1. The document summarizes a survey camp conducted by students to perform topographical and leveling surveys. Total stations and auto levels were used to collect elevation data and create maps.
2. Topics covered include an introduction to surveying principles and objectives, descriptions of total stations and their functions, the leveling process, and methods for reducing elevation data.
3. The leveling survey was conducted to establish relative heights of points and develop maps showing ground configurations, while the topographical survey used a total station to determine point coordinates and depict terrain features on a map.
The document provides details about a survey camp conducted by students of Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology to gain practical experience in engineering surveying. The objectives of the camp were to familiarize students with fieldwork challenges and proper use of surveying instruments. During the camp, students performed topographic surveying using a total station and leveling surveys to establish horizontal and vertical control points. They collected field data, computed observations, and produced diagrams and tables to understand the results.
Highway engineering deals with the location, design, construction, maintenance, economics, financing, planning and programming of roads. It involves reconnaissance of potential routes, route selection by flagging, preliminary surveys, office projection of routes, and final location surveys. Data collected during location surveys includes the centerline, cross-sections, drainage, soils, bridge sites, and right-of-ways. Geometric design considers grade, alignment, curvature and widths, while structural design considers pavement thickness and foundations based on traffic, soils and compaction. Design must consider traffic, speeds, consistency, safety and maintainability.
This document summarizes a study on using GPS for time-based trajectory guidance of vehicles. It describes an experiment where researchers used differential GPS to create a baseline trajectory for driving a car along a highway route. They then used real-time GPS displays in the car to guide the driver along the same trajectory, arriving within 7 seconds of the target time. The document discusses potential applications of this time-based guidance for vehicles like cars, aircraft, trains and ships to help with tasks like adaptive cruise control and meeting schedules.
The document provides information about various topics related to engineering and surveying. It discusses the history and beginnings of engineering in Egypt. It also defines engineering as the application of scientific and economic principles to create useful structures and processes. The document further discusses different types of surveying such as topographic surveys, geological surveys, and archaeological surveys. It describes various surveying instruments used for distance measurement, angular measurement, and leveling. Finally, it discusses objectives, uses, principles, and types of scales used in surveying.
The document discusses the topic of surveying. It provides an overview of the history and evolution of surveying, from its beginnings in ancient Egypt to modern techniques using tools like total stations and GPS. Some key points covered include the various types and categories of surveying work, the traditional equipment used, and how modern digital instruments like total stations integrate distance measurement and angle measurement capabilities into one device.
BECKOM Aerial Mapping, Inc. provides professional aerial mapping services for a variety of applications including landfill development and management, flood and drainage studies, as-built surveys, site plans, airport obstruction studies, utility mapping, land use and development, dam breach impact studies, and roadway corridor studies. The company has been in business since 1991 and is located in Newnan, Georgia.
This document contains the resume of Dharmendra Kumar Choudhary, who has over 16 years of experience as a senior surveyor for various infrastructure projects in India. He has worked on metro, road and other construction projects, conducting surveys, setting layouts, and producing as-built drawings. His responsibilities included planning survey work, establishing control points, coordinating with other teams, and using software like AutoCAD. He is seeking a new opportunity with negotiable compensation and can relocate if needed, having expertise in surveys and site execution works.
The document provides details about a survey camp conducted by students of Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology to gain practical experience in engineering surveying. The objectives of the camp were to familiarize students with fieldwork challenges and proper use of surveying instruments. During the camp, students performed topographic surveying using a total station and leveling surveys to establish horizontal and vertical control points. They collected field data, computed observations, and produced diagrams and tables to understand the results.
Highway engineering deals with the location, design, construction, maintenance, economics, financing, planning and programming of roads. It involves reconnaissance of potential routes, route selection by flagging, preliminary surveys, office projection of routes, and final location surveys. Data collected during location surveys includes the centerline, cross-sections, drainage, soils, bridge sites, and right-of-ways. Geometric design considers grade, alignment, curvature and widths, while structural design considers pavement thickness and foundations based on traffic, soils and compaction. Design must consider traffic, speeds, consistency, safety and maintainability.
This document summarizes a study on using GPS for time-based trajectory guidance of vehicles. It describes an experiment where researchers used differential GPS to create a baseline trajectory for driving a car along a highway route. They then used real-time GPS displays in the car to guide the driver along the same trajectory, arriving within 7 seconds of the target time. The document discusses potential applications of this time-based guidance for vehicles like cars, aircraft, trains and ships to help with tasks like adaptive cruise control and meeting schedules.
The document provides information about various topics related to engineering and surveying. It discusses the history and beginnings of engineering in Egypt. It also defines engineering as the application of scientific and economic principles to create useful structures and processes. The document further discusses different types of surveying such as topographic surveys, geological surveys, and archaeological surveys. It describes various surveying instruments used for distance measurement, angular measurement, and leveling. Finally, it discusses objectives, uses, principles, and types of scales used in surveying.
The document discusses the topic of surveying. It provides an overview of the history and evolution of surveying, from its beginnings in ancient Egypt to modern techniques using tools like total stations and GPS. Some key points covered include the various types and categories of surveying work, the traditional equipment used, and how modern digital instruments like total stations integrate distance measurement and angle measurement capabilities into one device.
BECKOM Aerial Mapping, Inc. provides professional aerial mapping services for a variety of applications including landfill development and management, flood and drainage studies, as-built surveys, site plans, airport obstruction studies, utility mapping, land use and development, dam breach impact studies, and roadway corridor studies. The company has been in business since 1991 and is located in Newnan, Georgia.
This document contains the resume of Dharmendra Kumar Choudhary, who has over 16 years of experience as a senior surveyor for various infrastructure projects in India. He has worked on metro, road and other construction projects, conducting surveys, setting layouts, and producing as-built drawings. His responsibilities included planning survey work, establishing control points, coordinating with other teams, and using software like AutoCAD. He is seeking a new opportunity with negotiable compensation and can relocate if needed, having expertise in surveys and site execution works.
