The document provides details about a survey camp conducted by students of Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology to gain practical experience in engineering surveying. The objectives of the camp were to familiarize students with fieldwork challenges and proper use of surveying instruments. During the camp, students performed topographic surveying using a total station and leveling surveys to establish horizontal and vertical control points. They collected field data, computed observations, and produced diagrams and tables to understand the results.
1. The document summarizes a survey camp conducted by students to perform topographical and leveling surveys. Total stations and auto levels were used to collect elevation data and create maps.
2. Topics covered include an introduction to surveying principles and objectives, descriptions of total stations and their functions, the leveling process, and methods for reducing elevation data.
3. The leveling survey was conducted to establish relative heights of points and develop maps showing ground configurations, while the topographical survey used a total station to determine point coordinates and depict terrain features on a map.
Engineering surveying, 5...ition w. schofieldrnkhan
An important book for knowledge of all types of engineering surveys
Engineering Surveying. Sixth Edition. W. Schofield. Former Principal Lecturer, Kingston University. M. Breach. Principal Lecturer, Nottingham Trent University.
This document summarizes a study on using GPS for time-based trajectory guidance of vehicles. It describes an experiment where researchers used differential GPS to create a baseline trajectory for driving a car along a highway route. They then used real-time GPS displays in the car to guide the driver along the same trajectory, arriving within 7 seconds of the target time. The document discusses potential applications of this time-based guidance for vehicles like cars, aircraft, trains and ships to help with tasks like adaptive cruise control and meeting schedules.
Comparison among Height Observation of GPS, Total Station and Level and their...IRJET Journal
This document compares the accuracy of GPS, total station, and level instruments for measuring elevation in mining works by using GIS technology. Statistical analysis showed the level measurements had the lowest variation while GPS had the highest. Topographic maps were created from observations from each instrument, showing they produced similar overall elevation patterns. The document concludes that while GPS and total station measurements have some error, their accuracy is sufficient for mining works. GIS allows easy analysis and use of elevation data from any of the three instruments.
The document discusses the topic of surveying. It provides an overview of the history and evolution of surveying, from its beginnings in ancient Egypt to modern techniques using tools like total stations and GPS. Some key points covered include the various types and categories of surveying work, the traditional equipment used, and how modern digital instruments like total stations integrate distance measurement and angle measurement capabilities into one device.
The document provides information about various topics related to engineering and surveying. It discusses the history and beginnings of engineering in Egypt. It also defines engineering as the application of scientific and economic principles to create useful structures and processes. The document further discusses different types of surveying such as topographic surveys, geological surveys, and archaeological surveys. It describes various surveying instruments used for distance measurement, angular measurement, and leveling. Finally, it discusses objectives, uses, principles, and types of scales used in surveying.
1. The document summarizes a survey camp conducted by students to perform topographical and leveling surveys. Total stations and auto levels were used to collect elevation data and create maps.
2. Topics covered include an introduction to surveying principles and objectives, descriptions of total stations and their functions, the leveling process, and methods for reducing elevation data.
3. The leveling survey was conducted to establish relative heights of points and develop maps showing ground configurations, while the topographical survey used a total station to determine point coordinates and depict terrain features on a map.
Engineering surveying, 5...ition w. schofieldrnkhan
An important book for knowledge of all types of engineering surveys
Engineering Surveying. Sixth Edition. W. Schofield. Former Principal Lecturer, Kingston University. M. Breach. Principal Lecturer, Nottingham Trent University.
This document summarizes a study on using GPS for time-based trajectory guidance of vehicles. It describes an experiment where researchers used differential GPS to create a baseline trajectory for driving a car along a highway route. They then used real-time GPS displays in the car to guide the driver along the same trajectory, arriving within 7 seconds of the target time. The document discusses potential applications of this time-based guidance for vehicles like cars, aircraft, trains and ships to help with tasks like adaptive cruise control and meeting schedules.
Comparison among Height Observation of GPS, Total Station and Level and their...IRJET Journal
This document compares the accuracy of GPS, total station, and level instruments for measuring elevation in mining works by using GIS technology. Statistical analysis showed the level measurements had the lowest variation while GPS had the highest. Topographic maps were created from observations from each instrument, showing they produced similar overall elevation patterns. The document concludes that while GPS and total station measurements have some error, their accuracy is sufficient for mining works. GIS allows easy analysis and use of elevation data from any of the three instruments.
The document discusses the topic of surveying. It provides an overview of the history and evolution of surveying, from its beginnings in ancient Egypt to modern techniques using tools like total stations and GPS. Some key points covered include the various types and categories of surveying work, the traditional equipment used, and how modern digital instruments like total stations integrate distance measurement and angle measurement capabilities into one device.
The document provides information about various topics related to engineering and surveying. It discusses the history and beginnings of engineering in Egypt. It also defines engineering as the application of scientific and economic principles to create useful structures and processes. The document further discusses different types of surveying such as topographic surveys, geological surveys, and archaeological surveys. It describes various surveying instruments used for distance measurement, angular measurement, and leveling. Finally, it discusses objectives, uses, principles, and types of scales used in surveying.
The document summarizes a survey camp report from November 29 to December 5, 2017. It provides background information on the location of the camp in Kharipati, Bhaktapur, Nepal. It describes the topography, climate, and vegetation of the area. It outlines the objectives and schedule of the camp, which included traversing, leveling, topographic surveying, road alignment surveying, and bridge site surveying. The document also defines key surveying terms and principles and objectives of the survey camp to familiarize students with practical fieldwork skills and teamwork.
The document provides an acknowledgement and summary of a student group's surveying camp project. It thanks instructors and staff for their guidance and support during the project. The purpose of the camp was to give students practical field experience in engineering surveying tasks like topographic surveying, setting road curves, and determining distances for bridge spans. The project involved surveying a plot of land and producing a topographic map, road alignment plans, and designs for a bridge site.
