of the railways to travel from a particular source to the destination.
Better Builder Magazine brings together premium product manufactures and leading builders to create better differentiated homes and buildings that use less energy, save water and reduce our impact on the environment. The magazine is published four times a year.
A high-Speed Communication System is based on the Design of a Bi-NoC Router, ...DharmaBanothu
The Network on Chip (NoC) has emerged as an effective
solution for intercommunication infrastructure within System on
Chip (SoC) designs, overcoming the limitations of traditional
methods that face significant bottlenecks. However, the complexity
of NoC design presents numerous challenges related to
performance metrics such as scalability, latency, power
consumption, and signal integrity. This project addresses the
issues within the router's memory unit and proposes an enhanced
memory structure. To achieve efficient data transfer, FIFO buffers
are implemented in distributed RAM and virtual channels for
FPGA-based NoC. The project introduces advanced FIFO-based
memory units within the NoC router, assessing their performance
in a Bi-directional NoC (Bi-NoC) configuration. The primary
objective is to reduce the router's workload while enhancing the
FIFO internal structure. To further improve data transfer speed,
a Bi-NoC with a self-configurable intercommunication channel is
suggested. Simulation and synthesis results demonstrate
guaranteed throughput, predictable latency, and equitable
network access, showing significant improvement over previous
designs
Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 StandardMuhammadJazib15
This document provides basic guidelines for imparitallity requirement of ISO 17025. It defines in detial how it is met and wiudhwdih jdhsjdhwudjwkdbjwkdddddddddddkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwioiiiiiiiiiiiii uwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwhe wiqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq gbbbbbbbbbbbbb owdjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj widhi owqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq uwdhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhwqiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiw0pooooojjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj whhhhhhhhhhh wheeeeeeee wihieiiiiii wihe
e qqqqqqqqqqeuwiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiqw dddddddddd cccccccccccccccv s w c r
cdf cb bicbsad ishd d qwkbdwiur e wetwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww w
dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffw
uuuuhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhe qiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee qqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbu uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuum
m
m mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm m i
g i dijsd sjdnsjd ndjajsdnnsa adjdnawddddddddddddd uw
An In-Depth Exploration of Natural Language Processing: Evolution, Applicatio...DharmaBanothu
Natural language processing (NLP) has
recently garnered significant interest for the
computational representation and analysis of human
language. Its applications span multiple domains such
as machine translation, email spam detection,
information extraction, summarization, healthcare,
and question answering. This paper first delineates
four phases by examining various levels of NLP and
components of Natural Language Generation,
followed by a review of the history and progression of
NLP. Subsequently, we delve into the current state of
the art by presenting diverse NLP applications,
contemporary trends, and challenges. Finally, we
discuss some available datasets, models, and
evaluation metrics in NLP.
Data Communication and Computer Networks Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Networking is a telecommunications network that allows computers to exchange data. In
computer networks, networked computing devices pass data to each other along data
connections. Data is transferred in the form of packets. The connections between nodes are
established using either cable media or wireless media.
2. Concrete Frame Design BS 8110-97 Beam Design
Design Beam Flexural Reinforcement Page 2 of 10
Determine Factored Moments
In the design of flexural reinforcement of concrete frame beams, the factored
moments for each load combination at a particular beam station are obtained
by factoring the corresponding moments for different load cases with the
corresponding load factors.
The beam section is then designed for the maximum positive and maximum
negative factored moments obtained from all of the load combinations at that
section.
Negative beam moments produce top steel. In such cases, the beam is al-
ways designed as a rectangular section. Positive beam moments produce
bottom steel. In such cases, the beam may be designed as a rectangular sec-
tion, or T-Beam effects may be included.
Determine Required Flexural Reinforcement
In the flexural reinforcement design process, the program calculates both the
tension and compression reinforcement. Compression reinforcement is added
when the applied design moment exceeds the maximum moment capacity of
a singly reinforced section. The user has the option of avoiding the compres-
sion reinforcement by increasing the effective depth, the width, or the grade
of concrete.