3-D Road Design by Applying Differential Geometry and Conventional Design Ap...Basil Psarianos
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3-D Road Design by relating Differential Geometry parameters with conventional road design parameters like horizontal and vertical curvature and superelevation rate
The document discusses the basic applications of surveying that are important for quantity surveyors to understand. It defines surveying as determining the relative positions of points on the earth's surface. Surveying is classified based on the instruments used, objectives, and methods employed. The key types are plane, geodetic, chain, compass, theodolite, tachometric, photogrammetric, and EDM surveying. Surveying has various purposes like topographical maps, cadastral maps, engineering maps, and setting out work. It is essential for quantity surveyors to have basic knowledge of surveying applications to efficiently work with surveyors.
Surveying is the science of determining the positions of points on the earth's surface. It involves measuring horizontal and vertical distances and angles. There are different types of surveying based on instruments used, methods, purposes, and field conditions. The main goals of surveying are to prepare maps showing boundaries and engineering structures for purposes like construction, mining, archaeology and military operations. Key principles include working from whole to part and locating new points using measurements from two fixed references.
This document provides an outline for a course on Engineering Surveying II taught by Prof. Dr.-Ing. John Bosco Kyalo Kiema at the University of Nairobi. The course covers topics such as horizontal control through traversing, vertical control through leveling, applications to highway drainage and earthworks, and practical field surveying. Assessment includes exams, coursework, and a term paper on the role of geoinformatics in environmental monitoring and management. The lecture outline provides details on traversing, vertical control, earthworks computations, and references textbooks on surveying.
This document provides details for the design of a 108km rural road passing through three districts in Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan. It includes typical road cross sections for different terrains, geometric design values, structural pavement design, drainage structures, retaining walls, and a list of centerline coordinates and elevations. The road requires excavation, embankment filling, asphalt and gravel surfacing, drainage features like culverts and drains, and retaining walls given the mountainous terrain with elevation changes up to 1350m along the route.
The document discusses using laser scanning technology to model highways, roads, and pavements for various applications. It describes three projects where laser scanning was used: 1) surveying an existing highway in Greece for reconstruction, scanning from a lifted device to capture horizontal features; 2) evaluating tarmac deformations at an airport, requiring high accuracy and resolution; 3) evaluating safety improvements at an intersection through 3D modeling and simulations. While laser scanning provides high accuracy and detail, it has disadvantages for long linear objects like highways due to lower productivity and need for significant post-processing. Mobile scanning systems may provide more efficient alternatives.
2 Superelevation and Spiral Curve ( by Malyar Talash, Highway Design Manager/...Malyar Talash
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This document discusses superelevation and spiral curves for road design. It defines superelevation as banking curves to counteract centrifugal force on vehicles. Maximum superelevation rates are recommended based on climate and road type. Methods for achieving superelevation include rotating the pavement surface. Minimum lengths for superelevation runoff and tangent runoff sections are calculated based on design speed, superelevation rate, and other factors. Spiral curves provide a gradual transition between tangent and curved sections and can be used to achieve superelevation runoff. Equations are provided to calculate minimum and maximum spiral lengths. An example problem demonstrates calculating runoff lengths and locating transition points for a road section both with
Structural survey, inspection and evaluation using LS technologyMichael Xinogalos
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A presentation by Michael Xinogalos, Surveying Engineer NTUA 1988, Technical Director of ASTROLABE ENGINEERING at Innovative LIDAR Solutions Conference - Toronto 2009 (www.astrolabe.gr - www.laseraction.eu)
Techniques of Land Surveying
The structure of Presentation:
Introduction to Land Survey
History of Land Survey
Types of Land Survey
Measurements
Modern Technologies
Geographical Information System
Photogrammetry
LiDAR
Airborne LiDAR
3D laser scanners
This document summarizes a project to map rescue service providers and routes within the Kathmandu ring road. The project was conducted by engineering students and aimed to prepare a map showing locations of hospitals, police stations, fire brigades, traffic areas, and petrol pumps to assist rescue operations. Key features of the map included identifying high accident areas and presenting contact information for rescue services. The project was completed on schedule and achieved its objectives of creating an informative map to enhance emergency response, as existing maps lacked comprehensive rescue information.
This document provides an overview of surveying fundamentals. It defines surveying as measuring distances, angles, and positions on Earth's surface, requiring both art and science. The two main types of surveying are plane and geodetic. Plane surveying treats Earth as flat while geodetic accounts for curvature. Surveying is used for preliminary data gathering, layout, and control and includes techniques like leveling, distance measurement, angular measurement, and location methods. Accuracy, errors, and units of measurement are also discussed.
The document defines various surveying terms used in construction projects. It provides definitions for over 50 key terms related to accuracy, positions, coordinates, controls, datums, levels, mapping and more. Some of the key terms defined include accuracy, adjusted position, bench mark, contour line, control point, coordinates, datum, discrepancy, easting, grid, horizontal control, level datum, northing, order of accuracy, precision and total station. The document serves as a comprehensive reference for common surveying terminology.
Surveying presentation and its objectives in detail including principles,hist...amansingh2914
ย
Surveying is the technique of determining positions and distances between points on the Earth's surface. Ancient surveyors used simple geometry and ropes to establish boundaries. Modern surveying began in the 18th century with more precise instruments like the theodolite and methods for measuring distance. In the 20th century, technologies like tellurometers and GPS satellites improved accuracy. Today, surveys combine traditional and modern tools like total stations, drones, and 3D scanning. Surveying techniques involve measuring angles and distances to map features and boundaries.
