1. FPGAs implement digital circuits using programmable logic blocks (CLBs) containing lookup tables (LUTs) and flip-flops. LUTs can implement combinational logic functions, while flip-flops allow implementing sequential logic.
2. The CLBs are connected through a programmable switch matrix that can be configured to route signals between LUTs and flip-flops as needed to implement a target circuit design.
3. An example circuit for a seatbelt warning light is mapped to the LUTs and switch matrix of an FPGA, showing how the design can be implemented without requiring a new fabrication run like with an ASIC.
Programmable logic devices (PLDs) like PALs, PLDs, and CPLDs provide customizable logic functions through programmable AND and OR arrays. FPGAs provide significantly more logic resources than CPLDs through a configurable array of logic blocks and programmable interconnects. The document describes the basic architectures of PALs, PLDs, CPLDs and FPGAs and provides examples of how to implement logic functions using their programmable resources.
This document provides an introduction to FPGA design fundamentals including:
- Programmable logic devices like PLDs, CPLDs, and FPGAs which allow for reconfigurable logic circuits.
- The basic architecture of FPGAs including configurable logic blocks (CLBs), input/output blocks (IOBs), and a programmable interconnect structure.
- Verilog and VHDL as common hardware description languages used for FPGA design entry and simulation.
- A simple example of designing a half-adder circuit in VHDL, including entity, architecture, and behavioral modeling style.
The document discusses FPGA architecture and programming technologies. It provides an overview of FPGA components like logic blocks and interconnect frameworks. It compares SRAM, anti-fuse, EPROM and EEPROM programming technologies in FPGAs and how each is configured and reprogrammed. Commercially available FPGAs from Xilinx and CPLDs from Altera are described as examples.
This document discusses field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). It begins by describing FPGA basics and architecture, including configurable logic blocks (CLBs), I/O blocks, and switch matrices. It then discusses FPGA advantages such as low cost, fast prototyping, and reusability. The document also covers FPGA process technologies including SRAM, antifuse, and EPROM/EEPROM/Flash. It provides details on FPGA architectures, logic elements, routing, memory blocks, and examples of Xilinx FPGAs.
This document provides information about reversible logic gates and their application in field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). It describes the design of reversible 4-to-1 multiplexers, D latches, and master-slave flip flops using novel reversible gates. The proposed reversible designs have fewer components and lower cost compared to existing irreversible circuit designs. In conclusion, the document presents the first proposed design of a reversible logic block for FPGAs, improving the efficiency of sequential circuits used to realize FPGA functions.
An FPGA is a programmable logic device containing an array of configurable logic blocks and interconnects that can be programmed to perform different logic functions. It allows reprogramming to perform different functions in microseconds. The key parts of an FPGA are I/O blocks around the edge to interface with other components, logic blocks in the interior to implement logic functions, and interconnects to connect the blocks. FPGAs are programmed by configuring electronic switches to define logic functions and connect the blocks as required.
FPGAs allow for reconfigurable circuitry, easier entry with lower costs, and are well-suited for applications that may require frequent design upgrades. However, FPGAs are less energy efficient, have lower maximum operating frequencies, and do not support analog designs compared to ASICs. While FPGAs are useful for prototyping, ASICs are better suited for high-volume mass production since their circuitry is permanently optimized for a specific application.
The document discusses the structure and components of field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). FPGAs consist of programmable logic blocks, interconnects, and input/output blocks. The logic blocks contain lookup tables and flip flops that can be programmed to implement desired logic functions. The interconnects include vertical and horizontal routing channels and switch boxes that allow the logic blocks to be connected as needed. The input/output blocks provide interfaces between the FPGA and external devices.
Programmable logic devices (PLDs) like PALs, PLDs, and CPLDs provide customizable logic functions through programmable AND and OR arrays. FPGAs provide significantly more logic resources than CPLDs through a configurable array of logic blocks and programmable interconnects. The document describes the basic architectures of PALs, PLDs, CPLDs and FPGAs and provides examples of how to implement logic functions using their programmable resources.
This document provides an introduction to FPGA design fundamentals including:
- Programmable logic devices like PLDs, CPLDs, and FPGAs which allow for reconfigurable logic circuits.
- The basic architecture of FPGAs including configurable logic blocks (CLBs), input/output blocks (IOBs), and a programmable interconnect structure.
- Verilog and VHDL as common hardware description languages used for FPGA design entry and simulation.
- A simple example of designing a half-adder circuit in VHDL, including entity, architecture, and behavioral modeling style.
The document discusses FPGA architecture and programming technologies. It provides an overview of FPGA components like logic blocks and interconnect frameworks. It compares SRAM, anti-fuse, EPROM and EEPROM programming technologies in FPGAs and how each is configured and reprogrammed. Commercially available FPGAs from Xilinx and CPLDs from Altera are described as examples.
This document discusses field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). It begins by describing FPGA basics and architecture, including configurable logic blocks (CLBs), I/O blocks, and switch matrices. It then discusses FPGA advantages such as low cost, fast prototyping, and reusability. The document also covers FPGA process technologies including SRAM, antifuse, and EPROM/EEPROM/Flash. It provides details on FPGA architectures, logic elements, routing, memory blocks, and examples of Xilinx FPGAs.
This document provides information about reversible logic gates and their application in field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). It describes the design of reversible 4-to-1 multiplexers, D latches, and master-slave flip flops using novel reversible gates. The proposed reversible designs have fewer components and lower cost compared to existing irreversible circuit designs. In conclusion, the document presents the first proposed design of a reversible logic block for FPGAs, improving the efficiency of sequential circuits used to realize FPGA functions.