SPATIO-TEMPORAL URBAN CHANGE DETECTION, ANALYSIS AND PREDICTION OF KATHMANDU ...Kamal Shahi
research performed by three students of Geomatics engineering faculty of Kathmandu University as the final year project. in this study we tried to detect the change in the spatial extent of the urban area, change pattern of urban area and simulation of the future urban area of Kathmandu valley by using the application of geospatial technologies i.e. remote sensing, GIS, Spatial metrics, Urban Growth Prediction Model(SLEUTH Model).
The document discusses the basic applications of surveying that are important for quantity surveyors to understand. It defines surveying as determining the relative positions of points on the earth's surface. Surveying is classified based on the instruments used, objectives, and methods employed. The key types are plane, geodetic, chain, compass, theodolite, tachometric, photogrammetric, and EDM surveying. Surveying has various purposes like topographical maps, cadastral maps, engineering maps, and setting out work. It is essential for quantity surveyors to have basic knowledge of surveying applications to efficiently work with surveyors.
This document discusses how geographic information systems (GIS) can be used for traffic management systems. Some key points:
- GIS allows for providing alternate routes to drivers, informing passengers, optimizing traffic signals, minimizing accidents, and reducing congestion.
- GIS can minimize accidents by creating a database of high-accident locations and informing drivers to be cautious in those areas.
- A case study describes how GIS was used in Kaduwela, Sri Lanka to identify needed improvements to the road network to reduce wasted time and resources by analyzing spatial data on roads, road conditions, and population accessibility.
Modern surveying techniques utilizes advanced electronic equipment for measuring distances, angles, and elevations. This includes digital levels that use electronic image processing of barcoded staff readings, total stations that integrate distance and angle measurements, and electromagnetic distance measurement instruments. Remote sensing involves analyzing sensor data such as satellite imagery to obtain information about areas without direct contact. It has various applications including agriculture, urban planning, hydrology, and disaster management by aiding tasks such as early warning, damage assessment, and recovery efforts.
Spatial temporal urban change extraction and modeling of Kathmandu ValleyJanak Parajuli
Spatial temporal extraction and modeling of urban growth of Kathmandu valley is the project done by Kathmandu University GE final year students: Dhruba Poudel, Janak Parajuli and Kamal Shahi...it has three sections: first one is extraction of built up features second one is its quantification and change detection while the third one is its modeling so as to predict urban growth for upcoming years.
The document provides details about the author's vacation work experience with the engineering consulting firm WSP. Some key points:
- The author was assigned to WSP's Civils Department and helped survey the N14 National Highway Rehabilitation project in South Africa. This included capturing data on drainage systems, road signs, guard rails, and material testing.
- Surveying tasks involved taking photos with GPS coordinates to accurately map assets. Data was compiled into spreadsheets to help engineers with design and cost estimates.
- The experience provided valuable practical lessons about project processes and using software for engineering work. It increased the author's understanding and motivation for their civil engineering studies.
Experience on using total station surveying for mapping and contouringIAEME Publication
This document describes the experience of using a total station to map and create contours of a large university campus. Key points:
- A total station was used to efficiently collect planimetric and elevation data across the 1.5km x 2.5km campus to update existing inaccurate maps.
- Over 700-1000 points per day could be collected using one or more prisms simultaneously. Precise procedures were developed to quickly collect data for both mapping and contouring.
- In the office, data files from each instrument setup were processed individually in Excel and drawn in AutoCAD. Files were then combined and aligned to create a unified campus map and contour lines.
Total station and its application to civil engineeringTushar Dholakia
Total stations are surveying instruments that combine an electronic theodolite, electronic distance meter, and on-board computer. They allow users to measure horizontal and vertical angles as well as slope distances to calculate coordinates. Modern total stations can store thousands of data points, perform computations, and transfer data remotely via memory cards or wireless connections. They have largely replaced standalone theodolites and distance meters due to greater accuracy, automation, and data processing capabilities. Total stations find wide application in civil engineering, mining, accident reconstruction, and other fields requiring precise spatial measurements and positioning.
The document provides details about a survey camp conducted by civil engineering students. It discusses the objectives of the camp which were to enhance students' practical knowledge of surveying techniques. The camp involved topographic surveying, bridge site surveying, and road alignment surveying. Students gained experience with fieldwork including taking measurements, transferring elevations, and producing maps, plans and profiles from the surveyed data.
This application, installed in a pocket PC, allows the user to survey and stake out topographical data using a wide range of total stations, connected through a standard cable or through wireless Bluetooth technology. In motorised stations, the software will automatically direct the device to the desired location. The program provides numerous options and may be used for traditional mapping or surveying, and for projects involving linear works.
This document provides an outline for a course on Engineering Surveying II taught by Prof. Dr.-Ing. John Bosco Kyalo Kiema at the University of Nairobi. The course covers topics such as horizontal control through traversing, vertical control through leveling, applications to highway drainage and earthworks, and practical field surveying. Assessment includes exams, coursework, and a term paper on the role of geoinformatics in environmental monitoring and management. The lecture outline provides details on traversing, vertical control, earthworks computations, and references textbooks on surveying.
This document discusses modern surveying techniques and technologies. It begins by defining surveying and its objectives such as collecting field data and preparing maps. It then describes several key pieces of modern surveying equipment - digital levels, electro-magnetic distance measurement instruments (EDMI), total stations, and remote sensing. For each, it provides details on how they work, their features and applications. Remote sensing in particular discusses how satellite imagery can support disaster management activities such as mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery for cyclones, earthquakes, floods and other hazards.
The document discusses using laser scanning technology to model highways, roads, and pavements for various applications. It describes three projects where laser scanning was used: 1) surveying an existing highway in Greece for reconstruction, scanning from a lifted device to capture horizontal features; 2) evaluating tarmac deformations at an airport, requiring high accuracy and resolution; 3) evaluating safety improvements at an intersection through 3D modeling and simulations. While laser scanning provides high accuracy and detail, it has disadvantages for long linear objects like highways due to lower productivity and need for significant post-processing. Mobile scanning systems may provide more efficient alternatives.