Ilris vs lynx highway surveying and data post processing - munich2008Michael Xinogalos
ย
This document compares highway surveying projects using Optech ILRIS and LYNX laser scanning systems. The ILRIS project involved static scanning over 80 km which took 120 days, while the LYNX project used mobile scanning to cover 240 km in just 1 day. Both systems were able to meet accuracy requirements of 2-3 cm horizontally and 1-2 cm vertically. The LYNX data provided better quality, uniform point clouds while ILRIS allowed for higher resolution of close objects when the scanner was lifted. Overall, the LYNX system provided much higher productivity for highway surveying projects due to its faster, mobile data collection.
This document discusses the topics of surveying and data for geographic information systems (GIS). It provides background on different types of surveying data, including raster and vector data, and historical surveying techniques used by various ancient civilizations. The key purpose of surveying is also summarized, which is to precisely measure and map land areas and boundaries.
Modern surveying techniques utilizes advanced electronic equipment for measuring distances, angles, and elevations. This includes digital levels that use electronic image processing of barcoded staff readings, total stations that integrate distance and angle measurements, and electromagnetic distance measurement instruments. Remote sensing involves analyzing sensor data such as satellite imagery to obtain information about areas without direct contact. It has various applications including agriculture, urban planning, hydrology, and disaster management by aiding tasks such as early warning, damage assessment, and recovery efforts.
1 geometric design elements of road by malyar talashMalyar Talash
ย
This document provides guidelines for road geometric design. It discusses key elements like design speed, sight distance, horizontal and vertical alignment. Design speed determines other elements and impacts safety, mobility and efficiency. Sight distance requirements include stopping sight distance, decision sight distance and intersection sight distance. Horizontal alignment discusses curve types like simple, compound, spiral curves. It provides controls for curvature based on deflection angles and radii.
This document summarizes a study analyzing traffic speed data on a road outside NICMAR Gate no. 1 in India. A team of 4 students conducted a spot speed study using enoscopes to record the time taken for vehicles to travel a 50m stretch of the road. They collected over 70 time readings and calculated the speeds. Most vehicles traveled between 30-40 km/h. The results were analyzed to determine the speed distribution and limits. This will help determine the design speed for checking geometric elements of the highway.
Guiding Principles of Route Selection and Alignment Improvement.pdfbala506586
ย
Surveying is determining the relative positions of points on or beneath the Earth's surface. The summary includes:
1. Surveying techniques include plane, geodetic, photogrammetry, boundary, control, engineering, topographic, route, and hydrographic surveying.
2. Common surveying equipment are chains, levels, theodolites, total stations, GPS, which have replaced older equipment like dumpy levels and vernier theodolites.
3. A total station integrates a theodolite to measure angles, an EDM to measure distances, and can provide point coordinates and is useful for general measurements, mapping, construction, and monitoring.
Total station, parts of total station,
advantages and application.
Practical on Total station
To study the various electronic surveying instruments like EDM, Total Station etc. What is Total station?
Total Station with Tripod stand & Reflector prism
Basic components of Total station
It is also integrated with microprocessor, electronic data collector and storage system
Setting up the total station over a ground point
Area Calculation by Total Station
Volume Calculation by Total Station
RDM & REM by Total Station
AccuracyofaTotalStation
Remote elevation measurement
Applications of Total Station
Uses of Total Station
Total Station step by step
Field Practical of TS
3-D Road Design by Applying Differential Geometry and Conventional Design Ap...Basil Psarianos
ย
3-D Road Design by relating Differential Geometry parameters with conventional road design parameters like horizontal and vertical curvature and superelevation rate
The document discusses the basic applications of surveying that are important for quantity surveyors to understand. It defines surveying as determining the relative positions of points on the earth's surface. Surveying is classified based on the instruments used, objectives, and methods employed. The key types are plane, geodetic, chain, compass, theodolite, tachometric, photogrammetric, and EDM surveying. Surveying has various purposes like topographical maps, cadastral maps, engineering maps, and setting out work. It is essential for quantity surveyors to have basic knowledge of surveying applications to efficiently work with surveyors.
Surveying is the science of determining the positions of points on the earth's surface. It involves measuring horizontal and vertical distances and angles. There are different types of surveying based on instruments used, methods, purposes, and field conditions. The main goals of surveying are to prepare maps showing boundaries and engineering structures for purposes like construction, mining, archaeology and military operations. Key principles include working from whole to part and locating new points using measurements from two fixed references.
This document provides an outline for a course on Engineering Surveying II taught by Prof. Dr.-Ing. John Bosco Kyalo Kiema at the University of Nairobi. The course covers topics such as horizontal control through traversing, vertical control through leveling, applications to highway drainage and earthworks, and practical field surveying. Assessment includes exams, coursework, and a term paper on the role of geoinformatics in environmental monitoring and management. The lecture outline provides details on traversing, vertical control, earthworks computations, and references textbooks on surveying.
This document provides details for the design of a 108km rural road passing through three districts in Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan. It includes typical road cross sections for different terrains, geometric design values, structural pavement design, drainage structures, retaining walls, and a list of centerline coordinates and elevations. The road requires excavation, embankment filling, asphalt and gravel surfacing, drainage features like culverts and drains, and retaining walls given the mountainous terrain with elevation changes up to 1350m along the route.
The document discusses using laser scanning technology to model highways, roads, and pavements for various applications. It describes three projects where laser scanning was used: 1) surveying an existing highway in Greece for reconstruction, scanning from a lifted device to capture horizontal features; 2) evaluating tarmac deformations at an airport, requiring high accuracy and resolution; 3) evaluating safety improvements at an intersection through 3D modeling and simulations. While laser scanning provides high accuracy and detail, it has disadvantages for long linear objects like highways due to lower productivity and need for significant post-processing. Mobile scanning systems may provide more efficient alternatives.
