Tunnels are underground passages constructed for various purposes such as transportation, infrastructure, and military use. They are built using various tunneling methods that depend on ground conditions and the intended use of the tunnel. A geological survey of the proposed tunnel route is crucial for determining the subsurface conditions and appropriate construction method. Tunnels require linings and ventilation systems to safely support the structure and remove gases during construction and use.
Tunnels are underground passages constructed for various purposes such as transportation, infrastructure, and military use. Key points from the document:
- Tunnels can carry vehicles, trains, water, sewage, and more underground or under water obstacles.
- They are built when roads encounter obstacles like mountains or water barriers to provide an alternative to bypassing or bridging over the obstacle.
- Tunnel construction has a long history dating back thousands of years, with modern techniques now using tunnel boring machines and advanced engineering methods.
This document provides information on various topics related to tunnelling including introduction, role of geology, factors improving tunnelling, problems associated with tunnelling, future considerations, terms related to mining practices and tunnelling, tunnel service classification, methods of tunnelling, development of drills, equipment used, drilling processes, and specific drilling equipment. It discusses the importance of tunnels, describes different types of tunnels based on use and ground conditions, and outlines key factors to consider for tunnel design and construction methods.
Underwater construction requires specialized techniques to create a dry environment for building in conditions of high water pressure. Common methods include using caissons or cofferdams to exclude water from the construction site, and placing concrete must be done using tremie pipes or pumps to prevent contamination. The shape of underwater structures is influenced by withstanding immense water pressure, with domes and arches able to support large spans. Major tunnels built through this method include the Holland Tunnel under the Hudson River and the submerged floating tunnel in Tokyo Bay.
The document provides information about tunnel construction. It begins with an introduction and then discusses why tunnels are constructed, the history and classification of tunnels, different tunnel shapes, the tunnel construction process, and various tunnel construction methods. It also outlines the advantages of tunnels. Key points include that tunnels provide underground passages for transportation and utilities, and that modern construction methods include cut-and-cover, drill-and-blast, tunnel boring machines (TBM), and New Austrian tunneling.
This document discusses various aspects of tunnel construction including definitions, purposes, factors affecting construction, major tunnels in India, shapes of tunnels, geological surveys, design considerations, construction methods, and conclusions. It defines a tunnel as an underground passageway dug through surrounding soil or rock and enclosed except at entrances and exits. Common construction methods described are cut-and-cover, tunnel boring machine (TBM), shield technique, pipe jacking, and sprayed concrete. Design considerations include alignment, tunnel lining, groundwater control, ventilation, and investigation.
The document discusses various topics related to tunneling. It defines what a tunnel is and describes the different types of tunnels including those for vehicles, rail, utilities and more. It outlines the main types of tunneling as hard rock tunneling and soft rock/soil tunneling. The document then goes into detail about various tunnel construction methods such as cut-and-cover, bored tunneling using tunnel boring machines (TBM), drill and blast, immersed tube construction and more. It also discusses challenges with different ground conditions including intact rock, stratified rock and crushed rock. Local tunnel examples from the Philippines are provided as well.
Tunnel engineering involves constructing underground passages through various materials like hard rock and soft soils. Key aspects of tunnel engineering include preliminary considerations like geological investigations of the tunnel route to understand ground conditions, selecting an appropriate tunnel shape and size based on factors like surrounding material and purpose, and using methods like timbering and shafts to excavate the tunnel safely. Drilling equipment suitable for the rock type and purpose is used to drill blast holes for excavating rock tunnels. Safety measures like adequate ventilation and drainage are also important considerations in tunnel engineering.
This document discusses rock tunnel engineering. It introduces different types of tunnels and their purposes. Tunnels can have various cross-sectional shapes and be located underground in different ground types. Tunnels are constructed using methods like cut-and-cover, drilling and blasting, or mechanized boring machines. Geotechnical investigations for tunnels are challenging due to uncertainties in ground conditions. Rock mass classification systems help characterize rock strength. The principles of tunnel stabilization and design aim to control ground movements rather than carry ground loads by mobilizing the strength of the surrounding ground.
Tunnels are underground passages constructed for various purposes such as transportation, infrastructure, and military use. Key points from the document:
- Tunnels can carry vehicles, trains, water, sewage, and more underground or under water obstacles.
- They are built when roads encounter obstacles like mountains or water barriers to provide an alternative to bypassing or bridging over the obstacle.
- Tunnel construction has a long history dating back thousands of years, with modern techniques now using tunnel boring machines and advanced engineering methods.
