The document summarizes a survey camp report from November 29 to December 5, 2017. It provides background information on the location of the camp in Kharipati, Bhaktapur, Nepal. It describes the topography, climate, and vegetation of the area. It outlines the objectives and schedule of the camp, which included traversing, leveling, topographic surveying, road alignment surveying, and bridge site surveying. The document also defines key surveying terms and principles and objectives of the survey camp to familiarize students with practical fieldwork skills and teamwork.
The document provides an acknowledgement and summary of a student group's surveying camp project. It thanks instructors and staff for their guidance and support during the project. The purpose of the camp was to give students practical field experience in engineering surveying tasks like topographic surveying, setting road curves, and determining distances for bridge spans. The project involved surveying a plot of land and producing a topographic map, road alignment plans, and designs for a bridge site.
Survey camp report pashchimanchal campus and kali khola field surveyAnil Basnet
The document summarizes the survey camp report of a group of civil engineering students from Tribhuwan University. The students conducted a 10-day survey camp from Kartik 11th to 20th where they performed topographic surveying of an area, proposed a road alignment, and selected a bridge site. The report documents the fieldwork methodology, observations, calculations, and drawings produced by the students to fulfill the objectives of gaining practical surveying skills.
Survey Camp presentation of geomatics engineeringAnish Chhetri
This slide is a guide for the Tribhuvan University students for preparing the final presentation report about their survey camping. Mostly it helps geomatics engineering students who do their 10 days field survey in their 5th semester.
The document provides details about a survey camp conducted by civil engineering students. It discusses the objectives of the camp which were to enhance students' practical knowledge of surveying techniques. The camp involved topographic surveying, bridge site surveying, and road alignment surveying. Students gained experience with fieldwork including taking measurements, transferring elevations, and producing maps, plans and profiles from the surveyed data.
Tacheometric surveying is a method of rapidly determining horizontal and vertical positions of points using optical measurements rather than traditional tape or chain measurements. A tacheometer, which is a transit theodolite fitted with a stadia diaphragm, is used to measure the horizontal and vertical angles to a stadia rod or staff held at survey points. Formulas involving the stadia interval, staff intercept readings, and calculated constants are used to determine horizontal distances and elevations from the instrument to points. Measurements can be taken with horizontal lines of sight or inclined lines of sight when the staff is held vertically or normal to the line of sight.
surveying Engineering
Fly Levelling
Fly leveling: -Fly leveling is just like differential leveling carried
out to check the accuracy of leveling work. It is a very approximate
form of leveling in which sights are taken as large as possible. in this
method, a line of levels is run to determine approximately reduced
levels of the points carried out with more rapidly and less precision
The aim of fly Levelling: The main purpose of this type of leveling is
to check the values of the reduced levels of the bench marks already
fixed. In this method only back sight and foresight are taken. There is no need of intermediate sights. However great care has to be taken for selecting the change points (Turning Points) and for taking reading on the change points because the accuracy of leveling depends upon these
-Create Bench Marks (BM).
Bench Marks
Bench Mark is a point of known elevation, there are three Type of Bench Marks
1-Perment Bench Mark.
2-Orbitrary Bench Mark .
3-Temporary Bench Mark .
-Leveling Process Calculation.
1. Height of collimation method
2. Rise and Fall method
How do we find horizontal distance using levelling Machine.
Fly Levelling Close loop survey.
Fly and Differential leveling Using (Rise & fall) and (HI)methods.
*Checks for Errors
-Misclosure
Allowable closing error
Where:
D =Distance in km
E = Misclosure error in (mm).
C = 30 for fixed levelling process in rough ground.
C = 15 for normal leveling in flat area (Good work)
Fly Levelling example
Computation of Elevations for an open loop survey H.I method
Computation of Elevations
Differential Leveling
Computation of Elevations
-Correction For Errors in Leveling
1. Errors Due to the line of sight being not horizontal
2. Error Due to Curvature and refraction.
Errors in differential leveling: -
1) Non adjustment of the instrument: -
a) Adjustment of cross-wire ring
b) Adjustment of the bubble tube
c) Adjustment of line of sight
2-Errors in levelling
• Collimation line
• Parallax
• Change point instability
• Instrument instability
• Benchmark instability
• Staff reading errors , • Staff verticality • Level Instrument shading • Temperature on staff • Booking errors) • Earth curvature • Refraction • The Bubble not center.
3-Constant error (instrumental error):
A. Non vertically of the staff.
B. Collimation error in the instrument.
C. Staff gradation error.
4- Random error (natural error):
A. Effect of wind and temperature.
B. Soft and hard ground.
C. Change points. CP
D. Human deficiencies and neglect
Prepared by:
Asst. Prof. Salar K.Hussein
Mr. Kamal Y.Abdullah
Asst.Lecturer. Dilveen H. Omar
Erbil Polytechnic University
Technical Engineering College
Civil Engineering Department
The document provides an acknowledgement and summary of a student group's surveying camp project. It thanks instructors and staff for their guidance and support during the project. The purpose of the camp was to give students practical field experience in engineering surveying tasks like topographic surveying, setting road curves, and determining distances for bridge spans. The project involved surveying a plot of land and producing a topographic map, road alignment plans, and designs for a bridge site.
Survey camp report pashchimanchal campus and kali khola field surveyAnil Basnet
The document summarizes the survey camp report of a group of civil engineering students from Tribhuwan University. The students conducted a 10-day survey camp from Kartik 11th to 20th where they performed topographic surveying of an area, proposed a road alignment, and selected a bridge site. The report documents the fieldwork methodology, observations, calculations, and drawings produced by the students to fulfill the objectives of gaining practical surveying skills.
Survey Camp presentation of geomatics engineeringAnish Chhetri
This slide is a guide for the Tribhuvan University students for preparing the final presentation report about their survey camping. Mostly it helps geomatics engineering students who do their 10 days field survey in their 5th semester.
The document provides details about a survey camp conducted by civil engineering students. It discusses the objectives of the camp which were to enhance students' practical knowledge of surveying techniques. The camp involved topographic surveying, bridge site surveying, and road alignment surveying. Students gained experience with fieldwork including taking measurements, transferring elevations, and producing maps, plans and profiles from the surveyed data.