2 Superelevation and Spiral Curve ( by Malyar Talash, Highway Design Manager/...Malyar Talash
ย
This document discusses superelevation and spiral curves for road design. It defines superelevation as banking curves to counteract centrifugal force on vehicles. Maximum superelevation rates are recommended based on climate and road type. Methods for achieving superelevation include rotating the pavement surface. Minimum lengths for superelevation runoff and tangent runoff sections are calculated based on design speed, superelevation rate, and other factors. Spiral curves provide a gradual transition between tangent and curved sections and can be used to achieve superelevation runoff. Equations are provided to calculate minimum and maximum spiral lengths. An example problem demonstrates calculating runoff lengths and locating transition points for a road section both with
Structural survey, inspection and evaluation using LS technologyMichael Xinogalos
ย
A presentation by Michael Xinogalos, Surveying Engineer NTUA 1988, Technical Director of ASTROLABE ENGINEERING at Innovative LIDAR Solutions Conference - Toronto 2009 (www.astrolabe.gr - www.laseraction.eu)
Techniques of Land Surveying
The structure of Presentation:
Introduction to Land Survey
History of Land Survey
Types of Land Survey
Measurements
Modern Technologies
Geographical Information System
Photogrammetry
LiDAR
Airborne LiDAR
3D laser scanners
This document summarizes a project to map rescue service providers and routes within the Kathmandu ring road. The project was conducted by engineering students and aimed to prepare a map showing locations of hospitals, police stations, fire brigades, traffic areas, and petrol pumps to assist rescue operations. Key features of the map included identifying high accident areas and presenting contact information for rescue services. The project was completed on schedule and achieved its objectives of creating an informative map to enhance emergency response, as existing maps lacked comprehensive rescue information.
This document provides an overview of surveying fundamentals. It defines surveying as measuring distances, angles, and positions on Earth's surface, requiring both art and science. The two main types of surveying are plane and geodetic. Plane surveying treats Earth as flat while geodetic accounts for curvature. Surveying is used for preliminary data gathering, layout, and control and includes techniques like leveling, distance measurement, angular measurement, and location methods. Accuracy, errors, and units of measurement are also discussed.
The document defines various surveying terms used in construction projects. It provides definitions for over 50 key terms related to accuracy, positions, coordinates, controls, datums, levels, mapping and more. Some of the key terms defined include accuracy, adjusted position, bench mark, contour line, control point, coordinates, datum, discrepancy, easting, grid, horizontal control, level datum, northing, order of accuracy, precision and total station. The document serves as a comprehensive reference for common surveying terminology.
Surveying presentation and its objectives in detail including principles,hist...amansingh2914
ย
Surveying is the technique of determining positions and distances between points on the Earth's surface. Ancient surveyors used simple geometry and ropes to establish boundaries. Modern surveying began in the 18th century with more precise instruments like the theodolite and methods for measuring distance. In the 20th century, technologies like tellurometers and GPS satellites improved accuracy. Today, surveys combine traditional and modern tools like total stations, drones, and 3D scanning. Surveying techniques involve measuring angles and distances to map features and boundaries.
Ilris vs lynx highway surveying and data post processing - munich2008Michael Xinogalos
ย
This document compares highway surveying projects using Optech ILRIS and LYNX laser scanning systems. The ILRIS project involved static scanning over 80 km which took 120 days, while the LYNX project used mobile scanning to cover 240 km in just 1 day. Both systems were able to meet accuracy requirements of 2-3 cm horizontally and 1-2 cm vertically. The LYNX data provided better quality, uniform point clouds while ILRIS allowed for higher resolution of close objects when the scanner was lifted. Overall, the LYNX system provided much higher productivity for highway surveying projects due to its faster, mobile data collection.
This document discusses the topics of surveying and data for geographic information systems (GIS). It provides background on different types of surveying data, including raster and vector data, and historical surveying techniques used by various ancient civilizations. The key purpose of surveying is also summarized, which is to precisely measure and map land areas and boundaries.
Modern surveying techniques utilizes advanced electronic equipment for measuring distances, angles, and elevations. This includes digital levels that use electronic image processing of barcoded staff readings, total stations that integrate distance and angle measurements, and electromagnetic distance measurement instruments. Remote sensing involves analyzing sensor data such as satellite imagery to obtain information about areas without direct contact. It has various applications including agriculture, urban planning, hydrology, and disaster management by aiding tasks such as early warning, damage assessment, and recovery efforts.
1 geometric design elements of road by malyar talashMalyar Talash
ย
This document provides guidelines for road geometric design. It discusses key elements like design speed, sight distance, horizontal and vertical alignment. Design speed determines other elements and impacts safety, mobility and efficiency. Sight distance requirements include stopping sight distance, decision sight distance and intersection sight distance. Horizontal alignment discusses curve types like simple, compound, spiral curves. It provides controls for curvature based on deflection angles and radii.
This document summarizes a study analyzing traffic speed data on a road outside NICMAR Gate no. 1 in India. A team of 4 students conducted a spot speed study using enoscopes to record the time taken for vehicles to travel a 50m stretch of the road. They collected over 70 time readings and calculated the speeds. Most vehicles traveled between 30-40 km/h. The results were analyzed to determine the speed distribution and limits. This will help determine the design speed for checking geometric elements of the highway.
Guiding Principles of Route Selection and Alignment Improvement.pdfbala506586
ย
Surveying is determining the relative positions of points on or beneath the Earth's surface. The summary includes:
1. Surveying techniques include plane, geodetic, photogrammetry, boundary, control, engineering, topographic, route, and hydrographic surveying.
2. Common surveying equipment are chains, levels, theodolites, total stations, GPS, which have replaced older equipment like dumpy levels and vernier theodolites.
3. A total station integrates a theodolite to measure angles, an EDM to measure distances, and can provide point coordinates and is useful for general measurements, mapping, construction, and monitoring.
Total station, parts of total station,
advantages and application.
