Pairabi Newsletter Issue 16

k} / jL
cfly{s–;fdflhs clwsf/k|lt k|ltj4tfM Gofodf dlxnfsf] kx'Frsf]
;'lglZrttf ljifos gjf}+ /fli6«o k/fdz{ uf]i7L @)&) k'if !@
ut]b]lv !$ ut];Dd sf7df08f}+sf] jN8{6«]8 ;]G6/df dlxnf dfgj
clwsf/ /Ifsx¿sf] /fli6«o ;~hfn / cf]/]ssf] ;+o'Qm ;xsfo{df
;DkGg ul/Psf] lyof] . kfFr ljsf; If]qsf dlxnf dfgj clwsf/
/Ifsx¿n] kfg;df alQ afn]/ sfo{qmdsf] pb3f6g ug'{ ePsf]
lyof] .
dlxnfsf] cfly{s–;fdflhs clwsf/ ;'lglZrt geO{ dlxnfdfly
x'g] lx+;f cGTo x'Fb}g eGg] dfGotfsf ;fy ;'? ePsf] /fli6«o
k/fdz{ uf]i7Ldf &% lhNnfsf dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsx¿,
;+ljwfg;efsf gj lgjf{lrt ;ef;bx¿ nufot ljleGg ;ª3
;+:yfsf k|ltlglwx¿, gful/s ;dfhsf k|ltlglwx¿, ;~rf/sdL{x¿
u/L #%) hgfeGbf a9Lsf] ;xeflutf lyof] .
cfly{s–;fdflhs clwsf/k|lt k|ltj4tfM
Gofodf dlxnfsf] kx'“rsf] ;'lglZrttf ljifos
gjf}+ /fli6«o k/fdz{ uf]i7L
5nkmn ul/Psf] lyof] . ;fy} ;ef;bx¿nfO{ dlxnfsf d'2fx¿k|lt
;Dj]bgzLn agfpg ;g @))^ df dlxnfx¿n] tof/ u/]sf] dlxnf
a8fkq 8f= /]0f' /fhe08f/Ln] k|:t't ub}{ ;ef;bx¿nfO{ x:tfGt/0f
ul/Psf] lyof] .
c+s !^, k'if–kmfu'g, @)&)
sfo{qmdsf] klxnf] r/0f dlxnfd'vL b[li6sf]0faf6 lbuf] hLljsf]kfh{g
sfo{qmd ljifos cGt/lqmof ul/Psf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf lbk du/,
s[i0f kf}8]n / gldtf g]kfnn] cfly{s ;fdflhs clwsf/sf] af/]df
cGt/f{li6«o k|fjwfg / cg'ej k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .
sfo{qmdsf] bf];|f] r/0fdf ;+ljwfg;efsf gj lgjf{lrt ;ef;b
Ho"x¿nfO{ awfO{ tyf ;Ddfg ul/Psf] lyof] . dlxnfsf] ;fdflhs,
cfly{s clwsf/ ;'lglZrttfsf nflu gofF aGg] ;+ljwfgdf dlxnfsf
s]–s:tf ;jfnx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ cfjZos 5 eGg] af/]df
5nkmndf j[Gbf kf08]n] cfk|jf;L dlxnf sfdbf/x¿sf] cfly{s tyf
;fdflhs clwsf/ ;'lglZrttfsf] nflu xfnsf] cj:yf / ca s]
ug{ cfjZos 5 eGg] af/]df dGtJo /fVg' ePsf] lyof] .
dlxnfsf] ;fdflhs–cfly{s clwsf/ gofF ;+ljwfgn] ;'lglZrt
ug'{kg]{ / ;/sf/n] cfˆgf gLlt / of]hgfx¿ dlxnf s]Gb|Lt ul/g'
kb{5 eGg] lgisif{ lgsflnPsf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf ;ef;bx¿n] cfkm"
k|lta4 eP/ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf dlxnfsf ;jfnx¿nfO{
;Djf]wg u/fpg kxn ug]{ k|ltj4tf hfx]/ ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .
/fli6«o k/fdz{ uf]i7Lsf] bf];|f] lbg k'if !# ut] “d]/f] z/L/M d]/f]
clwsf/”,“b|'t Gofo k|0ffnL / Gofodf dlxnfsf] kx'Fr” / “dlxnfsf]
b[li6sf]0fdf ;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofo” ljifox¿df tLgj6f sfo{zfnf
uf]i7Lx¿ ;DkGg ePsf] 5 .
sDKo'6/ ;xof]uL M lbndfof e08f/L ;+of]hg M /d]z e08f/L ;Dkfbg M 8f ljgfos /fhe08f/L
gjlgjf{lrt ;ef;bx¿nfO{ ;Ddfg
uf]i7Lsf ;xefuLx¿
gjf}+ /fli6«o k/fdz{ uf]i7L
1

d]/f] z/L/ M d]/f] clwsf/
;+qmd0fsfnLg GofoM dlxnfsf] b[li6sf]0faf6
dlxnfd'vL ;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofosf] af/]df ul/Psf] cWoogdfly >L
nIdL Gof}kfg]sf] k|:t'tLkZrft 5nkmn ul/Psf] lyof] . 5nkmnsf]
qmddf p7]sf lh1f;f tyf ;jfnx¿nfO{ zflGt dGqfnosf
;x;lrj >L bfdf]b/ e08f/L, /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]usf] ;b:o >L
df]xgf cG;f/L / clwjQmf >L ld/f 9'Ëfgfn] ;Daf]wg ug'{ ePsf]
lyof] . o; sfo{zfnf uf]i7Lsf] cWoIftf 8f= lzjdfof t'DafxfDkm]n]
ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . klxnf] r/0fsf] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{zfnf uf]i7Lx¿sf]
lgisif{ dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsx¿sf] /fli6«o ;~hfnsf cWoIf
8f= /]0f' /fhe08f/Laf6 ePsf] lyof] .
bf];|f] r/0fsf] 5nkmn tyf ;dLIff ljz]ifu/L ef8fsL cfdf -k};f
lnP/ ue{wf/0f ug]{_ ;DaGwL cg';Gwfgaf/] 8f= /]0f' /fhe08f/Ln]
atfpg' ePsf] lyof] .