Structural survey, inspection and evaluation using LS technologyMichael Xinogalos
A presentation by Michael Xinogalos, Surveying Engineer NTUA 1988, Technical Director of ASTROLABE ENGINEERING at Innovative LIDAR Solutions Conference - Toronto 2009 (www.astrolabe.gr - www.laseraction.eu)
What is a Total Station?
Capability of a Total Station
Important Operations of Total Station
Uses of Total Station
Advantages of Using Total Stations
Applications
This document discusses various instruments used in surveying operations. It describes tripods, level staffs, total stations, clinometers, compasses, GPS, theodolites, and prisms. Tripods are used to support surveying instruments. Level staffs allow determination of elevation differences. Total stations can read distances electronically. Clinometers measure angles of inclination. Compasses determine directions relative to magnetic poles. GPS uses satellites to calculate positions. Theodolites measure horizontal and vertical angles. Prisms are targets used with total stations.
This document contains the resume of Dharmendra Kumar Choudhary, who has over 16 years of experience as a senior surveyor for various infrastructure projects in India. He has worked on metro, road and other construction projects, conducting surveys, setting layouts, and producing as-built drawings. His responsibilities included planning survey work, establishing control points, coordinating with other teams, and using software like AutoCAD. He is seeking a new opportunity with negotiable compensation and can relocate if needed, having expertise in surveys and site execution works.
Total station, parts of total station,
advantages and application.
Practical on Total station
To study the various electronic surveying instruments like EDM, Total Station etc. What is Total station?
Total Station with Tripod stand & Reflector prism
Basic components of Total station
It is also integrated with microprocessor, electronic data collector and storage system
Setting up the total station over a ground point
Area Calculation by Total Station
Volume Calculation by Total Station
RDM & REM by Total Station
AccuracyofaTotalStation
Remote elevation measurement
Applications of Total Station
Uses of Total Station
Total Station step by step
Field Practical of TS
The document summarizes a survey camp report from November 29 to December 5, 2017. It provides background information on the location of the camp in Kharipati, Bhaktapur, Nepal. It describes the topography, climate, and vegetation of the area. It outlines the objectives and schedule of the camp, which included traversing, leveling, topographic surveying, road alignment surveying, and bridge site surveying. The document also defines key surveying terms and principles and objectives of the survey camp to familiarize students with practical fieldwork skills and teamwork.
The document provides an acknowledgement and summary of a student group's surveying camp project. It thanks instructors and staff for their guidance and support during the project. The purpose of the camp was to give students practical field experience in engineering surveying tasks like topographic surveying, setting road curves, and determining distances for bridge spans. The project involved surveying a plot of land and producing a topographic map, road alignment plans, and designs for a bridge site.
SPATIO-TEMPORAL URBAN CHANGE DETECTION, ANALYSIS AND PREDICTION OF KATHMANDU ...Kamal Shahi
research performed by three students of Geomatics engineering faculty of Kathmandu University as the final year project. in this study we tried to detect the change in the spatial extent of the urban area, change pattern of urban area and simulation of the future urban area of Kathmandu valley by using the application of geospatial technologies i.e. remote sensing, GIS, Spatial metrics, Urban Growth Prediction Model(SLEUTH Model).
The document discusses the basic applications of surveying that are important for quantity surveyors to understand. It defines surveying as determining the relative positions of points on the earth's surface. Surveying is classified based on the instruments used, objectives, and methods employed. The key types are plane, geodetic, chain, compass, theodolite, tachometric, photogrammetric, and EDM surveying. Surveying has various purposes like topographical maps, cadastral maps, engineering maps, and setting out work. It is essential for quantity surveyors to have basic knowledge of surveying applications to efficiently work with surveyors.
This document discusses how geographic information systems (GIS) can be used for traffic management systems. Some key points:
- GIS allows for providing alternate routes to drivers, informing passengers, optimizing traffic signals, minimizing accidents, and reducing congestion.
- GIS can minimize accidents by creating a database of high-accident locations and informing drivers to be cautious in those areas.
- A case study describes how GIS was used in Kaduwela, Sri Lanka to identify needed improvements to the road network to reduce wasted time and resources by analyzing spatial data on roads, road conditions, and population accessibility.
Modern surveying techniques utilizes advanced electronic equipment for measuring distances, angles, and elevations. This includes digital levels that use electronic image processing of barcoded staff readings, total stations that integrate distance and angle measurements, and electromagnetic distance measurement instruments. Remote sensing involves analyzing sensor data such as satellite imagery to obtain information about areas without direct contact. It has various applications including agriculture, urban planning, hydrology, and disaster management by aiding tasks such as early warning, damage assessment, and recovery efforts.
Spatial temporal urban change extraction and modeling of Kathmandu ValleyJanak Parajuli
Spatial temporal extraction and modeling of urban growth of Kathmandu valley is the project done by Kathmandu University GE final year students: Dhruba Poudel, Janak Parajuli and Kamal Shahi...it has three sections: first one is extraction of built up features second one is its quantification and change detection while the third one is its modeling so as to predict urban growth for upcoming years.
The document provides details about the author's vacation work experience with the engineering consulting firm WSP. Some key points:
- The author was assigned to WSP's Civils Department and helped survey the N14 National Highway Rehabilitation project in South Africa. This included capturing data on drainage systems, road signs, guard rails, and material testing.
- Surveying tasks involved taking photos with GPS coordinates to accurately map assets. Data was compiled into spreadsheets to help engineers with design and cost estimates.
- The experience provided valuable practical lessons about project processes and using software for engineering work. It increased the author's understanding and motivation for their civil engineering studies.
