The document discusses types of vertical cuts for excavations including braced cuts. It describes braced cuts as excavations supported by bracing systems to minimize area and ensure stability. Various bracing systems are described including soldier beams, sheet piles, wales, and struts. Methods of designing different components of braced cuts like struts, sheet piles, and determining earth pressures and strut loads are also summarized.
This ppt is more useful for Civil Engineering students.
I have prepared this ppt during my college days as a part of semester evaluation . Hope this will help to current civil students for their ppt presentations and in many more activities as a part of their semester assessments.
I have prepared this ppt as per the syllabus concerned in the particular topic of the subject, so one can directly use it just by editing their names.
- There are four main methods to measure the load carrying capacity of piles: static methods, dynamic formulas, in-situ penetration tests, and pile load tests.
- The ultimate load capacity (Qu) of an individual pile or pile group equals the sum of the point resistance (Qp) at the pile tip and the shaft resistance (Qs) developed along the pile shaft through friction between the soil and pile.
- Meyerhof's method is commonly used to calculate Qp in sand based on the effective vertical pressure at the pile tip multiplied by the bearing capacity factor Nq.
Pile foundations are commonly used when soil conditions require deep foundations, such as with compressible, waterlogged, or deep soils. There are various types of piles classified by function (e.g. end bearing, friction, tension), material (e.g. concrete, timber, steel), and installation method (e.g. driven, cast-in-place). The load carrying capacity of piles can be determined through dynamic formulas, static formulas, load tests, or penetration tests. Factors like pile length, structure characteristics, material availability, loading types, and costs must be considered for proper pile selection.
This document provides an introduction to foundation engineering and different types of foundations. It discusses shallow foundations, which have a depth to width ratio of less than 4, including spread, strip, continuous, combined and raft foundations. It also discusses deep foundations, which have a depth to width ratio greater than 4, such as piles and drilled shafts. The document further explains bearing capacity and settlement criteria for foundations. It provides details on Terzaghi's and Skempton's bearing capacity theories and includes examples of calculating ultimate and allowable bearing capacities.
This document discusses earth pressure theories and concepts. It explains the three types of earth pressures: active, passive, and at rest. Active pressure occurs when a retaining wall moves away from backfill, passive when it moves towards backfill, and at rest when stationary. Rankine and Coulomb theories are described, with Coulomb accounting for friction between the wall and soil. Graphical methods like Rebhann's and Culmann's are also summarized for determining failure surfaces and pressure distributions.
This document discusses lateral earth pressure and its importance in retaining wall design. It defines lateral earth pressure as the pressure soil exerts horizontally. Lateral earth pressure depends on soil shear strength, pore water pressure, and equilibrium state. It is important for designing structures like retaining walls, bridges, and tunnels. The document discusses coefficient of lateral earth pressure (K), and the three states: at-rest (Ko), active (Ka), and passive (Kp) pressure. It also presents Coulomb and Rankine theories for calculating earth pressure and describes investigation methods and lateral wall supports like gravity, cantilever, anchored, soil-nailed, and reinforced walls. Geofoam is discussed as a method to reduce lateral stresses in
The document discusses various ground improvement techniques including removal and replacement, in-situ densification methods like dynamic compaction, preloading, use of vertical drains and stone columns. It provides details on specific in-situ densification methods like vibro-float compaction using a vibrating probe, dynamic compaction using heavy weights, and explosive compaction using detonated charges. The document also summarizes advantages and limitations of preloading using surcharge fills and uses of vertical drains and geosynthetics to accelerate consolidation.
This ppt is more useful for Civil Engineering students.
I have prepared this ppt during my college days as a part of semester evaluation . Hope this will help to current civil students for their ppt presentations and in many more activities as a part of their semester assessments.
I have prepared this ppt as per the syllabus concerned in the particular topic of the subject, so one can directly use it just by editing their names.
- There are four main methods to measure the load carrying capacity of piles: static methods, dynamic formulas, in-situ penetration tests, and pile load tests.
- The ultimate load capacity (Qu) of an individual pile or pile group equals the sum of the point resistance (Qp) at the pile tip and the shaft resistance (Qs) developed along the pile shaft through friction between the soil and pile.
- Meyerhof's method is commonly used to calculate Qp in sand based on the effective vertical pressure at the pile tip multiplied by the bearing capacity factor Nq.
Pile foundations are commonly used when soil conditions require deep foundations, such as with compressible, waterlogged, or deep soils. There are various types of piles classified by function (e.g. end bearing, friction, tension), material (e.g. concrete, timber, steel), and installation method (e.g. driven, cast-in-place). The load carrying capacity of piles can be determined through dynamic formulas, static formulas, load tests, or penetration tests. Factors like pile length, structure characteristics, material availability, loading types, and costs must be considered for proper pile selection.
This document provides an introduction to foundation engineering and different types of foundations. It discusses shallow foundations, which have a depth to width ratio of less than 4, including spread, strip, continuous, combined and raft foundations. It also discusses deep foundations, which have a depth to width ratio greater than 4, such as piles and drilled shafts. The document further explains bearing capacity and settlement criteria for foundations. It provides details on Terzaghi's and Skempton's bearing capacity theories and includes examples of calculating ultimate and allowable bearing capacities.
This document discusses earth pressure theories and concepts. It explains the three types of earth pressures: active, passive, and at rest. Active pressure occurs when a retaining wall moves away from backfill, passive when it moves towards backfill, and at rest when stationary. Rankine and Coulomb theories are described, with Coulomb accounting for friction between the wall and soil. Graphical methods like Rebhann's and Culmann's are also summarized for determining failure surfaces and pressure distributions.
