In this paper, our work is devoted to a time domain analysis of field-to-line coupling model. The latter is designed with a uniform microstrip multiconductor transmission line (MTL), connected with a mixed load which can be linear as a resistance, nonlinear like a diode or complex nonlinear as a Metal Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor (MESFET). The finite difference time-domain technique (FDTD) is used to compute the expression of voltage and current at the line. The primary advantage of this method over many existing methods is that nonlinear terminations may be readily incorporated into the algorithm and the analysis. The numerical predictions using the proposed method show a good agreement with the GHz Transverse Electro Magnetic (GTEM) measurement.
Fdtd calculation model for the transient analyses of grounding systemsHimmelstern
This document evaluates different parameters for calculating the transient impedance of grounding systems using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. It first adjusts the derivation of transient current to obtain more accurate impedance values. It then evaluates the FDTD calculation model to determine optimized parameters that accurately predict impedance without requiring huge computational resources. Specifically, it analyzes the effects of transient voltage integration path, reference electrode length and distance, injected current type and height. It finds that integrating the transient voltage parallel to the connecting line provides the most accurate impedance results without large computational needs.
Research on Transformer Core Vibration under DC Bias Based on Multi-field Cou...inventionjournals
The Mathematical models for DC bias vibration analysis of the transformer core are developed in this paper. The model is combined into multi-physical field coupling modeling for vibration analysis of the transformer. By applying the primary voltage as excitation and under different DC bias, vibrations of the transformer core is simulated and analyzed.
Investigation on EM radiations from interconnects in integrated circuitsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document presents an investigation into electromagnetic radiations from interconnects in integrated circuits. It begins with an introduction describing how interconnect behavior becomes more complex as operating frequencies increase. A mathematical model is then developed using Maxwell's equations to model electromagnetic interactions on transmission line structures. Parameters like line spacing, number of tracks, and frequency are modeled. Results from simulations of parallel and stacked transmission lines are discussed. The modeling aims to better understand electromagnetic compatibility issues and minimize disturbances in integrated circuit design.
In the era of technological advancement, use of computer technology has become inevitable. Hence it has become the need of the hour to integrate software methods in engineering curriculum as a part to boost pedagogy techniques. Simulations software is a great help to graduates of disciplines such as electrical engineering. Since electrical engineering deals with high voltages and heavy instruments, extra care must be taken while operating with them. The viable solution would be to have appropriate control. The appropriate control could be well designed if engineers haveknowledge of kind of waveforms associated with the system. Though these waveforms can be plotted manually, but it consumes a lot of time. Hence aid of simulation helps to understand steady state of system and resulting in better performance. In this paper computer, aided teaching of transformer is carried out using MATLAB/Simulink. The test carried out on a transformer includes open circuit test and short circuit respectively. The respective parameters of the transformer are then calculated using the values obtained from the open circuit and short circuit test respectively using Simulink.
Artificial Neural Networks for ON Line Assessment of Voltage Stability using ...IOSR Journals
This document describes using an artificial neural network (ANN) technique to assess voltage stability online in power transmission systems. The ANN model is trained to correlate voltage stability status with changing load patterns using two stability indices: the fast voltage stability index (FVSI) and line stability factor (LQF). Simulation results on the IEEE 30-bus test system and Indian 72-bus power grid show the ANN method can accurately calculate the stability indices without complex calculations and can effectively monitor voltage stability online.
Finite Element Method for Designing and Analysis of the Transformer – A Retro...idescitation
Finite Element Analysis (FEA) using Finite Element Method (FEM) was
developed over 70 years to solve the complex elasticity and structural analysis problem in
civil and aeronautical engineering. Application of FEA is being expanded to simulation in
electrical engineering also to solve the complex design problems. The circuit theory models
for designing transformers are not much accurate in determining the transformer
parameters such as winding impedance, leakage inductance, hot spot temperature etc. The
physical realization of these parameters is needed on a prototype unit. The finite element
method can play a vital role in deriving these parameters without any physical verification.