Tacheometric surveying is a method of rapidly determining horizontal and vertical positions of points using optical measurements rather than traditional tape or chain measurements. A tacheometer, which is a transit theodolite fitted with a stadia diaphragm, is used to measure the horizontal and vertical angles to a stadia rod or staff held at survey points. Formulas involving the stadia interval, staff intercept readings, and calculated constants are used to determine horizontal distances and elevations from the instrument to points. Measurements can be taken with horizontal lines of sight or inclined lines of sight when the staff is held vertically or normal to the line of sight.
surveying Engineering
Fly Levelling
Fly leveling: -Fly leveling is just like differential leveling carried
out to check the accuracy of leveling work. It is a very approximate
form of leveling in which sights are taken as large as possible. in this
method, a line of levels is run to determine approximately reduced
levels of the points carried out with more rapidly and less precision
The aim of fly Levelling: The main purpose of this type of leveling is
to check the values of the reduced levels of the bench marks already
fixed. In this method only back sight and foresight are taken. There is no need of intermediate sights. However great care has to be taken for selecting the change points (Turning Points) and for taking reading on the change points because the accuracy of leveling depends upon these
-Create Bench Marks (BM).
Bench Marks
Bench Mark is a point of known elevation, there are three Type of Bench Marks
1-Perment Bench Mark.
2-Orbitrary Bench Mark .
3-Temporary Bench Mark .
-Leveling Process Calculation.
1. Height of collimation method
2. Rise and Fall method
How do we find horizontal distance using levelling Machine.
Fly Levelling Close loop survey.
Fly and Differential leveling Using (Rise & fall) and (HI)methods.
*Checks for Errors
-Misclosure
Allowable closing error
Where:
D =Distance in km
E = Misclosure error in (mm).
C = 30 for fixed levelling process in rough ground.
C = 15 for normal leveling in flat area (Good work)
Fly Levelling example
Computation of Elevations for an open loop survey H.I method
Computation of Elevations
Differential Leveling
Computation of Elevations
-Correction For Errors in Leveling
1. Errors Due to the line of sight being not horizontal
2. Error Due to Curvature and refraction.
Errors in differential leveling: -
1) Non adjustment of the instrument: -
a) Adjustment of cross-wire ring
b) Adjustment of the bubble tube
c) Adjustment of line of sight
2-Errors in levelling
• Collimation line
• Parallax
• Change point instability
• Instrument instability
• Benchmark instability
• Staff reading errors , • Staff verticality • Level Instrument shading • Temperature on staff • Booking errors) • Earth curvature • Refraction • The Bubble not center.
3-Constant error (instrumental error):
A. Non vertically of the staff.
B. Collimation error in the instrument.
C. Staff gradation error.
4- Random error (natural error):
A. Effect of wind and temperature.
B. Soft and hard ground.
C. Change points. CP
D. Human deficiencies and neglect
Prepared by:
Asst. Prof. Salar K.Hussein
Mr. Kamal Y.Abdullah
Asst.Lecturer. Dilveen H. Omar
Erbil Polytechnic University
Technical Engineering College
Civil Engineering Department
The document discusses GPS surveying and related topics. It covers the shape of the Earth, different types of surveying including plane, geodetic and GPS surveying. It describes the components of a GPS system including antennas, receivers, controllers and satellites. It discusses positioning methods like single point, relative positioning. It also covers GPS coordinates, height systems, signals, codes and different types of receivers. GPS software and measurement techniques are also summarized along with ongoing modernization of GPS.
Total station is a combination of an electronic theodolite and an electronic distance measurement device. It can determine coordinates of a reflector by measuring vertical and horizontal angles and slope distances to the reflector.
It has components like EDM to measure distances, an electronic theodolite to measure angles, a microprocessor to record readings and perform computations, and a data collector to transfer data to a computer. Accuracy depends on the instrument and can range from 1-5 seconds for angles and 1-3mm + ppm*D for distances.
Total stations can be used to perform functions like determining coordinates, measuring distances and angles, topographic surveying, traverse adjustment, resection, and remote elevation measurements.
This document discusses control surveying and triangulation. It notes that control surveying must account for the curvature of the Earth and refraction, as lines of sight are not entirely straight. It distinguishes between plane and geodetic surveying, with the latter accounting for the spherical shape of the Earth. The document then discusses establishing control points through triangulation, including different classes of triangulation, steps in triangulation like selecting stations, and erecting signals and towers.
This document provides an overview of traffic engineering, including its scope and key areas. It discusses traffic characteristics like road users, vehicles, and the environment. It covers traffic flow studies, operation and regulation, design of intersections and signs. It describes the human-vehicle-environment system and factors like user perception, age, vision that influence traffic. It also summarizes traffic management through regulation, control devices like signs and road markings, and their design considerations.
Surveying is defined as determining the relative positions of points on the Earth's surface. It involves field work to collect data and office work to analyze, reduce, adjust, and convert the data into graphical representations. There are two primary types of surveying: plain surveying, which ignores Earth's curvature over small areas, and geodetic surveying, which accounts for curvature over large areas. Common techniques include chain surveying using only linear measurements, compass surveying using angular measurements, and theodolite surveying which precisely measures horizontal angles. Modern methods include total station, GPS, photogrammetric, and airborne surveying.
This document provides an overview of a total station, including its key components and functions. A total station is an electronic surveying instrument that combines an electronic distance meter and theodolite to measure horizontal and vertical angles and distances. It allows simultaneous measurement of all surveying parameters needed for construction layout and topographic surveys. The total station's main components include an electronic distance measurement system, angle measurement circles, telescope, microprocessor, keyboard, and display. Accessories such as prisms, data collectors, and software enable various surveying tasks.
This document provides instructions for students to complete a chain surveying field work project. It describes the objectives of the project which are to learn how to select a framework of base lines and control points, take linear and angular measurements, record data through booking, make calculations and corrections, and plot a detailed map from the collected survey information. The document outlines the required apparatus, procedures for taking measurements, and provides notes on techniques for selecting stations, direct distance measurement, setting offsets, measuring bearings, booking, and plotting.