This document discusses lateral earth pressure and its importance in retaining wall design. It defines lateral earth pressure as the pressure soil exerts horizontally. Lateral earth pressure depends on soil shear strength, pore water pressure, and equilibrium state. It is important for designing structures like retaining walls, bridges, and tunnels. The document discusses coefficient of lateral earth pressure (K), and the three states: at-rest (Ko), active (Ka), and passive (Kp) pressure. It also presents Coulomb and Rankine theories for calculating earth pressure and describes investigation methods and lateral wall supports like gravity, cantilever, anchored, soil-nailed, and reinforced walls. Geofoam is discussed as a method to reduce lateral stresses in
The document discusses various ground improvement techniques including removal and replacement, in-situ densification methods like dynamic compaction, preloading, use of vertical drains and stone columns. It provides details on specific in-situ densification methods like vibro-float compaction using a vibrating probe, dynamic compaction using heavy weights, and explosive compaction using detonated charges. The document also summarizes advantages and limitations of preloading using surcharge fills and uses of vertical drains and geosynthetics to accelerate consolidation.
This report summarizes a document on laterally loaded piles. It discusses how piles transfer both vertical and lateral loads, with lateral loads coming from sources like wind, waves, earthquakes, and earth pressures. It describes mechanisms of load transfer, including shaft friction, end bearing, and lateral resistance from surrounding soil. When piles are in a group, they interact with each other through overlapping displacement fields. The report also summarizes various methods for analyzing laterally loaded piles and groups of piles, including rigid and finite element methods, as well as p-y curve approaches. It states that p-y curves are the best way to determine lateral load capacity in the field.
This document discusses different types of braced excavation systems used to support deep excavations, including soldier beams with lagging, sheet piles, and slurry trenches. It describes the design process for braced cuts, which involves analyzing stability, ground movements, and structural elements like sheet piles and struts. Methods for determining loads on structural elements using tributary area and equivalent beam approaches are presented. Factors affecting stability like heaving in soils are discussed. Design of structural components like struts, wales, and sheet piles is also covered.
This document discusses settlement of structures. It defines settlement as the vertical downward movement of a structure resulting from deformation of the supporting soil. Settlement includes three components: immediate/elastic settlement occurring within 7 days; primary consolidation settlement over time as pore water is expelled from saturated soils; and secondary compression of the soil skeleton. Differential settlement occurs when different parts of a structure settle by different amounts, potentially causing tilting. Common causes of settlement include excessive structural loads, weak soil compaction, changing groundwater levels, transpiration by plants, earthquakes, and drainage issues. Foundations must be designed to support dead loads, live loads, wind loads, and seismic loads without exceeding the soil's safe bearing capacity.
Bearing capacity of shallow foundations by abhishek sharma ABHISHEK SHARMA
elements you should know about bearing capacity of shallow foundations are included in it. various indian standards are also used. Bearing capacity theories by various researchers are also included. numericals from GATE CE and ESE CE are also included.
This document discusses bearing capacity theory and methods for determining the bearing capacity of soil. It defines key terms like maximum safe bearing capacity, allowable bearing pressure, and net pressure intensity. It describes different types of bearing capacity failure and assumptions in Terzaghi's bearing capacity method. The document also discusses other theories by Meyerhof, Vesic, and Skempton that improved on Terzaghi's method. Finally, it outlines field tests like plate load tests and laboratory tests to directly determine the bearing capacity of soil.
1. The document discusses different types of settlement in shallow foundations, including immediate/elastic settlement, primary consolidation settlement, and secondary consolidation settlement.
2. It provides methods for calculating each type of settlement, making use of theories of elasticity, consolidation test data, and parameters like compression index.
3. Settlement predictions are generally satisfactory but better for inorganic clays; the time rate of consolidation settlement is often poorly estimated.
1. Load-settlement curves for footings on dense sand or stiff clay show a pronounced peak and failure occurs at very small strains, with sudden sinking or tilting and surface heaving of adjoining soil.
2. For medium sand or clay, failure starts at a localized spot and migrates outward gradually, with large vertical strains and small lateral strains. Failure planes are not clearly defined.
3. Failure zones for footings on slopes do not extend above the horizontal plane through the base, and failure occurs when downward and upward pressures are equal.
The document provides information about slope stability analysis. It defines a slope and describes natural and man-made slopes. It discusses causes of slope failure such as gravitational forces, seepage, erosion, and earthquakes. Methods of slope stability analysis are described including infinite slope analysis, finite slope analysis using wedge failure, friction circle, and Swedish circle methods. Factors of safety are defined with respect to shear strength, cohesion, and friction. The aims of slope stability analysis are to assess stability, understand failure mechanisms, and design preventive measures.
This document discusses soil arching in granular soils. It begins with an introduction to soil arching and how it occurs when stress is transferred from yielding soil to rigid adjacent zones. It then discusses experimental evidence of arching from previous studies. Finally, it covers the mechanism of arching, factors that affect it, theories about arching stresses and shapes, and limit state analysis used to analyze arching.
Goetech. engg. Ch# 03 settlement analysis signedIrfan Malik
This document discusses settlement analysis and different types of settlement. It begins by defining settlement as the vertical downward deformation of soil under a load. There are two main types of settlement based on permanence - permanent and temporary. There are also different types based on mode of occurrence: primary consolidation, secondary consolidation, and immediate settlement. Differential settlement can cause structural damage, while uniform settlement has little consequence. The document outlines methods to estimate settlement, such as consolidation tests, and discusses remedial measures to reduce or accommodate settlement.
This document discusses different types of shear failures that can occur in soil under foundations. There are three types: general shear failure, which occurs in dense soils and results in sudden collapse and footing tilt; local shear failure, which occurs in moderately compressible soils and leads to large deformation and settlement before slight bulging; and punching shear failure, which happens in very loose soils where the footing sinks vertically into the soil without bulging or tilt. The document examines the characteristics and mechanisms of each failure type.
Geotechnical Engineering-II [Lec #17: Bearing Capacity of Soil]Muhammad Irfan
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
The document provides information about a 21 meter long prestressed concrete pile driven into sand. The pile has an allowable working load of 502 kN, with an octagonal cross-section of 0.356 meters diameter and area of 0.1045 m^2. Skin resistance supports 350 kN of the load and point bearing the rest. The document requests calculating the elastic settlement of the pile given its properties, the load distribution, and soil parameters.