Gofo k|0ffnLdf b'|t Gofo k|0ffnL l566} nfu" ug{ c´;Dd
;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfonfO{ bjfa lbg'kg]{ dx;'; ul/g'sf] ;fy}
dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fx¿sf] clen]vLs/0f /fVg'kg]{, cfˆgf]
z/L/dfly e}/fv]sf] lgoGq0faf6 d'Qm x''g dlxnf cfkm} cu|;/
x'g cfZjos /x]sf] atfpg'sf] ;fy} cem} dlxnf clwsf/sdL{n]
dlxnfsf] clwsf/df w]/} sfd ug'{ kg]{ ljrf/ dlxnf dfgj clwsf/
/Ifsx¿sf] /fli6«o ;~hfnsf s]G›Lo ;b:o h'lnof lrqsf/n]
JoQm ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .
o; ljifout 5nkmndf b'znf clwsf/Ln] k|hgg :jf:Yo / g]kfndf
dlxnfsf] cj:yfaf/] / ;[li6 k|wfgn] dlxnfsf] :jf:Yo clwsf/sf]
cj:yfaf/] k|:t'tL ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . To; 5nkmn sfo{qmddf 8f=
c?0ff pk|]tL / >L ;ldtf k|wfgn] 5nkmnsf] qmddf cfPsf d]/f]
z/L/ d]/f] clwsf/ ljifodf s]lGb|t eO{ lh1f;fsf hjfkm lbg'
ePsf] lyof] . To; ;qsf] ;xhLs/0f gd|tf zdf{ / ;fo/f sfsL{n]
ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .
b|'t Gofo k|0ffnL / Gofodf dlxnfsf] kx'Fr
b|'t Gofo k|0ffnLsf nflu g]kfnsf k|of;x¿ / ef/tsf cg'ejaf6
cfPsf kl/0ffdx¿nfO{ cf}NofP/ g]kfndf s:tf] k|s[ltsf] b|'t Gofo
k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug{ cfjZos 5 eGg] ljifodf 5nkmn ul/Psf]
lyof] . o;df d'Vo Gofoflwz 6]s gf/fo0f s'Fj/n] ef/t nufot
g]kfndf ePsf] b|'t Gofo k|0ffnL / To;sf] k|of]un] Gofo ;Dkfbgdf
cfPsf ;sf/fTds tyf ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ kIfsf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbg'
ePsf] lyof] . g]kfndf b|'t Gofo k|0ffnLsf] cfjZostf / dxŒjsf]
;fy} g]kfndf dlxnf lx+;fsf] d'2fdf Gofo ;Dkfbgsf] cj:yfaf/]df
lhNnf Gofoflwzx¿sf] pkl:ytLdf 5nkmn ul/Psf] lyof] .
d]/f] z/L/ M d]/f] clwsf/ sfo{zfnf uf]i7L
b|'t Gofo k|0ffnL / Gofodf dlxnfsf] kx'Fr ljifos sfo{zfnf uf]i7L
;+qmd0fsfnLg GofoM dlxnfsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 sfo{zfnf uf]i7Lsf ;xefuLx¿
;+qmd0fsfnLg GofoM dlxnfsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 sfo{zfnf uf]i7L
2

ue{ktg;DaGwL a9bf] lgGbf M
dlxnfsf] :jf:Yo / lxtsf nflu r'gf}tL
@)&) k'; !! ut] cf]/]s g]kfn / cfO{kf; g]kfnsf] ;+o'Qm cfof]hgfdf
ue{ktg;DaGwL a9bf] dlxnfsf] :jf:Yo / lxtsf nflu r'gf}tL
ljifos 5nkmn ;DkGg eof] .
g]kfndf dft[d[To'b/sf] Ps k|d'v sf/0f c;'/lIft ue{ktg xf] eGg]
lgisif{ lgsfNb} ;dfhsf ljleGg kIfx¿sf] lg/Gt/ k}/jL / /fhg}lts
OR5f zlQmsf sf/0f ;g @))@ df g]kfndf ue{ktgnfO{ sfg'gL
dfGotf lbO{Psf] xf] . g]kfnsf] ue{ktg;DaGwL gLltn] ue{ktg ;]jf
ljgf s'g} e]befj dlxnfn] kfpg' kb{5 egL :ki6 pNn]v u/]sf]
5 . dlxnfx¿ cem}klg c;'/lIft ue{ktg ug{ afWo 5g . ;dfhdf
5f]/LnfO{ cfly{s af]emsf] ?kdf lng] dfGotf, ;DklQsf] xsbf/sf
?kdf 5f]/fnfO{ dfGGf] k|rngÙ 5f]/L hGdfpg'df k"0f{ bf]if dlxnfnfO{
lbg] k/Dk/fn] ubf{ lnËsf] klxrfg u/L ue{ktg ul/G5 .
dlxnfx¿ 3/kl/jf/sf] bafasf sf/0f w]/} aRrf hGdfpg afWo
kfl/G5g, pgLx¿ ue{df /x]sf] e|"0fsf] lnË klxrfg u/L ue{ktg ug{
afWo agfOG5g eGg] s'/fdf cf]/]s g]kfnsf ;+:yfks cWoIf 8f= /]0f'
/fhe08f/Ln] sfo{kq k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .
sfo{qmddf cfOkf; g]kfnsf lgb]{zs 8f=OlGb/f a:g]t, 8f= c?0ff
pk|]tL, 8f= tf/f zfSo / o'PgPkmlkPsf k|ltlglw 8Da/ u'?Ën]
5nkmnaf6 cfPsf lh1f;fnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . ;fy}
sfo{qmddf ;ef;b /fd]Zj/ km'Fofn, cf]g;/L wtL{, Pn la /fjn /
gf/fo0f k|;fb vqLsf] pkl:ytL /x]sf] lyof] .