The design procedure is based on the simplified rectangular stress block as
shown in Figure 1 (BS 3.4.4.1). It is assumed that moment redistribution in
the member does not exceed 10% (i.e., βb ≥ 0.9) (BS 3.4.4.4). The code also
places a limitation on the neutral axis depth, x/d ≤ 0.5, to safeguard against
non-ductile failures (BS 3.4.4.4). In addition, the area of compression rein-
forcement is calculated assuming that the neutral axis depth remains at the
maximum permitted value.
The design procedure used by the program for both rectangular and flanged
sections (L- and T-beams) is summarized in the next section. It is assumed
that the design ultimate axial force does not exceed 0.1fcu Ag (BS 3.4.4.1);
hence, all the beams are designed for major direction flexure and shear only.
Design of a Rectangular beam
For rectangular beams, the moment capacity as a singly reinforced beam,
Msingle, is obtained first for a section. The reinforcing steel area is determined
3. Concrete Frame Design BS 8110-97 Beam Design
Design Beam Flexural Reinforcement Page 3 of 10
based on whether M is greater than, less than, or equal to Msingle. See Figure
1.
Figure 1: Design of a Rectangular Beam Section
Calculate the ultimate moment of resistance of the section as a singly re-
inforced beam.
Msingle = K'fcubd2
, where (BS 3.4.4.4)
K' = 0.156.
If M ≤ Msingle, no compression reinforcement is required. The area of ten-
sion reinforcement, As, is obtained from
As =
z)f95.0(
M
y
, where (BS 3.4.4.4)
z = d
−+
9.0
K
25.05.0 ≤ 0.95d, and (BS 3.4.4.4)
0.67fcu/γc
4. Concrete Frame Design BS 8110-97 Beam Design
Design Beam Flexural Reinforcement Page 4 of 10
K = 2
cu bdf
M
. (BS 3.4.4.4)
This is the top steel if the section is under negative moment and the bot-
tom steel if the section is under positive moment.
• If M > Msingle, the area of compression reinforcement, '
sA , is given by
'
sA =
( ) )'dd(f67.0f
MM
ccu
'
s
single
−−
−
γ
, (BS 3.4.4.4)
where d' is the depth of the compression steel from the concrete compres-
sion face, and
'
sf = 700
−
d
d'2
1 ≤ 0.95 fy. (BS 3.4.4.4)
This is the bottom steel if the section is under negative moment. From
equilibrium, the area of tension reinforcement is calculated as:
sA =
( ) )'dd(f95.0
MM
z)f95.0(
M
y
single
y
single
−
−
+ , where (BS 3.4.4.4)
z =
−+
9.0
'
25.05.0
K
d = 0.776887 d. (BS 3.4.4.4)
As is to be placed at the bottom of the beam and As
'
at the top for positive
bending and vice versa for negative bending.
Design as a T-Beam
(i) Flanged beam under negative moment
The contribution of the flange to the strength of the beam is ignored. The de-
sign procedure is therefore identical to the one used for rectangular beams,
except that in the corresponding equations, b is replaced by bw. See Figure 2.
(ii) Flanged beam under positive moment
With the flange in compression, the program analyzes the section by consid-
ering alternative locations of the neutral axis. Initially the neutral axis is as-
5. Concrete Frame Design BS 8110-97 Beam Design
Design Beam Flexural Reinforcement Page 5 of 10
sumed to be located in the flange. On the basis of this assumption, the pro-
gram calculates the depth of the neutral axis. If the stress block does not
extend beyond the flange thickness, the section is designed as a rectangular
beam of width bf. If the stress block extends beyond the flange width, the
contribution of the web to the flexural strength of the beam is taken into
account. See Figure 2.