A raft foundation is a large concrete slab that interfaces columns with the base soil. It can support storage tanks, equipment, or tower structures. There are different types including flat plate, plate with thickened columns, and waffle slab. The structural design uses conventional rigid or flexible methods. It involves determining soil pressures, load eccentricities, moment and shear diagrams for strips, punching shear sections, steel reinforcement, and checking stresses. A beam-slab raft foundation design follows the same process as an inverted beam-slab roof.
Piles are deep foundations used to transfer structural loads through weak or wet soils to stronger soils below. Piles can be classified based on function (end bearing, friction, tension), material (concrete, timber, steel), or installation method (driven, cast-in-place). Key factors in pile design include soil properties, load types, and groundwater conditions. The ultimate load capacity of a pile considers end bearing and side friction, while the allowable load uses a factor of safety. Dynamic testing and soil parameters can be used to estimate pile capacities.
This document discusses different types of well foundations used in construction. It describes three main types: open caissons, which have open tops and bottoms; pneumatic caissons, which use air pressure; and box caissons, which are closed at the bottom. It provides details on each type, including advantages and disadvantages. Open caissons can be built to greater depths but inspection of the bottom is not possible. Pneumatic caissons allow work under water but require complex machinery. Box caissons have a lower construction cost but the foundation base cannot be inspected.
The document summarizes different techniques for retaining deep excavations, including contiguous piles, secant piles, sheet piling, diaphragm walls, soldier piles with lagging, and presents case studies of their use. It discusses techniques such as contiguous piles with soil anchors used for the IT Tower Lahore project requiring excavation to a depth of 65 feet, and contiguous piling with 9 layers of anchors for the Alamgir Tower Lahore project requiring excavation to 85 feet. It also summarizes the use of slurry walls for the large Washington Convention Center project requiring excavation up to 55 feet deep.
Sheet pile and bulkhead (usefulsearch.org) (useful search)Make Mannan
Sheet pile walls, bulkheads, and cofferdams are retaining structures used for waterfront construction and temporary works.
Sheet pile walls are continuous walls formed by driving interlocking sheet piles into the ground side by side. Bulkheads are sheet pile retaining walls along waterfronts. Cofferdams are enclosed working areas made of waterproof sheet pile walls used to exclude water during construction.
Sheet pile walls are classified based on their material (timber, concrete, steel, aluminum), support condition (cantilever or anchored), and loading scheme. Cantilever walls derive stability from soil resistance alone, while anchored walls use tie rods for additional support. Design involves calculating earth and water pressures to determine the theoretical
This report summarizes a document on laterally loaded piles. It discusses how piles transfer both vertical and lateral loads, with lateral loads coming from sources like wind, waves, earthquakes, and earth pressures. It describes mechanisms of load transfer, including shaft friction, end bearing, and lateral resistance from surrounding soil. When piles are in a group, they interact with each other through overlapping displacement fields. The report also summarizes various methods for analyzing laterally loaded piles and groups of piles, including rigid and finite element methods, as well as p-y curve approaches. It states that p-y curves are the best way to determine lateral load capacity in the field.
This document discusses different types of braced excavation systems used to support deep excavations, including soldier beams with lagging, sheet piles, and slurry trenches. It describes the design process for braced cuts, which involves analyzing stability, ground movements, and structural elements like sheet piles and struts. Methods for determining loads on structural elements using tributary area and equivalent beam approaches are presented. Factors affecting stability like heaving in soils are discussed. Design of structural components like struts, wales, and sheet piles is also covered.
This document discusses settlement of structures. It defines settlement as the vertical downward movement of a structure resulting from deformation of the supporting soil. Settlement includes three components: immediate/elastic settlement occurring within 7 days; primary consolidation settlement over time as pore water is expelled from saturated soils; and secondary compression of the soil skeleton. Differential settlement occurs when different parts of a structure settle by different amounts, potentially causing tilting. Common causes of settlement include excessive structural loads, weak soil compaction, changing groundwater levels, transpiration by plants, earthquakes, and drainage issues. Foundations must be designed to support dead loads, live loads, wind loads, and seismic loads without exceeding the soil's safe bearing capacity.
Bearing capacity of shallow foundations by abhishek sharma ABHISHEK SHARMA
elements you should know about bearing capacity of shallow foundations are included in it. various indian standards are also used. Bearing capacity theories by various researchers are also included. numericals from GATE CE and ESE CE are also included.
This document discusses bearing capacity theory and methods for determining the bearing capacity of soil. It defines key terms like maximum safe bearing capacity, allowable bearing pressure, and net pressure intensity. It describes different types of bearing capacity failure and assumptions in Terzaghi's bearing capacity method. The document also discusses other theories by Meyerhof, Vesic, and Skempton that improved on Terzaghi's method. Finally, it outlines field tests like plate load tests and laboratory tests to directly determine the bearing capacity of soil.
1. The document discusses different types of settlement in shallow foundations, including immediate/elastic settlement, primary consolidation settlement, and secondary consolidation settlement.
2. It provides methods for calculating each type of settlement, making use of theories of elasticity, consolidation test data, and parameters like compression index.
3. Settlement predictions are generally satisfactory but better for inorganic clays; the time rate of consolidation settlement is often poorly estimated.
1. Load-settlement curves for footings on dense sand or stiff clay show a pronounced peak and failure occurs at very small strains, with sudden sinking or tilting and surface heaving of adjoining soil.
2. For medium sand or clay, failure starts at a localized spot and migrates outward gradually, with large vertical strains and small lateral strains. Failure planes are not clearly defined.
3. Failure zones for footings on slopes do not extend above the horizontal plane through the base, and failure occurs when downward and upward pressures are equal.
The document provides information about slope stability analysis. It defines a slope and describes natural and man-made slopes. It discusses causes of slope failure such as gravitational forces, seepage, erosion, and earthquakes. Methods of slope stability analysis are described including infinite slope analysis, finite slope analysis using wedge failure, friction circle, and Swedish circle methods. Factors of safety are defined with respect to shear strength, cohesion, and friction. The aims of slope stability analysis are to assess stability, understand failure mechanisms, and design preventive measures.
