Hydraulic tunnels are underground water conduits that convey water without disturbing the surface. They have several advantages over surface canals, including less environmental impact, shorter routes, and not disturbing the natural landscape. However, they have higher construction costs and risks. Tunnels can be circular, D-shaped, or horseshoe-shaped depending on rock conditions. They require lining after excavation to increase strength and hydraulic capacity. Common excavation methods include drilling and blasting, tunnel boring machines, and the New Austrian Tunneling Method. Proper support like rock bolts and steel ribs is needed to prevent tunnel collapse.
Topics:
1. Types of Gravity Dam
2. Forces Acting on a Gravity Dam
3. Causes of failure of Gravity Dam
4. Elementary Profile of Gravity Dam
5. Practical Profile of Gravity Dam
6. Limiting height of Gravity Dam
7. Drainage and Inspection Galleries
This document discusses arch dams and buttress dams. It describes the key components and design considerations for each type of dam.
For arch dams, the main points are that they function as curved beams to transfer water loads to the canyon walls, reducing required thickness compared to gravity dams. Types include constant radius, variable radius, and constant angle arch dams. Forces acting on arch dams include water pressure, uplift, ice pressure, temperature changes, and potential yielding of abutments.
Buttress dams consist of a thin deck supported by triangular buttresses to transmit loads to foundations. Types are rigid, deck slab, and bulkhead buttress dams. They offer concrete savings compared to gravity dams but require more reinforcement.
This document provides information on spillway and energy dissipator design. It begins with an introduction to spillways, their classification, and factors considered in design. It then focuses on the design of ogee or overflow spillways. It discusses spillway crest profiles, discharge characteristics including effects of approach depth, upstream slope, and submergence. It provides example designs for overflow spillways and calculations for determining spillway length. The key aspects covered are types of spillways, design considerations, standard crest profiles, discharge equations, and worked examples for spillway sizing.
Earthen dams, also known as earth-fill dams or embankment dams, are constructed by compacting successive layers of earth and other impermeable materials. They are commonly used due to their low construction cost and ability to be adapted to weak foundations. Earthen dams are built to supply drinking water, control floods, enable irrigation, produce hydroelectric power, and more. Proper design and construction techniques are required to ensure stability, control seepage, provide adequate spillway capacity, and meet other safety requirements. While dams provide important benefits, they can also negatively impact the environment through habitat loss, water quality changes, and other effects.
050218 chapter 7 spillways and energy dissipatorsBinu Karki
The document discusses different types of spillways and energy dissipaters used in dams. It describes overflow or ogee spillways, chute spillways, and other spillway types. The main purposes of spillways are to safely release surplus water from the reservoir and regulate floods. Energy dissipaters, like stilling basins, are structures that reduce the high kinetic energy of water flowing from spillways to prevent erosion. Hydraulic jumps, baffle blocks, and deflector buckets are common dissipater types discussed in the document. Design considerations like discharge calculations, basin length, and tailwater conditions are also covered.
Earthen dams are constructed using natural materials like clay, sand, gravel and rock. They are designed based on principles of soil mechanics. There are two main types - homogeneous and zoned. Zoned dams have an impervious core and outer shells. Components include the core, shells, rock toe, pitching, berms and drains. Stability requires the seepage line be within the downstream slope with minimum 2m cover. Common causes of failure are hydraulic (overtopping, erosion), seepage (piping through core or foundations) and structural issues like cracking. Proper design and construction can prevent these failures.
Spillways are structures used to release surplus flood waters from a reservoir in a controlled manner. The main types of spillways include ogee or overflow spillways, chute spillways, morning glory spillways, and siphon spillways. To determine spillway capacity, engineers study past flood data and rainfall records to calculate the maximum probable flood, then add a margin of safety like 25%. This establishes the required discharge capacity. Energy dissipators like stilling basins are also important to safely discharge flood waters downstream.
Topics:
1. Types of Gravity Dam
2. Forces Acting on a Gravity Dam
3. Causes of failure of Gravity Dam
4. Elementary Profile of Gravity Dam
5. Practical Profile of Gravity Dam
6. Limiting height of Gravity Dam
7. Drainage and Inspection Galleries
This document discusses arch dams and buttress dams. It describes the key components and design considerations for each type of dam.
For arch dams, the main points are that they function as curved beams to transfer water loads to the canyon walls, reducing required thickness compared to gravity dams. Types include constant radius, variable radius, and constant angle arch dams. Forces acting on arch dams include water pressure, uplift, ice pressure, temperature changes, and potential yielding of abutments.
Buttress dams consist of a thin deck supported by triangular buttresses to transmit loads to foundations. Types are rigid, deck slab, and bulkhead buttress dams. They offer concrete savings compared to gravity dams but require more reinforcement.
This document provides information on spillway and energy dissipator design. It begins with an introduction to spillways, their classification, and factors considered in design. It then focuses on the design of ogee or overflow spillways. It discusses spillway crest profiles, discharge characteristics including effects of approach depth, upstream slope, and submergence. It provides example designs for overflow spillways and calculations for determining spillway length. The key aspects covered are types of spillways, design considerations, standard crest profiles, discharge equations, and worked examples for spillway sizing.
