This document discusses different types of timber roof structures. It describes lean-to roofs, which consist of rafters sloping on one side and are supported by a single wall. Collared roofs have a horizontal collar beam placed between rafters to prevent their spreading. King post roofs contain a central vertical post to support the tie beam below. Queen post roofs are similar but use two vertical queen posts instead of a single king post. Details and dimensions are provided for each type of roof.
Space frames are truss-like, lightweight rigid structures constructed from interlocking struts arranged in a geometric pattern. They were independently developed in the early 1900s and 1950s to span large areas with few interior supports. Space frames transfer loads through a three-dimensional arrangement of linear elements subjected only to axial tension or compression. Common materials used include steel and timber. Connections are made through various joint types, and space frames can be single, double or triple layered grids. They provide advantages like light weight, stiffness and versatility compared to other structures.
1. Structural systems include architectural structures like buildings that are assemblages of components designed to support loads through interconnected members.
2. Loads on structures can be static like dead loads or dynamic like wind loads, and forces like tension, compression, bending, and shear act on structural members.
3. Common structural forms include trusses, arches, shells, frames, and cable nets which use specific geometries and materials like steel and concrete to transfer loads.
The document discusses different types of wall panelling materials and their uses. It describes various panelling materials like wood, metal, acoustic and structural panels. Wood panelling provides insulation and decorative appearance. Panelling is used to cover walls for aesthetic purposes and can provide insulation, soundproofing and reduce construction costs. Common panelling materials mentioned include wood, metal, laminate and tileboard panels.
Curtain walls are thin, lightweight walls attached to the exterior of buildings that do not bear structural loads. They enclose the building envelope while allowing interior spaces to be reconfigured. Common types include stick-built, unitized, and rainscreen systems. Curtain walls date back to the 1930s and gained popularity after WWII. Their functions are to prevent water and air penetration while resisting wind and thermal loads. They are constructed through multi-step processes and their market prices vary based on materials.
Gypsum board, also known as drywall or plasterboard, is a building material made of gypsum plaster pressed between two thick sheets of paper. It is used to make interior walls, ceilings, and partitions. Gypsum board provides a smooth, monolithic surface that can be decorated. To produce it, calcined gypsum is mixed with water and additives to form a slurry between the paper layers. As it dries, the gypsum recrystallizes and bonds to the paper. A false ceiling, or dropped ceiling, is a secondary ceiling hung below the main structural ceiling, creating a space to hide wiring and ductwork while allowing access. Exposed grid ceilings have visible grid systems into which panels
This document discusses different types of timber roof structures. It describes lean-to roofs, which consist of rafters sloping on one side and are supported by a single wall. Collared roofs have a horizontal collar beam placed between rafters to prevent their spreading. King post roofs contain a central vertical post to support the tie beam below. Queen post roofs are similar but use two vertical queen posts instead of a single king post. Details and dimensions are provided for each type of roof.
Space frames are truss-like, lightweight rigid structures constructed from interlocking struts arranged in a geometric pattern. They were independently developed in the early 1900s and 1950s to span large areas with few interior supports. Space frames transfer loads through a three-dimensional arrangement of linear elements subjected only to axial tension or compression. Common materials used include steel and timber. Connections are made through various joint types, and space frames can be single, double or triple layered grids. They provide advantages like light weight, stiffness and versatility compared to other structures.
1. Structural systems include architectural structures like buildings that are assemblages of components designed to support loads through interconnected members.
2. Loads on structures can be static like dead loads or dynamic like wind loads, and forces like tension, compression, bending, and shear act on structural members.
3. Common structural forms include trusses, arches, shells, frames, and cable nets which use specific geometries and materials like steel and concrete to transfer loads.
The document discusses different types of wall panelling materials and their uses. It describes various panelling materials like wood, metal, acoustic and structural panels. Wood panelling provides insulation and decorative appearance. Panelling is used to cover walls for aesthetic purposes and can provide insulation, soundproofing and reduce construction costs. Common panelling materials mentioned include wood, metal, laminate and tileboard panels.
Curtain walls are thin, lightweight walls attached to the exterior of buildings that do not bear structural loads. They enclose the building envelope while allowing interior spaces to be reconfigured. Common types include stick-built, unitized, and rainscreen systems. Curtain walls date back to the 1930s and gained popularity after WWII. Their functions are to prevent water and air penetration while resisting wind and thermal loads. They are constructed through multi-step processes and their market prices vary based on materials.
Gypsum board, also known as drywall or plasterboard, is a building material made of gypsum plaster pressed between two thick sheets of paper. It is used to make interior walls, ceilings, and partitions. Gypsum board provides a smooth, monolithic surface that can be decorated. To produce it, calcined gypsum is mixed with water and additives to form a slurry between the paper layers. As it dries, the gypsum recrystallizes and bonds to the paper. A false ceiling, or dropped ceiling, is a secondary ceiling hung below the main structural ceiling, creating a space to hide wiring and ductwork while allowing access. Exposed grid ceilings have visible grid systems into which panels
Frank Lloyd Wright was an influential American architect known for pioneering organic architecture that aimed to harmonize structures with their natural surroundings. One of his most famous works is Fallingwater, a house built in 1937 near Mill Run, Pennsylvania. Fallingwater is built directly over a 30-foot waterfall, with terraces that echo the rock ledges below. Wright designed the house so that its residents could experience the waterfall as part of their daily life, with water sounds heard throughout. The home exemplifies Wright's organic style through its integration with the surrounding forest and use of local materials like stone.