An FPGA is a programmable logic device containing an array of configurable logic blocks and interconnects that can be programmed to perform different logic functions. It allows reprogramming to perform different functions in microseconds. The key parts of an FPGA are I/O blocks around the edge to interface with other components, logic blocks in the interior to implement logic functions, and interconnects to connect the blocks. FPGAs are programmed by configuring electronic switches to define logic functions and connect the blocks as required.
FPGAs allow for reconfigurable circuitry, easier entry with lower costs, and are well-suited for applications that may require frequent design upgrades. However, FPGAs are less energy efficient, have lower maximum operating frequencies, and do not support analog designs compared to ASICs. While FPGAs are useful for prototyping, ASICs are better suited for high-volume mass production since their circuitry is permanently optimized for a specific application.
The document discusses the structure and components of field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). FPGAs consist of programmable logic blocks, interconnects, and input/output blocks. The logic blocks contain lookup tables and flip flops that can be programmed to implement desired logic functions. The interconnects include vertical and horizontal routing channels and switch boxes that allow the logic blocks to be connected as needed. The input/output blocks provide interfaces between the FPGA and external devices.
Programmable logic devices (PLDs) allow users to implement digital logic designs on a single chip. PLDs have advantages over traditional integrated circuits like lower costs for lower production volumes and shorter design times. Common types of PLDs include simple programmable logic devices like PALs, GALs, and CPLDs. PLDs are configured using memory like SRAM, EPROM, EEPROM, or flash to store the programmed logic pattern. Reprogrammability allows PLDs to be reused for different logic functions.
This document discusses the programming technologies and interconnect architectures used in different FPGA devices. It covers antifuse-based OTP technologies used in Actel FPGAs, SRAM-based reprogrammable technologies used in Xilinx FPGAs, and EPROM/EEPROM technologies used in Altera CPLDs. It also describes the segmented channel routing interconnect architecture used in Actel FPGAs and the LCA architecture used in Xilinx FPGAs.
The Altera FLEX 8000 FPGA architecture uses logic elements (LEs) that each contain a 4-input lookup table and flip-flop. Eight LEs are grouped into a logic array block (LAB). The FLEX 8000 interconnect is faster than the MAX 9000 due to its finer granularity. It has 168 horizontal interconnect channels per row and 16 vertical channels per column, creating a 10:1 aspect ratio. Configuration of the FLEX 8000 SRAM takes around 100ms to load the programming information.
The document describes the design and simulation of basic logic gates and a 2-to-4 decoder using Verilog HDL. It includes the block diagrams, truth tables, and Verilog code for AND, OR, NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR and NOT gates. Testbenches are provided to simulate and verify the gate designs. The 2-to-4 decoder section provides the block diagram, theory of operation, and Verilog code using dataflow, behavioral and structural modeling styles. A testbench is also included to simulate the 2-to-4 decoder design.
This presentation gives an overview of FPGA devices. An FPGA is a device that contains a matrix of re-configurable gate array logic circuitry. When a FPGA is configured, the internal circuitry is connected in a way that creates a hardware implementation of the software application.
FPGA devices can deliver the performance and reliability of dedicated hardware circuitry.
This document discusses digital system design and fault modeling, diagnosis, testing and fault tolerance of digital circuits. It provides definitions of different types of faults including permanent faults like stuck-at faults and temporary faults like transient and intermittent faults. Specific fault models are described, including stuck-at, bridging and delay faults. Methods of fault diagnosis for combinational circuits are discussed, including the path sensitization technique where a path is sensitized from the fault origin to the output to detect the fault.
1. Programmable Logic Arrays (PLAs) are pre-fabricated logic blocks containing AND and OR gates that can be personalized by making or breaking connections between gates. This allows them to implement general purpose logic functions.
2. An example shows a 3x2 PLA implementing 4 logic functions through a personality matrix that defines which inputs are connected to each product term and which product terms are connected to each output.
3. PALs (Programmable Array Logic) are similar to PLAs but contain a fixed OR array, limiting them to functions with at most 4 products.
FPGA are a special form of Programmable logic devices(PLDs) with higher densities as compared to custom ICs and capable of implementing functionality in a short period of time using computer aided design (CAD) software....by mathewsubin3388@gmail.com
Field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are integrated circuits that can be configured by the customer or designer after manufacturing. FPGAs contain programmable logic components called logic blocks and a hierarchical interconnect that allows the blocks to be 'wired together' as per the design. The document discusses the basic FPGA architecture including logic blocks, interconnects and I/O blocks. It also explains the different FPGA families and programming technologies like SRAM, antifuse and EPROM/EEPROM. The Xilinx FPGA development flow and tools like ISE and its components are explained.
The document discusses Programmable Logic Arrays (PLAs) and Programmable Array Logic (PALs). It explains that a PLA is similar to a PROM but does not provide full decoding and generates only some minterms. It has three sets of fuses to program the AND gates, OR gates, and output function. A PAL has a fixed OR array and programmable AND array, making it easier to program but less flexible than a PLA. The differences between PLA and PAL are described, along with an example and implementation details.