Earthen dams, also known as earth-fill dams or embankment dams, are constructed by compacting successive layers of earth and other impermeable materials. They are commonly used due to their low construction cost and ability to be adapted to weak foundations. Earthen dams are built to supply drinking water, control floods, enable irrigation, produce hydroelectric power, and more. Proper design and construction techniques are required to ensure stability, control seepage, provide adequate spillway capacity, and meet other safety requirements. While dams provide important benefits, they can also negatively impact the environment through habitat loss, water quality changes, and other effects.
050218 chapter 7 spillways and energy dissipatorsBinu Karki
The document discusses different types of spillways and energy dissipaters used in dams. It describes overflow or ogee spillways, chute spillways, and other spillway types. The main purposes of spillways are to safely release surplus water from the reservoir and regulate floods. Energy dissipaters, like stilling basins, are structures that reduce the high kinetic energy of water flowing from spillways to prevent erosion. Hydraulic jumps, baffle blocks, and deflector buckets are common dissipater types discussed in the document. Design considerations like discharge calculations, basin length, and tailwater conditions are also covered.
Earthen dams are constructed using natural materials like clay, sand, gravel and rock. They are designed based on principles of soil mechanics. There are two main types - homogeneous and zoned. Zoned dams have an impervious core and outer shells. Components include the core, shells, rock toe, pitching, berms and drains. Stability requires the seepage line be within the downstream slope with minimum 2m cover. Common causes of failure are hydraulic (overtopping, erosion), seepage (piping through core or foundations) and structural issues like cracking. Proper design and construction can prevent these failures.
Spillways are structures used to release surplus flood waters from a reservoir in a controlled manner. The main types of spillways include ogee or overflow spillways, chute spillways, morning glory spillways, and siphon spillways. To determine spillway capacity, engineers study past flood data and rainfall records to calculate the maximum probable flood, then add a margin of safety like 25%. This establishes the required discharge capacity. Energy dissipators like stilling basins are also important to safely discharge flood waters downstream.
It contains detailed information about a Gravity Dam........it also conataims the information in brief & pictures giving a clear view of the Gravity Dams...........It also contains formulas with details of their terms.........
This document provides an overview of different seepage theories used in the design of hydraulic structures. It discusses three main theories: 1) Bligh's creep theory, which assumes seepage follows the base contour of the structure; 2) Lane's weighted creep theory, which applies a weighting factor to horizontal seepage; and 3) Khosla's theory, which models seepage using streamlines and flow nets derived from the Laplace equation. The document explains how each theory can be used to calculate hydraulic gradients, uplift pressures, and ensure safety against piping and structural failure. Examples are provided to demonstrate applying the theories to calculate uplift pressures and required floor thickness at different points.
The document discusses the design of gravity dams. It begins with basic definitions related to gravity dam geometry and forces that act on gravity dams, such as water pressure, weight of the dam, uplift pressure, and pressure due to earthquakes. It then covers stability analyses to prevent overturning, sliding, crushing, and tension. Finally, it addresses designing the dam section to be economical while satisfying stability requirements, and categorizing dams as low or high based on height.
Cross section of the canal, balancing depth and canal fslAditya Mistry
1) The document discusses the cross section of irrigation canals, including configurations for cutting, filling, and partial cutting/filling. It describes the main components of a canal cross section such as side slopes, berms, and banks.
2) Balancing depth is defined as the depth of cutting where the quantity of excavated earth equals the amount required to form the canal banks, resulting in the most economical cross section.
3) Canal FSL (Full Supply Level) refers to the normal maximum operating water level of a canal when not affected by floods, corresponding to 100% capacity.
This document discusses types of hydraulic jumps that can occur when upstream flow is supercritical, and describes how stilling basins are used to initiate jumps to dissipate energy without downstream damage. It notes that the "steady jump" type is best for design when the Froude number is between 4.5 and 9.0. Stilling basins use structures like baffle blocks to stabilize the jump position and control the jump. The length and design of the stilling basin depends on factors like the jump length and surface profile which relate to the upstream Froude number and flow velocity.
This document discusses various types of canal regulation works including canal falls, escapes, regulators, and outlets. It describes the necessity and types of canal falls, which are constructed when the natural ground slope is steeper than the designed canal bed slope. The types of falls discussed include ogee falls, stepped falls, vertical falls, rapid falls, straight glacis falls, trapezoidal notch falls, well or cylinder notch falls, Montague type falls, and Inglis or baffle falls. The document also discusses canal escapes, head regulators, cross regulators, silt control devices, and canal outlets/modules. In particular, it explains the functions and construction of head regulators and cross regulators.
Spillway crest gates are adjustable gates used to control water flow in reservoir and river systems. They act as barriers to store additional water, allowing the height of dams to be increased and requiring more land acquisition. The main types of spillway gates are dripping shutters, stop logs, radial/tainter gates, drum gates, and vertical lift/rectangle gates. Vertical lift gates are rectangular gates that spin horizontally between grooved piers and can be raised or lowered by a hoisting mechanism to control water flow.
Canal fall- necessity and location- types of falls- Cross regulator and
distributory head regulator- their functions, Silt control devices, Canal
escapes- types of escapes.