This document provides information on various topics related to tunnelling including introduction, role of geology, factors improving tunnelling, problems associated with tunnelling, future considerations, terms related to mining practices and tunnelling, tunnel service classification, methods of tunnelling, development of drills, equipment used, drilling processes, and specific drilling equipment. It discusses the importance of tunnels, describes different types of tunnels based on use and ground conditions, and outlines key factors to consider for tunnel design and construction methods.
Underwater construction requires specialized techniques to create a dry environment for building in conditions of high water pressure. Common methods include using caissons or cofferdams to exclude water from the construction site, and placing concrete must be done using tremie pipes or pumps to prevent contamination. The shape of underwater structures is influenced by withstanding immense water pressure, with domes and arches able to support large spans. Major tunnels built through this method include the Holland Tunnel under the Hudson River and the submerged floating tunnel in Tokyo Bay.
The document provides information about tunnel construction. It begins with an introduction and then discusses why tunnels are constructed, the history and classification of tunnels, different tunnel shapes, the tunnel construction process, and various tunnel construction methods. It also outlines the advantages of tunnels. Key points include that tunnels provide underground passages for transportation and utilities, and that modern construction methods include cut-and-cover, drill-and-blast, tunnel boring machines (TBM), and New Austrian tunneling.
This document discusses various aspects of tunnel construction including definitions, purposes, factors affecting construction, major tunnels in India, shapes of tunnels, geological surveys, design considerations, construction methods, and conclusions. It defines a tunnel as an underground passageway dug through surrounding soil or rock and enclosed except at entrances and exits. Common construction methods described are cut-and-cover, tunnel boring machine (TBM), shield technique, pipe jacking, and sprayed concrete. Design considerations include alignment, tunnel lining, groundwater control, ventilation, and investigation.
The document discusses various topics related to tunneling. It defines what a tunnel is and describes the different types of tunnels including those for vehicles, rail, utilities and more. It outlines the main types of tunneling as hard rock tunneling and soft rock/soil tunneling. The document then goes into detail about various tunnel construction methods such as cut-and-cover, bored tunneling using tunnel boring machines (TBM), drill and blast, immersed tube construction and more. It also discusses challenges with different ground conditions including intact rock, stratified rock and crushed rock. Local tunnel examples from the Philippines are provided as well.
Tunnel engineering involves constructing underground passages through various materials like hard rock and soft soils. Key aspects of tunnel engineering include preliminary considerations like geological investigations of the tunnel route to understand ground conditions, selecting an appropriate tunnel shape and size based on factors like surrounding material and purpose, and using methods like timbering and shafts to excavate the tunnel safely. Drilling equipment suitable for the rock type and purpose is used to drill blast holes for excavating rock tunnels. Safety measures like adequate ventilation and drainage are also important considerations in tunnel engineering.
This document discusses rock tunnel engineering. It introduces different types of tunnels and their purposes. Tunnels can have various cross-sectional shapes and be located underground in different ground types. Tunnels are constructed using methods like cut-and-cover, drilling and blasting, or mechanized boring machines. Geotechnical investigations for tunnels are challenging due to uncertainties in ground conditions. Rock mass classification systems help characterize rock strength. The principles of tunnel stabilization and design aim to control ground movements rather than carry ground loads by mobilizing the strength of the surrounding ground.
This document discusses trenching and excavation methods. It defines trenching as digging a narrow opening in the ground, typically deeper than it is wide, to install or maintain underground pipes, cables, or conduits. Excavation refers to any man-made opening or depression in the earth. The document describes different trenching methods including conventional excavation, drill and blast, and chain trenching. It also discusses trench safety considerations like sloped or benched walls based on soil type and depth.
Tunnels can be constructed using various methods depending on factors like geological conditions and the length and diameter of the tunnel. Traditional methods include cut-and-cover where a trench is excavated and covered, drill-and-blast where explosives are used to break rock, and the use of tunnel boring machines. The New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM) employs flexible supports and monitoring to optimize reinforcement based on the rock type. It relies on conserving the inherent strength of the surrounding rock mass.
Hydraulic tunnels are underground water conduits that convey water without disturbing the surface. They have several advantages over surface canals, including less environmental impact, shorter routes, and not disturbing the natural landscape. However, they have higher construction costs and risks. Tunnels can be circular, D-shaped, or horseshoe-shaped depending on rock conditions. They require lining after excavation to increase strength and hydraulic capacity. Common excavation methods include drilling and blasting, tunnel boring machines, and the New Austrian Tunneling Method. Proper support like rock bolts and steel ribs is needed to prevent tunnel collapse.