Practical on Total station
To study the various electronic surveying instruments like EDM, Total Station etc. What is Total station?
Total Station with Tripod stand & Reflector prism
Basic components of Total station
It is also integrated with microprocessor, electronic data collector and storage system
Setting up the total station over a ground point
Area Calculation by Total Station
Volume Calculation by Total Station
RDM & REM by Total Station
AccuracyofaTotalStation
Remote elevation measurement
Applications of Total Station
Uses of Total Station
Total Station step by step
Field Practical of TS
A total station is an electronic instrument that combines an electronic theodolite and an electronic distance measurement device. It can measure horizontal and vertical angles as well as slope distances from a setup point to a targeted point. This allows it to determine coordinates. A total station is more accurate and user-friendly than traditional surveying methods. It has various functions including determining coordinates, measuring distances and angles, topographic surveying, traverse adjustment, resection, and remote elevation measurement.
Total station is a combination of an electronic theodolite and an electronic distance measurement device. It can determine coordinates of a reflector by measuring vertical and horizontal angles and slope distances to the reflector.
It has components like EDM to measure distances, an electronic theodolite to measure angles, a microprocessor to record readings and perform computations, and a data collector to transfer data to a computer. Accuracy depends on the instrument and can range from 1-5 seconds for angles and 1-3mm + ppm*D for distances.
Total stations can be used to perform functions like determining coordinates, measuring distances and angles, topographic surveying, traverse adjustment, resection, and remote elevation measurements.
MAPS GEOSYSTEM is an engineering consulting firm based in Agra, India that provides surveying, planning, design, and estimate services for infrastructure projects. The company's services include topographic surveying, land surveying, building surveying, as well as project planning and management for roads, highways, rail, irrigation, airports, transmission lines, pipelines, and solar power projects. MAPS GEOSYSTEM has a team of survey engineers, consultants, and support staff and uses equipment like total stations, digital levels, and GPS for precision surveying. Some of the company's recent projects include transmission line surveys, road surveys for state highway conversions, and topographic surveys for water supply projects.
Total station is a modern surveying instrument that combines an electronic theodolite and electronic distance meter. It allows the user to determine coordinates of points by measuring horizontal and vertical angles and slope distances to a reflector target simultaneously. The total station records measurements directly into its internal microprocessor, allowing precise data collection and processing without manual calculations. It has made surveying work faster, more accurate and less tedious compared to traditional instruments.
camp-presentation.pptx for survey works/ minor workShivamKarn11
ย
The document summarizes the results of a field survey camp conducted by engineering students over 8 days. The students gained practical surveying skills through tasks like bridge, road, and topographic surveys. Surveying equipment like total stations, levels, tapes, and rods were used. Students learned proper techniques and the importance of teamwork when collecting field data to map land and infrastructure features.
What is a Total Station?
Capability of a Total Station
Important Operations of Total Station
Uses of Total Station
Advantages of Using Total Stations
Applications
Survey Camp presentation of geomatics engineeringAnish Chhetri
ย
This slide is a guide for the Tribhuvan University students for preparing the final presentation report about their survey camping. Mostly it helps geomatics engineering students who do their 10 days field survey in their 5th semester.
This document summarizes the activities and lessons learned from a 3-day survey camp conducted by the Civil Engineering department at GIT College in Jaipur, India. A group of 6 students led by Sumit Yadav participated in hands-on training on surveying equipment like theodolites, compass, total station, tacheometer and leveling. The group learned how to measure horizontal and vertical angles, distances, profiles and cross-sections. They thank the organizing faculty for providing this valuable opportunity to gain practical experience in surveying techniques.
Total station and its application to civil engineeringTushar Dholakia
ย
Total stations are surveying instruments that combine an electronic theodolite, electronic distance meter, and on-board computer. They allow users to measure horizontal and vertical angles as well as slope distances to calculate coordinates. Modern total stations can store thousands of data points, perform computations, and transfer data remotely via memory cards or wireless connections. They have largely replaced standalone theodolites and distance meters due to greater accuracy, automation, and data processing capabilities. Total stations find wide application in civil engineering, mining, accident reconstruction, and other fields requiring precise spatial measurements and positioning.
This document discusses modern survey techniques, including electronic distance measurement (EDM), total stations, and global positioning systems (GPS). It provides details on:
- The three methods of EDM - microwave, infrared, and light wave instruments.
- The components, operation, and applications of total stations, including advantages over conventional surveying.
- Sources of error in EDM and total station surveys.
- How GPS uses satellites to determine receiver location and its use in surveying applications.
The document discusses what a total station is and its components and uses. It can be summarized as follows:
A total station is an electronic surveying instrument that combines an electronic theodolite and an electronic distance meter. It is used to measure horizontal and vertical angles as well as distances to calculate coordinates. It has components like an electronic theodolite, distance meter, microprocessor, data collector and reflectors. Total stations offer accuracy, speed, convenience and easy integration with CAD software. There are different types including mechanical, robotic, prism and reflectorless models. Total stations are used to measure distances, angles, and coordinates and for applications in surveying, mining, and civil engineering construction.
Surveying is considered as one of the oldest field of Civil Engineering. As days passes we can see lot of improvements in technology. In this ppt we can able to see latest instruments used for surveying
The document provides a report on a topographic surveying project in Nzega District, Tanzania. It was prepared by two industrial training students and details the objectives, location, instrumentation used, data acquisition process, analysis and processing. Key steps included reconnaissance, establishing control points using RTK GPS, collecting profile and feature data, exporting to CAD software, and creating surfaces and alignments. Challenges included signal loss and equipment issues, while recommendations focused on critical thinking, time management and teamwork.