The document discusses causes of failure for weirs and barrages built on permeable foundations, including piping/undermining, uplift pressure, hydraulic jump, and scouring. It explains that piping occurs when water percolates through the foundation and erodes soil particles, creating a hollow channel. Uplift pressure from percolating water can also cause failure if the structure's weight cannot counterbalance it. Hydraulic jump and high-velocity surface flow can produce suction pressures and scour soil. The document recommends increasing the seepage path using sheet piles, increasing floor thickness to resist uplift, and using energy dissipaters and filters to prevent soil loss and structural failure.
This document discusses different types of canal outlets used to release water from distributing channels into watercourses. It describes non-modular, semi-modular, and modular outlets. Non-modular outlets discharge based on water level differences, while modular outlets discharge independently of water levels. Semi-modular outlets discharge depending on the channel water level but not the watercourse level. Specific outlet types are also defined, such as pipe outlets, open sluice, and Gibbs, Khanna, and Foote rigid modules. Discharge equations for different outlet types are provided.
This document provides an overview of the hydraulic design considerations for barrages. It discusses key aspects of barrage design including sub-surface flow calculations to determine seepage pressure, force, and exit gradients. It also covers surface flow hydraulics to determine the waterway length. Critical design elements like cut-offs, scour depth, block protections are explained. Emphasis is given to ensuring safety against piping failure and sand boilling. The document concludes that model studies are necessary before prototype construction due to uncertainties in soil properties.
Necessity/advantage of a tunnel, Classification of Tunnels,
Size and shape of a tunnel, Alignment of a Tunnel, Portals and Shafts,
Methods of Tunneling in Hard Rock and Soft ground, Mucking, Lighting
and Ventilation in tunnel, Dust control, Drainage of tunnels, Safety in
tunnel construction.
Gravity dams are rigid concrete dams that rely entirely on their weight to maintain stability. They are built with a triangular cross-section to transfer loads directly to strong rock foundations. Famous gravity dams discussed include the Bhakra Dam in India and Fontana Dam in the US. Advantages are that they are durable, allow heights over 700 feet, and have low maintenance costs. However, they require competent foundations and construction is complex. Forces like water pressure, uplift, and earthquakes must be addressed through design to prevent failures by overturning, sliding, tension, or crushing.
A weir is a solid structure built across a river to raise the water level and divert water into canals. There are different types of weirs including masonry weirs with vertical drops, rock fill weirs with sloping aprons, and concrete weirs with downstream slopes. Weirs can fail due to subsurface piping, uplift pressure, surface water suction or scouring. Remedies include installing sheet piles and ensuring sufficient floor thickness and length. A barrage is similar to a weir but uses gates rather than a solid structure to control water levels. Barrages are more expensive than weirs but allow better control of water levels and less silting during floods by raising the gates.
Cross drainage works are structures constructed where canals cross natural drainages like rivers or streams. There are several types of cross drainage works depending on the relative bed levels of the canal and drainage. The document discusses determining the maximum flood discharge of a drainage using various empirical formulas and methods. It also covers topics like fluming of canals, which involves contracting the canal width to reduce the size of cross drainage structures.
1. Dams are constructed across rivers to store flowing water for uses like hydropower, irrigation, water supply, flood control, and navigation.
2. The key forces acting on a gravity dam include its self-weight, which provides stability, and water pressure from the reservoir, which acts to overturn the dam. Uplift, earthquake loads, silt pressure, and ice pressure are other important forces that must be estimated based on assumptions and available data.
3. The weight of the dam per unit length is calculated based on the cross-sectional area and unit weight of the concrete or masonry used. The total weight acts at the centroid of the cross-section and is the main stabil
This document discusses different types of breakwaters. Breakwaters are structures built along coasts to protect areas from wave disturbance. There are three main categories: rubble mound breakwaters, vertical-wall breakwaters, and floating breakwaters. Rubble mound breakwaters are constructed from natural rubble or stone and are the most widely used in Indian ports due to their cost-effectiveness. Vertical-wall breakwaters use concrete blocks or mass concrete and reflect waves without dissipating much energy. Floating breakwaters are removable structures constructed from caissons or pontoons that can be sunk or floated as needed.
The document provides guidance on loads and forces that should be considered when designing bridges, including:
1. Dead loads, live loads, dynamic loads, longitudinal forces, wind loads, centrifugal forces, horizontal water currents, buoyancy, earth pressures, temperature effects, and seismic loads.
2. It describes the various live load models (Class A, B, 70R, AA) and provides details on load intensity, wheel/track configuration, and load combinations.
3. Design recommendations are given for calculating impact factors, braking forces, wind loads, water current pressures, earth pressures, and seismic forces.
This document discusses various aspects of tunnel construction including definitions, purposes, factors affecting construction, major tunnels in India, shapes of tunnels, geological surveys, design considerations, construction methods, and conclusions. It defines a tunnel as an underground passageway dug through surrounding soil or rock and enclosed except at entrances and exits. Common construction methods described are cut-and-cover, tunnel boring machine (TBM), shield technique, pipe jacking, and sprayed concrete. Design considerations include alignment, tunnel lining, groundwater control, ventilation, and investigation.