Coffered ceilings and slabs are rigid, planar structures that use a series of intersecting ribs to distribute loads across a space. The document discusses the history and architectural uses of coffered ceilings. It also describes different types of coffered slab structures like waffle slabs and drop slabs that are used for their load bearing capacities in long span structures like schools and hospitals. Various coffered slab construction techniques are outlined, including the use of precast elements and how services can be run through the coffered spaces.
The document provides information on structural glazing and curtain walls. It discusses the history and types of structural glazing, including bolted glazing, fin supported glazing, cable supported glazing, and two-sided and four-sided structural glazing. The differences between structural glazing and curtain walls are outlined. Curtain walls are described as non-structural outer walls, while structural glazing involves bonding glass to the building structure. Common curtain wall types like stick systems, semi-unitized systems and unitized systems are also summarized.
The document discusses flooring materials and their properties. It provides information on various types of flooring materials including ceramic tiles, marble, terrazzo tiles, and vitrified tiles. For each material, it describes the manufacturing process, characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, common uses, and costs. Ceramic tiles are made from clay, sand and other natural materials that are fired at high temperatures. Marble is a natural stone that comes in various colors and grades. Terrazzo involves pouring a composite material that is ground and polished smooth. Vitrified tiles are made through a process that makes them non-porous and highly durable.
Domes and vaults are architectural elements that provide covered interior spaces. Domes are rounded vaults that can be made from curved masonry segments or a shell of revolution. Vaults are ceilings constructed from materials like brick, stone or concrete arranged in an arched manner. Common types of domes include hemispherical domes, geodesic domes, and onion domes. Elements of domes include features like coffering, pendentives, and lanterns. Vaults have been used since ancient times by civilizations like the Romans and Egyptians and include styles like barrel vaults and groin vaults.
Shell structures are lightweight constructions that use curved shell elements, like those seen in aircraft fuselages, boat hulls, and large building roofs. A thin shell is defined as a structure with thickness small compared to other dimensions, where deformations are not large relative to thickness. Concrete shells are a common type of thin shell structure that provides open, unobstructed interiors through curved concrete forms without internal supports. Concrete shells can be made in single or double curvature designs and require centering during construction to support their curved shapes until the concrete cures.
This document discusses different structural systems used for high-rise buildings, including belt truss systems, core truss systems, framed tube structures, bundled tube systems, tube-in-tube systems, and diagrid systems. It also covers common construction materials like concrete and steel, different foundation types, and construction methods like slip forming, climb forming, table forming, system column formwork, and vertical panel systems.
Roof trusses and types are discussed. Roof trusses are triangular frameworks that provide structural support to roofs. Common roof truss types include planar, spaceframe, Pratt, bowstring, king post, queen post, and Town's lattice trusses. Roof shapes like gable, hip, shed, gambrel and materials like tiles, asphalt shingles are also covered. Key elements of roofs like rafters, ridges, eaves are defined along with characteristics of different roof structures.
Architectural Working Drawings - الرسومات التنفيذية المعماريةGalala University
This document provides an overview of working construction documents, including drawings and specifications. It discusses the components and purpose of construction drawings, including plans, elevations, sections, and details. It explains that drawings show the extent, configuration, location, relationships and dimensions of a construction project in graphic and quantitative form. The document also covers drawing standards, such as scale, layout, title blocks and numbering systems. It provides examples of site plans, floor plans, sections, elevations, wall sections and stair details. Finally, it discusses the drawing development process and organizing drawings into consistent formats and sheet sequences.
Mud has been used as a building material for thousands of years. It provides a sustainable construction option that requires minimal energy and resources. Various mud construction techniques are described, including stacked earth (COB), rammed earth, adobe, wattle and daub, formed earth, earth filled in, compressed earth blocks, extruded earth, and cut earth. Mud construction provides benefits like natural temperature regulation, low costs, and environmental friendliness compared to other materials. However, mud buildings require regular maintenance and can be susceptible to damage from water or pests.
False ceilings, also known as dropped ceilings or suspended ceilings, were initially developed in the 14th century in Japan for aesthetic purposes. They later became popular in modern construction as a way to conceal wiring, ductwork, and other building elements above the ceiling. There are various types of false ceilings depending on the material used, such as wood, gypsum, thermocol, or PVC. False ceilings provide benefits like reducing room height, cooling rooms, and allowing for decorative lighting features. However, they also have disadvantages like reduced headroom, concealing functional building elements, and making maintenance and repairs more difficult. Common false ceiling installation methods involve setting up a framework to support ceiling tiles or panels made of various
Folded plates and space truss structuresRajesh Kolli
The document discusses folded plates and space trusses. It defines folded plates as 3D structures made of straight pieces joined at sharp edges, and notes they are best constructed from reinforced concrete. Space trusses, also called space frames, are lightweight rigid structures made of interlocking struts in a geometric pattern that derive strength from triangular frames transmitting loads as tension and compression. Examples given are the Yokohama passenger terminal roof's folded plates and the Aspen Art Museum's long-span wood space frame roof.