Tunnels are underground passages constructed for various purposes like transportation, utilities, and drainage. They are needed when surface excavation is uneconomical or causes too much disturbance. The document discusses the history of tunnel construction and various geological and engineering considerations involved. It describes different tunnel excavation methods based on the type of ground or rock, including drill-and-blast, tunnel boring machines, and new techniques like the New Austrian Tunnelling Method. Support methods are also discussed, ranging from timber supports in soft ground to steel arches and concrete linings in harder strata.
This presentation provides you the conceptual knowledge as per DBATU, Lonere Last Year BTech Civil subject, Infrastructure Engg. Module-V Tunnel Engineering
Shape and Size of Tunnel Shafts, Pilot Tunnels, Tunneling in Hard Rock, Tunneling in Soft Materials, Drilling-Patterns, Blasting, Timbering, Mucking, Tunnel Lining, Advances In Tunneling Methods, Safety Measures, Ventilation, Lighting and Drainage of Tunnels
etc.
This document discusses the geology considerations for dams and reservoirs. It describes the types of dams based on purpose, including storage, detention, diversion, coffer, and debris dams. It also discusses dam components and selection of suitable dam sites based on topographic, technical, construction, and economic factors. Geological investigations of the dam site include assessing the rock types, properties, structures, and water table. The document also summarizes types of reservoirs and geophysical studies used in geological assessments, including gravity, magnetic, seismic, radiometric, geothermal, and grouting methods.
The document discusses various construction techniques used in building structures. It describes the basic components of a building like foundation, flooring, walls etc. It then explains concepts like abutments, piers which support bridges. Further, it discusses trenchless construction techniques - box jacking, pipe jacking, microtunneling, pipe bursting. Horizontal directional drilling and its stages are also summarized. Formwork techniques like jump formwork and slip formwork used for constructing high rise buildings are explained along with their advantages.
This document provides an overview of tunnels, including their definition, history, construction methods, design considerations, and effects of earthquakes. Tunnels are underground passages constructed for various purposes like transportation. Key construction methods include cut-and-cover, drill-and-blast, bored tunneling using a Tunnel Boring Machine, and sequential excavation. Design requires considering factors like ground conditions, water management, tunnel usage, and seismic activity. During earthquakes, tunnels can experience ground shaking, ground failures, deformations, cracking, and other effects that must be addressed in seismic design. The Gotthard Base Tunnel case study exemplifies addressing geological challenges during tunnel construction.
11. to 14. CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS (ACE) 2160601 GTUVATSAL PATEL
The document provides an overview of various types of construction equipment. It begins by classifying equipment into 8 categories: earth-moving, hauling, hoisting, conveying, aggregate and concrete production, pile-driving, tunneling and rock drilling, and pumping and dewatering. Key earth-moving equipment discussed include power shovels, backhoes, draglines, clam shells, scrapers, bull dozers, and tractors. Hauling equipment includes dump trucks and dumpers. Hoisting equipment comprises cranes like derrick cranes, mobile cranes, overhead cranes, and tower cranes. Compaction equipment such as smooth-wheel rollers, sheep-foot rollers, and pneum
Excavation and Ground water control1.pptxssusercbae26
This document summarizes different types of excavation including topsoil excavation, rock excavation, muck excavation, and earth excavation. It then discusses various purposes of excavation such as cut and fill excavation, trench excavation, basement excavation, and dredging excavation. Finally, it covers topics related to controlling groundwater and surface water during excavation projects through methods like pumping, cutoff walls, and special techniques.
A tunnel boring machine (TBM) excavates tunnels with a circular cross section through a variety of soil and rock strata. TBMs can bore through varying ground conditions including soft ground, mixed face conditions and hard rock. The document discusses different tunnel construction methods such as drill-and-blast, TBMs, cut-and-cover and immersed tunnels. It also describes the various processes involved in tunnel boring including drilling, excavation, muck removal, ground treatment and tunnel lining. Selection of the appropriate construction method depends on geological conditions, tunnel dimensions, construction timelines and other factors.
This document provides an overview of the Busan-Geoje Fixed Link project in South Korea. The project includes a three-pylon cable-stayed bridge, approach bridges with additional cable-stayed and tunnels on islands, and a 3.2km immersed tube tunnel under the sea. Construction involved improving the soft soil foundation with cement deep mixing and sand compaction piles. Eighteen precast 180m tunnel elements were installed by floating and sinking them into place. The total cost was $1.8 billion and it was designed to last 100 years, overcoming challenging conditions like weak soils and extreme weather.