This document discusses soil arching in granular soils. It begins with an introduction to soil arching and how it occurs when stress is transferred from yielding soil to rigid adjacent zones. It then discusses experimental evidence of arching from previous studies. Finally, it covers the mechanism of arching, factors that affect it, theories about arching stresses and shapes, and limit state analysis used to analyze arching.
Goetech. engg. Ch# 03 settlement analysis signedIrfan Malik
This document discusses settlement analysis and different types of settlement. It begins by defining settlement as the vertical downward deformation of soil under a load. There are two main types of settlement based on permanence - permanent and temporary. There are also different types based on mode of occurrence: primary consolidation, secondary consolidation, and immediate settlement. Differential settlement can cause structural damage, while uniform settlement has little consequence. The document outlines methods to estimate settlement, such as consolidation tests, and discusses remedial measures to reduce or accommodate settlement.
This document discusses different types of shear failures that can occur in soil under foundations. There are three types: general shear failure, which occurs in dense soils and results in sudden collapse and footing tilt; local shear failure, which occurs in moderately compressible soils and leads to large deformation and settlement before slight bulging; and punching shear failure, which happens in very loose soils where the footing sinks vertically into the soil without bulging or tilt. The document examines the characteristics and mechanisms of each failure type.
Geotechnical Engineering-II [Lec #17: Bearing Capacity of Soil]Muhammad Irfan
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
The document provides information about a 21 meter long prestressed concrete pile driven into sand. The pile has an allowable working load of 502 kN, with an octagonal cross-section of 0.356 meters diameter and area of 0.1045 m^2. Skin resistance supports 350 kN of the load and point bearing the rest. The document requests calculating the elastic settlement of the pile given its properties, the load distribution, and soil parameters.
A raft foundation is a large concrete slab that interfaces columns with the base soil. It can support storage tanks, equipment, or tower structures. There are different types including flat plate, plate with thickened columns, and waffle slab. The structural design uses conventional rigid or flexible methods. It involves determining soil pressures, load eccentricities, moment and shear diagrams for strips, punching shear sections, steel reinforcement, and checking stresses. A beam-slab raft foundation design follows the same process as an inverted beam-slab roof.
Piles are deep foundations used to transfer structural loads through weak or wet soils to stronger soils below. Piles can be classified based on function (end bearing, friction, tension), material (concrete, timber, steel), or installation method (driven, cast-in-place). Key factors in pile design include soil properties, load types, and groundwater conditions. The ultimate load capacity of a pile considers end bearing and side friction, while the allowable load uses a factor of safety. Dynamic testing and soil parameters can be used to estimate pile capacities.
This document discusses different types of well foundations used in construction. It describes three main types: open caissons, which have open tops and bottoms; pneumatic caissons, which use air pressure; and box caissons, which are closed at the bottom. It provides details on each type, including advantages and disadvantages. Open caissons can be built to greater depths but inspection of the bottom is not possible. Pneumatic caissons allow work under water but require complex machinery. Box caissons have a lower construction cost but the foundation base cannot be inspected.
The document summarizes different techniques for retaining deep excavations, including contiguous piles, secant piles, sheet piling, diaphragm walls, soldier piles with lagging, and presents case studies of their use. It discusses techniques such as contiguous piles with soil anchors used for the IT Tower Lahore project requiring excavation to a depth of 65 feet, and contiguous piling with 9 layers of anchors for the Alamgir Tower Lahore project requiring excavation to 85 feet. It also summarizes the use of slurry walls for the large Washington Convention Center project requiring excavation up to 55 feet deep.
Sheet pile and bulkhead (usefulsearch.org) (useful search)Make Mannan
Sheet pile walls, bulkheads, and cofferdams are retaining structures used for waterfront construction and temporary works.
Sheet pile walls are continuous walls formed by driving interlocking sheet piles into the ground side by side. Bulkheads are sheet pile retaining walls along waterfronts. Cofferdams are enclosed working areas made of waterproof sheet pile walls used to exclude water during construction.
Sheet pile walls are classified based on their material (timber, concrete, steel, aluminum), support condition (cantilever or anchored), and loading scheme. Cantilever walls derive stability from soil resistance alone, while anchored walls use tie rods for additional support. Design involves calculating earth and water pressures to determine the theoretical
This document provides an overview of deep excavation techniques. It discusses earth retaining walls used to restrain soil during deep excavations. Common types of retaining walls include braced walls, sheet pile walls, pile walls, diaphragm walls, and reinforced concrete walls. Supporting elements like ground anchors and struts are also discussed. Specific techniques covered include contiguous piles, secant piles, sheet piles, and the vertical soldiers and horizontal lagging method.
A Designer's Introduction to the Development, Design and Application of Vinyl...Docks & Marinas, Inc.
The document provides an overview of vinyl and composite sheet pile materials for use in seawalls, bulkheads, levees, and other coastal structures. It discusses the advantages of ESP's vinyl and fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite sheet piles over traditional materials like steel and concrete in terms of cost, weight, durability, and resistance to corrosion and rot. The document also provides details on ESP's sheet pile profiles and material properties, design and installation considerations, and examples of completed projects using ESP sheet piles worldwide.
Sheet pile walls are constructed by driving prefabricated sheet pile sections into the ground to form retaining structures for earth and water. Sheet piles have advantages over other materials like high resistance to stresses, light weight, reusability, and long service life above or below water. They are constructed by laying out and interlocking sheet pile sections and driving them into the ground. Disadvantages include the inability to reuse sections permanently and difficulties installing in soils with debris.
The greatest risk of excavation work is cave-ins. Employees can be protected from cave-ins through the use of protective systems like sloping, shielding, and shoring. A competent person must inspect excavations daily for hazards and ensure protective systems are adequately designed and installed. Other excavation hazards include oxygen deficiency, toxic gases, water accumulation, falls, and mobile equipment.
Groundworks Equipment Issue 3 provides information on Mabey's temporary groundworks equipment products. Mabey operates from 17 depot locations across the UK, combining nationwide coverage with local solutions. They have decades of experience in the construction industry and continue to invest in high quality, engineered products and solutions. The document describes Mabey's extensive range of trench boxes, excavation bracing systems, sheeting and piling, auxiliary products, and instrumentation and monitoring equipment available for hire and sale. It also provides contact information for Mabey's specialist engineering department which can assist with complex temporary works scheme design.