Figure 2: Design of a T-Beam Section
The T-beam requires only tension reinforcement when the moment is posi-
tive, the flange is in compression, the moment is less than βf fcu bd2
and the
flange depth is less than 0.45d. In those conditions, the tension reinforcing
steel area of the T-beam is calculated as follows (BS 3.4.4.5):
( )
( )fy
fwcu
s
h5.0df95.0
hd45.0dbf1.0M
A
−
−+
= (BS 3.4.4.5)
where,
b
b
15.0
d2
h
1
b
b
1
d
h
45.0 wf
f
wf
f +
−
−=β (BS 3.4.4.5)
0.67fcu/γc
6. Concrete Frame Design BS 8110-97 Beam Design
Design Beam Flexural Reinforcement Page 6 of 10
If the above conditions are not met, the T-beam is designed using the general
principle of the BS 8110 code (BS 3.4.4.4, BS 3.4.4.5), which is as follows:
Assuming that the neutral axis lies in the flange, the normalized moment is
computed as
K = 2
dbf
M
fcu
. (BS 3.4.4.4)
Then the moment arm is computed as
z =
−+
9.0
K
25.05.0d ≤ 0.95d, (BS 3.4.4.4)
the depth of neutral axis is computed as
x =
45.0
1
(d − z), and (BS 3.4.4.4)
the depth of compression block is given by
a = 0.9x. (BS 3.4.4.4)
If a ≤ hf, the subsequent calculations for As are exactly the same as previ-
ously defined for the rectangular section design. However, in that case the
width of the compression block is taken to be equal to the width of the
compression flange, bf for design. Compression reinforcement is required
if K > K'.
If a > hf, the subsequent calculations for As are performed in two parts.
The first part is for balancing the compressive force from the flange, Cf,
and the second part is for balancing the compressive force from the web,
Cw, as shown in Figure 2.
In this case, the ultimate resistance moment of the flange is given by
Mf = 0.67 (fcu/γc) (bf − bw)hf (d − 0.5hf), (BS 3.4.4.1)
the balance of moment taken by the web is computed as
Mw = M − Mf, and
7. Concrete Frame Design BS 8110-97 Beam Design
Design Beam Flexural Reinforcement Page 7 of 10
the normalized moment resisted by the web is given by
Kw = 2
dbf
M
wcu
w
. (BS 3.4.4.1)
− If Kw ≤ K', the beam is designed as a singly reinforced concrete beam.
The area of steel is calculated as the sum of two parts: one to balance
compression in the flange and one to balance compression in the web.
As =
zf95.0
M
)h5.0d(f95.0
M
y
w
fy
f
+
−
, where (BS 3.4.4.1)
z =
−+
9.0
K
25.05.0d w
≤ 0.95d. (BS 3.4.4.1)
− If Kw > K', compression reinforcement is required. The compression
reinforcing steel area is calculated using the following procedure:
The ultimate moment of resistance of the web only is given by
Muw = K' fcu bw d2
. (BS 3.4.4.4)
The compression reinforcement is required to resist a moment of mag-
nitude Mw Mlw. The compression reinforcement is computed as
( ) )'dd(/f67.0f
MM
A
ccu
'
s
uww'
s
−−
−
=
γ
, (BS 3.4.4.1)
where d' is the depth of the compression steel from the concrete com-
pression face, and
'
sf = 700
−
d
d'2
1 ≤ 0.95fy. (BS 3.4.4.1)
The area of tension reinforcement is obtained from equilibrium
As =
−
−
++
− 'dd
MM
d777.0
M
h5.0d
M
f95.0
1 uwwuw
f
f
y
. (BS 3.4.4.1)
8. Concrete Frame Design BS 8110-97 Beam Design
Design Beam Flexural Reinforcement Page 8 of 10
Determination of the Required Minimum Flexural Reinforcing
The minimum flexural tensile reinforcing steel required for a beam section is
given by the following table, which is taken from BS Table 3.25 (BS 3.12.5.3)