This document discusses various methods of tunneling in soft soil, including timbering methods like the fore-poling method and needle beam method, as well as other methods like the shield method and compressed air method. It provides details on the sequence of operations and characteristics of different tunneling methods based on the type of soft soil present, including challenges around maintaining air pressure for compressed air tunneling.
1619929813526_College Deep Well Foundation Project.pptxAkshayGhorpade19
Well foundations, also known as caisson foundations, are a type of deep foundation used below water levels for bridges. They have been used since Roman and Mughal periods. The Pasighat Bridge in Andhra Pradesh uses cylindrical open caisson foundations with diameters of 11.7m internally and 6.64m externally. Construction was challenging due to large boulders and heavy rainfall but caissons provide stable foundations even in difficult soil conditions.
Tunnel surveying is a type of underground surveying used to construct tunnels. It involves aligning the tunnel center line underground and transferring it to the tunnel. Leveling of the surface and internal tunnel is also done. There are different types of tunnels based on use such as traffic, hydro power, and public utility tunnels. Construction methods include cut-and-cover, bored tunnel, pipe jacking, and box jacking. Tunnel shapes are commonly circular or horseshoe. A gyroscope is a device that measures rotational changes and is used during tunnel construction in the absence of GPS to help with orientation underground.
The document discusses underground construction and tunneling techniques. It describes various tunnel shapes and factors to consider in tunnel construction like collapse prevention, ventilation, precision, and safety. Common tunneling methods include the tunnel boring machine (TBM) method, conventional drilling and blasting, and the tunneling shield method. Case studies of the Gotthard Base Tunnel and Bolu Tunnel are provided, along with conclusions on utilizing different construction methods and developing new technologies for small-scale tunneling projects.
The document discusses different methods of tunneling in soft ground and hard rock. It describes various types of soft ground and factors that affect the choice of tunneling method. Methods for soft ground include those using timber supports as well as shield, compressed air, and linear plate methods. For hard rock, common techniques are the full face, heading and bench, and drift methods. Sequence of operations are provided for different soft ground and hard rock tunneling approaches.
This document discusses box culverts and their components and construction. It begins by defining a culvert as a cross-drainage structure less than 6 meters long. It then describes box culverts, noting they consist of rectangular or square openings constructed monolithically with abutments and piers. Box culverts are typically constructed where soil is soft to distribute load over a wider area. They are made of concrete and can redirect water flow. The document outlines the wet cast and dry cast construction methods and lists the typical components of a box culvert. It also discusses the loads box culverts are subject to and their applications, advantages, and thank you.
This document discusses underground construction, including what can be built underground, why things are built underground, and how underground construction is carried out. It describes various types of underground facilities like shelters, mines, water systems, transit systems, and critical infrastructure. It also discusses the methods used to build underground, such as tunnel boring machines and cut-and-cover construction. Challenges in underground construction include dealing with variable ground conditions, changing groundwater, and fractured rock that is subject to stress and gravity. Risks are best mitigated through thorough site investigation and characterization of subsurface conditions and modeling potential ground behaviors.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in environmental science, including:
1) It defines the environment as all living and non-living things that surround us and our interactions with them. It emphasizes that humans are part of the natural world and depend on its healthy functioning.
2) It discusses pressures on the global environment like population growth, resource consumption, pollution, and species extinction. The "tragedy of the commons" explains how unregulated resource use can lead to depletion.
3) Environmental science aims to understand how the natural world works and develop solutions to environmental problems using an interdisciplinary approach combining natural and social sciences. Its goal is sustainability and meeting needs without compromising future resources.
This document provides an introduction to construction engineering and management. It discusses important terms used in the field and outlines the various phases of construction projects, from planning and design to completion. The document serves as an overview for students in their fifth semester of studying construction engineering and management topics.
More Related Content
Similar to tunnelsppt-170126104231-converted (1)-converted.pdf
This document discusses trenching and excavation methods. It defines trenching as digging a narrow opening in the ground, typically deeper than it is wide, to install or maintain underground pipes, cables, or conduits. Excavation refers to any man-made opening or depression in the earth. The document describes different trenching methods including conventional excavation, drill and blast, and chain trenching. It also discusses trench safety considerations like sloped or benched walls based on soil type and depth.
Tunnels can be constructed using various methods depending on factors like geological conditions and the length and diameter of the tunnel. Traditional methods include cut-and-cover where a trench is excavated and covered, drill-and-blast where explosives are used to break rock, and the use of tunnel boring machines. The New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM) employs flexible supports and monitoring to optimize reinforcement based on the rock type. It relies on conserving the inherent strength of the surrounding rock mass.