The document describes several excavation bracing and specialty excavation projects completed by R.C. Crawford, Inc. It provides details on projects including installing tiebacks for excavation support at a wastewater treatment plant; excavating and bracing support for a pedestrian tunnel at the University of Tennessee; installing drilled shafts and excavating a wet well for a packing plant; installing soldier piles and lagging for excavation support at a sewage pump station; and installing soldier piles for excavation of press pits at an industrial facility while working within a confined space. The projects required specialized equipment, coordination around existing structures, and sequencing to minimize impacts on operations.
The document discusses using sheet piling to protect boat canal embankments. Sheet piling can be installed externally using barges and floating pontoons, avoiding the need for land acquisition or resettlement. Sheet piling provides an effective solution for stopping soil erosion and ensuring protection against erosion. It forms a continuous retaining wall that can withstand harsh conditions for decades with little maintenance.
A cofferdam is a temporary watertight structure built to allow construction below the waterline by enclosing the construction area and keeping water out. Cofferdams can be single or double-walled, rock-filled, cellular, or concrete and are used to facilitate construction of bridges, buildings, and other structures by diverting streams or enclosing areas during construction while providing a safe, dry work environment. The design of the cofferdam depends on factors like the dimensions of the area, soil conditions, ice and water pressure, and potential for erosion.
The document provides guidance from Oregon OSHA on excavation safety. It describes how to properly classify soil types, plan excavation work, inspect excavation sites, and select appropriate protective systems to prevent cave-ins. The role of the competent person to oversee this process and ensure excavations are done safely is emphasized. Cave-ins present deadly risks, so following these procedures is vital for protecting workers.
Roen Salvage Company In situ Repair of Submerged Steel Sheet Pile WallsDocks & Marinas, Inc.
This document summarizes a presentation by David Wentland on in-situ repair of submerged sheet pile walls. Wentland is a coastal engineer with over 40 years of experience in marine construction. The presentation describes Roen Salvage Company's proprietary dry setting installation cofferdam technique for accessing, inspecting, repairing, and coating submerged steel sheet pile walls without needing dewatering. Case studies are provided of projects in Duluth, MN, Okinawa, Japan, and elsewhere where this technique was successfully used to rehabilitate corroding steel sheet pile walls.
SOIL-SHEET PILE INTERACTION - PART II: NUMERICAL ANALYSIS AND SIMULATIONIAEME Publication
This study investigates the interaction between soil and the embedded sheet pile wall at the interface which is not generally well captured in the conventional theoretical and design methods. This was implemented by carrying out numerical analysis to study the behavior and response of the
two contacting materials using incremental loading technique. The effects of the interaction were investigated in terms of deformations and stress distributions, all based on Finite Element technique. Numerical analyses of sheet pile wall embedded in homogenous and heterogeneous soil strata were
performedindependently. The results showed variation between the theoretical conventional design approach and that of the numerical analysis for both anchored and cantilevered sheet pile walls
This document describes the design process for an anchored sheet pile wall using the free earth support method. Key steps include:
1) Calculating lateral earth pressures and forces based on soil properties and excavation depth
2) Using equations summing horizontal forces and moments to determine the embedded depth and anchor force
3) Selecting a sheet pile section to resist maximum bending moment
4) Designing tie rods and soldier beams to transfer anchor forces
The example provided demonstrates applying this method to design an anchored sheet pile wall in cohesive and cohesionless soils.
This document provides guidance on soil nail design and construction in Hong Kong. It summarizes local experience with soil nailing and recommendations from technical studies. The guide covers applications of soil nailing for slopes, retaining walls and excavations. It provides recommendations for site investigation, analytical design procedures, construction methods, testing, and monitoring/maintenance of soil nail systems. The overall aim is to promote reliable soil nail structures through standardized design and construction practices.
The document provides specifications for lime mortar and excavation and foundation work. It discusses the properties and types of lime mortar, including non-hydraulic and hydraulic lime mortar. It also outlines the process of excavation, including depth, methods such as open cut and braced excavation, and backfilling. Measurements for excavation work and appropriate equipment for different soil conditions are also specified.
The document discusses pile foundations and their design. It describes different types of piles including end bearing piles, friction piles, displacement piles, and replacement piles. It covers topics such as pile capacity calculation considering end bearing and skin friction, methods of installation, failure modes, total and effective stress analysis, and prediction of pile capacity through pile driving formulas and load testing.
This document provides information on different types of braced excavation systems used to support deep excavations, including soldier beams, sheet piles, tie backs, and slurry trenches. It discusses the design considerations for stability of braced cuts, including lateral earth pressure distribution in sand and clay soils, loads on bracing elements, and factors affecting stability such as heaving in clay soils. The key points covered are:
1) Different types of braced excavation systems including soldier beams, sheet piles, tie backs and slurry trenches are described.
2) Lateral earth pressure distribution recommendations for sand and clay soils from various sources are presented.
3) Methods for calculating loads on bracing elements such as the
1. Soil investigations are conducted to obtain information useful for planning, designing and executing construction projects. This includes determining soil properties, groundwater levels, suitable foundation types and depths, bearing capacity, settlements, and lateral earth pressures.
2. Standard penetration tests are used to determine soil properties like relative density and strength. The test involves driving a split spoon sampler into the soil using a hammer and measuring the blow counts. Corrections are made for dilatancy and overburden pressure.
3. Piles can be classified based on material, load transfer method, construction method, use, and soil displacement. Components of a well foundation include the cutting edge, well curb, stining, bottom plug, sand fill
Design and construction of well foundationsDar Hilal
Well foundations are commonly used for transferring heavy loads to deep soil strata for bridges. They have a large cross-sectional area and can take large vertical and horizontal loads. Designing well foundations involves determining the depth, shape, size, and type based on factors like minimum grip length and permissible base pressures. Common well foundation types include open, box, and pneumatic caissons. Precautions during construction like uniform dredging are important to avoid tilting and shifts. Well foundations are a low-cost and trusted option for bridge construction due to their high success rates and long life spans, though sinking can be time consuming.