The document provides details about the survey camp conducted by Nepal Engineering College from June 10-19, 2078. It summarizes the various surveying tasks conducted during the camp, including topographic surveying of the area surrounding Hotel Heaven Hill. The objectives of the survey camp were to provide practical surveying experience and produce a topographic map, contour map, and surveys of a road alignment and bridge site. Surveying methods like traversing, leveling, detailing, and contouring were used to collect field data and create maps within specified accuracy standards.
Engr. Shams Ul Islam is an assistant professor in the Civil Engineering Department at CECOS University Peshawar. He has a Ph.D. in structural engineering in progress from CECOS University, an M.S. in structural engineering from CECOS University, and a B.S. in civil engineering from UET Peshawar. He has teaching experience at several universities and his office is located in front of the main library at CECOS University. The document then provides an overview of surveying, including definitions, primary divisions of surveying into geodetic and plane surveying, classifications based on nature, object, and instruments used, as well as measurements, principles, operations, errors, and accuracy
1. The document describes a civil engineering experiment to collect elevation data along a highway through profile leveling and cross-section leveling. Profile leveling provided centerline elevation readings at 20m intervals, while cross-section leveling obtained side elevations at one station.
2. The data collected included station positions, backsight, intermediate, and foresight elevation readings. This was used to plot the profile diagram showing the sloping road elevation, and cross-section diagram showing the center higher than the sides.
3. The conclusion was that the experiment successfully collected the required elevation data to analyze the road profile and cross-section, finding the centerline sloped down and was higher than both road sides at the
Surveying involves determining distances, elevations, directions, angles, locations, areas and volumes on or near the Earth's surface. It measures and records the size and shape of areas, including vertical shapes. The primary object of surveying is to prepare plans or maps by plotting and drawing measurement results. Surveying is divided into geodetic surveying, which accounts for the Earth's curvature over large distances, and plane surveying, which treats the Earth's surface as flat over small areas. Surveying is used for engineering and construction projects such as highways, railways, and water systems.
ROAD PROFILING, CROSS SECTION & SETTING OUT SEWER LINEKiplimoCalvin
1. The document describes procedures for conducting road profiling, cross sectioning, and setting out of a sewer line. It involves taking elevation readings along the road centerline at intervals and perpendicular to the centerline on both sides to create a profile and cross sections.
2. Errors that can occur include incorrect staff readings, instrumental errors in the level, and environmental factors like wind and sunlight. Care needs to be taken in setup, focusing, and reading of instruments.
3. The fieldwork involved establishing stations along the road centerline, taking elevation readings, and setting out points for the sewer line and manholes. This allowed plotting of the road profile and cross sections showing changes in elevation.
This document discusses traverse surveys which involve measuring angles and distances between survey points to determine their positions. It provides the objective of traverse surveys which is to find accurate positions of stations to serve as control points for mapping or construction layout. The results section shows the distances, angles, coordinate calculations and adjustments for a sample 4-point traverse with a closure of 0. The discussion explains the traverse calculations and adjustments to distribute errors. The conclusion states that traverse surveys are commonly used for construction site layout and boundary surveys, and errors can be adjusted or the survey repeated.
This document discusses triangulation, which is a surveying technique used to establish horizontal control networks over large areas. It involves measuring angles and lengths within networks of triangles. There are different orders of triangulation based on accuracy and area covered, including primary, secondary, and tertiary triangulation. Key aspects discussed include triangulation station layout and design, angle and distance measurements, controlling errors, and computation of unknown lengths and directions within triangles.
Setting out of bridges involves determining the length and location of piers. The length of the centerline of long bridges is determined through triangulation by measuring angles and distances from endpoints. The locations of piers are found by computing angles and distances from the centerline endpoints and base lines perpendicular to the centerline on each bank. Piers can be located by sighting intersections from base lines or measuring pier distances marked on plans from base lines setup on both banks.
This document summarizes techniques for topographic surveying, including linear measurement, theodolite traversing, and methodology. Linear measurement is used to determine distances between stations by ranging with rods. Theodolite traversing establishes control points by measuring angles and distances between stations to form a traverse. Methodology includes reconnaissance to plan station positions, traversing to connect lines of sight and measure angles and lengths, and measuring horizontal and vertical angles with a theodolite at each station.
Input of Surveying in Civil Engineering.
Subject Name: CE-IS&GI
(Civil Engineering-Introduction Societal and Global Impact.
Surveying: The Planning And Design of all Civil Engineering Projects Such as construction of Highways , Bridges , Tunnels , Dams etc are based upon surveying measurements. Thus , surveying is a basic requirement for all Civil Engineering Projects.
Types of Surveying:
(i) Plane Surveying
(ii) Geodetic or Trigonometrical Surveying
This document provides an overview of basic surveying concepts and chain surveying principles. It defines surveying as collecting information about a region and representing it in drawings. The purposes of surveying are to obtain necessary information about an area and prepare maps and plans. Surveying is classified as geodetic or plane depending on whether curvature of the earth is considered. Chain surveying principles include dividing the area into triangles, measuring lines and areas directly in the field without angles, and establishing a base line to form triangles. Advantages are low cost and simplicity while disadvantages include lack of accuracy and suitability only for small, level areas.
The document discusses GPS surveying and related topics. It covers the shape of the Earth, different types of surveying including plane, geodetic and GPS surveying. It describes the components of a GPS system including antennas, receivers, controllers and satellites. It discusses positioning methods like single point, relative positioning. It also covers GPS coordinates, height systems, signals, codes and different types of receivers. GPS software and measurement techniques are also summarized along with ongoing modernization of GPS.
Total station is a combination of an electronic theodolite and an electronic distance measurement device. It can determine coordinates of a reflector by measuring vertical and horizontal angles and slope distances to the reflector.
It has components like EDM to measure distances, an electronic theodolite to measure angles, a microprocessor to record readings and perform computations, and a data collector to transfer data to a computer. Accuracy depends on the instrument and can range from 1-5 seconds for angles and 1-3mm + ppm*D for distances.