The document provides an overview of different types of cladding systems. It defines cladding as an exterior finishing system that protects the underlying structure and provides decorative finish. There are many types of cladding including dry wall, wet wall, weatherboard, timber, stone, external foam, metal, concrete, and brick cladding. The major purpose of cladding is to separate the indoor and outdoor environments to maintain suitable indoor conditions by keeping water out, preventing air leakage, controlling light, heat radiation and conduction, and controlling sound.
Building materials and construction Technology Roofs.pptxAdarshChatra
A roof provides structural covering to protect a building from weather. The main functions of a roof are to provide protection from weather, enclose space, and protect interior from moisture and heat loss. Roofs can be flat, pitched, or curved. Common roof types include simple slab, lean-to, couple close, collar beam, double purlin, and framed trussed roofs using king post or queen post designs. Roof design considers span, materials, loads, wind pressure, and weather resistance.
This document discusses various low-cost construction techniques including:
1. Funicular roofs that use diagonal grids to distribute loads without steel reinforcement.
2. Geodesic domes made of simple steel plates connected by bolts with varied angles.
3. A-frames that are prefabricated steel frames requiring minimal formwork.
4. Low-cost blocks like Swaran Singh blocks made with local materials, and veneer blocks made with an on-site mold.
Frank Lloyd Wright was an influential American architect known for pioneering organic architecture that aimed to harmonize structures with their natural surroundings. One of his most famous works is Fallingwater, a house built in 1937 near Mill Run, Pennsylvania. Fallingwater is built directly over a 30-foot waterfall, with terraces that echo the rock ledges below. Wright designed the house so that its residents could experience the waterfall as part of their daily life, with water sounds heard throughout. The home exemplifies Wright's organic style through its integration with the surrounding forest and use of local materials like stone.
Coffered ceilings and slabs are rigid, planar structures that use a series of intersecting ribs to distribute loads across a space. The document discusses the history and architectural uses of coffered ceilings. It also describes different types of coffered slab structures like waffle slabs and drop slabs that are used for their load bearing capacities in long span structures like schools and hospitals. Various coffered slab construction techniques are outlined, including the use of precast elements and how services can be run through the coffered spaces.
The document provides information on structural glazing and curtain walls. It discusses the history and types of structural glazing, including bolted glazing, fin supported glazing, cable supported glazing, and two-sided and four-sided structural glazing. The differences between structural glazing and curtain walls are outlined. Curtain walls are described as non-structural outer walls, while structural glazing involves bonding glass to the building structure. Common curtain wall types like stick systems, semi-unitized systems and unitized systems are also summarized.
The document discusses flooring materials and their properties. It provides information on various types of flooring materials including ceramic tiles, marble, terrazzo tiles, and vitrified tiles. For each material, it describes the manufacturing process, characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, common uses, and costs. Ceramic tiles are made from clay, sand and other natural materials that are fired at high temperatures. Marble is a natural stone that comes in various colors and grades. Terrazzo involves pouring a composite material that is ground and polished smooth. Vitrified tiles are made through a process that makes them non-porous and highly durable.
Domes and vaults are architectural elements that provide covered interior spaces. Domes are rounded vaults that can be made from curved masonry segments or a shell of revolution. Vaults are ceilings constructed from materials like brick, stone or concrete arranged in an arched manner. Common types of domes include hemispherical domes, geodesic domes, and onion domes. Elements of domes include features like coffering, pendentives, and lanterns. Vaults have been used since ancient times by civilizations like the Romans and Egyptians and include styles like barrel vaults and groin vaults.
Shell structures are lightweight constructions that use curved shell elements, like those seen in aircraft fuselages, boat hulls, and large building roofs. A thin shell is defined as a structure with thickness small compared to other dimensions, where deformations are not large relative to thickness. Concrete shells are a common type of thin shell structure that provides open, unobstructed interiors through curved concrete forms without internal supports. Concrete shells can be made in single or double curvature designs and require centering during construction to support their curved shapes until the concrete cures.
This document discusses different structural systems used for high-rise buildings, including belt truss systems, core truss systems, framed tube structures, bundled tube systems, tube-in-tube systems, and diagrid systems. It also covers common construction materials like concrete and steel, different foundation types, and construction methods like slip forming, climb forming, table forming, system column formwork, and vertical panel systems.
Roof trusses and types are discussed. Roof trusses are triangular frameworks that provide structural support to roofs. Common roof truss types include planar, spaceframe, Pratt, bowstring, king post, queen post, and Town's lattice trusses. Roof shapes like gable, hip, shed, gambrel and materials like tiles, asphalt shingles are also covered. Key elements of roofs like rafters, ridges, eaves are defined along with characteristics of different roof structures.
Architectural Working Drawings - الرسومات التنفيذية المعماريةGalala University
This document provides an overview of working construction documents, including drawings and specifications. It discusses the components and purpose of construction drawings, including plans, elevations, sections, and details. It explains that drawings show the extent, configuration, location, relationships and dimensions of a construction project in graphic and quantitative form. The document also covers drawing standards, such as scale, layout, title blocks and numbering systems. It provides examples of site plans, floor plans, sections, elevations, wall sections and stair details. Finally, it discusses the drawing development process and organizing drawings into consistent formats and sheet sequences.