with interpolation for reinforcement of intermediate strength:
Table 1 Minimum Percentage of Tensile Reinforcing
Minimum percentage
Section Situation
Definition of
percentage fy= 250 MPa fy = 460 MPa
Rectangular 100
bh
As
0.24 0.13
f
w
b
b
< 0.4 100
hb
A
w
s
0.32 0.18
T-Beam with web in
tension
f
w
b
b
≥ 0.4 100
hb
A
w
s
0.24 0.13
T-Beam with web in
compression
100
hb
A
w
s
0.48 0.26
The minimum flexural compression steel, if it is required, provided in a rec-
tangular or T-beam section is given by the following table, which is taken
from BS Table 3.25 (BS 3.12.5.3) with interpolation for reinforcement of in-
termediate strength:
Table 2 Minimum Percentage of Compression Reinforcing (if required)
Section Situation
Definition of
percentage
Minimum
percentage
Rectangular 100
bh
As
'
0.20
Web in tension 100
ff
s
hb
A
'
0.40
T-Beam
Web in compression 100
hb
A
w
s
'
0.20
In addition, an upper limit on both tension reinforcement and compression
reinforcement has been imposed to be 0.04 times the gross cross-sectional
9. Concrete Frame Design BS 8110-97 Beam Design
Design Beam Shear Reinforcement Page 9 of 10
area (BS 3.12.6.1). The program reports an overstress when the ratio exceed
4 percent.
Design Beam Shear Reinforcement
The shear reinforcement is designed for each load combination in the major
and minor directions of the column. The following steps are involved in de-
signing the shear reinforcement for a particular beam for a particular load
combination resulting from shear forces in a particular direction (BS 3.4.5):
Calculate the design shear stress and maximum allowable shear stress as
v =
cvA
V
, where (BS 3.4.5.2)
v ≤ 0.8 RLW cuf , (BS 3.4.5.2, BS 3.4.5.12)
v ≤ N/mm2
, (BS 3.4.5.2, BS 3.4.5.12)
vmax = min {0.8RLW cuf , 5.0 MPa}, (BS 3.4.5.2, BS 3.4.5.12)
Acv = bw d, and
RLW is a shear strength reduction factor that applies to light-weight
concrete. It is equal to 1 for normal weight concrete. The factor is
specified in the concrete material properties.
If v exceeds 0.8RLW cuf or 5 MPa, the program reports an overstress. In
that case, the concrete shear area should be increased.
Note
The program reports an overstress message when the shear stress exceed 0.8RLW cuf
or 5 MPa (BS 3.4.5.2, BS 3.4.5.12).
Calculate the design concrete shear stress from
vc = RLW
4
1
3
1
s
m
21
d
400
bd
A100kk79.0
γ
, (BS 3.4.5.4, Table 3.8)
10. Concrete Frame Design BS 8110-97 Beam Design
Design Beam Shear Reinforcement Page 10 of 10
where,
k1 is the enhancement factor for support compression,
and is conservatively taken as 1, (BS 3.4.5.8)
k2 =
3
1
25
cuf
≥ 1, (BS 3.4.5.4, Table 3.8)
γm = 1.25, and (BS 2.4.4.1)
As is the area of tensile steel.
However, the following limitations also apply:
0.15 ≤
bd
As100
≤ 3, (BS 3.4.5.4, Table 3.8)
d
400
≥ 1, and (BS 3.4.5.4, Table 3.8)
fcu ≤ 40 N/mm2
(for calculation purpose only). (BS 3.4.5.4, Table 3.8)
If v ≤ vc +0.4, provide minimum links defined by
yvv
sv
f95.0
b4.0
s
A
≥ , (BS 3.4.5.3)
else if vc +0.4 < v < vmax, provide links given by
yv
c
v
sv
f95.0
b)vv(
s
A −
≥ , (BS 3.4.5.3)
else if v ≥ vmax,
a failure condition is declared. (BS 3.4.5.2, 3.4.5.12)
In shear design, fyv cannot be greater than 460 MPa (BS 3.4.5.1). If fyv is
defined as greater than 460 MPa, the program designs shear reinforcing
assuming that fyv equals 460 MPa.