Hydraulic tunnels are underground water conduits that convey water without disturbing the surface. They have several advantages over surface canals, including less environmental impact, shorter routes, and not disturbing the natural landscape. However, they have higher construction costs and risks. Tunnels can be circular, D-shaped, or horseshoe-shaped depending on rock conditions. They require lining after excavation to increase strength and hydraulic capacity. Common excavation methods include drilling and blasting, tunnel boring machines, and the New Austrian Tunneling Method. Proper support like rock bolts and steel ribs is needed to prevent tunnel collapse.
Tunnels are underground passages constructed for various purposes like transportation, utilities, and drainage. They are needed when surface excavation is uneconomical or causes too much disturbance. The document discusses the history of tunnel construction and various geological and engineering considerations involved. It describes different tunnel excavation methods based on the type of ground or rock, including drill-and-blast, tunnel boring machines, and new techniques like the New Austrian Tunnelling Method. Support methods are also discussed, ranging from timber supports in soft ground to steel arches and concrete linings in harder strata.
This presentation provides you the conceptual knowledge as per DBATU, Lonere Last Year BTech Civil subject, Infrastructure Engg. Module-V Tunnel Engineering
Shape and Size of Tunnel Shafts, Pilot Tunnels, Tunneling in Hard Rock, Tunneling in Soft Materials, Drilling-Patterns, Blasting, Timbering, Mucking, Tunnel Lining, Advances In Tunneling Methods, Safety Measures, Ventilation, Lighting and Drainage of Tunnels
etc.
This document discusses the geology considerations for dams and reservoirs. It describes the types of dams based on purpose, including storage, detention, diversion, coffer, and debris dams. It also discusses dam components and selection of suitable dam sites based on topographic, technical, construction, and economic factors. Geological investigations of the dam site include assessing the rock types, properties, structures, and water table. The document also summarizes types of reservoirs and geophysical studies used in geological assessments, including gravity, magnetic, seismic, radiometric, geothermal, and grouting methods.
The document discusses various construction techniques used in building structures. It describes the basic components of a building like foundation, flooring, walls etc. It then explains concepts like abutments, piers which support bridges. Further, it discusses trenchless construction techniques - box jacking, pipe jacking, microtunneling, pipe bursting. Horizontal directional drilling and its stages are also summarized. Formwork techniques like jump formwork and slip formwork used for constructing high rise buildings are explained along with their advantages.
This document provides an overview of tunnels, including their definition, history, construction methods, design considerations, and effects of earthquakes. Tunnels are underground passages constructed for various purposes like transportation. Key construction methods include cut-and-cover, drill-and-blast, bored tunneling using a Tunnel Boring Machine, and sequential excavation. Design requires considering factors like ground conditions, water management, tunnel usage, and seismic activity. During earthquakes, tunnels can experience ground shaking, ground failures, deformations, cracking, and other effects that must be addressed in seismic design. The Gotthard Base Tunnel case study exemplifies addressing geological challenges during tunnel construction.
11. to 14. CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS (ACE) 2160601 GTUVATSAL PATEL
The document provides an overview of various types of construction equipment. It begins by classifying equipment into 8 categories: earth-moving, hauling, hoisting, conveying, aggregate and concrete production, pile-driving, tunneling and rock drilling, and pumping and dewatering. Key earth-moving equipment discussed include power shovels, backhoes, draglines, clam shells, scrapers, bull dozers, and tractors. Hauling equipment includes dump trucks and dumpers. Hoisting equipment comprises cranes like derrick cranes, mobile cranes, overhead cranes, and tower cranes. Compaction equipment such as smooth-wheel rollers, sheep-foot rollers, and pneum
Excavation and Ground water control1.pptxssusercbae26
This document summarizes different types of excavation including topsoil excavation, rock excavation, muck excavation, and earth excavation. It then discusses various purposes of excavation such as cut and fill excavation, trench excavation, basement excavation, and dredging excavation. Finally, it covers topics related to controlling groundwater and surface water during excavation projects through methods like pumping, cutoff walls, and special techniques.
A tunnel boring machine (TBM) excavates tunnels with a circular cross section through a variety of soil and rock strata. TBMs can bore through varying ground conditions including soft ground, mixed face conditions and hard rock. The document discusses different tunnel construction methods such as drill-and-blast, TBMs, cut-and-cover and immersed tunnels. It also describes the various processes involved in tunnel boring including drilling, excavation, muck removal, ground treatment and tunnel lining. Selection of the appropriate construction method depends on geological conditions, tunnel dimensions, construction timelines and other factors.