Experience on using total station surveying for mapping and contouringIAEME Publication
This document describes the experience of using a total station to map and create contours of a large university campus. Key points:
- A total station was used to efficiently collect planimetric and elevation data across the 1.5km x 2.5km campus to update existing inaccurate maps.
- Over 700-1000 points per day could be collected using one or more prisms simultaneously. Precise procedures were developed to quickly collect data for both mapping and contouring.
- In the office, data files from each instrument setup were processed individually in Excel and drawn in AutoCAD. Files were then combined and aligned to create a unified campus map and contour lines.
Total station and its application to civil engineeringTushar Dholakia
Total stations are surveying instruments that combine an electronic theodolite, electronic distance meter, and on-board computer. They allow users to measure horizontal and vertical angles as well as slope distances to calculate coordinates. Modern total stations can store thousands of data points, perform computations, and transfer data remotely via memory cards or wireless connections. They have largely replaced standalone theodolites and distance meters due to greater accuracy, automation, and data processing capabilities. Total stations find wide application in civil engineering, mining, accident reconstruction, and other fields requiring precise spatial measurements and positioning.
The document provides details about a survey camp conducted by civil engineering students. It discusses the objectives of the camp which were to enhance students' practical knowledge of surveying techniques. The camp involved topographic surveying, bridge site surveying, and road alignment surveying. Students gained experience with fieldwork including taking measurements, transferring elevations, and producing maps, plans and profiles from the surveyed data.
This application, installed in a pocket PC, allows the user to survey and stake out topographical data using a wide range of total stations, connected through a standard cable or through wireless Bluetooth technology. In motorised stations, the software will automatically direct the device to the desired location. The program provides numerous options and may be used for traditional mapping or surveying, and for projects involving linear works.
This document provides an outline for a course on Engineering Surveying II taught by Prof. Dr.-Ing. John Bosco Kyalo Kiema at the University of Nairobi. The course covers topics such as horizontal control through traversing, vertical control through leveling, applications to highway drainage and earthworks, and practical field surveying. Assessment includes exams, coursework, and a term paper on the role of geoinformatics in environmental monitoring and management. The lecture outline provides details on traversing, vertical control, earthworks computations, and references textbooks on surveying.
This document discusses modern surveying techniques and technologies. It begins by defining surveying and its objectives such as collecting field data and preparing maps. It then describes several key pieces of modern surveying equipment - digital levels, electro-magnetic distance measurement instruments (EDMI), total stations, and remote sensing. For each, it provides details on how they work, their features and applications. Remote sensing in particular discusses how satellite imagery can support disaster management activities such as mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery for cyclones, earthquakes, floods and other hazards.
The document discusses using laser scanning technology to model highways, roads, and pavements for various applications. It describes three projects where laser scanning was used: 1) surveying an existing highway in Greece for reconstruction, scanning from a lifted device to capture horizontal features; 2) evaluating tarmac deformations at an airport, requiring high accuracy and resolution; 3) evaluating safety improvements at an intersection through 3D modeling and simulations. While laser scanning provides high accuracy and detail, it has disadvantages for long linear objects like highways due to lower productivity and need for significant post-processing. Mobile scanning systems may provide more efficient alternatives.
Structural survey, inspection and evaluation using LS technologyMichael Xinogalos
A presentation by Michael Xinogalos, Surveying Engineer NTUA 1988, Technical Director of ASTROLABE ENGINEERING at Innovative LIDAR Solutions Conference - Toronto 2009 (www.astrolabe.gr - www.laseraction.eu)
What is a Total Station?
Capability of a Total Station
Important Operations of Total Station
Uses of Total Station
Advantages of Using Total Stations
Applications
This document discusses various instruments used in surveying operations. It describes tripods, level staffs, total stations, clinometers, compasses, GPS, theodolites, and prisms. Tripods are used to support surveying instruments. Level staffs allow determination of elevation differences. Total stations can read distances electronically. Clinometers measure angles of inclination. Compasses determine directions relative to magnetic poles. GPS uses satellites to calculate positions. Theodolites measure horizontal and vertical angles. Prisms are targets used with total stations.
This document contains the resume of Dharmendra Kumar Choudhary, who has over 16 years of experience as a senior surveyor for various infrastructure projects in India. He has worked on metro, road and other construction projects, conducting surveys, setting layouts, and producing as-built drawings. His responsibilities included planning survey work, establishing control points, coordinating with other teams, and using software like AutoCAD. He is seeking a new opportunity with negotiable compensation and can relocate if needed, having expertise in surveys and site execution works.
Total station, parts of total station,
advantages and application.
Practical on Total station
To study the various electronic surveying instruments like EDM, Total Station etc. What is Total station?
Total Station with Tripod stand & Reflector prism
Basic components of Total station
It is also integrated with microprocessor, electronic data collector and storage system
Setting up the total station over a ground point
Area Calculation by Total Station
Volume Calculation by Total Station
RDM & REM by Total Station
AccuracyofaTotalStation
Remote elevation measurement
Applications of Total Station
Uses of Total Station
Total Station step by step
Field Practical of TS
Guiding Principles of Route Selection and Alignment Improvement.pdfbala506586
Surveying is determining the relative positions of points on or beneath the Earth's surface. The summary includes:
1. Surveying techniques include plane, geodetic, photogrammetry, boundary, control, engineering, topographic, route, and hydrographic surveying.
2. Common surveying equipment are chains, levels, theodolites, total stations, GPS, which have replaced older equipment like dumpy levels and vernier theodolites.
3. A total station integrates a theodolite to measure angles, an EDM to measure distances, and can provide point coordinates and is useful for general measurements, mapping, construction, and monitoring.
A total station is an electronic instrument that combines an electronic theodolite and an electronic distance measurement device. It can measure horizontal and vertical angles as well as slope distances from a setup point to a targeted point. This allows it to determine coordinates. A total station is more accurate and user-friendly than traditional surveying methods. It has various functions including determining coordinates, measuring distances and angles, topographic surveying, traverse adjustment, resection, and remote elevation measurement.