Programmable logic devices (PLD) like PALs, PLAs, GALs and CPLDs allow complex digital logic designs to be implemented in a single device. Newer devices like FPGAs can implement thousands of logic gates, supporting more complex designs than simpler PLDs which are limited to hundreds of gates. FPGAs contain an array of configurable logic blocks and interconnects that can be programmed by the user to realize different logic functions. CPLDs have a complexity between basic PLDs and FPGAs, including non-volatile configuration memory and supporting more complicated feedback paths than PLDs.
This document compares and contrasts the basic logic cells of the Xilinx LCA and Altera FLEX FPGA architectures. It describes the evolution of the Xilinx CLB from the XC3000 through XC4000 and XC5200, which all utilize LUTs of varying sizes. The Altera FLEX architecture similarly uses a four-input LUT in its basic logic element. Both architectures are based on SRAM programming technology.
Complex Programmable Logic Device (CPLD) Architecture and Its Applicationselprocus
A CPLD (complex programmable logic device) chip includes several circuit blocks on a single chip with inside wiring resources to attach the circuit blocks. Each circuit block is comparable to a PLA or a PAL.
UNIT I- CPLD & FPGA ARCHITECTURE & APPLICATIONSDr.YNM
Dr. Y.Narasimha Murthy Ph.D introduces programmable logic devices and their evolution from PLDs to CPLDs and FPGAs. The document discusses the basic architecture and applications of ROM, RAM, PLDs including PLA, PAL and GAL. It provides details on the programmable AND and OR planes in a PLA and compares device types based on their AND and OR array programmability. SPLDs, CPLDs and FPGAs are the main types of PLDs discussed.
This document provides an overview of FPGAs and VHDL. It describes what an FPGA is and its advantages over an integrated circuit. It explains the basic architecture of an FPGA including configurable logic blocks, slices, look-up tables, multiplexers, carry chains and flip-flops. It also discusses VHDL in terms of abstraction levels, behavioral and register transfer level descriptions. Examples of combinational and sequential logic blocks in VHDL are provided including a 3-to-8 decoder and an ALU.
This document discusses programmable logic devices (PLDs). It describes the different types of PLDs including SPLDs, CPLDs, and FPGAs. SPLDs are the least complex, while CPLDs have higher capacity than SPLDs and allow for more complex logic circuits. FPGAs have the greatest logic capacity and consist of an array of configurable logic blocks and programmable interconnects. The document also covers how PLDs are programmed using schematic entry or text-based entry along with required programming software and hardware.
This document discusses the architectures and applications of CPLDs and FPGAs. It begins by classifying programmable logic devices and describing simple programmable logic devices like PLDs, PALs, and GALs. It then discusses more complex programmable logic devices like CPLDs, describing their architecture which consists of logic blocks, I/O blocks, and a global interconnect. Finally, it covers field programmable gate arrays including their architecture of configurable logic blocks, I/O blocks, and a programmable interconnect, as well as describing Xilinx's logic cell array architecture for FPGAs.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) given by Saransh Choudhary. The presentation covered the introduction, architecture, applications and conclusion of FPGAs. It discussed the components of an FPGA including configurable logic blocks, input/output blocks and programmable interconnects. A case study demonstrated how FPGAs can efficiently implement Monte Carlo option pricing simulations. Applications mentioned included digital signal processing, image processing, radar systems and supercomputers.
FPGAs can be programmed after manufacturing to implement custom logic functions. They contain programmable logic blocks and interconnects that can be configured to create custom circuits. FPGAs provide flexibility compared to ASICs but have higher per-unit costs. The FPGA architecture consists of configurable logic blocks, programmable interconnects, and I/O blocks. Configurable logic blocks contain LUTs that implement logic functions. Programmable interconnects connect the logic blocks, and I/O blocks interface with external components. FPGAs are commonly used for prototyping, emulation, parallel computing, and other applications that require customizable hardware.
The document provides an overview of the history and evolution of semiconductors and integrated circuits from 1947 to present. It discusses key inventions and milestones such as the transistor in 1947, the integrated circuit in 1961, and Moore's Law predicting transistor doubling every two years. It also covers different chip design approaches including full custom, standard cell, gate arrays, and FPGAs, along with their relative costs, performance, and design complexities.
This document discusses various digital circuit implementation approaches including full-custom design, semi-custom design using standard cells, and programmable logic approaches using PLAs, PALs, FPGAs, and CPLDs. Full-custom design allows maximum optimization but requires significant design effort. Semi-custom uses pre-defined cells and automation to reduce effort. Programmable logic allows late-binding implementation through configurable interconnects.
Programmable logic devices (PLDs) allow users to implement digital logic designs on a single chip. PLDs have advantages over traditional integrated circuits like lower costs for lower production volumes and shorter design times. Common types of PLDs include simple programmable logic devices like PALs, GALs, and CPLDs. PLDs are configured using memory like SRAM, EPROM, EEPROM, or flash to store the programmed logic pattern. Reprogrammability allows PLDs to be reused for different logic functions.
This document discusses the programming technologies and interconnect architectures used in different FPGA devices. It covers antifuse-based OTP technologies used in Actel FPGAs, SRAM-based reprogrammable technologies used in Xilinx FPGAs, and EPROM/EEPROM technologies used in Altera CPLDs. It also describes the segmented channel routing interconnect architecture used in Actel FPGAs and the LCA architecture used in Xilinx FPGAs.