This document provides an overview of the Busan-Geoje Fixed Link project in South Korea. The project includes a three-pylon cable-stayed bridge, approach bridges with additional cable-stayed and tunnels on islands, and a 3.2km immersed tube tunnel under the sea. Construction involved improving the soft soil foundation with cement deep mixing and sand compaction piles. Eighteen precast 180m tunnel elements were installed by floating and sinking them into place. The total cost was $1.8 billion and it was designed to last 100 years, overcoming challenging conditions like weak soils and extreme weather.
This document discusses various methods of tunneling in soft soil, including timbering methods like the fore-poling method and needle beam method, as well as other methods like the shield method and compressed air method. It provides details on the sequence of operations and characteristics of different tunneling methods based on the type of soft soil present, including challenges around maintaining air pressure for compressed air tunneling.
1619929813526_College Deep Well Foundation Project.pptxAkshayGhorpade19
Well foundations, also known as caisson foundations, are a type of deep foundation used below water levels for bridges. They have been used since Roman and Mughal periods. The Pasighat Bridge in Andhra Pradesh uses cylindrical open caisson foundations with diameters of 11.7m internally and 6.64m externally. Construction was challenging due to large boulders and heavy rainfall but caissons provide stable foundations even in difficult soil conditions.
Tunnel surveying is a type of underground surveying used to construct tunnels. It involves aligning the tunnel center line underground and transferring it to the tunnel. Leveling of the surface and internal tunnel is also done. There are different types of tunnels based on use such as traffic, hydro power, and public utility tunnels. Construction methods include cut-and-cover, bored tunnel, pipe jacking, and box jacking. Tunnel shapes are commonly circular or horseshoe. A gyroscope is a device that measures rotational changes and is used during tunnel construction in the absence of GPS to help with orientation underground.
The document discusses underground construction and tunneling techniques. It describes various tunnel shapes and factors to consider in tunnel construction like collapse prevention, ventilation, precision, and safety. Common tunneling methods include the tunnel boring machine (TBM) method, conventional drilling and blasting, and the tunneling shield method. Case studies of the Gotthard Base Tunnel and Bolu Tunnel are provided, along with conclusions on utilizing different construction methods and developing new technologies for small-scale tunneling projects.
The document discusses different methods of tunneling in soft ground and hard rock. It describes various types of soft ground and factors that affect the choice of tunneling method. Methods for soft ground include those using timber supports as well as shield, compressed air, and linear plate methods. For hard rock, common techniques are the full face, heading and bench, and drift methods. Sequence of operations are provided for different soft ground and hard rock tunneling approaches.
This document discusses box culverts and their components and construction. It begins by defining a culvert as a cross-drainage structure less than 6 meters long. It then describes box culverts, noting they consist of rectangular or square openings constructed monolithically with abutments and piers. Box culverts are typically constructed where soil is soft to distribute load over a wider area. They are made of concrete and can redirect water flow. The document outlines the wet cast and dry cast construction methods and lists the typical components of a box culvert. It also discusses the loads box culverts are subject to and their applications, advantages, and thank you.
This document discusses underground construction, including what can be built underground, why things are built underground, and how underground construction is carried out. It describes various types of underground facilities like shelters, mines, water systems, transit systems, and critical infrastructure. It also discusses the methods used to build underground, such as tunnel boring machines and cut-and-cover construction. Challenges in underground construction include dealing with variable ground conditions, changing groundwater, and fractured rock that is subject to stress and gravity. Risks are best mitigated through thorough site investigation and characterization of subsurface conditions and modeling potential ground behaviors.
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This document provides an overview of key concepts in environmental science, including:
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2) It discusses pressures on the global environment like population growth, resource consumption, pollution, and species extinction. The "tragedy of the commons" explains how unregulated resource use can lead to depletion.
3) Environmental science aims to understand how the natural world works and develop solutions to environmental problems using an interdisciplinary approach combining natural and social sciences. Its goal is sustainability and meeting needs without compromising future resources.
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Covid Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
CoVID-19 sprang up in Wuhan China in November 2019 and was declared a pandemic by the in January 2020 World Health Organization (WHO). Like the Spanish flu of 1918 that claimed millions of lives, the COVID-19 has caused the demise of thousands with China, Italy, Spain, USA and India having the highest statistics on infection and mortality rates. Regardless of existing sophisticated technologies and medical science, the spread has continued to surge high. With this COVID-19 Management System, organizations can respond virtually to the COVID-19 pandemic and protect, educate and care for citizens in the community in a quick and effective manner. This comprehensive solution not only helps in containing the virus but also proactively empowers both citizens and care providers to minimize the spread of the virus through targeted strategies and education.