Mud has been used as a building material for thousands of years. It provides a sustainable construction option that requires minimal energy and resources. Various mud construction techniques are described, including stacked earth (COB), rammed earth, adobe, wattle and daub, formed earth, earth filled in, compressed earth blocks, extruded earth, and cut earth. Mud construction provides benefits like natural temperature regulation, low costs, and environmental friendliness compared to other materials. However, mud buildings require regular maintenance and can be susceptible to damage from water or pests.
False ceilings, also known as dropped ceilings or suspended ceilings, were initially developed in the 14th century in Japan for aesthetic purposes. They later became popular in modern construction as a way to conceal wiring, ductwork, and other building elements above the ceiling. There are various types of false ceilings depending on the material used, such as wood, gypsum, thermocol, or PVC. False ceilings provide benefits like reducing room height, cooling rooms, and allowing for decorative lighting features. However, they also have disadvantages like reduced headroom, concealing functional building elements, and making maintenance and repairs more difficult. Common false ceiling installation methods involve setting up a framework to support ceiling tiles or panels made of various
Folded plates and space truss structuresRajesh Kolli
The document discusses folded plates and space trusses. It defines folded plates as 3D structures made of straight pieces joined at sharp edges, and notes they are best constructed from reinforced concrete. Space trusses, also called space frames, are lightweight rigid structures made of interlocking struts in a geometric pattern that derive strength from triangular frames transmitting loads as tension and compression. Examples given are the Yokohama passenger terminal roof's folded plates and the Aspen Art Museum's long-span wood space frame roof.
The document provides an overview of different types of cladding systems. It defines cladding as an exterior finishing system that protects the underlying structure and provides decorative finish. There are many types of cladding including dry wall, wet wall, weatherboard, timber, stone, external foam, metal, concrete, and brick cladding. The major purpose of cladding is to separate the indoor and outdoor environments to maintain suitable indoor conditions by keeping water out, preventing air leakage, controlling light, heat radiation and conduction, and controlling sound.
Building materials and construction Technology Roofs.pptxAdarshChatra
A roof provides structural covering to protect a building from weather. The main functions of a roof are to provide protection from weather, enclose space, and protect interior from moisture and heat loss. Roofs can be flat, pitched, or curved. Common roof types include simple slab, lean-to, couple close, collar beam, double purlin, and framed trussed roofs using king post or queen post designs. Roof design considers span, materials, loads, wind pressure, and weather resistance.
This document discusses various low-cost construction techniques including:
1. Funicular roofs that use diagonal grids to distribute loads without steel reinforcement.
2. Geodesic domes made of simple steel plates connected by bolts with varied angles.
3. A-frames that are prefabricated steel frames requiring minimal formwork.
4. Low-cost blocks like Swaran Singh blocks made with local materials, and veneer blocks made with an on-site mold.
This presentation includes the types of roofs and roof covering materials. this presentation explained briefly about the pitched roofs, curved roofs and flat roofs.
This document discusses different types of timber pitched or sloped roofs and roof trusses. It describes single roofs like lean-to, couple and couple close roofs that use rafters. It also discusses double rooofs, trussed roofs using king posts and queen posts. Various roof covering materials like thatch, tiles, shingles, eternit slates, corrugated galvanized iron sheets and asbestos cement sheets are also explained.
This document provides an overview of different types of roofs and roofing materials. It discusses the key components and functions of roofs. Some main points covered include:
- Roofs provide protection from weather and help regulate interior temperatures. Their design accommodates stresses and movements.
- Common roof types include pitched roofs, flat roofs, shed roofs, and hip roofs. Historic roofing materials included thatch and clay tiles.
- Roof components include ridges, rafters, purlins, eaves, and other structural supports. Different structures like trusses, cuts, and frames are used.
- Common roof coverings discussed are tiles, shingles, slate
Roof, covering of the top of a building, serving to protect against rain, snow, sunlight, wind, and extremes of temperature. Roofs have been constructed in a wide variety of forms—flat, pitched, vaulted, domed, or in combinations—as dictated by technical, economic, or aesthetic considerations.
different types of roof
types of roofs on houses
roof types and descriptions
The document summarizes the home construction process from site preparation through mechanical systems installation. It describes laying out the building site, excavating for and pouring the foundation, framing the floors, walls and roof, installing insulation, drywall and mechanical systems like electrical, plumbing and HVAC. Diagrams show the components and construction steps for foundations, framing, ceilings, roofs and mechanical rough-ins.
This document discusses different types of roof trusses used in construction. It describes common trusses, which are used to build sloped roofs with a bottom chord and two top chords meeting at the peak. Other types discussed include scissor trusses, raised heel trusses, dropped chord trusses, parallel chord trusses, attic trusses, bowstring trusses, gambrel trusses, and steel trusses. The document provides details on the design and purpose of each type of truss.
This document discusses different types of roof trusses used in construction. It describes common trusses used for pitched roofs, as well as other types like scissor trusses, raised heel trusses, dropped chord trusses, and parallel chord trusses. Each type is defined and its structural features and benefits are outlined. The document also discusses steel trusses and provides examples of truss designs for various roof spans.
roof is the covering on the uppermost part of a building. A roof protects the building and its contents from the effects of weather.