ljz]if u/L ;/sf/n] cg'udg, cg';Gwfg / cg'ejdf cfwfl/t
;"rgfx¿sf] k|of]u u/L gLlt lg0ff{os txdf dlxnf clwsf/, k|hgg
clwsf/df sfd ug]{ ;a} ;d"xaLr c;'/lIft ue{ktg / lnËsf]
klxrfg u/L ul/g] ue{ktg k"0f{ ?kn] /f]Sgsf nflu ljBdfg ;fdflhs
;f+:s[lts dfGotfdf kl/jt{g ug'{ cfjZos 5, dlxnf / k'?ifaLr
;dfgtf ug'{kg]{ 5f]/f / 5f]/LaLrsf] c;dfgtfsf] b'/L x6fpg' kg]{df
5nkmndf hf]8 lbOPsf] lyof] .
sfo{qmddf ;ef;b /fd]Zj/ km'Fofnn] d"n sfg'g agfpFbf 5nkmndf
p7]sf ljifonfO{ p7fpg'sf] ;fy} ;+ljwfg n]vg sfo{df of] s'/f
;dfj]z ug]{ k|lta4tf hgfpg' ePsf] lyof] eg] ;ef;b cf]g;/L
3tL{n] ljBdfg ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{sf] nflu gLltut txdf n8fO{
n8g cfkm" tof/ ePsf] atfpg' ePsf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf ;/sf/L
u}/;/sf/L tyf ;DalGwt If]qdf sfd ug]{ ;~hfn / kqsf/x¿ u/L
hDdf ^) hgfsf] pkl:ytL /x]sf] lyof] .
ue{ktg;DaGwL a9bf] lgGbf M dlxnfsf] :jf:Yo / lxtsf nflu r'gf}tL sfo{zfnf uf]i7L 3

zlxbx¿sf] ;Ddfgdf lbk k|Hjng
zlxb ;Ktfxsf] ;Gbe{df anfTsf/lj?4sf] /fli6«o cleofg d"n
cfof]hs ;ldltåf/f @)&) ;fn df3 !^ ut]sf lbg ;fFem ^ ah]
sf7df08f}sf] /Tgkfs{ l:yt zflGt jfl6sfdf dxfg zlxbx¿sf]
;Ddfgdf lbk k|Hjng sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnL
hgtfsf clwsf/sf nflu ljleGg ;dodf cfˆgf] Hofgsf] cfx'lt
lbg] jL/ zlxbx¿sf] ;Demgfdf df}g wf/0f u/L pxfFx¿sf]
of]ubfgsf] :d/0f ;d]t ul/Psf] 5 . sfo{qmdsf] cj;/df l;+uf]
g]kfnL hgtfsf] clwsf/ / dlxnfx¿sf] d'lQmsf nflu ;xfbt k|fKt
u/]sf jL/ dlxnf zlxbx¿nfO{ klg :d/0f ul/Psf] lyof] .
sfo{qmddf anfTsf/lj?4sf] /fli6«o cleofgsf ;+of]hs 8f= /]0f'
/fhe08f/Ln] ædxfg ;lxbx¿n] xfdL ;a}n] dxfg zlxbx¿sf]
of]ubfgsf] ;fFRr} g} ;Ddfg ub{5f}F / dxfg zlxbx¿k|lt xfd|f]
x[bodf ;Ddfgsf] efj 5 eg] /fHosf ;a} cËx¿, /fhgLlts
kf6L{x¿, gful/s ;dfh, pBf]uL Joj;foL, dhb'/, s[ifs,
;~rf/sdL{ nufot ;a} g]kfnL gful/sn] dxfg zlxbx¿sf] ;kgf
;fsf/ ug{sf nflu To:tf] g]kfnsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ cleofgdf h'6g'k5{
hxfF ;a} g]kfnL gful/sx¿ ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg ;s'g / sf]xL klg
dlxnf anfTs[t x'g' gk/f]; .Æ eGb} cfˆgf ljrf/ /fVg'ePsf] lyof] .
zlxbx¿sf] ;Demgfdf df}g wf/0f ul/b}+
;fdflhs n]vf k/LIf0f
cf]/]ssf] @# cf} aflif{s ;fwf/0f;efsf] cj;/df ;fdflhs n]vf
kl/If0f sfo{qmd @)&) df3 % ut] lqk'/]Zj/, sf7df08f}df ;+:yfsf
cWoIf ;/h u'?Ësf] cWoIftfdf ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . sfo{qmddf
;/sf/L lgsfo, /fli6«o tyf cGt/fli6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf, ;dfh
sNof0f kl/ifb, ;+:yfsf ;fwf/0f ;b:o tyf sfo{ ;ldltsf
kbflwsf/Lx¿, sfo{qmdn] ;d]6]sf lhNnfsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿
nufotsf] pkl:ytL /x]sf] lyof] . sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zodfly k|sfz kfb}{
;+:yfsf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs afa'/fd uf}tdn] ;+:yfn] kf/bzL{tfdf
ljZjf; /fVg] ePsfn] x/]s jif{ sfo{/t lhNnfx¿ / s]Gb|df
;d]t ;fdflhs n]vf k/LIf0f ug]{ u/]sf] hfgsf/L u/fpg' ePsf]
lyof] . ;+:yfsf sfo{qmdx¿, pknlAwx¿, ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
/ l;sfO{x¿ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ dfem ;f6f;f6 u/L cfufdL lbgdf
sfo{qmdnfO{ cem k|efjsf/L agfpgsf nflu ;'emfj k|fKt ug]{
;d]t sfo{qmd ul/Psf] jxfFn] atfpg'eof] .