This document discusses various methods of timbering trenches and types of scaffolding. It describes five methods of timbering deep trenches: 1) stay bracing, 2) box sheeting, 3) vertical sheeting, 4) runner system, and 5) sheet piling. It also discusses three types of shoring: raking shores, flying shores, and dead shores. Finally, it outlines seven types of scaffolding: single, double, cantilever, suspended, trestle, steel, and patented scaffolding.
1. The document describes different types of pile foundations, including classifications based on function and material.
2. Pile foundations are deep foundations used when shallow foundations are unsuitable due to weak soil. They transfer loads to deeper, stronger soil layers using end bearing, friction, or both.
3. Piles are classified by function as end bearing, friction, compaction, tension, anchor, fender, or sheet piles. Materials used include concrete, steel, timber, composites, and sand. Common pile types are described for each category.
This document discusses pile walls as a type of side support system for excavations. It provides information on different pile wall systems including contiguous pile walls, secant pile walls, and tangent pile walls. Continuous flight auger piling and rotary piling installation methods are described. The document also covers site investigation, soil parameters, structural design, load considerations, failure modes, and construction stages for pile walls.
This document discusses deep foundations and pile foundations. Deep foundations are needed when adequate soil capacity is not available near the surface and loads must be transferred to deeper, firmer layers of soil. Common deep foundation systems include caissons and piles. Piles transmit structural loads deep into the ground. They can be classified as end-bearing or friction piles depending on how the loads are supported. Various types of piles include precast concrete, steel, composite, and bored piles which are formed by excavating soil and filling with concrete. Pile foundations are tested to confirm their design and load capacity before full construction.
Footings are structural members that support columns and walls and transmit their loads to the soil. Different types of footings include wall footings, isolated/single footings, combined footings, cantilever/strap footings, continuous footings, rafted/mat foundations, and pile caps. Footings must be designed to safely carry and transmit loads to the soil while meeting code requirements regarding bearing capacity, settlement, reinforcement, and shear strength. A proper footing design involves determining loads, allowable soil pressure, reinforcement requirements, and assessing settlement.
The document defines different types of structural footings used to support columns, walls, and transmit loads to the soil. It discusses isolated, combined, cantilever, continuous, raft, and pile cap footings. It also covers footing design considerations like allowable bearing capacity, shear strength, bending moment, and reinforcement requirements. The document provides formulas and steps for calculating footing size, reinforcement, and checking design requirements.
This document discusses deep foundation types used in construction. It provides details on pile foundations, well foundations, and caisson foundations. For pile foundations, it describes different pile types including end bearing piles, skin friction piles, anchor piles, compaction piles, driven piles, and auger cast piles. It also discusses advantages and disadvantages of different deep foundation methods like drilled pier foundations, augered piles, driven concrete piles, and driven wooden piles.
1. The document discusses various aspects of constructing substructures or foundations, including site clearance, job layout, excavation methods, timbering and strutting, and different types of foundations.
2. Shallow foundations discussed include stepped foundations, wall footings, reinforced concrete footings, isolated and combined column footings, and raft foundations.
3. Deep foundations include different types of piles as well as well foundations and cofferdams. Piles are further classified based on their function as bearing, friction, sheet, anchor, batter, and fender piles.
Railway tracks require stable earthworks to support the ballast, sleepers, and rails. There are several components involved in railway track formation including the subgrade, ballast, and drainage systems. Formations can be constructed as embankments raised above the existing ground level or cuttings made by excavating below ground level. The minimum recommended widths for formations depend on the track gauge and number of lines. Proper slopes and drainage are also important to maintain stability. Various methods like using layers of moorum or rubble, cement grouting, sand piles, or chemical treatments can help stabilize formations built on poor soils.
This document provides information on different types of shallow foundations that can be used to support buildings, including strip footings, pad footings, combined footings, strap footings, and raft foundations. It also discusses considerations for foundations in expansive black cotton soil, such as using pier foundations or under-reamed pile foundations to anchor the structure below the depth of moisture movement in the soil.
This document discusses types of deep foundations, including piles. It describes bored piles and driven piles. Bored piles can penetrate obstructions like boulders better than driven piles. They also allow adjusting the length and diameter. However, bored piles have defects like contamination, voids, and necking. Driven piles compact the surrounding soil and increase capacity. Factors like subsurface conditions, noise levels, and material availability influence pile type selection. Timber and precast concrete are common pile materials. Timber piles have a high strength but their portion above groundwater is susceptible to decay. Precast concrete piles are used in marine structures where cast-in-place piles are impractical.
This is useful for civil engineering students in their subject Building construction offered by GTU. This presentation includes Timbering of trenches, Scaffolding, Shoring 7 underpinning techniques used in construction of building for temporary period of time.
This document provides information on pile foundations, including when they are used, their functions, types, and construction methods. Pile foundations are used when the soil at shallow depths does not have adequate bearing capacity. The key points are:
- Pile foundations transmit loads from structures to deeper, stronger soil layers through end bearing, friction, or both.
- They are used when shallow soils cannot support heavy loads, have low bearing capacity, or experience issues like high water levels.
- Piles can be made of concrete, timber, steel, or composites, and are either pre-cast or poured in place. Common types include end bearing, friction, compaction, and anchor piles.
Pile foundations transmit structural loads to deeper, more stable soil strata when surface soils have insufficient bearing capacity. Piles are classified by load transfer method and installation technique. Common pile types include timber, precast concrete, cast-in-place concrete, composite, and steel piles which are installed using methods like driving, vibrating, jetting, boring, or jacking. Drilled pier foundations are large-diameter bored piles that may transfer load through end bearing, side friction, or both. Caisson foundations are prefabricated enclosed structures that can be sunk to provide dry working areas below water or soft soils.
Pile foundations transmit structural loads to deeper, more stable soil strata when surface soils have insufficient bearing capacity. Piles are classified by load transfer method and installation technique. Common pile types include timber, precast concrete, cast-in-place concrete, composite, and steel piles which are installed using methods like driving, vibrating, jetting, boring, or jacking. Drilled pier foundations are large-diameter bored piles that may transfer load through end bearing, side friction, or both. Caisson foundations are prefabricated enclosed structures that can be sunk to provide dry working areas below water or soft soils.