The Altera FLEX 8000 FPGA architecture uses logic elements (LEs) that each contain a 4-input lookup table and flip-flop. Eight LEs are grouped into a logic array block (LAB). The FLEX 8000 interconnect is faster than the MAX 9000 due to its finer granularity. It has 168 horizontal interconnect channels per row and 16 vertical channels per column, creating a 10:1 aspect ratio. Configuration of the FLEX 8000 SRAM takes around 100ms to load the programming information.
The document describes the design and simulation of basic logic gates and a 2-to-4 decoder using Verilog HDL. It includes the block diagrams, truth tables, and Verilog code for AND, OR, NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR and NOT gates. Testbenches are provided to simulate and verify the gate designs. The 2-to-4 decoder section provides the block diagram, theory of operation, and Verilog code using dataflow, behavioral and structural modeling styles. A testbench is also included to simulate the 2-to-4 decoder design.
This presentation gives an overview of FPGA devices. An FPGA is a device that contains a matrix of re-configurable gate array logic circuitry. When a FPGA is configured, the internal circuitry is connected in a way that creates a hardware implementation of the software application.
FPGA devices can deliver the performance and reliability of dedicated hardware circuitry.
This document discusses digital system design and fault modeling, diagnosis, testing and fault tolerance of digital circuits. It provides definitions of different types of faults including permanent faults like stuck-at faults and temporary faults like transient and intermittent faults. Specific fault models are described, including stuck-at, bridging and delay faults. Methods of fault diagnosis for combinational circuits are discussed, including the path sensitization technique where a path is sensitized from the fault origin to the output to detect the fault.
1. Programmable Logic Arrays (PLAs) are pre-fabricated logic blocks containing AND and OR gates that can be personalized by making or breaking connections between gates. This allows them to implement general purpose logic functions.
2. An example shows a 3x2 PLA implementing 4 logic functions through a personality matrix that defines which inputs are connected to each product term and which product terms are connected to each output.
3. PALs (Programmable Array Logic) are similar to PLAs but contain a fixed OR array, limiting them to functions with at most 4 products.
FPGA are a special form of Programmable logic devices(PLDs) with higher densities as compared to custom ICs and capable of implementing functionality in a short period of time using computer aided design (CAD) software....by mathewsubin3388@gmail.com
Field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are integrated circuits that can be configured by the customer or designer after manufacturing. FPGAs contain programmable logic components called logic blocks and a hierarchical interconnect that allows the blocks to be 'wired together' as per the design. The document discusses the basic FPGA architecture including logic blocks, interconnects and I/O blocks. It also explains the different FPGA families and programming technologies like SRAM, antifuse and EPROM/EEPROM. The Xilinx FPGA development flow and tools like ISE and its components are explained.
The document discusses Programmable Logic Arrays (PLAs) and Programmable Array Logic (PALs). It explains that a PLA is similar to a PROM but does not provide full decoding and generates only some minterms. It has three sets of fuses to program the AND gates, OR gates, and output function. A PAL has a fixed OR array and programmable AND array, making it easier to program but less flexible than a PLA. The differences between PLA and PAL are described, along with an example and implementation details.
Programmable logic devices (PLD) like PALs, PLAs, GALs and CPLDs allow complex digital logic designs to be implemented in a single device. Newer devices like FPGAs can implement thousands of logic gates, supporting more complex designs than simpler PLDs which are limited to hundreds of gates. FPGAs contain an array of configurable logic blocks and interconnects that can be programmed by the user to realize different logic functions. CPLDs have a complexity between basic PLDs and FPGAs, including non-volatile configuration memory and supporting more complicated feedback paths than PLDs.
This document compares and contrasts the basic logic cells of the Xilinx LCA and Altera FLEX FPGA architectures. It describes the evolution of the Xilinx CLB from the XC3000 through XC4000 and XC5200, which all utilize LUTs of varying sizes. The Altera FLEX architecture similarly uses a four-input LUT in its basic logic element. Both architectures are based on SRAM programming technology.
Complex Programmable Logic Device (CPLD) Architecture and Its Applicationselprocus
A CPLD (complex programmable logic device) chip includes several circuit blocks on a single chip with inside wiring resources to attach the circuit blocks. Each circuit block is comparable to a PLA or a PAL.
UNIT I- CPLD & FPGA ARCHITECTURE & APPLICATIONSDr.YNM
Dr. Y.Narasimha Murthy Ph.D introduces programmable logic devices and their evolution from PLDs to CPLDs and FPGAs. The document discusses the basic architecture and applications of ROM, RAM, PLDs including PLA, PAL and GAL. It provides details on the programmable AND and OR planes in a PLA and compares device types based on their AND and OR array programmability. SPLDs, CPLDs and FPGAs are the main types of PLDs discussed.
This document provides an overview of FPGAs and VHDL. It describes what an FPGA is and its advantages over an integrated circuit. It explains the basic architecture of an FPGA including configurable logic blocks, slices, look-up tables, multiplexers, carry chains and flip-flops. It also discusses VHDL in terms of abstraction levels, behavioral and register transfer level descriptions. Examples of combinational and sequential logic blocks in VHDL are provided including a 3-to-8 decoder and an ALU.
This document discusses programmable logic devices (PLDs). It describes the different types of PLDs including SPLDs, CPLDs, and FPGAs. SPLDs are the least complex, while CPLDs have higher capacity than SPLDs and allow for more complex logic circuits. FPGAs have the greatest logic capacity and consist of an array of configurable logic blocks and programmable interconnects. The document also covers how PLDs are programmed using schematic entry or text-based entry along with required programming software and hardware.