;+:yfsf k|zf;g tyf Joj:yfkg lgb]{zs kfj{tL a:g]tåf/f cfly{s
aif{ @)^(÷)&) df ;DkGg ul/Psf sfo{qmdx¿sf] k|ltj]bg
k|:t't ul/Psf] lyof] eg] jl/i7 sfo{qmd ;+of]hs ;l/tf bfxfnåf/f
cfly{s aif{ @)&)÷)&! sf] sfo{of]hgfsf] k|:t'tL ul/Psf] lyof] .
;+:yfsf cy{ lgb]{zs lbkf /fhe08f/Ln] cfly{s aif{ @)^(÷)&)
sf] cfoJoo ljj/0f / cfly{s aif{ @)&)÷)&! sf] ah]6 ljj/0f
k|:t't ug'{ePsf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf ;dfh sNof0f kl/ifbsf sfg'g
clws[t, 8]lg; rr{ P8sf If]qLo k|ltlglw, P6ljgsf cWoIf, cf]/]
ssf ;+:yfks ;Nnfxsf/ 8f= ljgfos /fhe08f/L nufotn]
dGtJo /fVb} cf]/]sn] dlxnf clwsf/sf] If]qdf lgjf{x u/]sf] e"ldsf
k|z+;gLo /x]sf], ;+:yfn] /fHosf lgsfox¿;Fu k|efjsf/L ;dGjo
u/L cufl8 a9]sf] / ;d'bfob]lv /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o :t/df
;d]t dlxnfx¿sf] ;jfnnfO{ :yflkt ul//x]sf] k|lt k|z+;f ub}{
cfpg] lbgdf ;d]t cfˆgf k|of;x¿nfO{ cem k|efjsf/L agfpFb}
n}hfgsf nflu ;'emfj tyf z'esfdgf ;d]t JoQm u/]sf lyP .
;+:yfsf cWoIf ;/h u'/Ën] clxn]sf] l:ytL;Dd cfO{ k'Ugsf nflu
;+:yfnfO{ lg/Gt/ ?kdf ;xof]u ub}{ cfPsf ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L
;+:yfx¿, bft[ lgsfox¿, kqsf/ nufot ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿k|lt
cfef/ k|s6 ub}{ d'n's cK7of/f] kl/l:yltaf6 u'lh|/x]sf] To;df
klg dlxnfx¿ x/]s 7fpFdf hf]lvddf /x]sf] / dlxnf clwsf/
;'lglZrt x'g g;ls/x]sfn] ;+:yfsf] cleofgdf cfpg] lbgdf klg
;dGjo, ;xsfo{ tyf ;fem]bf/Lsf nflu ;/sf/L tyf u}/ ;/sf/L
lgsfox¿sf ;fy} cGo ;a} If]qx¿nfO{ cfu|x ul/Psf] 5 .
;fdflhs n]vf kl/If0fnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ cf]/]ssf
sfo{sf/L k|d'v afa' /fd uf}td
4

rf}yf] dlxnf ;fdflhs d~r
b08lxgtf cGTo / ;fdflhs Gofosf] lglDt xfd|f] cleofg,
;fdflhs, cfly{s clwsf/ ;lxtsf] dlxnfd}qL ;+ljwfg eGg] gf/fsf
;fy rf}yf] dlxnf ;fdflhs d~r lj/f6gu/df cfof]hgf ul/of] .
k"jf{~rndf dlxnf clwsf/ tyf dfgjclwsf/sf] If]qdf lqmofzLn
;ª3 ;+:yfx¿sf] ;+o"Qm cfof]hgfdf >lds dlxnfclwsf/ lbj;sf]
;Gbe{df kmfu'g @( b]lv #) ut];Dd rf}yf] ;fdflhs d~r ;DkGg
ul/Psf] xf] . cf]/]s, dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ /Ifs ;+hfn tyf
k"jf{~rn dfgjclwsf/ ;+hfn nufot #) j6f dlxnf clwsf/
tyf dfgjclwsf/sf] If]qdf sfd ug]{ ;ª3 ;+:yf tyf ( j6f
;/sf/L tyf cGt/fli6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;ª3 ;+:yfx¿ u/L hDdf #(
j6f ;+:yfx¿sf] ;xefuLtf /x]sf] lyof] . $)) hgfsf] pkl:ytL
/x]sf] d~rdf k"j{sf !@ j6f lhNnfsf] ;xefuLtf /x]sf] lyof] .
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf GofowLz zflGt l;+ yfkfaf6 ;fdflhs
d~rsf] pb3f6g kZrft g]kfnsf] dlxnf cfGbf]ngsf] cfufdL
lbzf, ;Defjgf / r'gf}tLsf] ljifodf j[xt 5nkmn ul/Psf] lyof] .
kmfu'g @( df dfgj clwsf/ / dlxnfd}qL ;+ljwfg, ;+qmd0fsfnLg
Gofo / dlxnf, >lds dlxnf / a}b]lzs /f]huf/, jfnjflnsf
lj?4 x'g] lx+;f / ;+rf/ ljifosf rf/ d'2fx¿df ;dfgfGt/ zqx¿
;~rfng ul/Psf] lyof] h;df qmdzM sf]if/fh Gof}kfgf, ;f]d/fh
yfkf, n]v jxfb'/ s6'jfn / o1 zdf{n] ;xhLs/0f ug'{ePsf]
lyof] . /fli6«o snfsf/x¿ ;fhg /fO{ tyf ;'ldt v8sf nufotsf
snfsf/x¿n] dlxnfclwsf/sf uLtx¿ k|:t't ug'{ePsf] lyof] .