2. • WHATIS TUNNEL?
• It is an underground or underwater passageway, dug
through the surrounding soil/earth/rock.
• They could be used for carrying freights and
passengers, water, sewage, etc.
• A tunnel may be for foot or vehicular road traffic, for
rail traffic, or for a canal.
• Secret tunnels are built for military purposes.
• Special tunnels, such as wildlife crossings, are built to
allow wildlife to cross human- made barriers safely.
• The methods involved are underground operations
known as tunnel driving and the surface is not
disturbed.
3. • REASONSTOBUILDATUNNEL
• When the lane encounters an obstacle such as a mountain to
avoid bypassing the obstacle.
Built sometimes to overcome a water obstacle as a
replacement for building a bridge above it.
•
• Built to connect between military posts so the movement
between them will not be visible for the enemy.
Sometimes built for infrastructure like electricity cables, water,
communication and sewerage to avoid damage and disruption
above ground.
•
4. • HISTORY
• the first tunneling was done by prehistoric people
seeking to enlarge their caves.
• First tunnel in Babylonia was a brick-lined pedestrian
passage some 3,000 feet (900 meters) long was built
about 2180 to 2160 B.C. under the Euphrates River to
connect the royal palace with the temple.
• The largest tunnel in ancient times was a 4,800-foot-
long, 25-foot-wide, 30-foot-high road tunnel (the
Pausilippo) between Naples and Pozzuoli, executed in
36 B.C.
• In 1681 gunpowder was first used for blasting the
tunnels. First time the ventilation system for tunnel
was developed in 1927 in Holland tunnel.
5. • In 1952 James . S. Robbins comes up with a good
idea and designs the modern tunnel- boring machine.
• In 1988 Japan's 33-mile-long Seikan Tunnel, the
world's longest and deepest railway tunnel (787 feet
below sea level), connects the islands of Honshu and
Hokkaido.
• In 1994 after 192 years of planning and six years of
building, the Channel Tunnel runs under the English
Channel.
6. TUNNELINGMETHODS
• depends on
• ground conditions,
• the ground water conditions,
• the length and diameter of the tunnel drive,
• the depth of the tunnel,
• the logistics of supporting the tunnel excavation,
• the final use and shape of the tunnel and appropriate
risk.
7. • ADV
ANT
AGESOFTUNNELING
• Tunnels are more economical than open cuts beyond
certain depths
• Tunnels avoid disturbing or interfering with surface life
and traffic during construction
• Tunnels prove to be cheaper than bridges or open
cuts to carry public utility services like water, sewer
and gas
• if tunnels are provided with easy gradients, the cost of
hauling is decreased
• In case of aerial warfare and bombing of cities, the
tunnels would grant better protection as compared to
bridges.
9. TUNNELLININGS
These are the permanent or temporary support for
keeping tunnel from collapse and provide safe.
• Tunnel linings are grouped into three main forms
some or all of which may be used in the construction
of a tunnel:
• 1. Temporary ground support
• 2. Primary lining
• 3. Secondary lining
10.
11.
12.
13. 4. WIREMESH:-
• Wire mesh is used to support small pieces of loose
rock or as reinforcement for shot crete.
• Two types of wire mesh are commonly used in
underground excavations:
• 1. Chain-link mesh:- commonly used for fencing
• 2. Weld mesh:- commonly used for reinforcing
shotcrete.
14. 5. IN SITUCONCRETING
• The process of placing concrete in situ was
incompatible with timber supports.
• The first uses of concrete were for tunnels in good
rock and it was only with the introduction of steel
supports that concrete became the norm for a tunnel
lining material.
• In-situ forms used for lining tunnels are, with few
exceptions, of the travelling type, constructed of steel.
15. • VENTILATIONIN TUNNELS
• Ventilation is required because of
• 1) Dust and gas caused by drilling, blasting, loading of
excavated materials and Shot creting
• 2) Exhaust gas and smoke discharged by diesel
• 3) Poison gas made from explosive or organic solvent
• 4) Poison gas, flammable gas or oxygen shortage gas
in ground
• 5) High temperature and high humidity
16. VENTILATION DURING CONSTRUCTION
• During construction it is necessary to ventilate
a tunnel for various reasons:
• To furnish fresh air for the workers
• To remove the dust caused by drilling, blasting,
mucking, diesel engines, and other operations
• To remove obnoxious gases and fumes
produced by explosives
17. • SHAPESOFTUNNELS
• (A) CIRCULAR:This type of section offers
greater resistance to external pressure .
• If ground is highly unstable , such as soft clay
or sand , it is necessary to use circular section .