This document discusses the architectures and applications of CPLDs and FPGAs. It begins by classifying programmable logic devices and describing simple programmable logic devices like PLDs, PALs, and GALs. It then discusses more complex programmable logic devices like CPLDs, describing their architecture which consists of logic blocks, I/O blocks, and a global interconnect. Finally, it covers field programmable gate arrays including their architecture of configurable logic blocks, I/O blocks, and a programmable interconnect, as well as describing Xilinx's logic cell array architecture for FPGAs.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) given by Saransh Choudhary. The presentation covered the introduction, architecture, applications and conclusion of FPGAs. It discussed the components of an FPGA including configurable logic blocks, input/output blocks and programmable interconnects. A case study demonstrated how FPGAs can efficiently implement Monte Carlo option pricing simulations. Applications mentioned included digital signal processing, image processing, radar systems and supercomputers.
FPGAs can be programmed after manufacturing to implement custom logic functions. They contain programmable logic blocks and interconnects that can be configured to create custom circuits. FPGAs provide flexibility compared to ASICs but have higher per-unit costs. The FPGA architecture consists of configurable logic blocks, programmable interconnects, and I/O blocks. Configurable logic blocks contain LUTs that implement logic functions. Programmable interconnects connect the logic blocks, and I/O blocks interface with external components. FPGAs are commonly used for prototyping, emulation, parallel computing, and other applications that require customizable hardware.
The document provides an overview of the history and evolution of semiconductors and integrated circuits from 1947 to present. It discusses key inventions and milestones such as the transistor in 1947, the integrated circuit in 1961, and Moore's Law predicting transistor doubling every two years. It also covers different chip design approaches including full custom, standard cell, gate arrays, and FPGAs, along with their relative costs, performance, and design complexities.
This document discusses various digital circuit implementation approaches including full-custom design, semi-custom design using standard cells, and programmable logic approaches using PLAs, PALs, FPGAs, and CPLDs. Full-custom design allows maximum optimization but requires significant design effort. Semi-custom uses pre-defined cells and automation to reduce effort. Programmable logic allows late-binding implementation through configurable interconnects.
This document discusses various VLSI design styles including programmable logic devices (PLDs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), gate arrays, standard cells, and full-custom design. FPGAs use an array of logic cells connected by routing channels with configurable interconnects implemented using SRAM switches. Gate arrays have a two-step manufacturing process where generic masks are first used to create transistor arrays that are later customized using metal interconnect masks. Standard cell design uses pre-designed and characterized logic cells stored in a library that can be placed in rows with power and ground rails for semi-custom designs. Full-custom design involves creating new mask designs without libraries for the entire chip layout.
This document discusses three options for implementing digital designs: microcontrollers, ASICs, and FPGAs. It provides details on the differences between FPGAs and microcontrollers, and between FPGAs and ASICs. FPGAs offer reconfigurable hardware, faster speeds than microcontrollers due to parallel processing, and more flexible I/O. However, ASICs are best for high volume manufacturing due to lower costs. The document also provides information on the internal architecture of FPGAs, including configurable logic blocks, look up tables, programmable interconnects, and I/O blocks.
VLSI stands for Very Large Scale integration is the art of integrating millions of transistors on a Silicon Chip. Researchers are working to incorporate large scale integration of electronic devices on a single silica chip “Integrated Circuit or IC” to fulfill the market demand. Here, in this presentation we will learn introduction and history of VLSI, VLSI Design Style and Flow, VLSI Design Approaches, CPLD, FPGA, Programmable Logic Arrays, Xilinx vs. Altera Design tools, flow and files.
FPGAs can implement an entire system on a single chip and offer reprogrammability after manufacturing through bitstream programming. They allow for faster design times compared to custom ICs due to lack of physical design steps. However, FPGAs are slower than custom ICs for complex designs and consume more power. The FPGA design flow involves HDL design entry, synthesis, implementation through place and route, and bitstream programming. FPGAs contain configurable logic blocks, I/O pads, interconnects, and switch boxes. Common FPGA technologies include SRAM, antifuse, and EEPROM/EPROM which offer different characteristics of volatility, reprogrammability and fabrication process. Popular FPGA families are
This document provides an overview of application specific integrated circuits (ASICs). It discusses the main types of ASICs including full custom, semi-custom (standard cell-based and gate array-based), and programmable. For semi-custom, it describes standard cell-based ASICs using predesigned logic cells and different types of gate arrays including channeled, channelless, and structured. The document also covers the design flow, economics, merits like improved speed and power consumption, and demirts such as high costs for redesigns.
VLSI design involves integrating millions of transistors onto a single chip. There are various design styles including full custom, standard cell, gate array, and FPGA. Full custom designs have fully customized cells and layouts but require more design time. Standard cell and gate array styles use predesigned cells, reducing design time but only customizing interconnect layers. FPGA designs have no custom masks and the fastest design turnaround time.
Implementation strategies for digital icsaroosa khan
The document discusses various digital integrated circuit design implementation strategies. It describes very large scale integration (VLSI) and the VLSI design cycle. It then covers Moore's law, productivity growth rates, and two main design implementation strategies - full custom circuit design and standard cell-based semi-custom design. The document provides details on standard cell libraries, floorplanning, gate arrays, and field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), and concludes with a comparison of the different design styles.