;ª3 ;+:yfx¿n] :6nx¿ Dffkm{t ljleGg ;"rgfx¿ tyf k|sfzgx¿
ljt/0f u/]sf lyP .
o;}u/L kmfu'g #) ut] 3/]n' lx+;f lj?4 sfg'gL cj:yf /
;/f]sf/jfnfsf] e"ldsf ljifodf 5nkmn ul/Psf] lyof] . 5nkmndf
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ /Ifs /fli6«o ;+hfnsf cWoIf tyf cf]/]ssf
;+:yfks cWoIf 8f= /]0f' /fhe08f/Lsf] k|d'v cflyYotf /x]sf]
lyof] . dlxnfclwsf/ k|flKtsf nfuL 3/ 3/b]lv p7g' kg]{ / h;/L
;fdflhs d~rn] csf]{ ;+;f/ ;Dej 5 eGg] gf/f lnPsf] 5 To;}
u/L dlxnfclwsf/ ;lxtsf] csf]{ g]kfn klg ;Dej 5 / To:tf]
clwsf/ k|flKtsf nfuL gofF ;+ljwfg aGg h?/L 5 eGb} To;sf
nfuL d]rLb]lv dxfsfnL;Dd hfu?Qmf NofO{ bjfj ;[hgf ug{' kg]{
8f= /]0f' /fhe08f/Ln] atfpg'eof] . ;+ljwfgljb lbg]z lqkf7L tyf
Unf]jn kmf]/dsf cfof]hs ;ldltsf ;b:o 8f= pbbj Kofs'/]nn]
;fdflhs d~rsf] dxŒj, o;n] p7fpg' kg]{ d'Vo ;jfn / cfufdL
/0fgLltsf] af/]df cfˆgf] wf/0ff /fVg' ePsf] lyof] . To;} u/L
df]/Ë lhNnfdf /x]sf ;/sf/L lgsfox¿ lhNnf cbfnt, lhNnf
k|x/L sfof{no, lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no tyf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldtL
;d]tsf] pkl:ytLdf ePsf] 5nkmndf dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf
36gfx¿df pgLx¿sf] Gofo k|flKtsf xfd|f] e'ldsf s] s:tf] /xG5
egL j[xt 5nkmn ul/Psf] lyof] eg] ;xefuLx¿n] ;DjlGwt
lgsfosf k|d'v tyf k|ltlglwx¿nfO{ lh1f;f ;d]t /fv]sf lyP .
bx]h -bfOhf]_ tyf dlxnf lx+;flj?4sf 36gf ;Daf]wgsf nflu xfn;Dd ePsf
k|of;x¿df yk ;xof]u / ;fem]bf/Ldf j[l4 xf]; eGg] p2]Zon] æbx]h tyf
dlxnf lx+;f Go'gLs/0fsf nflu xfd|f] e"ldsfÆ ljifos cGt/lqmof @)&) df3
@$ ut] cf]/]s, wg'iffn] cfof]hgf u/]sf] lyof] . wg'iff lhNnfsf ;xfos lhNnf
clwsf/L, :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L, k|x/L pk/LIfs, /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/
cfof]u nufotsf ;/sf/L k|ltlgwLx¿sf ;fy} ljleGg /fhgLlts bn, kqsf/,
gful/s ;dfh, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, dfgj clwsf/sdL{, dlxnf clwsf/sdL{,
hftLo ;+u7g nufotsf ;d'bfoaLr 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] . cf]/]ssf ;+:yfks
cWoIf 8f= /]0f' /fhe08f/LHo"sf] cWoIftfdf sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf]
lyof] . wg'iff lhNnfdf cf]/]såf/f ;+slnt dlxnf lx+;fsf 36gfsf k|sf/nfO{
ljZn]if0f ubf{ k|ToIf ?kn] 3/]n' lx+;f, s'6lk6 / bx]hsf sf/0f dlxnfdfly a9L lx+;f ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 . t/ 3/]n' lx+;f / s'6lk6sf 36gfdf
;d]t kLl8t;Fusf] s'/fsfgL cg';f/ tL 3/]n' lx+;f / s'6lk6 klg bx]hsf sf/0fn] ePsf] b]lvG5 . sfo{qmddf bx]h lj?4sf] cleofgnfO{
;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ ldnL ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos ePsf] dx;'; ub{} o; cleofgk|lt cf– cfˆgf k|ltj4tf JoQm u/]sf 5g .
bx]h tyf dlxnf lx+;f Go'gLs/0fsf nflu xfd|f] e"ldsf
5

j}b]lzs /f]huf/nfO{ yk ;'/lIft / dof{lbt agfpgsf nflu
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ aLrsf] ;dGjo tyf ;xsfo{nfO{ cem k|efjsf/L
agfpg'kg]{ cfjZostf dxz'; ub}{ cf]/]s g]kfn/ k|jf;L g]kfnL
;dGjo ;ldltsf] ;+o'Qm kxndf @)&( kf}if !) ut] æj}b]lzs
/f]huf/nfO{ ;'/lIft agfpg ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] e"ldsfÆ ljifos
cGt/ dGqfno :t/Lo cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/LnfO{ ;'/lIft / dof{lbt agfpg tyf cfk|jf;L
sfdbf/ / pgLx¿sf] kl/jf/sf] dfgj clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttfsf
nflu w]/} ;jfnx¿ cem} klg ;Daf]wg x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf
cGt/dGqfno :t/Lo of] sfo{qmd ul/Psf] xf] .
sfo{qmddf xfnsf] cj:yf, ljBdfg r'gf}tL / ;d:of, ;/s/L
lgsfon] u/]sf] ;s/fTds k|of;x¿ tyf j}b]lzs /f]huf/;DaGwL
cGo b]zx¿n] k|rngdf NofPsf pbfx/0faf/] 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] .
cGt/dGqfno ;dGjonfO{ yk k|efjsf/L agfO{ ;d:ofx¿sf]
;Daf]wg ug{ sfo{qmddf pkl:yt ;lrjx¿af6 lgDg k|ltj4tfx¿
JoQm ul/Psf] lyof] .
• >d k7fpg] b]zx¿ aLr ;xsfo{nfO{ a9fjf lbb} uGtJo
j}b]lzs /f]huf/nfO{ ;'/lIft agfpg ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] e"ldsf
d'n'sx¿;Fu cfˆgf sfdbf/x¿sf] xslxtsf af/]df lg/Gt/
kxn ug]{,
• /fxbfgL ljt/0fsf qmddf s]xL lhNnfdf eO{/x]sf clgoldttfx¿
tTsfn /f]lsg] k|ltj4tf u[x ;lrj Ho"af6 JoQm ePsf] .