The Eurasia Tunnel is a 5 km underground road tunnel in Istanbul, Turkey that connects the European and Asian sides of the city beneath the Bosphorus strait. It uses a tunnel boring machine and the New Austrian Tunnelling Method to bore through soil and rock as deep as 106 meters below sea level. The tunnel consists of two decks with two lanes each and features seismic joints to allow movement during earthquakes.
It contains detailed information about a Gravity Dam........it also conataims the information in brief & pictures giving a clear view of the Gravity Dams...........It also contains formulas with details of their terms.........
This document provides an overview of different seepage theories used in the design of hydraulic structures. It discusses three main theories: 1) Bligh's creep theory, which assumes seepage follows the base contour of the structure; 2) Lane's weighted creep theory, which applies a weighting factor to horizontal seepage; and 3) Khosla's theory, which models seepage using streamlines and flow nets derived from the Laplace equation. The document explains how each theory can be used to calculate hydraulic gradients, uplift pressures, and ensure safety against piping and structural failure. Examples are provided to demonstrate applying the theories to calculate uplift pressures and required floor thickness at different points.
The document discusses the design of gravity dams. It begins with basic definitions related to gravity dam geometry and forces that act on gravity dams, such as water pressure, weight of the dam, uplift pressure, and pressure due to earthquakes. It then covers stability analyses to prevent overturning, sliding, crushing, and tension. Finally, it addresses designing the dam section to be economical while satisfying stability requirements, and categorizing dams as low or high based on height.
Cross section of the canal, balancing depth and canal fslAditya Mistry
1) The document discusses the cross section of irrigation canals, including configurations for cutting, filling, and partial cutting/filling. It describes the main components of a canal cross section such as side slopes, berms, and banks.
2) Balancing depth is defined as the depth of cutting where the quantity of excavated earth equals the amount required to form the canal banks, resulting in the most economical cross section.
3) Canal FSL (Full Supply Level) refers to the normal maximum operating water level of a canal when not affected by floods, corresponding to 100% capacity.
This document discusses types of hydraulic jumps that can occur when upstream flow is supercritical, and describes how stilling basins are used to initiate jumps to dissipate energy without downstream damage. It notes that the "steady jump" type is best for design when the Froude number is between 4.5 and 9.0. Stilling basins use structures like baffle blocks to stabilize the jump position and control the jump. The length and design of the stilling basin depends on factors like the jump length and surface profile which relate to the upstream Froude number and flow velocity.
This document discusses various types of canal regulation works including canal falls, escapes, regulators, and outlets. It describes the necessity and types of canal falls, which are constructed when the natural ground slope is steeper than the designed canal bed slope. The types of falls discussed include ogee falls, stepped falls, vertical falls, rapid falls, straight glacis falls, trapezoidal notch falls, well or cylinder notch falls, Montague type falls, and Inglis or baffle falls. The document also discusses canal escapes, head regulators, cross regulators, silt control devices, and canal outlets/modules. In particular, it explains the functions and construction of head regulators and cross regulators.
Spillway crest gates are adjustable gates used to control water flow in reservoir and river systems. They act as barriers to store additional water, allowing the height of dams to be increased and requiring more land acquisition. The main types of spillway gates are dripping shutters, stop logs, radial/tainter gates, drum gates, and vertical lift/rectangle gates. Vertical lift gates are rectangular gates that spin horizontally between grooved piers and can be raised or lowered by a hoisting mechanism to control water flow.
Canal fall- necessity and location- types of falls- Cross regulator and
distributory head regulator- their functions, Silt control devices, Canal
escapes- types of escapes.
The document discusses causes of failure for weirs and barrages built on permeable foundations, including piping/undermining, uplift pressure, hydraulic jump, and scouring. It explains that piping occurs when water percolates through the foundation and erodes soil particles, creating a hollow channel. Uplift pressure from percolating water can also cause failure if the structure's weight cannot counterbalance it. Hydraulic jump and high-velocity surface flow can produce suction pressures and scour soil. The document recommends increasing the seepage path using sheet piles, increasing floor thickness to resist uplift, and using energy dissipaters and filters to prevent soil loss and structural failure.
This document discusses different types of canal outlets used to release water from distributing channels into watercourses. It describes non-modular, semi-modular, and modular outlets. Non-modular outlets discharge based on water level differences, while modular outlets discharge independently of water levels. Semi-modular outlets discharge depending on the channel water level but not the watercourse level. Specific outlet types are also defined, such as pipe outlets, open sluice, and Gibbs, Khanna, and Foote rigid modules. Discharge equations for different outlet types are provided.
This document provides an overview of the hydraulic design considerations for barrages. It discusses key aspects of barrage design including sub-surface flow calculations to determine seepage pressure, force, and exit gradients. It also covers surface flow hydraulics to determine the waterway length. Critical design elements like cut-offs, scour depth, block protections are explained. Emphasis is given to ensuring safety against piping failure and sand boilling. The document concludes that model studies are necessary before prototype construction due to uncertainties in soil properties.
Necessity/advantage of a tunnel, Classification of Tunnels,
Size and shape of a tunnel, Alignment of a Tunnel, Portals and Shafts,
Methods of Tunneling in Hard Rock and Soft ground, Mucking, Lighting
and Ventilation in tunnel, Dust control, Drainage of tunnels, Safety in
tunnel construction.