Total stations can be used to perform functions like determining coordinates, measuring distances and angles, topographic surveying, traverse adjustment, resection, and remote elevation measurements.
This document discusses control surveying and triangulation. It notes that control surveying must account for the curvature of the Earth and refraction, as lines of sight are not entirely straight. It distinguishes between plane and geodetic surveying, with the latter accounting for the spherical shape of the Earth. The document then discusses establishing control points through triangulation, including different classes of triangulation, steps in triangulation like selecting stations, and erecting signals and towers.
This document provides an overview of traffic engineering, including its scope and key areas. It discusses traffic characteristics like road users, vehicles, and the environment. It covers traffic flow studies, operation and regulation, design of intersections and signs. It describes the human-vehicle-environment system and factors like user perception, age, vision that influence traffic. It also summarizes traffic management through regulation, control devices like signs and road markings, and their design considerations.
Surveying is defined as determining the relative positions of points on the Earth's surface. It involves field work to collect data and office work to analyze, reduce, adjust, and convert the data into graphical representations. There are two primary types of surveying: plain surveying, which ignores Earth's curvature over small areas, and geodetic surveying, which accounts for curvature over large areas. Common techniques include chain surveying using only linear measurements, compass surveying using angular measurements, and theodolite surveying which precisely measures horizontal angles. Modern methods include total station, GPS, photogrammetric, and airborne surveying.
This document provides an overview of a total station, including its key components and functions. A total station is an electronic surveying instrument that combines an electronic distance meter and theodolite to measure horizontal and vertical angles and distances. It allows simultaneous measurement of all surveying parameters needed for construction layout and topographic surveys. The total station's main components include an electronic distance measurement system, angle measurement circles, telescope, microprocessor, keyboard, and display. Accessories such as prisms, data collectors, and software enable various surveying tasks.
This document provides instructions for students to complete a chain surveying field work project. It describes the objectives of the project which are to learn how to select a framework of base lines and control points, take linear and angular measurements, record data through booking, make calculations and corrections, and plot a detailed map from the collected survey information. The document outlines the required apparatus, procedures for taking measurements, and provides notes on techniques for selecting stations, direct distance measurement, setting offsets, measuring bearings, booking, and plotting.
The document provides details about the survey camp conducted by Nepal Engineering College from June 10-19, 2078. It summarizes the various surveying tasks conducted during the camp, including topographic surveying of the area surrounding Hotel Heaven Hill. The objectives of the survey camp were to provide practical surveying experience and produce a topographic map, contour map, and surveys of a road alignment and bridge site. Surveying methods like traversing, leveling, detailing, and contouring were used to collect field data and create maps within specified accuracy standards.
Engr. Shams Ul Islam is an assistant professor in the Civil Engineering Department at CECOS University Peshawar. He has a Ph.D. in structural engineering in progress from CECOS University, an M.S. in structural engineering from CECOS University, and a B.S. in civil engineering from UET Peshawar. He has teaching experience at several universities and his office is located in front of the main library at CECOS University. The document then provides an overview of surveying, including definitions, primary divisions of surveying into geodetic and plane surveying, classifications based on nature, object, and instruments used, as well as measurements, principles, operations, errors, and accuracy
1. The document describes a civil engineering experiment to collect elevation data along a highway through profile leveling and cross-section leveling. Profile leveling provided centerline elevation readings at 20m intervals, while cross-section leveling obtained side elevations at one station.
2. The data collected included station positions, backsight, intermediate, and foresight elevation readings. This was used to plot the profile diagram showing the sloping road elevation, and cross-section diagram showing the center higher than the sides.
3. The conclusion was that the experiment successfully collected the required elevation data to analyze the road profile and cross-section, finding the centerline sloped down and was higher than both road sides at the
Surveying involves determining distances, elevations, directions, angles, locations, areas and volumes on or near the Earth's surface. It measures and records the size and shape of areas, including vertical shapes. The primary object of surveying is to prepare plans or maps by plotting and drawing measurement results. Surveying is divided into geodetic surveying, which accounts for the Earth's curvature over large distances, and plane surveying, which treats the Earth's surface as flat over small areas. Surveying is used for engineering and construction projects such as highways, railways, and water systems.
ROAD PROFILING, CROSS SECTION & SETTING OUT SEWER LINEKiplimoCalvin
1. The document describes procedures for conducting road profiling, cross sectioning, and setting out of a sewer line. It involves taking elevation readings along the road centerline at intervals and perpendicular to the centerline on both sides to create a profile and cross sections.
2. Errors that can occur include incorrect staff readings, instrumental errors in the level, and environmental factors like wind and sunlight. Care needs to be taken in setup, focusing, and reading of instruments.
3. The fieldwork involved establishing stations along the road centerline, taking elevation readings, and setting out points for the sewer line and manholes. This allowed plotting of the road profile and cross sections showing changes in elevation.
This document discusses traverse surveys which involve measuring angles and distances between survey points to determine their positions. It provides the objective of traverse surveys which is to find accurate positions of stations to serve as control points for mapping or construction layout. The results section shows the distances, angles, coordinate calculations and adjustments for a sample 4-point traverse with a closure of 0. The discussion explains the traverse calculations and adjustments to distribute errors. The conclusion states that traverse surveys are commonly used for construction site layout and boundary surveys, and errors can be adjusted or the survey repeated.
This document discusses triangulation, which is a surveying technique used to establish horizontal control networks over large areas. It involves measuring angles and lengths within networks of triangles. There are different orders of triangulation based on accuracy and area covered, including primary, secondary, and tertiary triangulation. Key aspects discussed include triangulation station layout and design, angle and distance measurements, controlling errors, and computation of unknown lengths and directions within triangles.
Setting out of bridges involves determining the length and location of piers. The length of the centerline of long bridges is determined through triangulation by measuring angles and distances from endpoints. The locations of piers are found by computing angles and distances from the centerline endpoints and base lines perpendicular to the centerline on each bank. Piers can be located by sighting intersections from base lines or measuring pier distances marked on plans from base lines setup on both banks.