• j}b]lzs /f]huf/;Fu ;DalGwt gLlt tyf sfg'gx¿sf] tTsfn
;dLIff u/L ;'wf/sf] kxn ul/g] k|ltj4tf JoQm ePsf] .
• j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefusf] sfo{If]qnfO{ lj:tf/ u/L o; ljefusf]
lgodgnfO{ yk k|efjsf/L agfpg] .
sfo{qmddf ;/sf/L, /fli6«o÷cGt{/fli6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf, 6]«8
o'lgog, ;~hfn, kqsf/ nufot cGo ;DalGwt lgsfosf u/L
hDdf $) hgf ;xefuLx¿sf] pkl:yt /x]sf] lyof] .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/nfO{ ;'/lIft agfpg ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] e"ldsf ljifos cGtlqmof
æclxn] >d cfk|jf;g Pp6f ljZjJofkL d'2fsf] ?kdf cufl8
cfO{/x]sf] 5 . cfk|jf;Lx¿n] pTklQ tyf uGtJo b'a} b]zsf]
ljsf;df 7"nf] of]ubfg lbO{/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . ;fy} cfk|jf;L
sfdbf/x¿sf] clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª3, ljZj
>d ;+u7g nufot ljleGg /fli6«o, If]qLo tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;ª3,
;+u7g, ;+:yf nufotaf6 k|oTgx¿ klg lg/Gt/ ?kdf eO{/x]sf
5g . tyflk ljZje/L g} cfk|jf;Lx¿n] cfˆgf cfwf/e"t dfgj
clwsf/ / cfTd;Ddfgsf nflu ;ª3if{ ug'{ kl//x]sf] 5 .Æ
cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf nflu ;a} uGtJo
d'n'sx¿df Standard Contract / Reference Wage
nfu" u/fpgsf nflu blIf0f PlzofnL If]qLo cleofgsf] ;'?jft
ub}{ o;df ;a}sf] ;femf P]Soj4tf h'6fpg] p2]Zon] cf]/]s g]kfn,
k|jf;L g]kfnL ;dGjo ;ldlt / dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsx¿sf]
/fli6«o ;~hfnåf/f ;+o'Qm ?kdf blIf0f Pl;ofnL If]qLo k/fdz{
a}7ssf] cfof]hgf ul/of] . @)&) k'; !% ut] sf7df08f}sf] cls{8
xf]6ndf ePsf] sfo{qmd cf]/]s g]kfnsf pkfWoIf laGb' uf}tdsf]
cWoIftfdf ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] .
ef/t, a+unfb]z / >Ln+sfdf :yfgfudgdf sfo{/t ;+:yfx¿ tyf
g]kfndf :yfgfudgsf] ;jfndf lqmofzLn ;ª3 ;+:yf, 6]«8 o'lgog
nufotsf] sfo{qmddf ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . cf]/]ssf sfo{sf/L
lgb]{zs afa'/fd uf}tdaf6 Standard Contract / k|jf;L g]kfnL
;dGjo ;ldltsf cWoIf dx]Gb| kf08]af6 Reference Wage sf]
ljifodf sfo{kq k|:t't ul/Psf] lyof] .
v'nf5nkmnkZrft;d"xsfo{dfkm{to;ljifodfcleofgnfO{cufl8
a9fpgsf] nflu /0fgLlt tof/ ub}{ o; ;jfndf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿df
;+r]tgf clej[l4 ug]{, o;nfO{ nfu" ug{sf nflu lhDd]jf/
lgsfox¿sf] Wofgfsif{0f ug]{, g]kfndf x'g uO{/x]sf] ;fs{ ;ld6sf]
;dodf of] ;jfnnfO{ alnof] ?kdf p7fpg], If]qLo ;xsfo{nfO{
cem alnof] agfpg] nufotsf sfo{gLlt / sfo{of]hgf;d]t to
ul/Psf] lyof] . o;} ;Gbe{df cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] clwsf/sf]
;+/If0fsf nflu Standard Contract / Reference Wage
Hofb} dxŒjk"0f{ /x]sf] x'gfn] o; cleofgdf ;xof]u, ;xsfo{ /
P]Soj4tfsf nflu ;a}df clkn ul/Psf] lyof] .
cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf nflu blIf0f Pl;ofnL If]qLo k/fdz{ a}7s
Standard Contract / Reference Wage nfu" u/fpgsf nflu
cleofgnfO{ cufl8 a9fpgsf] nflu /0fgLlt tof/ ub}{ cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf nflu blIf0f Pl;ofnL If]qLo k/fdz{ a}7s6

cfk|jf;L sfdbf/sf] /]ld6]G; Joj:yfkg tyf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] clwsf/ ;DaGwL gLltx¿ /
sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf
;DkGg ePsf] uf]i7Ldf lhNnf k|x/L sfof{nosf k|x/L lg/LIfs,
dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf sfof{nosf k|ltlglw, lhNnf ljsf;
;ldltsf k|ltlglw nufot dfgjclwsf/ tyf dlxnfclwsf/sf]
If]qdf sfd ug]{ ljleGg ;+:yfsf k|d'v tyf k|ltlglw kqsf/
nufotsf] ;xefulutf lyof] . cf]/]s, df]/Ësf lhNnf ;+of]hs n]v
axfb'/ s6'jfnn] g]kfndf j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] cj:yf, /fli6«o tyf
cGt/fli6«o gLlt tyf ;+oGqx¿, g]kfndf ljk|]if0fsf] Joj:yfkgsf]
ljifodf cjwf/0f kq k|:t't ug'{ePsf] lyof] . j}b]lzs /f]hfu/Lsf]
cj:yf, /fHon] NofPsf P]g sfg'gx¿ tyf j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] qmddf
dflg;x¿n] ef]uL/x]sf] sl7gfO{sf] af/]df 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] .