Gravity dams are rigid concrete dams that rely entirely on their weight to maintain stability. They are built with a triangular cross-section to transfer loads directly to strong rock foundations. Famous gravity dams discussed include the Bhakra Dam in India and Fontana Dam in the US. Advantages are that they are durable, allow heights over 700 feet, and have low maintenance costs. However, they require competent foundations and construction is complex. Forces like water pressure, uplift, and earthquakes must be addressed through design to prevent failures by overturning, sliding, tension, or crushing.
A weir is a solid structure built across a river to raise the water level and divert water into canals. There are different types of weirs including masonry weirs with vertical drops, rock fill weirs with sloping aprons, and concrete weirs with downstream slopes. Weirs can fail due to subsurface piping, uplift pressure, surface water suction or scouring. Remedies include installing sheet piles and ensuring sufficient floor thickness and length. A barrage is similar to a weir but uses gates rather than a solid structure to control water levels. Barrages are more expensive than weirs but allow better control of water levels and less silting during floods by raising the gates.
Cross drainage works are structures constructed where canals cross natural drainages like rivers or streams. There are several types of cross drainage works depending on the relative bed levels of the canal and drainage. The document discusses determining the maximum flood discharge of a drainage using various empirical formulas and methods. It also covers topics like fluming of canals, which involves contracting the canal width to reduce the size of cross drainage structures.
1. Dams are constructed across rivers to store flowing water for uses like hydropower, irrigation, water supply, flood control, and navigation.
2. The key forces acting on a gravity dam include its self-weight, which provides stability, and water pressure from the reservoir, which acts to overturn the dam. Uplift, earthquake loads, silt pressure, and ice pressure are other important forces that must be estimated based on assumptions and available data.
3. The weight of the dam per unit length is calculated based on the cross-sectional area and unit weight of the concrete or masonry used. The total weight acts at the centroid of the cross-section and is the main stabil
This document discusses different types of breakwaters. Breakwaters are structures built along coasts to protect areas from wave disturbance. There are three main categories: rubble mound breakwaters, vertical-wall breakwaters, and floating breakwaters. Rubble mound breakwaters are constructed from natural rubble or stone and are the most widely used in Indian ports due to their cost-effectiveness. Vertical-wall breakwaters use concrete blocks or mass concrete and reflect waves without dissipating much energy. Floating breakwaters are removable structures constructed from caissons or pontoons that can be sunk or floated as needed.
The document provides guidance on loads and forces that should be considered when designing bridges, including:
1. Dead loads, live loads, dynamic loads, longitudinal forces, wind loads, centrifugal forces, horizontal water currents, buoyancy, earth pressures, temperature effects, and seismic loads.
2. It describes the various live load models (Class A, B, 70R, AA) and provides details on load intensity, wheel/track configuration, and load combinations.
3. Design recommendations are given for calculating impact factors, braking forces, wind loads, water current pressures, earth pressures, and seismic forces.
This document discusses various aspects of tunnel construction including definitions, purposes, factors affecting construction, major tunnels in India, shapes of tunnels, geological surveys, design considerations, construction methods, and conclusions. It defines a tunnel as an underground passageway dug through surrounding soil or rock and enclosed except at entrances and exits. Common construction methods described are cut-and-cover, tunnel boring machine (TBM), shield technique, pipe jacking, and sprayed concrete. Design considerations include alignment, tunnel lining, groundwater control, ventilation, and investigation.
The Eurasia Tunnel is a 5 km underground road tunnel in Istanbul, Turkey that connects the European and Asian sides of the city beneath the Bosphorus strait. It uses a tunnel boring machine and the New Austrian Tunnelling Method to bore through soil and rock as deep as 106 meters below sea level. The tunnel consists of two decks with two lanes each and features seismic joints to allow movement during earthquakes.
This document provides information on various topics related to tunnelling including introduction, role of geology, factors improving tunnelling, problems associated with tunnelling, future considerations, terms related to mining practices and tunnelling, tunnel service classification, methods of tunnelling, development of drills, equipment used, drilling processes, and specific drilling equipment. It discusses the importance of tunnels, describes different types of tunnels based on use and ground conditions, and outlines key factors to consider for tunnel design and construction methods.
The document provides information about tunnel construction. It begins with an introduction and then discusses why tunnels are constructed, the history and classification of tunnels, different tunnel shapes, the tunnel construction process, and various tunnel construction methods. It also outlines the advantages of tunnels. Key points include that tunnels provide underground passages for transportation and utilities, and that modern construction methods include cut-and-cover, drill-and-blast, tunnel boring machines (TBM), and New Austrian tunneling.
Underwater construction requires specialized techniques to create a dry environment for building in conditions of high water pressure. Common methods include using caissons or cofferdams to exclude water from the construction site, and placing concrete must be done using tremie pipes or pumps to prevent contamination. The shape of underwater structures is influenced by withstanding immense water pressure, with domes and arches able to support large spans. Major tunnels built through this method include the Holland Tunnel under the Hudson River and the submerged floating tunnel in Tokyo Bay.