This document summarizes techniques for topographic surveying, including linear measurement, theodolite traversing, and methodology. Linear measurement is used to determine distances between stations by ranging with rods. Theodolite traversing establishes control points by measuring angles and distances between stations to form a traverse. Methodology includes reconnaissance to plan station positions, traversing to connect lines of sight and measure angles and lengths, and measuring horizontal and vertical angles with a theodolite at each station.
Input of Surveying in Civil Engineering.
Subject Name: CE-IS&GI
(Civil Engineering-Introduction Societal and Global Impact.
Surveying: The Planning And Design of all Civil Engineering Projects Such as construction of Highways , Bridges , Tunnels , Dams etc are based upon surveying measurements. Thus , surveying is a basic requirement for all Civil Engineering Projects.
Types of Surveying:
(i) Plane Surveying
(ii) Geodetic or Trigonometrical Surveying
This document provides an overview of basic surveying concepts and chain surveying principles. It defines surveying as collecting information about a region and representing it in drawings. The purposes of surveying are to obtain necessary information about an area and prepare maps and plans. Surveying is classified as geodetic or plane depending on whether curvature of the earth is considered. Chain surveying principles include dividing the area into triangles, measuring lines and areas directly in the field without angles, and establishing a base line to form triangles. Advantages are low cost and simplicity while disadvantages include lack of accuracy and suitability only for small, level areas.
This document provides an overview of basic surveying concepts and chain surveying principles. It defines surveying as collecting information about a region and representing it in drawings. The key purposes of surveying are to obtain necessary information about an area and prepare maps and plans. Surveying can be classified as geodetic or plane depending on whether the curvature of the Earth is accounted for. Chain surveying involves measuring lines with a chain and does not use angular measurements. The basic steps of chain surveying involve selecting stations, a base line, chaining measurements, and preparing drawings.
This document provides details about several labs conducted as part of a course on Infrastructure Engineering and Management. The labs covered skills such as map reading, reconnaissance surveys, levelling, total station traverse surveys, total station feature mapping, GNSS surveying, and mapping with QGIS. Key points covered include map sheet identification systems, levelling procedures, total station angle and distance measurements, GNSS data collection and processing, and basic functions of the QGIS mapping software.
This lab report summarizes several labs focused on surveying techniques. The labs covered map reading to understand map numbering systems and topographic map details. Reconnaissance surveys were performed using traditional methods and a handheld GNSS receiver. Levelling was conducted using an automatic level to establish elevations. A traverse survey was carried out using a total station to establish control points and familiarize with the instrument. A total station was then used to map nearby features. GNSS readings were taken on control points using a Trimble R10 receiver. Coordinate transformation formulas were discussed to transform between local and UTM coordinate systems. QGIS software was used for mapping.
1. The document summarizes a survey camp conducted by students to perform topographical and leveling surveys. Total stations and auto levels were used to collect elevation data and create maps.
2. Topics covered include an introduction to surveying principles and objectives, descriptions of total stations and their functions, the leveling process, and methods for reducing elevation data.
3. The leveling survey was conducted to establish relative heights of points and develop maps showing ground configurations, while the topographical survey used a total station to determine point coordinates and depict terrain features on a map.
The document discusses a project report on leveling difference between the north and south ends of the Centurion University of Technology and Management campus in Paralakhemundi, Odisha. It provides background on surveying, leveling methods, leveling instruments, and the methodology used. The work done section details leveling surveys conducted between various points on the campus, including the boys' hostel, triangle, and temple, and calculates the leveling differences between each point. The conclusion discusses the overall leveling difference measured across the entire surveyed area.
This document contains details from 4 surveying projects carried out by students. The projects include:
1. Preparing contour maps and calculating reservoir capacity of a given area using levelling.
2. Measuring the area of a cricket ground using chain and cross staff survey.
3. Estimating earthwork for a canal by taking levels and calculating cutting and banking volumes.
4. Measuring the height of a structure using a theodolite to measure horizontal distances and vertical angles.
The document provides information on the objectives, surveys used, equipment, approaches, calculations and conclusions for each project.
This document describes a closed traverse survey conducted by a group of students. It includes an introduction to traversing, the equipment used (theodolite, tripod, leveling rods), field data collection methods, calculations of angular errors, distances, azimuths, latitudes and departures, and station coordinates. The group adjusted their results based on the Compass Rule correction and achieved an accuracy of 1:1088 for the closed traverse. They discussed lessons learned from conducting the fieldwork.
This document contains a report from a group of civil engineering students at the University of Malaysia Pahang on a theodolite traversing exercise. The group conducted a traverse survey within the university campus to establish control networks and locate survey stations. They measured bearing and length between stations using a total station. Their report includes an introduction, objectives, equipment used, procedures, field book, scaled drawing of the survey, and analysis. The traverse was completed within specifications for angular and linear closure errors.
Surveying is the science of determining the positions of points on the earth's surface. It involves measuring horizontal and vertical distances and angles. There are different types of surveying based on instruments used, methods, purposes, and field conditions. The main goals of surveying are to prepare maps showing boundaries and engineering structures for purposes like construction, mining, archaeology and military operations. Key principles include working from whole to part and locating new points using measurements from two fixed references.
This document summarizes the activities and lessons learned from a 3-day survey camp conducted by the Civil Engineering department at GIT College in Jaipur, India. A group of 6 students led by Sumit Yadav participated in hands-on training on surveying equipment like theodolites, compass, total station, tacheometer and leveling. The group learned how to measure horizontal and vertical angles, distances, profiles and cross-sections. They thank the organizing faculty for providing this valuable opportunity to gain practical experience in surveying techniques.
Definition of Surveying
Objects of Surveying
Uses of Surveying
Primary Divisions of Surveying
Principles of Surveying
List of Classification of Surveying
Definitions : Plan and Map, scales :Plain Scale and Diagonal Scale,
The document discusses various topics related to mine surveying and development including:
- Definitions of surveying, geological survey, and mine surveying. Mine surveying involves maintaining plans and sections of surface and underground workings.
- Principles of surveying like working from whole to part and establishing points with two independent measurements.
- Units, scales, and conversions used for linear, angular, and other measurements. Errors that can occur in measurements.