cf]/]sn] j}b]lzs /f]huf/L ;DalGw ;"rgf lbP/ w]/} dflg;x¿nfO{
j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] qmddf j]lrg / 7lugaf6 arfPsf] atfpFb}
k|d'v cltly k|lhc nId0f v8sfn] /fHon];d]t cfufdL lbgdf
cfkm"n] agfPsf gLltx¿nfO{ sfof{Gjogsf kf6f]df Wofg lbg'kg]{
cfjZostf /x]sf] cf}Nofpg' eof] .
ljZj cfk|jf;g lbj;sf] cj;/df cfk|jf;L sfdbf/sf] /]ld6]G;
Joj:yfkg tyf ;/sf/n] j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf u/]sf] nufgL ljifos
lhNnf :t/Lo uf]i7L )&) k'if # ut] ;DkGg ul/of] . lhNnfsf
ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿ tyf df]/Ë, ;'g;/L, emfkf wgs'6f
tyf ;Kt/Lsf ;ª3 ;+:yfsf k|d'v tyf k|ltlglwx¿ ;lxt %)
hgfsf] pkl:ytL /x]sf] lyof] . cf]/]ssf lhNnf ;+of]hs n]v
axfb'/ s6'jfnn] g]kfndf j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf, cfk|jf;L
sfdbf/;DaGwL ePsf /fli6«o tyf cGt//f{li6«o ;+oGq, gLltn]
;d]l6Psf ;sf/fTds kIf tyf cfufdL lbgdf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/sf]
clwsf/ ;'lglZrttfsf nflu cfufdL lbgdf rflng' kg]{ sbdsf]
ljifodf cjwf/0ffkqdf k|:t't ug{' ePsf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] s'nu|fx{:y
pTkfbg @#=! k|ltzt lx:;f ljk|]if0fn] cf]u6]sf] eP klg ;f] lx:;f
cg'Tkfbs If]qdf vr{ eO{/x]sf] x'gfn] /fHon] To;sf] pTkfbg If]qdf
nufgL ug'{kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf lyP . ljk|]if0faf6 lelqPsf] /
sdn] b]z rn]sf] t/ j}b]lzs /f]huf/LnfO{ ;'/lIft agfpgsf nflu
Wofg glbPsf], j}b]lzs /f]huf/LnfO{ ;'/lIft agfpg y'k|} gLlt
lgod eP klg To;sf] sfof{Gjogsf] kf6f] lkmtnf] ePsf] s'/f jxfFn]
hfgsf/L u/fpg' ePsf] lyof] .
ljZj cfk|jf;g lbj; @)!# sf] cj;/df df]/ª / wg'iffdf cGt/lqmofTds sfo{qmd
cf]/]s zfvf sfof{no df]/Ësf] cfof]hgfdf kf}if * ut] ;'g;/Lsf]
O{g?jfdf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/sf] /]ld6]G; Joj:yfkg tyf cfk|jf;L
sfdbf/x¿sf] clwsf/;DaGwL gLltx¿ / sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf
ljifos lhNnfsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu ! lbg] uf]i7L ;DkGg ul/Psf]
5 . k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L nId0f axfb'/ yfkfsf] k|d'v cfltYotfdf
o;}u/L # k'if, @)&) df cf]/]s, w'giffn] ;'/lIft a}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf
nflu ;"rgfsf] dxŒj ljifos cGt/lqmof sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf
u/]sf] lyof] . cf]/]ssf ;xfos lhNnf sfo{qmd O{Grfh{ /fdk|d]z
d08nsf] ;xhLs/0fdf ePsf] sfo{qmddf cf]/]s lhNnf sfo{qmd
O{Grfh{ x]dntf l;Ub]nsf] cWoIftf, ;xfos k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L
k|Xnfb kf]v/]nsf] k|d'v cfltYodf lyof] eg] O{G;]s, o'jf cleofg,
dfgj clwsf/ /Ifs, cGt/kf6L{ dlxnf ;~hfn kqsf/, dfgj
clwsf/sdL{, j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf uPsfx¿sf] kl/jf/sf ;b:o,
o'jfx¿ nufot sl/a ^) hgfsf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .
;xfos k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Ln] ;/sf/sf] lhDd]jf/L ePtf klg
;+/rgfut q'6Lsf] sf/0f j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg]x¿sf] ;"rgfsf]
clwsf/sf] ;jfndf sfd ug{ g;lsPsf] k|lt klg lrGtf JoQm u/] .
lhkmG6sf ;'/]Gb| /fO{sf] cg';f/ o'jfx¿sf] k|ToIf ;/f]sf/sf] ;jfn
ePsf] sf/0f o'jfx¿ Ps h'6 x'g'kg{] cfhsf] cfjZostf ePsf]
k|lt hf]8 lbPsf lyP . o;}ul/ o'jf clego s'df/ emf, lht]Gb|
s'df/ ;fx, ;+of]lutf ;fx, ;l/tf s'df/L adf{, kqsf/ lht]Gb| k|;fx
l;+x nufotsf aQmfx¿n] cfˆgf ljrf/ /fv]sf lyP .