This document provides an overview of the Busan-Geoje Fixed Link project in South Korea. The project includes a three-pylon cable-stayed bridge, approach bridges with additional cable-stayed and tunnels on islands, and a 3.2km immersed tube tunnel under the sea. Construction involved improving the soft soil foundation with cement deep mixing and sand compaction piles. Eighteen precast 180m tunnel elements were installed by floating and sinking them into place. The total cost was $1.8 billion and it was designed to last 100 years, overcoming challenging conditions like weak soils and extreme weather.
Tunnels are underground passages constructed for various purposes such as transportation, infrastructure, and military use. Key points from the document:
- Tunnels can carry vehicles, trains, water, sewage, and more underground or under water obstacles.
- They are built when roads encounter obstacles like mountains or water barriers to provide an alternative to bypassing or bridging over the obstacle.
- Tunnel construction has a long history dating back thousands of years, with modern techniques now using tunnel boring machines and advanced engineering methods.
Tunnels are underground passages constructed for various purposes such as transportation, infrastructure, and military use. They are built using various tunneling methods that depend on ground conditions and the intended use of the tunnel. A geological survey of the proposed tunnel route is crucial for determining the subsurface conditions and appropriate construction method. Tunnels require linings and ventilation systems to safely support the structure and remove gases during construction and use.
Uses of special kind of technologies for implementation of special kind of st...Rajesh Prasad
The said technical paper was presented by Rajesh Prasad in IC TRAM 2018 (International Conference- Technological Advancement in Railways and Metro Projects at Manekshaw Centre New Delhi on 04.10.2018
Trenchless Technology for Laying Underground pipes.Himanshu Rao
This document provides an overview of trenchless technology, also known as no-dig technique, for installing underground pipes and cables with minimal excavation. It describes common trenchless methods like pipe bursting, microtunneling, and horizontal directional drilling. Open trench installation is compared, noting advantages of trenchless include less environmental and traffic disruption. The document also gives examples of trenchless projects in India and concludes that this technology allows underground installation while retaining resources and limiting surface impacts.
A submerged floating tunnel, also known as submerged floating tube bridge, suspended tunnel, or Archimedes bridge, is a proposed design for a tunnel that floats in water, supported by its buoyancy. The tube would be placed underwater, deep enough to avoid water traffic and weather, but not so deep that high water pressure needs to be dealt with—usually 20–50 m is sufficient. Cables either anchored to the Earth or to pontoons at the surface would prevent it from floating to the surface or ...
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The Busan-Geoje Fixed Link project in South Korea consists of an 8.2 km long immersed tunnel and cable-stayed bridges that connect the cities of Busan and Geoje Island. The tunnel is 3.2km long and 18 tunnel elements that are 180m long were constructed using immersed tube tunneling. Two cable-stayed bridges with pylons up to 156m tall were also built, with caisson foundations in seas up to 30m deep. The $1.8 billion project improves transportation between Busan and Geoje Island and was designed to withstand earthquakes, typhoons, and ship impacts for at least 100 years.
A tunnel boring machine (TBM) excavates tunnels with a circular cross section through a variety of soil and rock strata. TBMs can bore through varying ground conditions including soft ground, mixed face conditions and hard rock. The document discusses different tunnel construction methods such as drill-and-blast, TBMs, cut-and-cover and immersed tunnels. It also describes the various processes involved in tunnel boring including drilling, excavation, muck removal, ground treatment and tunnel lining. Selection of the appropriate construction method depends on geological conditions, tunnel dimensions, construction timelines and other factors.
Tunnels are underground passages constructed for various purposes like transportation, utilities, and drainage. They are needed when surface excavation is uneconomical or causes too much disturbance. The document discusses the history of tunnel construction and various geological and engineering considerations involved. It describes different tunnel excavation methods based on the type of ground or rock, including drill-and-blast, tunnel boring machines, and new techniques like the New Austrian Tunnelling Method. Support methods are also discussed, ranging from timber supports in soft ground to steel arches and concrete linings in harder strata.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on box pushing technology. Box pushing technology involves prefabricating concrete box segments and pushing them underground using hydraulic jacks to form tunnels, culverts, and other underground structures with minimal excavation. The presentation covers the objectives of box pushing, key components of the process, construction steps, advantages over conventional excavation methods, safety measures, environmental benefits, and future trends in the technology. Box pushing allows for faster, less disruptive, and more cost-effective construction of underground infrastructure compared to traditional excavation methods.
Tunnels can be constructed using various methods depending on factors like geological conditions and the length and diameter of the tunnel. Traditional methods include cut-and-cover where a trench is excavated and covered, drill-and-blast where explosives are used to break rock, and the use of tunnel boring machines. The New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM) employs flexible supports and monitoring to optimize reinforcement based on the rock type. It relies on conserving the inherent strength of the surrounding rock mass.
The document summarizes information about various construction equipment and methods, including pile driving equipment, concrete batching plants, and tunnel boring machines. It describes different types of piles and pile driving hammers. It provides details on the components and functioning of concrete batching plants and tunnel boring machines. The key methods of tunnel construction discussed are tunnel boring machine (TBM) method and drill-and-blast method.