Total station is a modern surveying instrument that combines an electronic theodolite and electronic distance meter. It allows the user to determine coordinates of points by measuring horizontal and vertical angles and slope distances to a reflector target simultaneously. The total station records measurements directly into its internal microprocessor, allowing precise data collection and processing without manual calculations. It has made surveying work faster, more accurate and less tedious compared to traditional instruments.
MAPS GEOSYSTEM is an engineering consulting firm based in Agra, India that provides surveying, planning, design, and estimate services for infrastructure projects. The company's services include topographic surveying, land surveying, building surveying, as well as project planning and management for roads, highways, rail, irrigation, airports, transmission lines, pipelines, and solar power projects. MAPS GEOSYSTEM has a team of survey engineers, consultants, and support staff and uses equipment like total stations, digital levels, and GPS for precision surveying. Some of the company's recent projects include transmission line surveys, road surveys for state highway conversions, and topographic surveys for water supply projects.
Total station is a combination of an electronic theodolite and an electronic distance measurement device. It can determine coordinates of a reflector by measuring vertical and horizontal angles and slope distances to the reflector.
It has components like EDM to measure distances, an electronic theodolite to measure angles, a microprocessor to record readings and perform computations, and a data collector to transfer data to a computer. Accuracy depends on the instrument and can range from 1-5 seconds for angles and 1-3mm + ppm*D for distances.
Total stations can be used to perform functions like determining coordinates, measuring distances and angles, topographic surveying, traverse adjustment, resection, and remote elevation measurements.
Modern surveying instruments like total stations have replaced traditional tools. Total stations combine an electronic theodolite and distance meter to precisely measure horizontal and vertical angles as well as slope distances to determine point coordinates. They automate data collection and calculations in the field, transferring soft data to computers for mapping. Total stations offer accurate, fast surveying and are widely used in engineering, archaeology, accident reconstruction and more.
This document discusses modern survey techniques, including electronic distance measurement (EDM), total stations, and global positioning systems (GPS). It provides details on:
- The three methods of EDM - microwave, infrared, and light wave instruments.
- The components, operation, and applications of total stations, including advantages over conventional surveying.
- Sources of error in EDM and total station surveys.
- How GPS uses satellites to determine receiver location and its use in surveying applications.
Iaetsd concepts of surveying with totalstation-a latestIaetsd Iaetsd
This document provides an overview of surveying with a total station, which is a modern surveying instrument that integrates an electronic theodolite, distance measuring instrument, and computer. It discusses the components and functions of a total station, including the gun, batteries, environmental box, data collector, focus adjustment knobs, and data screens. The document also covers electronic distance measurement, basic mapping terms, and advantages of using a total station compared to traditional surveying methods.
This document summarizes a project to map rescue service providers and routes within the Kathmandu ring road. The project was conducted by engineering students and aimed to prepare a map showing locations of hospitals, police stations, fire brigades, traffic areas, and petrol pumps to assist rescue operations. Key features of the map included identifying high accident areas and presenting contact information for rescue services. The project was completed on schedule and achieved its objectives of creating an informative map to enhance emergency response, as existing maps lacked comprehensive rescue information.
The document discusses what a total station is and its components and uses. It can be summarized as follows:
A total station is an electronic surveying instrument that combines an electronic theodolite and an electronic distance meter. It is used to measure horizontal and vertical angles as well as distances to calculate coordinates. It has components like an electronic theodolite, distance meter, microprocessor, data collector and reflectors. Total stations offer accuracy, speed, convenience and easy integration with CAD software. There are different types including mechanical, robotic, prism and reflectorless models. Total stations are used to measure distances, angles, and coordinates and for applications in surveying, mining, and civil engineering construction.
The document provides a report on a topographic surveying project in Nzega District, Tanzania. It was prepared by two industrial training students and details the objectives, location, instrumentation used, data acquisition process, analysis and processing. Key steps included reconnaissance, establishing control points using RTK GPS, collecting profile and feature data, exporting to CAD software, and creating surfaces and alignments. Challenges included signal loss and equipment issues, while recommendations focused on critical thinking, time management and teamwork.
Modern surveying methods and instrumentsATHIRA B K
EDM uses modulated microwave or infrared signals to measure distance. The distance is determined by emitting multiple frequencies and calculating the number of wavelengths to the target. Total stations integrate EDM, digital data storage, and angle measurement to provide position coordinates of points. GPS uses satellite triangulation to determine 3D position within meters by measuring signals from four satellites. It has made surveying faster and more efficient but relies on clear satellite signals.
This document summarizes the activities and lessons learned from a 3-day survey camp conducted by the Civil Engineering department at GIT College in Jaipur, India. A group of 6 students led by Sumit Yadav participated in hands-on training on surveying equipment like theodolites, compass, total station, tacheometer and leveling. The group learned how to measure horizontal and vertical angles, distances, profiles and cross-sections. They thank the organizing faculty for providing this valuable opportunity to gain practical experience in surveying techniques.
Development of Sonpari village Under the Scheme of Smart VillageBhavik A Shah
The document discusses the development of Sonpari Village in India under the Smart Village scheme. It involves collecting data on the village's infrastructure like roads, buildings, and utilities using tools like total stations, GPS, and GIS software. Field surveys were conducted to map the existing conditions and infrastructure like roads, buildings, water lines. The data was then processed using software like Leica GeoOffice and ArcGIS to create maps and analyze the data. These maps and analyses will help the government plan further development projects for the village in a systematic manner.
APPLICATION OF GPS IN ORIENTEERING COMPETITIONSijmnct
This document summarizes the application of GPS technology in orienteering competitions. It discusses how GPS has been used to develop new disciplines like GPS orienteering, improve orienteering map-making through GPS data collection, and enable live tracking and broadcast of orienteering events in real-time. While GPS has provided several benefits, the document also notes limitations like signal interference in dense forests and the expense of equipping all competitors with GPS devices.