ljZj cfk|jf;g lbj;sf lbg df]/Ëdf ;DkGg cGtlqmof ljZj cfk|jf;g lbj;sf lbg wg'iffdf cfof]lht cGtlqmof 7

anfTsf/ h:tf] h3Go ck/fwk|lt /fHosf] ;+j]bgzLntfdf sdL ePsf]n]
anfTsf/ lj?åsf] bf];|f] r/0fsf] cleofg åGåsfndf of}g lx+;f k|efljt
dlxnfx¿sf] Gofodf ;'lglZrttf M ;/sf/sf] hjfkmb]lxtf eGg] gf/fsf ;fy
;~rfng ul/Psf] 5 . anfTsf/sf lj?4 hgr]tgf clea[l4 u/L anfTsf/
gx'g] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f tyf anfTsf/ k|efljtsf ;fy} åGåsfndf ePsf
of}g lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] ;d]t ;fdflhs, sfg'gL Gofosf] clwsf/
;'lglZrttfsf] cfwf/ tof/ ug]{ p2]Zon] dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsx¿sf]
/fli6«o ;~hfn, cf]/]s nufotsf ;ª3;+:yfx¿sf] ;+o'Qm cloofgsf ?kdf
d+l;/ #), @)&) b]lv cleofgsf bf];|f] r/0fsf] sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng
ul/Psf] 5 . cleofgsf] bf];|f] r/0fsf] sfo{qmdx¿af/] hfgsf/L lbg kmfNu'g
@# ut] af/ Pzf]l;P;g nlntk'/df kqsf/ ;Dd]ngsf] cfof]hgf u/L
cleofgsf dfux¿ / cleofg cGtu{tsf sfo{s|dx¿ kqsf/ ;Ddn]g
dfkm{t 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] lyof] . cGt/fli6«o dlxnf >lds lbj; -* dfr{_
sf] pknIodf kmfNu'g @$ ut] cfhsf] b'Jo{xf/ ef]nLsf] anfTsf/L eGg]
ljifoj:t'sf ;fy yfkfynL r]fsdf ;8s leQ] lrqn]vg ul/of] . sfo{s|ddf
anffTsf/lj?å /fli6«o cleofgsf cfof]hsx¿, P]Soa4tfsf nflu pkl:yt
;ª3;+:yfx¿, ;+~rf/sdL{ tyf ;j{;fwf/0fx¿n] cfkmgf ljrf/x¿ JoQm
ub}{ x:tfIf/ u/L P]Soa4tf hgfPsf lyP .
kmfNu'g @^ df laxfg !) ah] cgfdgu/ cufl8 b'O 3+6] wgf{ sfo{s|dsf]
cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ /Ifsx¿sf] /fli6«o tyf
lhNnf ;+~hfnx¿, cf]/]s, PS;g js{;, cl:tTj kmfp08];g, l;ljg, dlxnf
Pstf ;dfh, n'd g]kfn, ;+~rf/sdL{x¿ tyf ;j{;fwf/0fx¿ wgf{ df
;xefuL lyP . ;xefuLx¿n] xft] 5fk x:tfIf/ u/L cleofg k|lt P]Soa¢tf
hgfPsf lyP . dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ /Ifsx¿sf] lhNnf ;+~hfn, nlntk"/sf
;lrj 1fgL dxh{gn] åGåsfndf ePsf of}g lx+;fsf 36gfx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg
ug{sf nflu /fHosf] tkm{af6 s"g} klg 7f]; kxn gePsf] eGb} dlxnfx¿sf]
cfjfh ;/sf/n] g;'g] ;Dd cleofg hf/L /fVg] atfpg'eof] .
anfTsf/sf] 36gfsf] cGTo ub}{ dlxnfx¿n] ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg]
jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0f ug{sf nflu lhDd]jf/ kxn ug{ cg'/f]wsf ;fy
kmfu'g #) ut] /fi6«k|d'v /fdj/0f ofbjsf] Wofgfsif{0f ul/of] . dlxnf
dfgjclwsf/ /Ifsx¿sf] /fli6«o ;+~hfnsf] cu'jfOdf ePsf] of] sfo{s|ddf
anfTsf/lj?åsf] /fli6«o cleofgsf cfof]hsx¿sf] pkl:ytL lyof] . dlxnf
dfgjclwsf/ /Ifsx¿sf] lhNnf ;+~hfn sf7df8f}sf cWoIf uLtf yfkfn]
Wofgfsif{0f kq k|:t't ug'{ePsf] lyof] eg] cfof]hsx¿n] Wofgfsif{0f kq,
cleofg k|lt P]Soaåtf hgfOPsf] xft]5fk x:tfIf/ ;fy} cleofgsf ;'rgf
;fdu|L x:tfGt/0f u/]sf lyP . anfTsf/sf 36gfdf aflnsfx¿ a9L
kg]{ePsf]n] pgLx¿sf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrttfsf] nflu ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf l/6
anfTsf/ lj?4sf] /fli6«o cleofg
/fi6«klt /fdj/0f ofbjnfO{ Wofgfsif{0fkq k|:t't ug{ sfo{qmd
yfkfynLdf leQ]n]vg sfo{qmd
anfTsf/ lj?4sf] cleofg cGtu{tsf] ¥ofnL sfo{qmddf ;xefuLx¿
df3 @# df cfof]lht l;77L ¥ofnL
;d]t bfo/ ul/Psf] /fi6«k|d'vnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fO{Psf] lyof] .
/fi6«klt /fdj/0f ofbjn] cleofgnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ ;/sf/
;dIf hgtfsf] of] efjgfnfO{ k"¥ofpg] k|lta4tf JoQm
ug'{ePsf] lyof] .
cleofgsf sfo{qmd cGtu{t kmfu'g !( df /f]Nkfdf
kqsf/ e]63f6 tyf cleofgaf/] hfgsf/L, kmfu'g @@ df
bfªdf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu cGt/ls|of tyf dWo Pj+ ;'b'/
klZrdf~rn If]qsf ;a} lhNnfsf clen]vstf{x¿nfO{ 36gf
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kmfu'g @$ df bfªdf j[xt ;ef, kmfu'g @% df ;Nofgdf
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu cGt/ls|of nufotsf sfo{qmd ;d]t
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^ b]lv d+l;/ #), @)&) ;Dd anfTsf/ lj?4sf] *) lbg]
/fli6«o cleofgsf] klxnf] r/0fsf] sfo{qmd ;~rfng
ul/Psf] lyof] .
cf]/]s, g]kfn, kmf]g M )!–%))^#&#, )!–@!@#!@$, ˆofS;M (&&–)!–%))^@&! O{d]nM ics@worecnepal.org
j]j;fO6 M www.worecnepal.org , km];j'sM www.facebook.com/worecnepal.org
8

Pairabi Newsletter Issue 16

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Pairabi Newsletter Issue 16