Presentation by Er Vivek Kapadia, FIE showing the application of Geo Synthetics in canals done at Workshop on GeoTextiles in Civil engineering organized by #IEIGSC
The document discusses various topics related to tunneling. It defines what a tunnel is and describes the different types of tunnels including those for vehicles, rail, utilities and more. It outlines the main types of tunneling as hard rock tunneling and soft rock/soil tunneling. The document then goes into detail about various tunnel construction methods such as cut-and-cover, bored tunneling using tunnel boring machines (TBM), drill and blast, immersed tube construction and more. It also discusses challenges with different ground conditions including intact rock, stratified rock and crushed rock. Local tunnel examples from the Philippines are provided as well.
Cricket management system ptoject report.pdfKamal Acharya
The aim of this project is to provide the complete information of the National and
International statistics. The information is available country wise and player wise. By
entering the data of eachmatch, we can get all type of reports instantly, which will be
useful to call back history of each player. Also the team performance in each match can
be obtained. We can get a report on number of matches, wins and lost.
Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 StandardMuhammadJazib15
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This is an overview of my current metallic design and engineering knowledge base built up over my professional career and two MSc degrees : - MSc in Advanced Manufacturing Technology University of Portsmouth graduated 1st May 1998, and MSc in Aircraft Engineering Cranfield University graduated 8th June 2007.
We have designed & manufacture the Lubi Valves LBF series type of Butterfly Valves for General Utility Water applications as well as for HVAC applications.
This study Examines the Effectiveness of Talent Procurement through the Imple...DharmaBanothu
In the world with high technology and fast
forward mindset recruiters are walking/showing interest
towards E-Recruitment. Present most of the HRs of
many companies are choosing E-Recruitment as the best
choice for recruitment. E-Recruitment is being done
through many online platforms like Linkedin, Naukri,
Instagram , Facebook etc. Now with high technology E-
Recruitment has gone through next level by using
Artificial Intelligence too.
Key Words : Talent Management, Talent Acquisition , E-
Recruitment , Artificial Intelligence Introduction
Effectiveness of Talent Acquisition through E-
Recruitment in this topic we will discuss about 4important
and interlinked topics which are
2. Hydraulic Tunnels
• Hydraulic tunnel is an underground water conduit formed by excavation without
disturbing the surface.
• Water can be conveyed from tunnel through high ground or mountains in rugged
terrain where the construction of the surface line is difficult.
Advantages:
• Less environmental effect --> Reduction of land acquisition, forest clearance, etc.
• Adopts shortest possible route so head loss is minimum.
• Optimum space consumption and the natural landscape is not disturbed.
• Less Seismic effect
Disadvantages:
• Normally high construction cost
• High constructions risks
• The construction period is normally long
3. ❖ Based on purpose or function, hydraulic tunnels may exist in following forms:
• Interconnection tunnel of reservoirs
• Diversion tunnel during construction
• Spillway tunnel
• Power tunnel
• Tailrace tunnel
• Navigational Tunnel
• Silt Flushing tunnel
❖Pressure and Non- Pressure Tunnel
• Non- Pressure Tunnel: The tunnel in which the flow takes place as free surface exposed to
atmosphere. The flow in the tunnel is open channel flow. For e.g.: Spillway Tunnel, Diversion
Tunnel, Tailrace Tunnel, etc.
• Pressure tunnel: The tunnel in which the flow takes place with pressure is called pressure
tunnel. For e.g.: Headrace tunnel
4. Hydraulic Design of Tunnel:
i) Free Flow Tunnel (Non-pressure Tunnel)
• Hydraulic design of the free flow tunnel is executed as the hydraulic design of canal.
• Manning’s frictional factors are used to compute the head loss in length.
ii) Pressure flow Tunnel:
• Hydraulic design of the pressure flow tunnel is computed as the pipe flow
• The head loss is computed using Darcy/ Weisbach frictional factor.
• Discharge through a pressurized hydraulic tunnel is calculated using the continuity equation
Q = A * v
where Q is discharge in m3/sec, v is velocity in m/s, A is area in m2
Velocity in Tunnel:
• Unlined tunnel: 2 to 2.5 m/sec (max)
• Lined tunnels 4 to 5 m/s (max)
• Permissible velocity also depends upon sediment load carried by water (suspended or Bed load),
• Recommended velocity is 2.5 m/s
hf = (f.l.v2)/(2gd)
5. Size and Shape of Tunnel
Geometric design (shapes) of tunnel
a) Circular Section
• Suitable when the tunnel is subjected high
internal pressure but does not have good
quality rock around it
• Most suitable from structural considerations
but difficult for excavation (construction)
b) D-shaped section:
• Suitable for tunnels located in good quality rocks.
• More working space compared to other sections
c) Horse-Shoe Section:
• Compromise between circular and D-shaped sections.
• Structurally strong to withstand external rock and water pressure.
• Suitable for moderately good rocks
• Preferred more due to construction techniques.
Fig: Circular Section
Fig: D-shaped section
Fig: Horse-Shoe section
Cross-sectional area(A) =
0.785D²
And, Perimeter (P) = 3.14D
Cross- sectional area (A) =
0.8293 D²
And perimeter (P) = 3.57 D
6. Horse-Shoe or Modified Horse Shoe
Section:
Cross-sectional area (A) = 0.8293 D²
Perimeter = 3.267 D
And Hydraulic radius = 0.2538 D
When the rock is stratified, soft and very
closely laminated ( sand, stones, slates,
micaceous schists) and where rock falls
are cause due to high external pressure
and tensile stresses in rock, egg shaped
section may be considered.