An effort has been made in this paper to show the effectiveness of finite element method in
determining the above said parameters while designing the transformers - both oil cooled as
well as dry type - for power and distribution sectors as well as to analyze and detect the
internal faults in the transformer.
EFFECTIVE PEEC MODELING OF TRANSMISSION LINES STRUCTURES USING A SELECTIVE ME...EEIJ journal
The transmission lines structures are quite common in the system of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)
analysis. The increasing complexities of physical structures make electromagnetic modeling an
increasingly tough task, and computational efficiency is desirable. In this paper, a novel selective mesh
approach is presented for partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) modeling where intense coupling parts
are meshed while the remaining parts are eliminated. With the proposed approach, the meshed ground
plane is dependent on the length and height of the above transmission lines. Relevant compact formulae for
determining mesh boundaries are deduced, and a procedure of general mesh generation is also given. A
numerical example is presented, and a validation check is accomplished, showing that the approach leads
to a significant reduction in unknowns and thus computation time and consumed memories, while
preserving the sufficient precision. This approach is especially useful for modeling the electromagnetic
coupling of transmission lines and reference ground, and it may also be beneficial for other equivalent
circuit modeling techniques.
MAGNETIZED PLASMA WITH FERROMAGNETIC GRAINS AS A VIABLE NEGATIVE REFRACTIVE I...ijrap
This document discusses magnetized plasma with ferromagnetic grains (MPFG) as a potential negative refractive index medium. It is shown that:
1) MPFG has permittivity and permeability tensors that are controlled by the magnetized plasma and ferromagnetic grains.
2) For extraordinary waves propagating parallel to an external magnetic field, the refractive index of MPFG can be negative, indicating left-handed behavior, in certain frequency domains near resonance.
3) Numerical calculations demonstrate that both the effective permittivity and permeability of MPFG can be simultaneously negative for some frequencies, allowing for negative refractive index and transparent propagation of electromagnetic waves.
Fdtd calculation model for the transient analyses of grounding systemsHimmelstern
This document evaluates different parameters for calculating the transient impedance of grounding systems using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. It first adjusts the derivation of transient current to obtain more accurate impedance values. It then evaluates the FDTD calculation model to determine optimized parameters that accurately predict impedance without requiring huge computational resources. Specifically, it analyzes the effects of transient voltage integration path, reference electrode length and distance, injected current type and height. It finds that integrating the transient voltage parallel to the connecting line provides the most accurate impedance results without large computational needs.
Research on Transformer Core Vibration under DC Bias Based on Multi-field Cou...inventionjournals
The Mathematical models for DC bias vibration analysis of the transformer core are developed in this paper. The model is combined into multi-physical field coupling modeling for vibration analysis of the transformer. By applying the primary voltage as excitation and under different DC bias, vibrations of the transformer core is simulated and analyzed.
Investigation on EM radiations from interconnects in integrated circuitsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document presents an investigation into electromagnetic radiations from interconnects in integrated circuits. It begins with an introduction describing how interconnect behavior becomes more complex as operating frequencies increase. A mathematical model is then developed using Maxwell's equations to model electromagnetic interactions on transmission line structures. Parameters like line spacing, number of tracks, and frequency are modeled. Results from simulations of parallel and stacked transmission lines are discussed. The modeling aims to better understand electromagnetic compatibility issues and minimize disturbances in integrated circuit design.
In the era of technological advancement, use of computer technology has become inevitable. Hence it has become the need of the hour to integrate software methods in engineering curriculum as a part to boost pedagogy techniques. Simulations software is a great help to graduates of disciplines such as electrical engineering. Since electrical engineering deals with high voltages and heavy instruments, extra care must be taken while operating with them. The viable solution would be to have appropriate control. The appropriate control could be well designed if engineers haveknowledge of kind of waveforms associated with the system. Though these waveforms can be plotted manually, but it consumes a lot of time. Hence aid of simulation helps to understand steady state of system and resulting in better performance. In this paper computer, aided teaching of transformer is carried out using MATLAB/Simulink. The test carried out on a transformer includes open circuit test and short circuit respectively. The respective parameters of the transformer are then calculated using the values obtained from the open circuit and short circuit test respectively using Simulink.