Decolonizing Universal Design for LearningFrederic Fovet
UDL has gained in popularity over the last decade both in the K-12 and the post-secondary sectors. The usefulness of UDL to create inclusive learning experiences for the full array of diverse learners has been well documented in the literature, and there is now increasing scholarship examining the process of integrating UDL strategically across organisations. One concern, however, remains under-reported and under-researched. Much of the scholarship on UDL ironically remains while and Eurocentric. Even if UDL, as a discourse, considers the decolonization of the curriculum, it is abundantly clear that the research and advocacy related to UDL originates almost exclusively from the Global North and from a Euro-Caucasian authorship. It is argued that it is high time for the way UDL has been monopolized by Global North scholars and practitioners to be challenged. Voices discussing and framing UDL, from the Global South and Indigenous communities, must be amplified and showcased in order to rectify this glaring imbalance and contradiction.
This session represents an opportunity for the author to reflect on a volume he has just finished editing entitled Decolonizing UDL and to highlight and share insights into the key innovations, promising practices, and calls for change, originating from the Global South and Indigenous Communities, that have woven the canvas of this book. The session seeks to create a space for critical dialogue, for the challenging of existing power dynamics within the UDL scholarship, and for the emergence of transformative voices from underrepresented communities. The workshop will use the UDL principles scrupulously to engage participants in diverse ways (challenging single story approaches to the narrative that surrounds UDL implementation) , as well as offer multiple means of action and expression for them to gain ownership over the key themes and concerns of the session (by encouraging a broad range of interventions, contributions, and stances).
Environmental science 1.What is environmental science and components of envir...Deepika
Environmental science for Degree ,Engineering and pharmacy background.you can learn about multidisciplinary of nature and Natural resources with notes, examples and studies.
1.What is environmental science and components of environmental science
2. Explain about multidisciplinary of nature.
3. Explain about natural resources and its types
Creativity for Innovation and SpeechmakingMattVassar1
Tapping into the creative side of your brain to come up with truly innovative approaches. These strategies are based on original research from Stanford University lecturer Matt Vassar, where he discusses how you can use them to come up with truly innovative solutions, regardless of whether you're using to come up with a creative and memorable angle for a business pitch--or if you're coming up with business or technical innovations.
How to Create User Notification in Odoo 17Celine George
This slide will represent how to create user notification in Odoo 17. Odoo allows us to create and send custom notifications on some events or actions. We have different types of notification such as sticky notification, rainbow man effect, alert and raise exception warning or validation.
Images as attribute values in the Odoo 17Celine George
Product variants may vary in color, size, style, or other features. Adding pictures for each variant helps customers see what they're buying. This gives a better idea of the product, making it simpler for customers to take decision. Including images for product variants on a website improves the shopping experience, makes products more visible, and can boost sales.
Hospital pharmacy and it's organization (1).pdfShwetaGawande8
The document discuss about the hospital pharmacy and it's organization ,Definition of Hospital pharmacy
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Location and layout of Hospital pharmacy
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Responsibilities and functions of Hospital pharmacist
3. DEPTH OF UNSUPPORTED VERTICAL CUT The critical height ( H c ) of vertical cut without supports is two times Z o H c = 2 Zo where, Where, Z o is point of zero pressure Hence, Z o 2Z o 2 c K a
6. soldier beam is driven into the ground before excavation and is a vertical steel or timber beam. Laggings, which are horizontal timber planks, are placed between soldier beams as the excavation proceeds. When the excavation reaches the desired depth, wales and struts (horizontal steel beams) are installed. The struts are horizontal compression members. Type I use of soldier beams
7. interlocking sheet piles are driven in to the soil before excavation. Wales and struts are inserted immediately after excavation reaches the appropriate depth. Type II use of sheet piles
8. DIFFERENT TYPES OF SHEETING AND BRACING SYSTEMS The following types of sheeting and bracing systems for cuts are commonly used. Vertical Timber Sheeting: Vertical timber sheeting consisting of planks about 8 to 10 cm thick are driven around the boundary of the proposed excavation to some depth below the base of the excavation. The soil between the sheeting is then excavated. The sheeting is held in place by a system of wales and struts. The wales are horizontal beams running parallel to the excavation wall. The wales are supported by horizontal struts which extend from side to side of the excavation. However, if the excavations are relatively wide , it becomes economical to support the wales by inclined struts, known as rakers . For inclined struts to be successful, it is essential that the soil at the base of the excavation be strong enough to provide adequate reaction. If the soil can be temporarily support itself an excavation of limited depth without an external support, the timber sheeting can be installed in the open or in a partially completed excavation. Vertical timber sheetings are economical up to a depth of 4 to 6 m.
10. Steel Sheet Pile: In this method, the steel sheet piles are driven along the sides of the proposed excavation. As the soil is excavated from the enclosure, wales and struts are placed. The wales are made of steel. The struts may be of steel or wood. As the excavation progresses, another set of wales and struts is inserted. The process is continued till the excavation is complete. It is recommended that the sheet piles should be driven several meters below the bottom of excavation to prevent local heaves. If the width of a deep excavation is large, inclined bracing may be used.
11. Soldier Beams: Soldier beams are H-piles which are driven at a spacing of 1.5 to 2.5 m around the boundary of the proposed excavation. As the excavation proceeds, horizontal timber planks called laggings are placed between the soldier beams. When the excavation advances to a suitable depth, wales and struts are inserted. The lagging is properly wedged between the pile flanges or behind the back flange.
12. Tie Backs: In this method, no bracing in the form of struts or inclined rakers is provided. Therefore, there is no hindrance to the construction activity to be carried out inside the excavated area. The tie back is a rod or a cable connected to the sheeting or lagging on one side and anchored into soil (or rock) outside the excavation area. Inclined holes are drilled into the soil (or rock), and the hole is concreted. An enlargement or a bell is usually formed at the end of the hole. Each tie back is generally prestressed the depth of excavation is increased further to cope with the increased tension. Prestressed concrete is a method for overcoming the concrete's natural weakness in tension Having been stressed before use Methods of increasing the load bearing capacity of concrete by applying increased tension on steel tendons or bars inside a beam. ...