- Differences between maps and plans, and applications of surveying like topographic maps, cadastral maps, and geological maps.
- The process of surveying including field work, data computation, and map plotting. Classification of surveying based on factors
Introduction to Surveying LEVELLING PROCEDURESBahzad5
Introduction to Surveying LEVELLING PROCEDURES
Review of levelling
• In this lecture we will cover :
Equipment and procedures
Purposes of levelling
Some definitions
Reading a staff
Temporary adjustment of level
Booking and reduction
Methods of booking
Applications
Leveling:-
Leveling defined as an operation for the measurement of the
difference in the elevation between points or for the determination
of the elevation of certain points above some given plane or
surface known as the datum surface , generally is taken as the
mean sea level (M S L)
Leveling
Is a type of surveying which is carried out for finding difference in
heights in engineering projects. Leveling is required for various
purposes such as for
calculation of the depth of cutting and fillings, for setting out
grades for sewerage and pipe lines, etc.
Types of Leveling and Application
I. Direct Methods :
II. Indirect Leveling
1. Simple Levelling .
2. Compound Levelling or Differential Levelling.
3.Flying Levelling.
4-Contours map
5. Longitudinal or profile Levelling.
6. Cross-section Levelling.
7.Reciprocal Levelling.
8-Precise Levelling.
Level instrument
Types of Level Instruments & Parts of level instrument
1. Dumpy Level
2. Tilting Level
3. Automatic Level
4. Electronic Level
5. Hand Level
6-Digital level
-Temporary adjustment of level.
-The procedure is repeated.. till the bubble remains in the center in both the positions.
-Leveling staves
*Types of Staff (Rod).
Reading Staff.
What is Leveling?
Prepared by:
Asst. Prof. Salar K.Hussein
Mr. Kamal Y.Abdullah
Asst.Lecturer. Dilveen H. Omar
Erbil Polytechnic University
Technical Engineering College
Civil Engineering Department
This document summarizes the surveying and design of a proposed road construction project in the mountains. It outlines the group members, stages of surveying including desk study, field work, and office work. Field work involves reconnaissance, measurements, and record keeping. Office work involves drafting, computing, and designing. The document details the equipment used, methods of contour surveying, earthwork calculations including cutting and filling, alignment selection, geometric parameters, and a cost estimate for the project. It concludes that the road will help connect two villages and promote development in the region.
1. Contours are imaginary lines on a map that connect points of equal elevation. Contour maps show these lines, representing the topography of the land.
2. There are two main methods for creating contour maps - direct and indirect. The direct method involves precisely surveying points along contour lines in the field. The indirect method takes spot elevations across an area and interpolates the contour lines.
3. Common indirect techniques include surveying on a grid, along cross-sections, or using a tacheometer to measure multiple points from instrument stations. Spot elevations are plotted and contour lines drawn in between based on the terrain. The indirect method is faster but less precise than the direct method.
1. Contours are imaginary lines on a map that connect points of equal elevation. Contour maps show these lines, representing the topography of the land.
2. There are two main methods for creating contour maps - direct and indirect. The direct method involves precisely surveying points along contour lines in the field. The indirect method takes spot elevations across an area and interpolates the contour lines.
3. Common techniques for indirect contouring include dividing the area into squares and taking elevation readings at each corner, taking cross-sections of long strips, and using a tacheometer which can measure horizontal distances and elevations from a single station.
Unit No 1 Levelling and Contouring .docxADCET, Ashta
This document provides an overview of leveling and contouring techniques used in surveying. It defines key terms like datum, benchmark, and reduced level. It describes different leveling methods like direct, trigonometric, barometric, and stadia leveling. It also explains leveling instruments including dumpy level, wye level, reversible level, tilting level, and automatic level. The document is an introductory guide to leveling and contouring procedures for engineering projects.
1. There are two primary divisions of surveying: plane surveying which treats the earth's surface as flat, and geodetic surveying which takes the curvature of the earth into account over large areas greater than 1000 km^2.
2. Surveying can be classified based on its function or the instruments used. Common classification based on function includes land, city, and route surveys. Classification based on instruments includes chain, compass, plane table, leveling, and photogrammetric surveys.
3. Chain surveying involves measuring the sides of a network of triangles to map an area without taking angular measurements. It is suitable for small, level, and open areas but not for large, undulating
Curve fitting by least square fit method, RK-4 method, Euler's method, mid point method haun's method , roots of equations by newton raphson method, regular falsi method, bisection method, iteration method, secant method, interpolation methods , numerical and integration method to solved of numerical problems,
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for both physical and mental health. Regular exercise can improve cardiovascular health, reduce stress and anxiety, boost mood, and reduce the risk of diseases. It recommends that adults get at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous exercise per week to gain these benefits.
There are theory and mathematical solved problems of dimensional analysis, model testing, different types of pipe flow, laminar and turbulent flow and boundary separation theory etc...
There are the details of theory and mathematical problems of dynamic and kinetic, Buoyancy , manometers, bernoulli's theorem, types of flow, pressure measurement of pipe flow etc
There are details descriptions and solved mathematical problems of buckling (eccentric and concentric), Area moment method and double Integration method, pressure vessels (thin pressure vessels)
This is the note of solid mechanics where are details description and Numerical problems of Torsion of circular shaft and non circular shaft, Helical spring, Unsymmetrical bending, Kerns , different types of Failure of rivet connection (tearing, shearing and bearing), bolted and welded joint...
CE-2105, Design of concrete structures-1(1st part).pdfBishnuBhandari12
There is the design process with some examples of singly reinforced beam, doubly reinforced beam and T- beam by both of WSD and USD method within ACI code....
CE-2105, Design of Concrete Structure - I(2nd part).pdfBishnuBhandari12
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. It notes that regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise has also been shown to enhance self-esteem and quality of life.
The survey camp report was submitted by Bishnu Pd. Bhandari and six other group members to the Department of Civil Engineering at Madan Ashrit Memorial Technical School in Kathmandu, Nepal. The report details the group's survey camp from November 29 to December 5, 2017 and was submitted via email to the school on an unspecified date.