Development of Sonpari village Under the Scheme of Smart VillageBhavik A Shah
ย
The document discusses the development of Sonpari Village in India under the Smart Village scheme. It involves collecting data on the village's infrastructure like roads, buildings, and utilities using tools like total stations, GPS, and GIS software. Field surveys were conducted to map the existing conditions and infrastructure like roads, buildings, water lines. The data was then processed using software like Leica GeoOffice and ArcGIS to create maps and analyze the data. These maps and analyses will help the government plan further development projects for the village in a systematic manner.
Iaetsd concepts of surveying with totalstation-a latestIaetsd Iaetsd
ย
This document provides an overview of surveying with a total station, which is a modern surveying instrument that integrates an electronic theodolite, distance measuring instrument, and computer. It discusses the components and functions of a total station, including the gun, batteries, environmental box, data collector, focus adjustment knobs, and data screens. The document also covers electronic distance measurement, basic mapping terms, and advantages of using a total station compared to traditional surveying methods.
Similar to Abijit sharma 201818510 survey report (20)
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
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The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
How to stay relevant as a cyber professional: Skills, trends and career paths...Infosec
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1. 1 | P a g e
REPORT
ON
SURVEY CAMP FOR
TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY USING
TOTAL STATION AND
LEVELLING SURVEY AT
AGHAMLOK LINGTAM
GUIDED BY SUBMITTED BY
NAME: ABIJIT SHARMA
โ Mr. Sourav Gupta REG. NO: 201818510
โ Mrs. Uden Kiroung Sherpa ROLL NO: 34
โ Mr. Abranil Adak
โ Mr. Jyoti Prasanna Sengupta
โ Mr. Rajeep Roy
โ Ms. Prena Gurung
โ Mr. Souvik Das
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
SIKKIM MANIPAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(A constituent college of Sikkim Manipal University)
2. 2 | P a g e
ACKOWLEDGEMET
This report is the outcome result of survey camp of SIKKIM MAIPAL INSTITUTE OF
TECHOLOGY (Rangpo Majhitar East Sikkim) at AGHAMLOK LINGTAM.
The purpose of this fieldwork was making to the each of us independent to carry out the work
in real problem in the field. We think the purpose is suitable for further work and which make
us to produce the report of the field work in time. We are sincerely indebted to our college
SMIT, for providing opportunity to consolidate our theoretical and practical knowledge in
engineering surveying.
I would like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to Mr. Sourav Gupta (Assistant professor) and
Mrs. Uden Kiroung Sherpa (Assistant professor) for their vital encouragement and support in
the completion of this report.
I would like to express my sincere gratitude towards Dr. Chandrashekar Bhuiyan (HOD of
Civil engineering Department) for bestowing me with such a great opportunity.
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to our camp teachers for their helpful
suggestions, friendly behavior and guiding anytime during the field work an also providing
prompt comments and rectification necessary before finalization of the report for their
valuable instructions, during the fieldwork, without which it was very difficult to do the work
in the field and to produce the report.
Lastly, I would like to thank all my friends who helped me in the camp and made me the
work so much easy.
Yours Sincerely,
Abijit Sharma
(201818510)
3. 3 | P a g e
ABSTRACT
Surveying is the science and art of determining the relative position of above, on or beneath
the surface of earth and is the most important part of civil engineering. The results of surveys
are used to map the earth, prepare navigation charts, establish property boundaries, develop
data of land used and natural resources information etc. further survey maintains highways
railroads, buildings, bridge, tunnels, canals, dams and many more.
The main objectives of survey camp was organized for us is to take an opportunity to
consolidate and update our practical and theoretical knowledge in engineering survey in the
actual field condition. In the survey map we have to prepare topographic map of the give
area, road site survey fulfilling all the technical requirements. In this regard, we are required
to carry out the necessary field works in our sub group so that we will get opportunity to the
decision on planning and execution of field works for preparation of topographic map and
detail road and road site survey.
4. 4 | P a g e
INTRODUCTION
Surveying
Surveying is an art of science of determining the relativeโs position point on the surface of the
earth by the mean of angular and linear measurements. The application of surveying required
astronomy. The knowledge of surveying is advantageous to many phase of engineering in
surveying, all the measurement of length is horizontal, or else is subsequently reduce to
horizontal distance. The objectives of surveying are to prepare plan or map so that it may
represent the area on a horizontal plane.
In our survey camp, the type of survey that we performed is engineering surveying which
includes the preparation of topographic map in which both horizontal and vertical control are
necessary. As per instrument used we perform Total station for topographical survey and
Auto level for profile leveling and cross sectional leveling off a road site for establishing
control points in road site survey.
Principle of Surveying
The fundamental principle of surveying is:
โ Working from whole to part: It is very important to established first system of control
points with higher precision. Minor control points can be established by less precise
method and details can be located using minor control point by running minor
traverse. This principle is applied to prevent the accumulation of error and to control
and localized minor error.
โ Location of points by measurement from two point of reference: The relative position
of points to be surveyed should be located by measurement from at least two point of
reference, the position of which has already been fixed.
โ Consistency of work: The survey work should performed by keeping consistency in
method, instrument, observer etc. to get desired level of accuracy.
โ Independency check: Every instrument taken in the field must be checked by some
independent field observation so that the mistake is not passed unnoticely.
โ Accuracy required: Proper method and proper instrument should be used depending
upon the amount of accuracy required. Accuracy of angular and the liners should be
complete.
5. 5 | P a g e
Objectives of survey camp
โ To become familiar with the problem that may arise during the field works.
โ To became familiar with proper handling of instrument and their function.
โ To collect required data in the field in systematic way.
โ To compute and manipulate the observed data in the required accuracy and
present it in the diagrammatic and tabular form in order to understand by orders.
TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY
Topographical surveying is the process of determining the positions of existing features of
the locality by means of conventional signs on a topographical map. They are carried out to
depict the topography of the mountainous terrain, rivers, wooded areas, and other cultural
details as roads, railways and townships etc.
o Equipments and Accessories:
o Total station
o Theodolite
o Leveling staff(5m)
o Ranging rods
o Measuring tapes(30m)
o Leveling instrument
o Pegs
o Plumb bob
o Prism
o Prism holder
o Metric chain
6. 6 | P a g e
TOTAL STATION
A total station is an electronic/ optical instrument used in modern surveying and building
construction that uses electronic transit theodolite in conjunction with electronic distance
meter (EDM). It is also integrated with microprocessor, electronic data collector and storage
system.
The instrument is used to measure sloping distance of object to the instrument, horizontal
angles and vertical angles. This microprocessor unit enables for computation of data collected
to further calculate the horizontal distance, coordinates of point and reduced level of point.
Data collected from total station can be downloaded in laptops/ computer for further
processing of information.
Total stations are mainly used by land surveyors and civil engineers, either to record features
as topographic surveying or to set features such as roads, houses and boundaries. They are
also used by archaeologists to record excavations and by police, crime scene investigators,
and private accident reconstructions and insurance companies to take measurements scenes.
8. 8 | P a g e
Components of total station:
Total station is a compact instrument which weighs around 50N to 55N. It consists of a
distance measuring instrument (EDM), an angle measuring instrument (Theodolite) and a
simple microprocessor. The components used in total station surveying are as follows:
1. A tripod is used to hold the total station.
2. An electronic notebook used to record, calculate and even manipulate the field data.
3. Prism and prism pole which can measure lengths up to 2km and up to 6-7km can be
measured with triple prism.
4. Battery.
Functions of total station:
โ Coordinates determination:
Total station determines the coordinates of an unknown point relative to the known
coordinate by establishing a direct line of sight between the two points. Angles and
distances are measured from the total station to points under survey and the
coordinates of surveyed points relative to the total station position are calculated using
trigonometry and triangulation. Some total stations have Global Navigation Satellite
System (GNSS), which does not require direct line of sight to determine coordinates.
โ Distance measurement:
A total station has a small solid state emitter within the instruments optical path. They
generate modulated microwave or infrared signals that are reflected by prism reflector
or the object under survey. The modulation pattern in the returning signal is read and
9. 9 | P a g e
interpreted by the computer in the total station. The distance is thus determined by
emitting and receiving multiple frequencies and determining the integer number of
wavelength, to the target for each frequency.
โ Angular measurement:
Most of the modern total stations have digital barcodes on rotating glass cylinder that
are installed within the instrument. Angle measurements are done trough electro
optical scanning of these digital barcodes.
โ Data processing:
The data recorded by the instrument may be downloaded from the theodolite to a
computer and the application software in turn generates a map of the survey area.
Many advanced models of total station have built in micro processor to record and
compute distances, horizontal and vertical angles.
Advantages of total station:
o Quick settings of the instrument on the tripod using laser plummet.
o On board area computation programmed to compute the area of the field.
o Local language support.
o Full GIS creation.
o Automation of old maps.
o Graphical view of plots and land for quick visualization.
10. 10 | P a g e
Procedure for setup the total station:
1. Set up and level the instrument so that it is precisely over the control point. Press OK
to exit the level screen.
2. Navigate the quick survey (Q- survey) program from the main menu and press.
3. To set your horizontal angle back sight press F4 twice to make set Hz soft key
available.
4. Press F2 set Hz to open the set horizontal angle menu.
5. Aim at the back sight point then press F1 Hz=0. Press F4 OK to set the back sight
angle.
6. The instrument is ready to measure the horizontal angles.
โข As you turn the instrument to the right (clockwise) the horizontal angle
measurement (Hz) will increase.
โข As you turn the instrument to the left (counter clockwise) Hz will decrease.
โข If this is not the case, see your instructor.
7. To set your instrument heights (HI) press F1 STATION to open the station Entry
menu.
8. Scroll down to the HI field and press F3 INPUT to access the number keys.
9. Use the F# keys to select the appropriate numbers and the navigation key to move
from digit to digit.
10. Once you have correct instrument height in place. Press Enter, press F4 OK to return
to the page one of the Quick survey program.
11. To set the height of your reflector uses the navigation button to select the reflector
height above the ground (Hr) field.
12. If the INPUT soft key is unavailable, press F4 to toggle until it is available.
13. Press F3 INPUT and use the F# keys to select the appropriate numbers and the
navigation key to move from digit to digit.
14. Once you have the correct reflector height in place, press Enter.
15. To set the current temperature and pressure press F2 EDM.
16. Press F1 ATMOS to open the atmospheric data entry menu.
17. Scroll to the temperature field and use the INPUT and number soft keys to insert the
appropriate temperature. Once the field is correct press Enter.
18. Scroll to the pressure field and enter the current pressure field and enter the current
pressure using the same routine.
19. Press OK twice to return to page one of the Q-survey programs.
20. Now you are ready to measuring horizontal angles, horizontal distance and vertical
distances.
21. To make a measurement, aim the total station at the prism and press ALL or use the
black trigger key located on the right hand side of the instrument.
22. The instrument will display the horizontal angle (Hz), vertical angle (v) and the
horizontal distance on the first data.
23. Press the page button to display the Hz, slope distance and vertical distance.
24. Pressing the page button again will display Northing, Easting and Elevation.
25. Pressing the page button once again will return the display to the first page showing
Hz, v and horizontal distance again.
11. 11 | P a g e
LEVELLING
Leveling is defining an art of determining and representing the relative heights or elevation of
different points on the earthโs surfaces. The process of leveling is to find the elevation at a
specified location relative to anther known elevation. It is basically an instrument to measure
the relative height of the elevation in a different respective point that has been set. Leveling
rod is also an instrument to use with automatic level to get the reading of every respective
point.