FPGAs have programmable logic blocks and interconnects that can be configured to implement any digital circuit. The two major FPGA manufacturers are Xilinx and Altera, who together make up 89% of the market. FPGAs have advantages over other technologies like microprocessors in being reprogrammable, having massively parallel processing, and shorter design times. They also have advantages over ASICs by being reprogrammable and having lower costs with no minimum orders. Common FPGA architectures include lookup table-based, multiplexer-based, and sea-of-gates designs. Key components of FPGAs include configurable logic blocks, interconnects, and input/output blocks.
Navigation Systems Laboratory - Moscow Power Engineering InstituteIlya Korogodin
The Navigation Systems Laboratory in Moscow has a team of 11 people who specialize in global navigation satellite systems. They have been operating since 2004 and have a large budget for research and development projects. Some of their projects include designing new CDMA signals for GLONASS, developing an FPGA-based GNSS receiver/transmitter called CoreZh, creating precise GNSS receivers for laser control stations, and implementing spatial-time adaptive processing using multiple antennas. They have also developed integrated GNSS/INS systems and designed GNSS simulators and spoofers. Their newest hardware platform is called Clonicus, which uses a Zynq chip and can be expanded with additional boards like one containing a wideband transce
This document provides an overview of digital CMOS logic circuits. It discusses CMOS technology and how it has become the dominant technology for digital circuit implementation due to its low power dissipation and high integration density. The document then covers different logic circuit families including CMOS, bipolar, BiCMOS, and GaAs. It discusses characteristics of logic circuits like noise margins, propagation delay, power dissipation, silicon area, and fan-in/fan-out. Different digital system design styles using off-the-shelf components or custom VLSI chips are presented. The role of design abstraction and computer aids in facilitating large digital system design is also covered. Finally, the document discusses CMOS inverter circuit operation and the voltage transfer
The document provides an overview of the typical ASIC design flow, including standard cell design, RTL coding and logic synthesis, placement and routing, timing validation, and post-layout validation. It describes the basic steps as RTL coding, logic synthesis to produce a gate-level netlist, floorplanning and placement of standard cells, routing of interconnects, extraction of parasitic information, optimization, design rule checking, and layout versus schematic comparison. The goal is to produce a layout from the RTL that meets timing constraints through iterations to address issues found in validation steps.
This document provides an introduction to VLSI design. It begins by defining VLSI as circuits containing over a million switching devices or logic gates. It then discusses the evolution of integrated circuits from SSI to VLSI and the trends in IC technology. The key advantages of MOS technology over BJT are summarized. The document outlines Moore's Law and provides evidence of its accuracy. It introduces the structured design methodology and top-down, bottom-up approaches. The various stages of the VLSI design flow and physical design cycle are described at a high level. Different design styles including full-custom, standard cell-based, and programmable logic are also summarized.
The document describes Janus, a gigaflops RISC+VLIW system-on-chip tile containing an ARM7TDMI core and a mAgic VLIW DSP core capable of 1.0 gigaflops at 100MHz. The mAgic core uses very long instruction word and dynamic program decompression to achieve 15 operations per cycle. Janus has been implemented in 180nm CMOS with a die size of 39mm2 and is targeted for applications like audio beamforming and ultrasound imaging. Dimensional analysis is used to balance instruction level parallelism, frequency, and wire delays for high performance VLIW tiles in future deep submicron technologies.
Implementation of Reversable Logic Based Design using Submicron TechnologySai Viswanath
Reversible logic has emerged as a computing paradigm having application in low power CMOS, quantum and optical computing. Design of reversible logic gate is reversible operation, when we say reversible it performing computation in such a way that any previous state can be reconstructed at given a description of the current state. The classical set of gates such as AND, OR, and XOR are not reversible.
This presentation is a design of reversible logic gate used for reversible operation. When we say reversible computing, we mean performing computation in such a way that any previous state of the computation can always be reconstructed given a description of the current state. The classical set of gates such as AND, OR, and EXOR are not reversible. This paper also includes simulation results of forward & backward computation of reversible FREDKIN gate and TSG gate.
The document discusses different types of application specific integrated circuits (ASICs). It describes ASICs as integrated circuits customized for a particular application, as opposed to standard integrated circuits. The document outlines two main types of ASICs: full-custom ASICs which have all logic cells and mask layers customized, and semi-custom ASICs which use pre-designed logic cells but have customized mask layers. Within semi-custom ASICs it distinguishes between standard cell-based and gate array-based designs. The document also covers programmable ASICs including PLDs, CPLDs and FPGAs.
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The document provides instructions for various commands used in the Baseband 6630 Moshell interface. It describes how to check the status of cells and sectors, save and check configuration versions, restart the baseband, list radio ports, antenna units, and installed equipment. It also provides examples for checking IP addresses, VLAN configurations, and pinging an IP address.
The document discusses Ericsson radio network equipment used in Mumbai, India including:
1. An Ericsson baseband unit (BBU 6630) and radio unit (RBS AIR 6468) that support 5G, LTE, and legacy radio technologies.
2. The BBU facilitates a scalable system with indoor baseband units and external radios.
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4. Additional modules like the capacity plug-in unit, radio modules, and fiber distribution unit that integrate with the system are also described.
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Mobile data traffic is growing exponentially due to increased mobile internet usage. LTE was developed as the next step to address this growth by providing significantly higher data rates, lower latency, and improved system capacity over 3G networks. LTE uses OFDMA for downlinks and SC-FDMA for uplinks to achieve higher spectrum efficiency. It supports bandwidths from 1.4MHz up to 20MHz and can operate in paired and unpaired spectrum. The LTE architecture separates the radio access network and core network functions.