Assignment of engineering economics by Bishnu BhandariBishnuBhandari12
1. Economics deals with how societies use scarce resources to produce and distribute goods and services. Engineering economics applies economic principles to engineering decision-making.
2. Microeconomics studies individual units like consumers and firms, while macroeconomics looks at aggregates like overall output and unemployment. The key difference is the level of analysis - micro looks at small economic units, macro looks at whole economies.
3. The scope of economics includes the study of economic activities and factors of production, the determination of incomes and prices, and the analysis of individual and aggregate behavior. Economics aims to understand both how the economy works and how to improve economic outcomes.
Online train ticket booking system project.pdfKamal Acharya
Rail transport is one of the important modes of transport in India. Now a days we
see that there are railways that are present for the long as well as short distance
travelling which makes the life of the people easier. When compared to other
means of transport, a railway is the cheapest means of transport. The maintenance
of the railway database also plays a major role in the smooth running of this
system. The Online Train Ticket Management System will help in reserving the
tickets of the railways to travel from a particular source to the destination.
We have designed & manufacture the Lubi Valves LBF series type of Butterfly Valves for General Utility Water applications as well as for HVAC applications.
Covid Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
CoVID-19 sprang up in Wuhan China in November 2019 and was declared a pandemic by the in January 2020 World Health Organization (WHO). Like the Spanish flu of 1918 that claimed millions of lives, the COVID-19 has caused the demise of thousands with China, Italy, Spain, USA and India having the highest statistics on infection and mortality rates. Regardless of existing sophisticated technologies and medical science, the spread has continued to surge high. With this COVID-19 Management System, organizations can respond virtually to the COVID-19 pandemic and protect, educate and care for citizens in the community in a quick and effective manner. This comprehensive solution not only helps in containing the virus but also proactively empowers both citizens and care providers to minimize the spread of the virus through targeted strategies and education.
Technological Innovation Management And Entrepreneurship-1.pdf
chapter 1 of Survey Camp
1. 1
Survey Camp Report 2017-Nov-29 to Dec-05 Prepared by:- Bishnu Pd. Bhandari
Chapter One
Introduction
1.1 Background
1.1.1 Location:
Nepal Electricity Authority Training Center, Kharipati,Bhaktapur is about 18 km North East
of Kathmandu. The area to us for survey is about 200 ropanis of land with varieties of land.
The details of the area is as follows;
Country: ‐ Nepal
Region: ‐ Central Development Region
Zone: ‐ Bagmati
District: ‐ Bhaktapur
Our Survey Camp site was located near about 27º41'16"N and 85º27'20"E, at the altitude of
1362 m and about 18 km East of Kathmandu. The area allocated to us for survey is about
292065.62 sq m. of land with variable land features and almost all the man made mentors like
road, sports ground building and pond etc.
It took about 1.5 hour drive to reach Kharipati from Madan Ashrit Memorial Technical School
(Gothatar). The project site is situated in the range of about 1332 m. above mean sea level.
1.1.2 Site:
i) For Topographic Survey and Road
Alignment
- NEATraining Center
ii) ForBridgesiteSurvey
- NearChaukoteToleRiver,Bansbari
2. 2
Survey Camp Report 2017-Nov-29 to Dec-05 Prepared by:- Bishnu Pd. Bhandari
1.1.3 Topography and Geology:
NepalElectricityAuthority(NEA),Kharipatiislocated in the eastern part of Kathmandu valley, It lies
in Bhaktapur districts of Nepal. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census Kharipati had a
population of 8,129 with 1,817 houses in it. It is situated at about a distance of 18 kilometers
from the capital city Kathmandu.
Kharipati has gentle and steep topography differing from places to places. The area contains
ground features ranging from steep slopes to flat grounds. These features were shown by
contours. The geological structure is in good condition, so there is no any geological disasters
and eruption. Soil types are found similar to any other part of Bhaktapur i.e. soft clay, irrigated
by river and well suitable for cultivation.
Especially the low land below the NEA boundary is found to be good for the agricultural
product. The area contains ground features ranging from step slopes to almost flat grounds.
These features were shown by contours. The area also shows a variation in the elevation.
The latitude and longitude of Nepal is as following:
Latitude = 26°22' N to 30°27'
Longitude = 80°04' E to 88°12'
The latitude and longitude of NEA Training Center (Kharipati) is as follow:
Latitude = 27°41'16" N
Longitude = 85°27'20" E
Temperature = Normal
1.1.4 Rainfall, Climate and Vegetation:
The weather is moderate between autumn seasons. During the camp period temperature was
fluctuating from maximum to minimum of it just similar to the annual temperature variation
and rain fall around Kathmandu valley is:-
Temperature: maximum 25o
C to minimum 9o
C. The atmosphere was cool in the morning with
high value of humidity. Most of the empty spaces of the project area were full of vegetation
but without cultivated land except for some land around canteen area. Ordinary grassland
covered most of the areas. Presence of few plants, trees and bushes made environment green
and pleasant.
3. 3
Survey Camp Report 2017-Nov-29 to Dec-05 Prepared by:- Bishnu Pd. Bhandari
1.1.5 Description of work:
1. Traversing:
No.ofmajorStation=10 (includingCP1andCP2)
No.ofminorStation=0
2. Detailing:
Area=FromNEAtrainingCanteentobottomgateofboundary.
3. FlyLevelling:
StartingPoint=TopgateofNEATrainingCenter (B.M=1336.000m)
EndingPoint=BottomgateofNEATrainingCenter (T.B.M=1310.525m)
4. RoadAlignment:
Startingpointoftheroad=IP1 (NearboyshostelJunction)
Lengthoftheroad=
CrossSection=3and6mleftandrightof20mintervalonbothsidefromcenterline.
5. BridgeSiteSurvey:
BridgeSpan=13.901m
CrossSection=10mupstreamand10mdown-stream.
1.1.6 Work Details and Schedule
The brief description of works done in the survey camp are as presented follows:
Project Title: Survey Camp 2017
Location: NEA-Kharipati, Bhaktapur
Duration: 7 days/ 1 weeks (2017-Nov-29 to Dec-05)
Working Time: 05:30am to 06:00 pm
Surveyed by: Group B
WorkingSchedule
S.N Day Survey Field Work
1 2017-29th
-November Reconnaissance for topographic survey and linear
measurement of traverse.