Surveying is the science of determining the positions of points on or near the earth's surface. The document outlines the key phases of surveying work including decision making, fieldwork, data processing, mapping, and stakeout. It describes different categories and types of surveys such as plane, geodetic, boundary, topographic, and hydrographic surveys. The history and evolution of surveying equipment from chains and compasses to modern tools like total stations, GPS, laser levels, and digital levels is also summarized. Total stations integrate an electronic theodolite for measuring angles and an EDM for measuring distances.
This document provides an overview of electronic distance measuring (EDM) devices and total stations used for surveying. It discusses the history and evolution of surveying techniques from manual methods to modern EDMs and total stations. Key points covered include:
- How total stations integrate an electronic theodolite and EDM to measure angles and distances, then use trigonometry to calculate coordinates.
- Features of Pentax total stations like automatic environmental sensing, auto focusing, and narrow visible beams that improve accuracy and efficiency.
- Software tools like Power Topolite, PSF, and Pythagoras that support data collection, calculations, stakeout, and CAD functions on Pentax total stations.
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1. 1 | P a g e
REPORT
ON
SURVEY CAMP FOR TOPOGRAPHICAL
SURVEY USINGTOTAL STATION AND
LEVELLING SURVEY AT AGHAMLOK
LINGTAM
GUIDED BY SUBMITTED BY
NAME: SINGAY WANGCHUK
Mr. Sourav Gupta REG. NO: 201800586
Mrs. Uden Kiroung Sherpa ROLL NO: 28
Mr. Abranil Adak
Mr. Jyoti Prasanna Sengupta
Mr. Rajeep Roy
Ms. Prena Gurung
Mr. Souvik Das
2. 2 | P a g e
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
SIKKIM MANIPAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(A constituent college of Sikkim Manipal University)
3. 3 | P a g e
ACKOWLEDGEMET
This report is the outcome result of survey camp of SIKKIM MAIPAL INSTITUTE OF
TECHOLOGY (Rangpo Majhitar East Sikkim) at AGHAMLOK LINGTAM.
The purpose of this fieldwork was making to the each of us independent to carry out the work
in real problem in the field. We think the purpose is suitable for further work and which make
us to produce the report of the field work in time. We are sincerely indebted to our college
SMIT, for providing opportunity to consolidate our theoretical and practical knowledge in
engineering surveying.
I would like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to Mr. Sourav Gupta (Assistant professor) and
Mrs. Uden Kiroung Sherpa (Assistant professor) for their vital encouragement and support in
the completion of this report.
I would like to express my sincere gratitude towards Dr. Chandrashekar Bhuiyan (HOD of
Civil engineering Department) for bestowing me with such a great opportunity.
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to our camp teachers for their helpful
suggestions, friendly behavior and guiding anytime during the field work an also providing
prompt comments and rectification necessary before finalization of the report for their
valuable instructions, during the fieldwork, without which it was very difficult to do the work
in the field and to produce the report.
Lastly, I would like to thank all my friends who helped me in the camp and made me the
work so much easy.
Yours Sincerely,
SINGAY
WANGCHUK
201800586
5. 5 | P a g e
ABSTRACT
Surveying is the science and art of determining the relative position of above, on or beneath
the surface of earth and is the most important part of civil engineering. The results of surveys
are used to map the earth, prepare navigation charts, establish property boundaries, develop
data of land used and natural resources information etc. further survey maintains highways
railroads, buildings, bridge, tunnels, canals, dams and many more.
The main objectives of survey camp was organized for us is to take an opportunity to
consolidate and update our practical and theoretical knowledge in engineering survey in the
actual field condition. In the survey map we have to prepare topographic map of the give
area, road site survey fulfilling all the technical requirements. In this regard, we are required
to carry out the necessary field works in our sub group so that we will get opportunity to the
decision on planning and execution of field works for preparation of topographic map and
detail road and road site survey.
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INTRODUCTION
Surveying
Surveying is an art of science of determining the relative’s position point on the surface of the
earth by the mean of angular and linear measurements. The application of surveying required
astronomy. The knowledge of surveying is advantageous to many phase of engineering in
surveying, all the measurement of length is horizontal, or else is subsequently reduce to
horizontal distance. The objectives of surveying are to prepare plan or map so that it may
represent the area on a horizontal plane.
In our survey camp, the type of survey that we performed is engineering surveying which
includes the preparation of topographic map in which both horizontal and vertical control are
necessary. As per instrument used we perform Total station for topographical survey and
Auto level for profile leveling and cross sectional leveling off a road site for establishing
control points in road site survey.
Principle of Surveying
The fundamental principle of surveying is:
Working from whole to part: It is very important to established first systemof
control points with higher precision. Minor control points can be established by less
precise method and details can be located using minor control point by running
minor traverse. This principle is applied to prevent the accumulation of error and to
control and localized minor error.
Location of points by measurement from two point of reference: The relative
position of points to be surveyed should be located by measurement from at least
two point ofreference, the position of which has already been fixed.
Consistency of work: The survey work should performed by keeping consistency in
method, instrument, observer etc. to get desired level of accuracy.
Independency check: Every instrument taken in the field must be checked by
someindependent field observation so that the mistake is not passed unnoticely.
Accuracy required: Proper method and proper instrument should be used
depending upon the amount of accuracy required. Accuracy of angular and the
liners should becomplete.
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Objectives of survey camp
To become familiar with the problem that may arise during the field works.
To became familiar with proper handling of instrument and their function.
To collect required data in the field in systematic way.
To compute and manipulate the observed data in the required accuracy and
present it in the diagrammatic and tabular form in order to understand by
orders.
TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY
Topographical surveying is the process of determining the positions of existing features of
the locality by means of conventional signs on a topographical map. They are carried out to
depict the topography of the mountainous terrain, rivers, wooded areas, and other cultural
details as roads, railways and townships etc.
o Equipments and Accessories:
o Total station
o Theodolite
o Leveling staff(5m)
o Ranging rods
o Measuring tapes(30m)
o Leveling instrument
o Pegs
o Plumb bob
o Prism
o Prism holder
o Metric chain
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TOTAL STATION
A total station is an electronic/ optical instrument used in modern surveying and building
construction that uses electronic transit theodolite in conjunction with electronic distance
meter (EDM). It is also integrated with microprocessor, electronic data collector and storage
system.
The instrument is used to measure sloping distance of object to the instrument, horizontal
angles and vertical angles. This microprocessor unit enables for computation of data collected
to further calculate the horizontal distance, coordinates of point and reduced level of point.
Data collected from total station can be downloaded in laptops/ computer for further
processing of information.
Total stations are mainly used by land surveyors and civil engineers, either to record features
as topographic surveying or to set features such as roads, houses and boundaries. They are
also used by archaeologists to record excavations and by police, crime scene investigators,
and private accident reconstructions and insurance companies to take measurements scenes.
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Components of total station:
Total station is a compact instrument which weighs around 50N to 55N. It consists of a
distance measuring instrument (EDM), an angle measuring instrument (Theodolite) and a
simple microprocessor. The components used in total station surveying are as follows:
1. A tripod is used to hold the total station.
2. An electronic notebook used to record, calculate and even manipulate the field data.
3. Prism and prism pole which can measure lengths up to 2km and up to 6-7km can
bemeasured with triple prism.
4. Battery.
Functions of total station:
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Coordinates determination:
Total station determines the coordinates of an unknown point relative to the known
coordinate by establishing a direct line of sight between the two points. Angles and
distances are measured from the total station to points under survey and the
coordinates of surveyed points relative to the total station position are calculated using
trigonometry and triangulation. Some total stations have Global Navigation Satellite
System (GNSS), which does not require direct line of sight to determine coordinates.
Distance measurement:
A total station has a small solid state emitter within the instruments optical path. They
generate modulated microwave or infrared signals that are reflected by prism reflector
or the object under survey. The modulation pattern in the returning signal is read and
17. 17 | P a g
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interpreted by the computer in the total station. The distance is thus determined byemitting
and receiving multiple frequencies and determining the integer number of wavelength, to
the target for each frequency.
Angular measurement:
Most of the modern total stations have digital barcodes on rotating glass cylinder that
are installed within the instrument. Angle measurements are done trough electro
optical scanning of these digital barcodes.
Data processing:
The data recorded by the instrument may be downloaded from the theodolite to a
computer and the application software in turn generates a map of the survey area.
Many advanced models of total station have built in micro processor to record and
compute distances, horizontal and vertical angles.
Advantages of total station:
o Quick settings of the instrument on the tripod using laser plummet.
o On board area computation programmed to compute the area of the field.
o Local language support.
o Full GIS creation.
o Automation of old maps.
o Graphical view of plots and land for quick visualization.
18. 18 | P a g
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Procedure for setup the total station:
1. Set up and level the instrument so that it is precisely over the control point. Press
OKto exit the level screen.
2. Navigate the quick survey (Q- survey) program from the main menu and press.
3. To set your horizontal angle back sight press F4 twice to make set Hz soft key
available.
4. Press F2 set Hz to open the set horizontal angle menu.
5. Aim at the back sight point then press F1 Hz=0. Press F4 OK to set the back sight
angle.
6. The instrument is ready to measure the horizontal angles.
As you turn the instrument to the right (clockwise) the horizontal
anglemeasurement (Hz) will increase.
As you turn the instrument to the left (counter clockwise) Hz will decrease.
If this is not the case, see your instructor.
7. To set your instrument heights (HI) press F1 STATION to open the station Entry
menu.
8. Scroll down to the HI field and press F3 INPUT to access the number keys.
9. Use the F# keys to select the appropriate numbers and the navigation key to
movefrom digit to digit.
10. Once you have correct instrument height in place. Press Enter, press F4 OK to
returnto the page one of the Quick survey program.
11. To set the height of your reflector uses the navigation button to select the
reflectorheight above the ground (Hr) field.
12. If the INPUT soft key is unavailable, press F4 to toggle until it is available.
13. Press F3 INPUT and use the F# keys to select the appropriate numbers and
thenavigation key to move from digit to digit.
14. Once you have the correct reflector height in place, press Enter.
15. To set the current temperature and pressure press F2 EDM.
16. Press F1 ATMOS to open the atmospheric data entry menu.
17. Scroll to the temperature field and use the INPUT and number soft keys to insert
theappropriate temperature. Once the field is correct press Enter.
18. Scroll to the pressure field and enter the current pressure field and enter the
currentpressure using the same routine.
19. Press OK twice to return to page one of the Q-survey programs.
20. Now you are ready to measuring horizontal angles, horizontal distance and
verticaldistances.
21. To make a measurement, aim the total station at the prism and press ALL or use
theblack trigger key located on the right hand side of the instrument.
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22. The instrument will display the horizontal angle (Hz), vertical angle (v) and the
horizontal distance on the first data.
23. Press the page button to display the Hz, slope distance and vertical distance.
24. Pressing the page button again will display Northing, Easting and Elevation.
25. Pressing the page button once again will return the display to the first page
showingHz, v and horizontal distance again.
20. 20 | P a g
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CONTOURING
Contouring in surveying is the determination of elevation of various points on the ground and fixing these
points of same horizontal positions in the contour map. To exercise vertical control leveling work is
carried out and simultaneously to exercise horizontal control chain survey or compass survey or plane
table survey is to be carried out. If the theodolite is used, both horizontal and vertical controls can be
achieved from the same instrument. Based on the instruments used one can classify the contouring in
different groups.
Methods of Contour Surveying
There are two methods of contour surveying:
Direct method
Indirect method
Direct Method of Contouring
It consists in finding vertical and horizontal controls of the points which lie on the selected contour line.