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This document discusses Ericsson's 5G cooperation and knowledge sharing sessions with Etisalat. It provides details on Ericsson's network solutions for a non-standalone 5G deployment, including the use of a gNB, eNB, router, and synchronization components. Diagrams show example network topologies. Technical specifications are given for the AIR 6488 antenna, Baseband 6630, and Router 6471.
This document provides instructions for integrating a baseband 521x into an OSS RC, RNC, BSC network. It describes the various configuration types for new and existing sites. The procedure includes preparing tools and software, installing hardware, integrating the baseband into the RNC and OSS, setting licenses, and configuring primary/secondary and external alarm settings. It aims to commission and integrate the baseband while following standard processes.
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means of transport, a railway is the cheapest means of transport. The maintenance
of the railway database also plays a major role in the smooth running of this
system. The Online Train Ticket Management System will help in reserving the
tickets of the railways to travel from a particular source to the destination.
Sachpazis_Consolidation Settlement Calculation Program-The Python Code and th...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
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Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
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CoVID-19 sprang up in Wuhan China in November 2019 and was declared a pandemic by the in January 2020 World Health Organization (WHO). Like the Spanish flu of 1918 that claimed millions of lives, the COVID-19 has caused the demise of thousands with China, Italy, Spain, USA and India having the highest statistics on infection and mortality rates. Regardless of existing sophisticated technologies and medical science, the spread has continued to surge high. With this COVID-19 Management System, organizations can respond virtually to the COVID-19 pandemic and protect, educate and care for citizens in the community in a quick and effective manner. This comprehensive solution not only helps in containing the virus but also proactively empowers both citizens and care providers to minimize the spread of the virus through targeted strategies and education.
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Introduction A digital circuit design
1. 1
Introduction
• A digital circuit design is just an idea, perhaps drawn on
paper
• We eventually need to implement the circuit on a physical
device
– How do we get from (a) to (b)?
si
k
p
s
w
Belt Warn
IC
(a) Digital circuit
design
(b) Physical
implementation
2. 2
Manufactured IC Technologies
• We can manufacture our own IC
– Months of time and millions of dollars
– (1) Full-custom or (2) semicustom
• (1) Full-custom IC
– We make a full custom layout
• Using CAD tools
• Layout describes the location and size of
every transistor and wire
– A fab (fabrication plant) builds IC for layout
– Hard!
• Fab setup costs ("non-recurring engineering",
or NRE, costs) high
• Error prone (several "respins")
• Fairly uncommon
– Reserved for special ICs that demand the very
best performance or the very smallest
size/power
k
p
s
w
BeltWarn
IC
Custom
layout
Fab
months
a
3. 3
Manufactured IC Technologies – Gate Array ASIC
• (2) Semicustom IC
– "Application-specific IC" (ASIC)
– (a) Gate array or (b) standard
cell
• (2a) Gate array
– Series of gates already layed
out on chip
– We just wire them together
• Using CAD tools
– Vs. full-custom
• Cheaper and quicker to design
• But worse performance, size,
power
– Very popular
k
p
s
w
BeltWarn
w
Fab
weeks
(just wiring)
(a)
IC
(d)
k
p
s
(c)
(b)
a
4. 4
Manufactured IC Technologies – Gate Array ASIC
• (2a) Gate array
– Example: Mapping a half-adder
to a gate array
Gate a
rray
s
co
a
b
co = ab
s = a'b + ab'
a'b ab'
a
Half-adder equations:
ab
5. 5
Manufactured IC Technologies – Standard Cell ASIC
• (2) Semicustom IC
– "Application-specific IC" (ASIC)
– (a) Gate array or (b) standard
cell
• (2b) Standard cell
– Pre-layed-out "cells" exist in
library, not on chip
– Designer instantiates cells into
pre-defined rows, and connects
– Vs. gate array
• Better performance/power/size
• A bit harder to design
– Vs. full custom
• Not as good of circuit, but still
far easier to design
w
k
p
s
w
BeltWarn
k
p
s
Fab
1-3 months
(cells and wiring)
(a)
IC
(d) (c)
(b) Cell library
cell row
cell row
cell row
a
6. 6
Manufactured IC Technologies – Standard Cell ASIC
• (2b) Standard cell
– Example: Mapping a half-adder
to standard cells
s
co
a
b
co = ab
s = a'b + ab'
ab a'b
ab'
cell row
cell row
cell row
G
ate a
rray
s
co
a
b
a'b ab'
ab
Notice fewer gates and shorter wires
for standard cells versus gate array,
but at cost of more design effort
a
a
7. 7
Programmable IC Technology – FPGA
• Manufactured IC technologies require weeks to
months to fabricate
– And have large (hundred thousand to million dollar)
initial costs
• Programmable ICs are pre-manufactured
– Can implement circuit today
– Just download bits into device
– Slower/bigger/more-power than manufactured ICs
• But get it today, and no fabrication costs
• Popular programmable IC – FPGA
– "Field-programmable gate array"
• Developed late 1980s
• Though no "gate array" inside
– Named when gate arrays were very popular in the 1980s
• Programmable in seconds
8. 8
FPGA Internals: Lookup Tables (LUTs)
• Basic idea: Memory can implement combinational logic
– e.g., 2-address memory can implement 2-input logic
– 1-bit wide memory – 1 function; 2-bits wide – 2 functions
• Such memory in FPGA known as Lookup Table (LUT)
(b)
(a) (d)
F = x'y' + xy
G = xy'
x
0
0
1
1
y
0
1
0
1
F
1
0
0
1
G
0
0
1
0
F = x'y' + xy
x
0
0
1
1
y
0
1
0
1
F
1
0
0
1
4x1 Mem.