2 2017-30th
–November Linear measurement of Traverse and Fly levelling
3 2017-01th
–December Angular Measurement and Level transfer to Traverse
4 2017-02th
–December Topography Survey (Detailing)
5 2017-03th
–December Bridge Site Survey (X-section and L-Section detailing)
6 2017-04th
–December Road Alignment Survey
7 2017-05th
-December Presentation / Viva and complete incomplete work
4. 4
Survey Camp Report 2017-Nov-29 to Dec-05 Prepared by:- Bishnu Pd. Bhandari
1.2 Introduction
1.2.1 Surveying:
Surveying is defined as the science and technique of determining three dimensional position of
point on above or beneath the surface of the earth by means of angular and
linear measurements. The application of surveying requires skills as well as knowledge of
mathematics, physics, to some extent, astronomy.
The knowledge of surveying is advantageous to many phase of engineering. The earliest
surveys were made in connection with the land surveying. Surveying is the most essential
subject matter before and during all engineering works like civil engineering works such as
designing and construction of highways, water supply systems, irrigation projects, buildings
etc. Land area surveys are made to determine the relative horizontal and vertical position of
topographic features and to establish reference mark to guide construction. In surveying, all
measurement of lengths is horizontal, or else is subsequently reduce to horizontal distance. The
object of survey is to prepare plan or map so that it may represent the area on a horizontal
plane. Vertical distances between the points are shown on map by contour lines and are usually
represented by means of vertical sections drawn separately. A plan or map is
horizontal projection of an area and show only horizontal distance of the points.
The main objectives of surveying courses allocated for civil engineering students is to promote
them the basic knowledge of different surveying techniques relevant to civil engineering works
in their professional practice. The completion of all surveying courses including one week
survey camp work organized by Madan Ashrit Memorial Technical School and will give better
enhancement to students to use all surveying technique covered in lecture classes.
This is a detail report of the works, which were performed by Group B, have seven members,
during the camp period. Briefly explains of the working procedures and technique used by this
group during that camp period. In addition, it also contain observations, calculations, methods
of adjustment of error, main problem during work and their solution, results of all calculations
and their assessments withsomecommentsispresentedinaconciseform:-
In our survey camp, the type of survey that we performed is engineering survey which
includes the preparation of topographic map, in which both horizontal and vertical
controls are necessary. As per instrument used form theodolite traverse survey for fixing
control points, tachometric (Instrument either Total Station or Theodolite) survey for
detailing and triangulation survey for establishing control points in bridge site survey.
1.2.2 Principle of Surveying
The fundamental principles of plane surveying are:
Working from whole to part:
It is veryessential to establish first a system of control points with higher precision. Minor control points can
then be established by less precise method and details can then be located using minor control
points by running minor traverse. This principle is applied to prevent the accumulation of error
and to control and localize minor error.
Location of point by measurement from two points of reference:
5. 5
Survey Camp Report 2017-Nov-29 to Dec-05 Prepared by:- Bishnu Pd. Bhandari
The relative position of points to be surveyed should be located by measurement from at least
two (preferably three) points of reference, the position of which have already been fixed.
Consistency of work:
The survey work should performed by keeping consistency in method, instrument, observer
etc. to get desired level of accuracy.
Independent check:
Everymeasurementtakeninthefieldmustbechecked by some independent field observation so that
the mistake is not passed unnoticely.
Accuracy required:
Proper method and proper instrument should be used depending upon amount of accuracy
required. Accuracy of angular and linear values should be compatible.
Thus, in our survey camp, survey work is performed by considering the above
fundamental principle of surveying.
1.2.3 Defination of Terms:
1. Bench mark:
A survey mark made on a monument having a known location and elevation, serving as a
reference point for surveying.
2. Traversing:
A traverse may be defined as the course taken measuring a connected series of straight
lines, each joining two points on the ground; these points are called traverse stations.
3. Levelling:
Leveling is the branch of surveying, which is used to find the elevation of given points
with respect to given or assumed datum to establish points at a given elevation or at
different elevations with respect to a given or assumed datum.
4. Contouring:
Contour lines are imaginary lines exposing the ground features and joining the points of
equal elevations.
5. Transition curve:
A transition curve is a curve of varying radius introduced between a straight line and a
circular curve.
6. Triangulation:
The process of determining the location of a point by measuring angles to it from known
points at either end of a fixed baseline, rather than measuring distances to the point
directly.
7. Reduced level:
The vertical distance of a point above or below the datum line is called as reduced level.
8. Back sight reading:
This is the first staff reading that is taken in any set of the instrument after the leveling is
perfectly done. The point is normally taken on the bench mark.
9. Foresight reading:
It is the last reading that in any set of instrument and indicates the shifting of the latter.
10. Intermediate sight reading:
The staff reading between the back sight and foresight.
11. Cross levelling:
The operation of taking level transverse to the direction of longitudinal leveling.
6. 6
Survey Camp Report 2017-Nov-29 to Dec-05 Prepared by:- Bishnu Pd. Bhandari
1.2.4 ObjectivesofSurvey Camp:
The main objective of the camp is to provide a basic knowledge of practical implementation of
different survey work, which must be encountered in future. It enhances the practical
knowledge thereby implementing different work and in other side it involves self-assured
feeling everlastingly. It guides to tread on the path ending with success. The main objectives
of the survey camp are as follows:
To become familiar with the problems that may arise during the fieldworks.
To became familiar with proper handling of instrument and their functions.
To become familiar with the spirit and importance of teamwork, as surveying is not a
single person work.
To complete the given project in scheduled time and thus knows the value of time.
To collect required data in the field in systematic ways.
To compute and manipulate the observed data in the required accuracy
and present it in diagrammatic and tabular form in order to understand by others.
To make capable for the preparation of final report.
雅虎竞拍
煤炉代买
paypay商城
乐天二手
日本亚马逊
乐天新品
ZOZOTOWN