Leveling results can be used for design highways, railways, sewers and more. Besides that, it
can also used to calculate the volume of earthwork and develop maps showing general
ground configurations. It can use as a site layout for a new foundations, contouring drainage
as well as estimating the fall of pipe.
Objectives:
โข To enhance students knowledge in leveling procedure.
โข To enable students to get hands on experience in setting up and working with auto
level.
โข To allow students apply theories that had been taught in the classes in hand on
situation such as making adjustments for each reduced level of every single staff
station in order to obtain the most accurate reduced levels.
โข To determine the error of disclosure in order to determine whether the leveling is
acceptable.
12. 12 | P a g e
Parts of leveling:
o Telescope:
holds lenses that magnify objects in sight
o Focusing knob:
can be turned to make objects appear crisp and clear
o Objective lens:
catches the object being sighted and magnifies the object
o Graduated horizontal circle:
marked by degrees used for setting and reading horizontal angles
o Leveling screws:
allows adjustment to be made to ensure the instrument level
o Base plate:
area that the auto level attaches to on the tripod
o Horizontal tangent screw:
can be adjusted to make the instrument move left or right on the horizontal
plate
o Circular level:
mounted on the automatic level, this ensures that the instrument at a true level
point
o Eyepiece:
located at the viewing end of the telescope, it can be turned to bring the
crosshairs into focus.
13. 13 | P a g e
Instruments used for leveling:
a) Auto level
b) Leveling staff
c) Tripod
d) Plumb bob
e) Metric chain
f) Tape
g) Pegs
Auto level:
An automatic level is a professional leveling tool that is often used by land surveyors,
builders, contractors and engineers. And itโs best known for its ability to provide consistent
level accuracy more quickly than many other leveling instruments. Itโs usually placed on a
tripod, where itโs calibrated to a level position with leveling screws. The person operating the
device then looks through the telescope thatโs attached to the instrument, while a second
person holds a graduated staff or tape measure at the position that needs to be measured.
Leveling staff:
A level staff also called leveling rod, is a graduated wooden or aluminum rod used with
leveling instrument to determine the difference in height between points or heights of points
above a vertical datum. It cannot be used without a leveling instrument. And it has 4m height
into 2 or 3 pieces. The least count of leveling staff is 5mm.
14. 14 | P a g e
Tripod stand:
A tripod stand is a portable three legged frame or stand, used as a platform for supporting the
weight and maintaining the stability of some other object. A tripod provides stability against
downward forces and horizontal forces and movements about horizontal axis.
Metric chain:
Metric chains are the commonly used chain in India. These types of chain come many lengths
such as 5, 10, 20 and 30m. Most commonly used is 20m of the chain for quick reading. Every
link of this type chain is 0.2m.
Plumb bob:
A plumb bob or plummet is a weight usually with a pointed tip on the bottom, suspended
from a string and used as a vertical reference line, or plumb line. It is a precursor to the spirit
level and used to establish a vertical or horizontal datum.
15. 15 | P a g e
Methods of leveling:
1. Height of Collimation method
2. Rise and fall method.
1. Height of collimation method:
It consist of finding the elevation of the plane of collimation (HI) for every set up of
the instrument, and then obtaining the reduced level point with reference to the
respective plane of collimation.
NO. Back
sight(m)
Intermediate
sight(m)
Fore
sight(m)
Height of
Instrument(HI)
Reduced
level
Remaks
Calculation check:
โB.S- โF.S= Last R.L- first R.L
โข This method is simple and easy.
โข Reduction of level is easy.
โข Visualization is not necessary regarding the nature of the ground.
โข There is no check for intermediate sight readings.
โข This method is generally used where more number of readings can be taken with less
number of change points for constructional work and leveling.
2. Rise and Fall method:
It consists of determining the difference of elevation between consecutive points by
comparing each point after the first that immediately preceding it. The difference
between their staff reading indicates a rise and fall according to the staff reading at the
point. The R.L is then found adding the rise to, or subtracting the fall from the
reduced level of preceding point.
Station Back
sight
Intermediate
sight
Fore
sight
Rise Fall Reduced
level
Remarks
Arithmetic check:
โRise- โFall=โBS- โFS=Last RL- First RL
16. 16 | P a g e
โข This method is complicated and is not easy to carry out.
โข Reduction of level takes more time.
โข Visualization is necessary regarding the nature of the ground.
โข Complete check is there for all readings.
โข This method is preferable for check leveling where the number of
change points is more.
Procedure for set the leveling:
1. Set up the leveling instrument at level position1.
2. Hold the staff vertically on the datum and take a reading. This reading will be the
back sight, because it is the first staff reading after setting the instrument.
3. Move the staff to point A and take a reading. This will be an intermediate sight.
4. Move the staff to point Band take a reading. This will also be an intermediate sight.
5. Move the staff to point C and take a reading. This will also be an intermediate sight.
6. Move the staff to point D and take a reading. This will be a fore sight, because after
this reading the level will move.
7. The distance between the stations should be measured and recorded into the field
book as well.
8. Set up the level at level position 2 and level the staff at point D, and then take a
reading. This will be a back sight.
9. Move the staff to the point E and take reading. This will be an intermediate sight.
10. Move the staff to the point F and take a reading. This will be a fore sight, because
after this reading the level will move.
11. Now move the level to level position 3 and leave the staff at point F.
12. Repeat the above procedure until you reached your destination point.
17. 17 | P a g e
Conclusion
The survey camp was undoubtedly one of the most incredible memories. The acquisition of
knowledge and interpersonal happiness obtained from the camp hardly is acquired from
books and lectures. We are delighted and grateful to have an excellent camp organized by the
civil engineering department not only the travel, but also learn to explore and to reflect.
After this camp, we realized that engineering survey is vitally important as a golden
opportunity for us. The rapid development of civil engineering methodology has broadened
our horizons and eye opening.
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