Structures that require roofs range from a letter box to a cathedral or stadium, dwellings being the most numerous.
In most countries a roof protects primarily against rain. Depending upon the nature of the building, the roof may also protect against heat, against sunlight, against cold and against wind.
Form work for R.C.C. Wall, slab, beam and column, centering for arches
of large spans and dams, design features for temporary works, slip
formwork, False work for Bridges
1. The document discusses different types of roofs including pitched, flat, gambrel, mansard, and shed roofs. Pitched roofs are suitable for smaller buildings while flat roofs are better for large or irregularly shaped buildings.
2. Pitched roofs have members like rafters, purlins, wall plates, and ridges. Flat roofs use materials like asphalt, aluminum sheeting, zinc, and copper. Support for roofs includes single, collar, double, and trussed roofs using king posts, queen posts, or mansard trusses for large spans.
3.
The document discusses different types of roofs. It defines roofs and their key components like trusses, rafters, purlins, etc. It classifies roofs into pitched or sloping roofs, flat roofs, and curved roofs. Pitched roofs are further classified into single roofs, double roofs, and trussed roofs. Common truss types discussed include king post, queen post, mansard, and composite trusses. Steel trusses are also introduced as alternatives for larger spans.
Trusses are structural frameworks made of straight pieces joined at angles, commonly used in architecture and engineering. They comprise triangular units that transfer external forces to nodes where members meet at joints. The most common use is to support roofs, where trusses provide long spans, are lightweight, control deflection, and support heavy loads. Common truss types include flat trusses like Howe, Pratt, and Warren trusses, as well as scissor and lattice trusses used for pitched roofs. Curved trusses can also be made of steel or timber to accommodate vaulted ceilings and non-standard roof shapes.
unit 5 - building finishes - roof and roofing material.pptxSalmankhanPathan19
This document discusses different types of roofs and roofing materials. It defines a roof as a covering that protects a building from rain, sun, wind and other elements. Roof type depends on climate and available materials, and should be strong, durable, waterproof and provide insulation. Pitched roofs are suitable for heavy rainfall areas while flat roofs work for dry, hot regions. Various terms related to pitched roofs like span, rise, pitch, eaves and ridge are explained. Common materials include thatch, wood, tiles, slates, asbestos sheets, galvanized iron sheets and newer options like fiber sheets. Advantages and disadvantages of flat roofs are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of roofs and roof coverings. It discusses various types of roofs including pitched or sloped roofs and flat or terrace roofs. Pitched roofs can be made of various materials and come in different styles like lean-to, coupled, and truss roofs. Flat roofs have advantages like large surface area but require more maintenance. The document also examines considerations for roof design and various roof covering materials like tiles, asbestos sheets, and galvanized iron. It provides details on installation and properties of different covering options.
This document provides information about space frames, cable structures, and folded plate structures. It defines a space frame as a truss-like, lightweight rigid structure constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. Space frames can span large areas with few interior supports. Folded plates are assemblies of flat plates rigidly connected along their edges to form a structural system without additional beams. Cable structures derive their strength from tension forces in the cables rather than from bending or compression. Common cable structures include suspension bridges, cable-stayed bridges, and cable-supported roofs.
The document discusses different types of roof trusses including king post truss, queen post truss, Howe truss, Pratt truss, fan truss, and north light roof truss. It describes the advantages of roof trusses such as being cost effective, allowing for quick installation, and providing stability. Tubular steel trusses are discussed as being used for large span constructions over 25-30 meters. The advantages of tubular steel trusses include reduced maintenance costs and corrosion resistance compared to other materials.
A roof protects a building from weather elements like rain, snow, and heat. It consists of a framework that supports roof coverings. There are several types of roofs including pitched/sloping roofs, flat roofs, and curved roofs. Pitched roofs can be gabled, hipped, gambrel, or butterfly shaped. Trusses are used to support roofs with large spans, and different truss designs include king post, queen post, mansard, and steel trusses.
This document provides an overview of different roof structures and materials. It discusses common residential roof structures like gable, hip, shed, and flat roofs. Gable roofs are easy to build but susceptible to wind, while hip roofs can handle high winds but are more complex. Asphalt shingles are the most commonly used roof material due to low cost, while other options include metal, wood, clay tiles, and green roofs. The document also defines roof terminology and explores characteristics of different roof types and materials.
Ice thermal springs guest house Iceland SOAKASHMIR
The design is inspired by the
nature and the local
environment potentials.
• The designers have considered
the consequences of
environment destruction by
human beings and seek a
sustainable futuristic solution
The Linked Hybrid project in Beijing, China consists of eight residential towers and a hotel structure that are interconnected by elevated public bridges containing amenities. The development uses geothermal energy from over 600 underground wells for heating and cooling most of the buildings. It is considered one of the largest green residential projects in the world due to its extensive use of sustainable design features such as geothermal energy, solar power, water recycling, and green spaces.
Hydroelectric power, also called hydropower, electricity produced from generators driven by turbines that
convert the potential energy of falling or fast-flowing water into mechanical energy.