13. Use of Slurry Trenches: An alternative to use of sheeting and bracing system, which is being increasingly used these days, is the construction of slurry trenches around the area to be excavated and is kept filled with heavy, viscous slurry of a bentonite clay-water mixture. The slurry stabilizes the walls of the trench, and thus the excavation can be done without sheeting and bracing. Concrete is then placed through a tremie. Concrete displaces the slurry. Reinforcement can also be placed before concreting, if required. Generally, the exterior walls of the excavation are constructed in a slurry trench.
14. Design of Various Components of Bracing Struts: The strut is a compression member whose load-carrying capacity depends upon slenderness ratio, l/r. The effective length ‘l’ of the member can be reduced by providing vertical and horizontal supports at intermediate points. The load carried by a strut can be determined from the pressure envelope. The struts should have a minimum vertical spacing of about 2.5 m. In the case of braced cuts in clayey soils, the depth of the first strut below the ground surface should be less than the depth of tensile crack (Zc), which is equal to , While calculating the load carried by various struts, it is generally assumed that the sheet piles (or soldier beams) are hinged at all the strut levels expect for the top and bottom struts.
15. The reaction R 1 per unit length is determined by taking moments of the forces acting on span a d at d, and equating them to zero. Once R 1 has been determined, the reaction component R 2 ’ is determined from the equilibrium equation in the horizontal for the span a d. For sand For clay
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17. Sheet piles Sheet piles act as vertical plates supported at strut levels. The maximum bending moments in various sections such as ad, df and f h are determined. Once the maximum bending moments have been computed, the section modulus of the sheet pile can be computed and the section chosen.
18. Other Criteria for Design of Braced Cuts Braced cuts in clay may become unstable due to heaving of the bottom of the excavation. This is a type of bearing capacity failure and is discussed. Braced cuts is sand are generally stable against heaving failure but these may become unstable to upward seepage of water into the cut if the water level inside the cut is substantially lower than that outside. Piping failures is also one of the concern to be taken care of. The walls of the braced cut may yield laterally and cause ground settlement in the surrounding area. This effect should be carefully assessed and suitable measures adopted.
29. FOR DRY OR MOIST SAND FOR SOFT TO MEDIUM CLAY FOR STIFF CLAY EARTH PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION BEHIND SHEETING
30. Design of Braced Sheeting in Cuts Sheet piles are used to retain the sides of the cuts in sands and clays. The sheet piles are kept in position by wales and struts. The first brace location should not exceed the depth of the potential tension cracks. Since the formation of cracks will increase the lateral pressure against the sheeting and if the cracks are filled with water, the pressure will be increased even more. The sheeting of a cut is flexible and is restrained against deflection at the first series of struts. The deflection, therefore, is likely to be as shown in Fig. (a). The pressure distribution on sheet pile walls to retain sandy soil and clay soil are shown in Figs. (b) and (c) respectively. a b c
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32. This picture shows an internally braced cofferdam supporting a 35 foot deep excavation for a combined sewer overflow structure in Augusta, Maine.
34. Here you see a circular cofferdam that is supported by two cast in place concrete beams that behave much like an arched bridge or culvert. This 20 foot deep cofferdam was used to support an excavation for two clarifiers for a wastewater treatment plant in Bar Harbor, Maine. The circular design allows construction of the concrete clarifiers without interference from internal bracing.
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36. This photo shows a sewer excavation in San Francisco supported by a driven sheet pile wall, with pipe struts extending across the excavation. Wide flange beams distribute the loads of the pipe struts to the sheet pile walls. Because the struts are compression members, their capacities are controlled by considerations of buckling. Lateral supports reduce the effective lengths of the struts and increase their capacities.
37. This photo shows an excavation for the bay area rapid transit (BART) system, beneath Shattuck Avenue in Berkeley, California. Street traffic is carried on timbers that form a roof on the excavation, while construction of the cut-and-cover tunnel goes on beneath. The work area is very constricted by the horizontal H-beam struts and the vertical supports for the roadway over head.
38. Here the sheet pile wall around a building excavation is supported by pipe struts. Those in the foreground, which extend from one side of the excavation to the other, are termed “cross-lot” braces. In the corner of the excavation the sheet piles are supported by corner braces. Corner braces reduce the constriction in part of the working area.
39. This photo shows the excavation support system for a building in the Embarcadaro Center in San Francisco. The wall is a slurry trench concrete wall (a concrete wall constructed in a slurry-supported trench in the ground). The sides of the excavation are supported by external supports -- H-piles driven through holes in the wall, which work in tension to hold the wall. The use of external support greatly reduces the amount of congestion within the excavation, making construction faster and less costly. Corner braces support the corners of the excavation
40. Here the wall is supported by “rakers,” or inclined struts. The bottom ends of the rakers are braced against the central part of the building foundation slab. The excavation was carried to full depth at the center first so that the foundation slab could be poured. Prior to installation of the rakers, the lower part of the slurry trench concrete wall was supported by an earth berm. The earth berm remains at the far side of the excavation.
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43. The weathered rock at the bottom of the Getty Center excavation is stiff enough to support itself without lagging. At the corner braces are used
44. Work in progress on the new bulkhead with the tie anchors partially installed. Project Highlights Mass Maritime Academy Pier Facility Bourne, Massachusetts • Demolition of an existing wharf with timber piles and concrete deck.• Installation of a 350 foot long sheet-pile anchored bulkhead.• Installation of a new wharf structure (350 feet by 50 feet) supported on approximately 110, 16-inch diameter closed end pipe piles. The deck structure consisted of pre-cast concrete pile caps and deck with a finished cast in-place concrete surface.• Installation of new pre-cast concrete fender system.• Installation of new sewer line and pump station.• Installation of 2,000 tons of rip-rap bulkhead toe stabilization material.
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