For vertical control levelling instrument is commonly used. A level is set on a commanding position in the
area after taking fly levels from the nearby bench mark. The plane of collimation/height of instrument is
found and the required staff reading for a contour line is calculated. The instrument man asks staff man to
move up and down in the area till the required staff reading is found. A surveyor establishes the horizontal
control of that point using his instruments. After that instrument man directs the staff man to another point
where the same staff reading can be found. It is followed by establishing horizontal control. Thus, several
points are established on a contour line on one or two contour lines and suitably noted down. Plane table
survey is ideally suited for this work. After required points are established from the instrument setting, the
instrument is shifted to another point to cover more area. The level and survey instrument need not be
shifted at the same time. It is better if both are nearby to communicate easily. For getting speed in
levelling some times hand level and Abney levels are also used. This method is slow, tedious but accurate.
It is suitable for small areas.
Indirect Method of Contouring
In this method, levels are taken at some selected points and their levels are reduced. Thus in this method
horizontal control is established first and then the levels of those points found. After locating the points on
21. 21 | P a g
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the plan, reduced levels are marked and contour lines are interpolated between the selected points. For
selecting points any of the following methods can be used:
Method of squares
Method of cross-section
Radial line method
Method of Squares
In this method area is divided into a number of squares and all grid points are marked (Ref. Fig.
Commonly used size of square varies from 5 m × 5 m to 20 m × 20 m. Levels of all grid points are
established by levelling. Then grid square is plotted on the drawing sheet. Reduced levels of grid points
marked and contour lines are drawn by interpolation [
Method of Cross-Section
In this method cross-sectional points are taken at regular interval. By levelling the reduced level of all
those points are established. The points are marked on the drawing sheets,their reduced levels (RL) are
marked and contour lines interpolated.
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. The spacing of cross-section depends upon the nature of the ground, scale of the map and the contour
interval required. It varies from 20 m to 100 m. Closer intervals are required if ground level varies
abruptly. The cross- sectional line need not be always be at right angles to the main line. This method is
ideally suited for road and railway projects.
Radial Line Method
. In this method severalradial lines are taken from a point in the area. The direction of each line is noted.
On these lines at selected distances points are marked and levels determined. This method is ideally suited
for hilly areas. In this survey theodolite with tacheometry facility is commonly used.
clip_image003
For interpolating contour points between the two points any one of the following method may be used: (a)
Estimation (b) Arithmetic calculation (c) Mechanical or graphical method. Mechanical or graphical
method of interpolation consist in linearly interpolating contour points using tracing sheet: On a tracing
sheet severalparallel lines are drawn at regular interval. Every 10th or 5th line is made darker for easy
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counting. If RL of A is 97.4 and that of B is 99.2 m. Assume the bottom most dark line represents 97 m
RL and every parallel line is at 0.2 m intervals. Then hold the second parallel line on A. Rotate the tracing
sheet so that 100.2 the parallel line passes through point B. Then the intersection of dark lines on AB
represents the points on 98 m and 99 m contours . Similarly the contour points along any line connecting
two neighbouring points may be obtained and the points pricked. This method maintains the accuracy of
arithmetic calculations at the same time it is fast.
Drawing Contours
After locating contour points smooth contour lines are drawn connecting corresponding points on a
contour line. French curves may be used for drawing smooth lines. A surveyor should not lose the sight of
the characteristic feature on the ground. Every fifth contour line is made thicker for easy readability. On
every contour line its elevation is written. If the map size is large, it is written at the ends also.
Contour Maps and Its Uses
A contour maps consists of contour lines which are imaginary lines connecting points of equal elevation.
Such lines are drawn on the plan of an area after establishing reduced levels of severalpoints in the area.
The contour lines in an area are drawn keeping difference in elevation of between two consecutive lines
constant. For example, the contour map shows contours in an area with contour interval of 1 m. On
contour lines the level of lines is also written.Contour Map
Characteristics of Contour Maps
The contours maps have the following characteristics:
Contour lines must close, not necessarily in the limits of the plan.
Widely spaced contour indicates flat surface.
Closely spaced contour indicates steep ground.
Equally spaced contour indicates uniform slope.
Irregular contours indicate uneven surface.
Approximately concentric closed contours with decreasing values towards centre indicate a pond.
Approximately concentric closed contours with increasing values towards centre indicate hills.
Contour lines with U-shape with convexity towards lower ground indicate ridge
Contour lines with U-Shape with convexity
Uses of Contour Maps
Contour maps are extremely useful for various engineering works:
A civil engineer studies the contours and finds out the nature of the ground to identify. Suitable site for the
project works to be taken up.
By drawing the section in the plan, it is possible to find out profile of the ground along that line. It helps in
finding out depth of cutting and filling, if formation level of road/railway is decided.
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Intervisibility of any two points can be found by drawing profile of the ground along that line.
The routes of the railway, road, canal or sewer lines can be decided so as to minimize and balance
earthworks.
Catchment area and hence quantity of water flow at any point of nalla or river can be found. This study is
very important in locating bunds, dams and also to find out flood levels.
From the contours, it is possible to determine the capacity of a reservoir.
Read More: What is Contour Interval? Its Calculation, Uses and When it is Required Contour Lines and
Its Types, Characteristics and Uses in Surveying Instruments Used in Engineering Drawing -its Uses and
Importance Roles and Work of Surveyor in Construction
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Conclusion
The survey camp was undoubtedly one of the most incredible
memories. The acquisition of knowledge and interpersonal
happiness obtained from the camp hardly is acquired from
books and lectures. We are delighted and grateful to have an
excellent camp organized by thecivil engineering department
not only the travel, but also learn to explore and to reflect.
After this camp, we realized that engineering survey is
vitally important as a golden opportunity for us. The rapid
development of civil engineering methodology has
broadenedour horizons and eye opening.