Timber has various properties that make it suitable for use as a non-structural building material. It has low thermal conductivity, high specific heat, and is ideal for sound absorption. Timber can improve acoustics in concert halls and auditoriums. Different timber surfaces provide different tactile sensations. Timber is also an aesthetic material that comes in a wide variety and is used for cladding, ceilings, flooring, and finishes to decorate buildings.
The document discusses different concrete finishes that can be applied to buildings. It describes how concrete finish protects buildings from the environment and improves aesthetics. It lists various formed and unformed finishes like smooth, exposed aggregate, brushed hammer, blasted, and acid washed finishes. Special finishes like glass fiber reinforced concrete and textile concrete are also mentioned, which provide strength and allow for detailed ornamentation and textures. These finishes enhance the appearance and durability of concrete structures.
Comparitive analysis between timber and concreteSOAKASHMIR
Comparison on the basis of
comprehensive strength
tensile strength
modules of elasticity
density
coefficient of thermal expansion
stress to strain ratio
creep
Covid Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
CoVID-19 sprang up in Wuhan China in November 2019 and was declared a pandemic by the in January 2020 World Health Organization (WHO). Like the Spanish flu of 1918 that claimed millions of lives, the COVID-19 has caused the demise of thousands with China, Italy, Spain, USA and India having the highest statistics on infection and mortality rates. Regardless of existing sophisticated technologies and medical science, the spread has continued to surge high. With this COVID-19 Management System, organizations can respond virtually to the COVID-19 pandemic and protect, educate and care for citizens in the community in a quick and effective manner. This comprehensive solution not only helps in containing the virus but also proactively empowers both citizens and care providers to minimize the spread of the virus through targeted strategies and education.
Sachpazis_Consolidation Settlement Calculation Program-The Python Code and th...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Consolidation Settlement Calculation Program-The Python Code
By Professor Dr. Costas Sachpazis, Civil Engineer & Geologist
This program calculates the consolidation settlement for a foundation based on soil layer properties and foundation data. It allows users to input multiple soil layers and foundation characteristics to determine the total settlement.
1. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION & MATERIALS – II
GROUP 3
TOPIC:
STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF TIMBER
GROUP MEMBERS:
ZAINAB MUZAFFAR FARIYA RIYAZ SAQIB NAZIR
LABEEB QASHU AZRA FATIMA UBAID UR REHMAN
3. INTRODUCTION
Any wood used for the construction purposes is called as
timber.
Lumbar is the wood material roughly sawn and cut into
length.
Timber might be obtained from different kinds of trees
all around the world.
Selection of timber in different parts of the building may
depend on different factors such as,
• Durability .
• Finish.
• Availability.
4. HARDWOOD SOFTWOOD
• Hardwood producing trees are
generally flowering trees, have
broad leaves and typically
deciduous,(shedding and
regrowing leaves annually).
• Cellular structure is complex. The
longitudinal cells of hardwood are
of two types
1) small cavities –provide strength
2)large cavities-conduct food
Wood grain pattern increases
density and workability.
• Softwood producing trees do not
bear flowers and have a single
main stem and are evergreen.
• All longitudinal cells are of
same type and almost the same
size,these provide strength to the
tree
Types of timber
5.
6. HARDWOOD
• Hardwoods are
commonly used for
finishing floors.Due to
interesting grain
structure.They are used
for wall
paneling,cabinets,
furniture.
• More expensive
SOFTWOOD
• Softwood trees mature
faster,hence because of
the relative abundance
are commonly used for
structural framing.
(floors,ceilings,joists,raf
ters etc
• Less expensive.
7. HARDWOOD
• Transverse cells called
rays (perpendicular to
the longitudnal cells)
provide transverse
strength.
• Ray cells are more
prominent,due to which
hardwoods show a
more interesting grain
structure.
SOFTWOOD
• Transverse cells called
rays provide transverse
strength
• Ray cells are not more
prominnent,thus show
less interesting grain
structure.
12. TRUSS
• A framework, typically consisting of rafters, posts, and
struts, supporting a roof, bridge, or other structure.
Types of trusses
1.Closed truss
2.Open truss
15. CLOSED TRUSS
1. KING POST TRUSS
• For spans
greater than 5
m and less
than 9 m.
• Framework
consisting of
two principal
rafters, one
tie beam, two
struts and a
king post.
18. 2.QUEEN POST TRUSS
• For spans greater
than 9 m and less
than 14 m
• Framework
consisting of two
principal rafters,
two queen posts,
one straining
beam , two
inclined struts
and a straining
sill.
20. OPEN TRUSS
1.HAMMER BEAM TRUSS
• Constructed
by omitting
the middle
part of tie
beam.
• Spans over
20 m .
21. 2.Scissor Truss
• Scissors trusses are
used almost entirely in
building construction to
support a pitched roof,
where a sloping or
raised ceiling surface is
desired.
• It is a kind of truss in
which the bottom
chord members cross
each other, connecting
to the angled top
chords at a point
intermediate on the
top chords' length,
creating an appearance
similar to an opened
pair of scissors.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32. CRUCK FRAME
A CRUCK FRAME IS A CURVED TIMBER MEMBER, ONE OF A
PAIR, CURVED INWARDS, WHICH SUPPORTS THE ROOF OF
A BUILDING
34. TYPES OF
CRUCK FRAMES:
1. FULL CRUCK OR
TRUE CRUCK
2. UPPER CRUCK
3. JOINTED CRUCK
4. BASE CRUCK
5. RAISED CRUCK
35. .