Area of section (A) = 0.854 D²
Perimeter of section (P) = 3.313 D
7. Tunnel Lining
After excavation of tunnel, tunnel lining is done to increase hydraulic capacity of tunnel, to increase strength, to
reduce resistance, and to reduce losses from the tunnel.
Advantages:
• Acts as a structural unit and transmits part of load to the surrounding rock. So, Structural stability is increased.
• Hydraulic resistance of lined tunnel is much less than that of unlined tunnel. So, it minimizes losses, saves energy
and revenue.
• Velocity of water in lined tunnel can be higher than in unlined tunnel. Hence, small section may have better
discharge carrying capacity.
• The seepage losses through the tunnel are reduced significantly.
Concrete Lining
Some points to be noted during tunnel alignment selection:
• Shortest as far as possible (economic, minimum head loss).
• Straight as far as possible (bends increase construction cost as well as head loss)
• Easily accessible near the entrance and exit for easy construction.
• Careful selection of the alignment with no weathered, loose or fractured layers
Tunnel Alignment:
8. Design of tunnel lining
• The principle factors that should be considered in the design and
detailing are:
• Material (PCC, Shotcrete, RCC, Steel)
• Required performance criteria
• Geological conditions
• Design Life
• PCC lining is preferred when tunnel walls are to support high outside
pressure due to rock, but low inside pressure
• While internal pressure is high, RCC or Steel linings are required.
11. Tunneling method:
1) Heading and Benching
2) Full face blasting
3) Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM)
4) Drilling and blasting
5) Cut and Cover Method
6) New Austrian Tunnel Method (NATM)
1) Heading and Benching:
• An old technique
• Only part of total tunnel cross-section is excavated first which is known
as heading.
• This part is then enlarged to the required size.
• Heading may be at top, middle or bottom.
2) Full face blasting:
• A comparatively new method adopted
• Entire tunnel section is excavated uniformly.
• Suitable for tunnel passing through strong ground rocks.
12. Cut and Cover Methods
• Cut and cover is the oldest method of tunneling: the basic concept involves the
digging of a trench, the construction of a tunnel, and then returning the surface
to its original state.
13. New Austrian Tunnel Method (NATM)
• NATM is both a construction method and a design philosophy. The philosophy
looks to use the strength of the surrounding soil to the greatest extent possible to
strengthen the tunnel structure.
• The NATM construction method is about flexibility—drilling and designing
depending on the results of the ongoing monitoring.
• NATM is best suited for short-range (> 2 km) tunnels in regions with variable soil
conditions.
15. 3) Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM)
• Full face of tunnel is excavated mechanically by means
of tunnel boring machine.
• Latest technology
• Suitable for long tunnels.
• Suitable for easily accessible sites (road).
• Cost: Expensive compared to other methods
• Fast, easy and safe construction in weak to strong
ground rock conditions
16. Tunnel Excavation by DBM vs TBM
DBM
Shotcrete, Shotcrete with wiremesh,
Rockbolt, Lattice girder, RCC etc
Construction Period-Long
TBM
Precast Segment erection with pea-gravel &
grouting for extra excavation, Probe drilling.
Construction Period-Short
Tunnel Excavation by TBM costs about double of DBM, but is about 3 times fast in
construction (average 28.65m/working day in BBDMP along with RCC Segment)
20. Arrival at Kolkata Aug 5,2017
Vehicles (total 53) arrived at
Nepal Customs on Aug 26, 2017
Max Load = 67t
Total Load = 1056t
TBM arrival at job site Sep 13,2017
Transport of TBM
21. Tunneling (Excavation) All digital input for
operation from
Operator’s console
• Excavation (Mechanical,
Hydraulic, Electrical,
Electronics
• Vertical, Horizontal,
Curvature Vertical Align
Horizontal Align
22. Mucking
• Muck is disposed
from TBM by
conveyor belt to
muck cart
• Muck cart dispose
at mechanized
disposal equipment
• Loaded to disposal
truck by backhoe
24. 1st time Water Ingressing at 1175m on Dec 27,2017
with 65 Ltr/s
25. 2nd time water ingress at ch 1+337 with discharge of
75 Ltr/s on 2018 Jan 6,
suppressed by continued excavation with less speed
26. 1st time TBM Stuck at Ch. 8+588 on 2018 Oct 15 due to unequal rock at face along
with little water ingress & Strike nearly parallel to tunnel alignment. Resumed
excavation after 8 day later by making bypass tunnel
TBM
side
face
of
Shield
Bypass Tunnel
Bypass
Tunnel
30. Support in tunnel:
• Necessity of tunnel support arises from the fact that the excavated rock has
tendency to dropout of the roof tunnel.
• Time elapsed between the blasting and beginning of collapse of unsupported roof is
called Bridge action period. It may range from few minutes to few weeks.
• Supports are provided by Rock bolts of varying length.
• Rock bolting may be spot bolting or pattern bolting.
• Steel Ribs (Girder) may also be provided to support the tunnel.
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