Artificial Neural Networks for ON Line Assessment of Voltage Stability using ...IOSR Journals
This document describes using an artificial neural network (ANN) technique to assess voltage stability online in power transmission systems. The ANN model is trained to correlate voltage stability status with changing load patterns using two stability indices: the fast voltage stability index (FVSI) and line stability factor (LQF). Simulation results on the IEEE 30-bus test system and Indian 72-bus power grid show the ANN method can accurately calculate the stability indices without complex calculations and can effectively monitor voltage stability online.
Finite Element Method for Designing and Analysis of the Transformer – A Retro...idescitation
Finite Element Analysis (FEA) using Finite Element Method (FEM) was
developed over 70 years to solve the complex elasticity and structural analysis problem in
civil and aeronautical engineering. Application of FEA is being expanded to simulation in
electrical engineering also to solve the complex design problems. The circuit theory models
for designing transformers are not much accurate in determining the transformer
parameters such as winding impedance, leakage inductance, hot spot temperature etc. The
physical realization of these parameters is needed on a prototype unit. The finite element
method can play a vital role in deriving these parameters without any physical verification.
An effort has been made in this paper to show the effectiveness of finite element method in
determining the above said parameters while designing the transformers - both oil cooled as
well as dry type - for power and distribution sectors as well as to analyze and detect the
internal faults in the transformer.
EFFECTIVE PEEC MODELING OF TRANSMISSION LINES STRUCTURES USING A SELECTIVE ME...EEIJ journal
The transmission lines structures are quite common in the system of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)
analysis. The increasing complexities of physical structures make electromagnetic modeling an
increasingly tough task, and computational efficiency is desirable. In this paper, a novel selective mesh
approach is presented for partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) modeling where intense coupling parts
are meshed while the remaining parts are eliminated. With the proposed approach, the meshed ground
plane is dependent on the length and height of the above transmission lines. Relevant compact formulae for
determining mesh boundaries are deduced, and a procedure of general mesh generation is also given. A
numerical example is presented, and a validation check is accomplished, showing that the approach leads
to a significant reduction in unknowns and thus computation time and consumed memories, while
preserving the sufficient precision. This approach is especially useful for modeling the electromagnetic
coupling of transmission lines and reference ground, and it may also be beneficial for other equivalent
circuit modeling techniques.
MAGNETIZED PLASMA WITH FERROMAGNETIC GRAINS AS A VIABLE NEGATIVE REFRACTIVE I...ijrap
This document discusses magnetized plasma with ferromagnetic grains (MPFG) as a potential negative refractive index medium. It is shown that:
1) MPFG has permittivity and permeability tensors that are controlled by the magnetized plasma and ferromagnetic grains.
2) For extraordinary waves propagating parallel to an external magnetic field, the refractive index of MPFG can be negative, indicating left-handed behavior, in certain frequency domains near resonance.
3) Numerical calculations demonstrate that both the effective permittivity and permeability of MPFG can be simultaneously negative for some frequencies, allowing for negative refractive index and transparent propagation of electromagnetic waves.
The Effects of Mutual Coupling and Transformer Connection Type on Frequency R...ijsrd.com
in this paper, a novel harmonic modeling technique by utilizing the concept of multi -terminal components is presented and applied to frequency scan analysis in multiphase distribution system. The proposed modeling technique is based on gathering the same phase busses and elements as a separate group (phase grouping technique, PGT) and uses multi-terminal components to model three-phase distribution system. Using multi-terminal component and PGT, distribution system elements, particularly, lines and transformers can effectively be modeled even in harmonic domain. The proposed modeling technique is applied to a test system for frequency scan analysis in order to show the frequency response of the test system in single and three-phase conditions. Consequently, the effects of mutual coupling and transformer connection types on three-phase frequency scan responses are analyzed for symmetrical and asymmetrical line configurations.