• For carrying water and sewerage circulation
shape tunnels are used .ex. Aqueduct
• Circular tunnel are not prefer as traffic tunnel.
18.
19. • ELIPTICALSECTION
• They are used in grounds compare than rock .
• These tunnels serve as water sewage
condition.
• They are difficult construct .
• They cannot be used as traffic tunnels because
of their narrow base.
20.
21. • EGG– SHAPEDSECTION
• These section have narrow cross sections at
bottom. They are best suited for carrying
sewage. They maintain self-cleansing velocity
of flow of sewage both in dry and rainy seasons
.
• They are resist external as well as internal
pressure due to their circular walls .
• These tunnels are difficult to construct
22.
23. • HORSESHOIESECTION
• This form consists of a semi-circular roof
together with arched sides and a curved invert.
• They are most popular as traffic tunnels for
road and railway routes .
• These tunnels are also difficult to construct.
24.
25. • TUNNELLINGMETHODS
• SHIELD TUNNELLING METHOD
• This method involves the use of shield
machine to drive the tunnels below the ground.
After completion of a work shaft, the shield
machine is lowered into the shaft and
assembled there before excavation and
construction of the tunnels using precast
concrete lining segments of about 1.2 meter
width. This construction method causes
minimal disruption to traffic and the
environment because all the work takes place
below ground and the ground level environment
26.
27. • CUT and COVER TUNNELLING METHOD
• This construction method, whereby the site is
fully excavated, the structure built and then
covered over, uses diaphragm walls as
temporary retaining walls within the site area.
Step one :Construction of diaphram walls, pin
piles, and decking. Step two :Excavation within
the diaphragm walls, installing structures as
work progresses. Step three :Construction of
permanent floor slabs and walls. Step four :
Fitting out the internal structures, backfilling,
and reinstating the surface structures.
28.
29. • TBM (Tunnel Boring Machine)
• tunnel boring machine (TBM) is a machine
used to excavate tunnels with a circular cross
section through a variety of soil and rock strata.
They can bore through anything from hard rock
to sand. Tunnel diameters can range from a
meter to 19.25metre.
• 1. Mechanical-support TBM
• 2. Compressed-air TBM
• 3. Slurry shield TBM
• 4. Earth pressure balance machine.
30.
31.
32. • 1- Mechanical Support TBM
• A mechanical-support TBM has a full-face
cutter head which provides face support by
constantly pushing the excavated material
ahead of the cutter head against the
surrounding ground.
• 2- Compressed-Air TBM
• A compressed-air TBM can have either a full-
face cutter head or excavating arms.
Confinement is achieved by pressurizing the air
in the cutter chamber.
33.
34.
35.
36. • GeologicalSurveyFor Tunneling
• A geological survey is the systematic investigation of
the subsurface and surface of a given piece of ground
for the purpose of creating a geological map ,model
and feasibility studies.
• A geological survey employs techniques from the
traditional walk-over survey, studying outcrops and
landforms, to intrusive methods, such as hand
auguring and machine driven boreholes, use of
geophysical techniques and remote sensing methods,
such as aerial photography and satellite imagery etc.
37. • TypesOfGeological Survey
• Mainly geological surveys are classified into two types:
• Surface Geological Survey
• Subsurface Geological Survey
• Surface Geological Survey:
• includes on land geology and geological structures,
landforms, hydrology, outcrop pattern ,engineering
properties etc
• Subsurface Geological Survey:
• includes on underground geology and geological
structures, Geo-hydrogeology, subsurface rock or soil
pattern etc.
38. • SurfaceGeological Survey
• Geological profile is prepared along line of
tunnel.
• Geological observations are done along this
profile like engineering properties of rock/soil,
geological structures like fold, faults, joints,
spring, stream, river alignment and any
seepage etc
• Trial boring plan is prepared along the tunnel
line.
39.
40.
41.
42. • Subsurface Geological Survey
• Trial boring is done along the tunnel line.
• Different rock and soil samples are collected from
subsurface and their physical and chemical properties
are observed.
• Some samples are sent to laboratory for determination
of engineering properties like shearing, strenght,
permeability, porosity, compressive strenght , and
other test are performed.
• GWT(Ground Water Table) is noted and water bearing
strata is marked in geological profile.
43. • Different geophysical surveys like refraction,
resistivity, GPR(Ground Penetrating Radar) and
bore hole logging etc are also done.
• In situ testing like Packer-testing, hydro
fracturing, load-testing etc are performed.
• A geological/feasibility report comprising all
information ,photographs, profile and others
necessary data are presented for final tunnel
design and construction.
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