0
1
2
3
rd
a1
a0
1
y
x
D
F
4x1 Mem.
1
0
0
1
0
1
2
3
rd
a1
a0
1
D
(c)
1
0
0
1
y=0
x=0
F=1
4x2 Mem.
10
00
01
10
0
1
2
3
rd
a1
a0
1
x
y D1 D0
F G
(e)
a a a a
9. 9
FPGA Internals: Lookup Tables (LUTs)
• Example: Seat-belt warning
light (again)
k
p
s
w
BeltWarn
(a)
(b)
k
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
p
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
s
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
w
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
Programming
(seconds)
Fab
1-3 months
a
a
(c)
8x1 Mem.
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
D
w
IC
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
a2
a1
a0
k
p
s
10. 10
FPGA Internals: Lookup Tables (LUTs)
• Lookup tables become inefficient for more inputs
– 3 inputs only 8 words
– 8 inputs 256 words; 16 inputs 65,536 words!
• FPGAs thus have numerous small (3, 4, 5, or even 6-input) LUTs
– If circuit has more inputs, must partition circuit among LUTs
– Example: Extended seat-belt warning light system:
5-input circuit, but 3-
input LUTs available
Map to 3-input LUTs
k
p
s
t
d
w
BeltWarn
(a)
Partition circuit into
3-input sub-circuits
k
p
s
t
d
x w
BeltWarn
(b)
3 inputs
1 output
x=kps'
3 inputs
1 output
w=x+t+d
a a
Sub-circuits have only 3-inputs each
8x1 Mem.
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
D
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
a2
a1
a0
k
p
s
x
d
t
(c)
8x1 Mem.
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
D
w
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
a2
a1
a0
11. 11
FPGA Internals: Lookup Tables (LUTs)
• Partitioning among smaller LUTs is more size efficient
– Example: 9-input circuit
a
c
b
a
c
b
d
f
g
F
i
e
h
d
f
e
g
i
h
3x1
3x1 3x1
3x1
F
(a) (b) (c)
512x1Mem.
8x1 Mem.
Original 9-input circuit Partitioned among
3x1 LUTs
Requires only 4
3-input LUTs
(8x1 memories) –
much smaller than
a 9-input LUT
(512x1 memory)
12. 12
8x2 Mem.
D0
D1
0
3
4
5
6
7
a2
a1
a0
a
b
c
(c)
(a)
(b)
8x2 Mem.
D0
D1
0
1
2
3
4
5
a2
a1
a0
a
c
b
a
c
b
d
d
e
e
F
F
t
3
3
1
1
2
2
FPGA Internals: Lookup Tables (LUTs)
• LUT typically has 2 (or more) outputs, not just one
• Example: Partitioning a circuit among 3-input 2-output lookup tables
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
First column unused;
second column
implements AND
F
e
d
00
10
00
10
00
10
10
10
t
Second column unused;
first column implements
AND/OR sub-circuit
(Note: decomposed one 4-
input AND input two
smaller ANDs to enable
partitioning into 3-input
sub-circuits)
a
a
1
2
6
7
18. 18
FPGA Internals: Sequential Circuit Example using CLBs
8x2 Mem.
11
10
01
00
00
00
00
00
D0
D1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
a2
a1
a0
0
0
a
b
d
c
8x2 Mem.
00
01
10
11
00
00
00
00
D0
D1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
a2
a1
a0
m0
m1
o0
o1
m2
m3
Switch
matrix
FPGA
10
11
1
1 2 x1
2 x1 2 x1
2 x1
CLB CLB
z
y
x
w
1
1
a b c d
w x y
(a)
(b)
(c)
z
a2
0
0
0
0
0
a1
a
0
0
1
1
a0
b
0
1
0
1
D1
w=a'
1
1
0
0
D0
x=b'
1
0
1
0
Left lookup table
below unused
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
a
19. 19
FPGA Internals: Overall Architecture
• Consists of hundreds or thousands of CLBs and switch
matrices (SMs) arranged in regular pattern on a chip
CLB
SM SM
SM SM
CLB
CLB
CLB
CLB
CLB
CLB
CLB
CLB
Represents channel with
tens of wires
Connections for just one
CLB shown, but all
CLBs are obviously
connected to channels
20. 20
FPGA Internals: Programming an FPGA
• All configuration
memory bits are
connected as
one big shift
register
– Known as scan
chain
• Shift in "bit file"
of desired circuit
8x2 Mem.
11
10
01
01
00
00
00
00
D0
D1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
a2
a1
a0
0
0
Pin
Pclk
a
b
d
c
Pin
Pclk
8x2 Mem.
01
00
11
10
00
00
00
00
D0
D1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
a2
a1
a0
m0
m1
o0
o1
m2
m3
Switch
matrix
FPGA
10
11
1
1 2x1
2 x1 1
1 2 x1
2 x1
CLB CLB
z
y
x
w
(c)
(b)
(a)
Conceptual view of configuration bit scan chain
is that of a 40-bit shift register
Bit file contents for desired circuit: 1101011000000000111101010011010000000011
This isn't wrong. Although the bits appear as "10" above, note that the scan
chain passes through those bits from right to left – so "01" is correct here.
a
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