* THE BLADES, STRAIGHT OR CURVED, EXTEND FROM THE FOUNDATION NEAR
THE GROUND TO THE RIDGE.
* A FULL CRUCK DOES NOT NEED A TIE BEAM & MAY BE CALLED A ‘FULL CRUCK’,
& IF A TIE BEAM IS USED, THEN ITS CALLED ‘ FULL CRUCK -CLOSED’
1.
TRUE CRUCK OR FULL CRUCK:
38. 3.
JOINTED CRUCK:
• TWO MEMBERS
ARE JOINED TO
FORM A CRUCK.
HERE, A POST
RUNS UP TO
TOPPLATE LEVEL
WHERE IT
FLARES OUT
INTO THE ROOF
ANGLE. THERE,
IT IS JOINED
WITH A
STRAIGHT
PRINCIPLE
RAFTER.
39. 4.
BASE CRUCK:
THE CRUCKS ARE CUT FROM THE TREE WHERE A MAIN BRANCH FORMS THE CORRECT ANGLE
TO THE TRUNK. THE REST OF THE BRANCHES ARE CUT AWAY & THE TRUNK & BRANCH ARE
SQUARED OFF, THEN THE WHOLE UNIT IS CUT IN HALF, LENGTHWISE, TO FORM TWO
MATCHING BLADES.
41. Joints in timber structures
1. Butt joint
•It is the simplest joint.
•It is the weakest joint
and relies in some form
of reinforcement or glue.
Butt joint
42. 2.Mortise and tenon
•It has been used for centuries by
woodworkers because of its high
strength.
•It is usually used when two
members are at held at 90
degrees or slightly less than 90
(strongest when at 90 degrees).
43. 3.LAP JOINT
•It is made by halving the the
thickness of members at the
joint and fitting them together.
46. 6.Birdle joint.
•It is similar to tenon and mortice joint but the difference is that the
tenons and mortice are cut to full width of tenon member.
•Mostly used to fix rails with stiles.
47. 7.Splice joint or scarf joint
It is used to join two members end to end.
48. 8.Bird’s mouth joint.
• It is generally used to connect roof rafter to top plate of a
supporting wall
• The notch in the rafter has the shape odf birds mouth.
49. 9.Tongue and groove joint
•It joins two members end to end.
•The tongue projects a little less than the depth of groove.
55. introduction
DHAJJI DEWARI IS A TIMBER FRAME WITH STONE & EARTH INFILL,
TYPICALLY USED IN THE MOUNTAIN REGIONS OF SOUTH ASIA. SIMILAR
CONSTRUCTION IS USED AROUND THE WORLD, UNDER DIFFERENT
NAMES. HIMIS IS A TURKISH VARIATION OF THIS TECHNIQUE, IN
PORTUGAL, BUILDERS HAVE USED GAIOLA POMBALINA & ITALY USES
CASA BARACCATA TIMBER FRAME.
DHAJJI DEWARI {PERSIAN FOR “ PATCH QUILT WALL”}IS A
TRADITIONAL BUILDING TYPE FOUND IN THE WESTERN HIMALAYAS.
SUCH HOUSES ARE FOUND IN BOTH THE PAKISTANI & INDIAN SIDES OF
KASHMIR. THIS FORM OF CONSTRUCTION IS ALSO REFERRED TO IN THE
INDIAN STANDARD CODES AS BRICK NOGGED TIMBER FRAME
CONSTRUCTION.
64. DHAJJI BUILDING IN DETAIL
DHAJJI BUILDINGS ARE TYPICALLY ONE TO FOUR STORIES TALL & THE ROOF MAY
BE A TIMBER OR MUD ROOF OR A PITCHED ROOF WITH METAL SHEETING. THE
FLOORS OF THESE HOUSES ARE MADE WITH TIMBER BEAMS THAT SPAN BETWEEN
WALLS. TIMBER FLOOR BOARDS, WHICH SPAN OVER THE FLOOR BEAMS WOULD
TRADITIONALLY BE OVERLAID BY A LAYER OF CLAY OR MUD.
PLA
PLAN OF A DHAJJI BUILDING
68. MODEL OF A DHAJJI BUILDING
TIMBER FRAMES FOR DHAJJI BUILDINGS
69. JOINTS
JOINING DETAILS AT THE CORNER
DPC IS NOT PROVIDED.
Timber ground beam
(or sill beam) raised
above the ground to
protect the timber
frame from rotting
71. FOUNDATION
• HSGBHGHIH
Strip footing made from stone with concrete Foundation below plinth beam
capping and embedded steel reinforcement
Bolts in the foundation to tie-up plinth timber Base plate corner detail & Bolt anchor
holes
72. INFILL
WALL/BRACE READY TO RECEIVE INFILL WALL/BRACE RECEIVING THE INFILL
INTERNAL VIEW OF THE
WALL/BRACE AFTER
RECEIVING THE INFILL
73. IMPORTANT FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED
WHILE DESIGNING DAJJI BUILDINGS
1. PROPORTIONS 2. SHAPE
75. 1. HIPPED ROOFS ARE STRONGER
THAN PITCHED ROOFS BECAUSE
THEY DON’T FALL OVER.
2. IF A PITCHED ROOF IS USED,
IT MUST BE BRACED INSIDE
76. 3. MORE STOREYED BUILDINGS ARE CONSTRUCTED, BUT
TWO STOREYED BUILDINGS HAVE THE BEST STABILITY
77. 4. THE LENGTH OF THE WALL MUST NOT EXCEED 15 FEET.
IF THE WALL IS LONGER, IT HAS TO BE BRACED IN
BETWEEN, EITHER BY A BUTTRESS WALL OR A BEAM WELL
CONNECTED TO ANOTHER WALL IN THE SAME DIRECTION
78. OPENINGS
1. WINDOWS & DOORS MUST BE MINIMISED AS THEY ARE THE WEAK POINTS
2. SMALLER OPENINGS ARE BETTER THAN BIG ONES
3. AVOID PLACING ALL THE WINDOWS ON THE SAME SIDE
4. KEEP WINDOWS & DOORS ATLEAST 2 FEET FROM THE CORNERS
79. 5. VERANDAS SHOULD NOT BE
DEEPER THAN 1/3 OF THE
DEPTH OF THE BUILDING
6. VERANDAS PLACED IN THE
MIDDLE OF THE BUILDING
ARE BETTER
94. LOG CONSTRUCTION
• It is the method of construction of a structure by
stacking up logs on one another horizontally.
• Logs are placed in place with the help of tongue and
groove joint.
• Logs are interlocked at corners with the help of
notching
96. 1. Double round
•It gives round look on interior as well as exterior.
Double round profile with double
tongue and groove joint
Single tongue and groove
joint
97. 2. D profile
•Flat interior walls and
round appearance on the
exterior.
Tongue and groove joint
between logsD profile
98. 3. Square or rectangular
•Logs produce flat interior and exterior walls.
Single tongue and groove joint
Double tongue and groove joint
99. 4. Swedish cope
•A concave notch is made at the bottom of log so that it sits over the log lying
below it.
Swedish cope profile Logs stacked over one another
101. Corner details
1. Butt and pass corner
•One log is intercepted by
the other coming at 90
degrees.
•Logs exceed corners
alternatively.
Corner detail
102. 2.Dovetail corner
•Logs at corners are held
together with the help of
dovetail profile.
•This type of corner resists
sliding movements because of
firm interlockinf pattern
•It is aesthetically more
pleasing
103. 3. saddle notch corner
•One log sits on the saddle shaped notch of other ,allowing
every log to exceed the corner
Saddle shaped notch
Corner detail
104. 4. Corner post
•Every log meeting at corner is
attached to a log post
•Thus giving us a vertical
member at corner.
105. PROS & CONS OF TIMBER STRUCTURE
Wood is an organic, Hygroscopic and
Anisotropic Material. It has good thermal,
acoustic, electrical, mechanical, aesthetic
properties .These Properties are very
suitable to use it as a building material
106. Advantages
• Thermal Properties:-
Wood is 400 times better as a thermal insulator than steel and 14 times
better than concrete.
Wood also has significant thermal properties, retaining heat from the day
and releasing at night.
• Acoustic Properties:-
Sound isolation is based on the mass of the surface. Wood, as alight
material, is not perfect for sound isolation, but it is ideal for sound
absorption. Wood prevents echo and noise by absorbing sound. For this
reason it is used in concert hall
• Electrical Properties:-
Resistance to electrical current of a compeletely dry wood is equal to that
of phenol formaldehyde. An oven dried wood is very good electrical
insulator.
107. .• Mechanical Properties:-
Tensile strength of wood = 0.6/cm3
Specific Gravity of wood = 100 N/mm2
Tensile strength of steel = 7.89/cm3
Specific Gravity of steel = 500 N/mm2
• Aesthetic Properties:-
Wood is a decorative material when considered as an
aesthetic material. Each tree has it own color, design and
smell the design of the tree does not change according to the
way it sliced.
108. .
• Building Time:-
Bricks and block frame buildings take longer to construct
because of the time it’s takes to built walls, plaster them,
throw the concrete floors, and for the mortar, plater and
concrete to dry properly.
• Timber frame homes can be built in freezing
temperatures
• More flexible design:-
Timber frames can be crafted into almost any shape and are
perfect for an pen plan style home.
• Timber is green and eco-friendly:-
Most forested trees are re-planted after they are felled and
this makes them a good option.
109. Disadvantages
• Shrinkage and swelling of wood:-
Wood is a hygroscopic material. This means that it will absorb
surrounding condensable vapors and loses moisture to air
below the fixer saturation point.
• Deterioration of wood:-
The agent causing the deterioration and destruction of wood
fall into two categories: Biotic( biological) and Abiotic(non-
biological)
Biotic agents include decay and mold fungi, bacteria and
insects.
Abiotic agents include sun, wind, certain chemicals and fire.
110. .
• Susceptible to damp conditions;-
Where a timber frame home has been poorly built in an area
where wet conditions dominate, damp problems can occur.
When exposed to constant or long term dampness wood will
eventually rot.
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