A SIMPLE METHOD TO AMPLIFY MICRO DISPLACEMENTijics
This document describes a simple method for amplifying micro displacements produced by various effects, including magnetostriction, piezoelectric, and photostrictive effects. The method involves rigidly joining two material rods with different strain coefficients when exposed to an external field. When a field is applied, one rod expands while the other contracts, adding their displacements. This direct addition allows much larger displacements without lever mechanisms that introduce friction. Examples demonstrate amplification of displacements from micrometers to millimeters using magnetostrictive and piezoelectric material pairs. The approach requires no moving parts, enabling response to high-frequency fields without phase delay.
Modelling Optical Waveguide Bends by the Method of LinesTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A rigorous analytical and semi analytical method of lines has been used to calculate the
transverse-electric field attenuation coefficient of guided mode as it travels in waveguide bends structure.
Both approaches then were compared to get a better understanding on how the attenuation behaves along
single curve waveguides with constant radius of curvature. The Helmholtz Equation in polar coordinate
was transformed into a curvalinier coordinate to simulate the waveguide bends using the method of line
analysis. The simple absorption boundary conditions are used into the method of lines to demonstrate
evanescent field of the guided mode nature as its travels in waveguide bends structures. The results show
that a reasonable agreement between both theoretical approaches.
Comparison of backstepping, sliding mode and PID regulators for a voltage inv...IJECEIAES
In the present paper, an efficient and performant nonlinear regulator is designed for the control of the pulse width modulation (PWM) voltage inverter that can be used in a standalone photovoltaic microgrid. The main objective of our control is to produce a sinusoidal voltage output signal with amplitude and frequency that are fixed by the reference signal for different loads including linear or nonlinear types. A comparative performance study of controllers based on linear and non-linear techniques such as backstepping, sliding mode, and proportional integral derivative (PID) is developed to ensure the best choice among these three types of controllers. The performance of the system is investigated and compared under various operating conditions by simulations in the MATLAB/Simulink environment to demonstrate the effectiveness of the control methods. Our investigation shows that the backstepping controller can give better performance than the sliding mode and PID controllers. The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed backstepping controller are verified experimentally in terms of tracking objectives.
1) Finite element analysis is a numerical method used to solve engineering problems by breaking structures down into small discrete elements. It involves modeling structures as assemblies of simple geometric shapes called finite elements.
2) The key steps in finite element analysis include discretizing the structure into elements, selecting element types, defining displacement and strain/stress relationships within each element, deriving the element stiffness matrix, and assembling individual element equations into a system of equations for the overall structure.
3) Common approaches include the displacement method, which uses nodal displacements as unknowns, and the force method, which uses internal forces. The displacement method is typically more suitable for computational analysis.
Deep segmentation of the liver and the hepatic tumors from abdomen tomography...IJECEIAES
A pipelined framework is proposed for accurate, automated, simultaneous segmentation of the liver as well as the hepatic tumors from computed tomography (CT) images. The introduced framework composed of three pipelined levels. First, two different transfers deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) are applied to get high-level compact features of CT images. Second, a pixel-wise classifier is used to obtain two outputclassified maps for each CNN model. Finally, a fusion neural network (FNN) is used to integrate the two maps. Experimentations performed on the MICCAI’2017 database of the liver tumor segmentation (LITS) challenge, result in a dice similarity coefficient (DSC) of 93.5% for the segmentation of the liver and of 74.40% for the segmentation of the lesion, using a 5-fold cross-validation scheme. Comparative results with the state-of-the-art techniques on the same data show the competing performance of the proposed framework for simultaneous liver and tumor segmentation.
Voltage variations identification using Gabor Transform and rule-based classi...IJECEIAES
This paper presents a comparatively contemporary easy to use technique for the identification and classification of voltage variations. The technique was established based on the Gabor Transform and the rule-based classification method. The technique was tested by using mathematical model of Power Quality (PQ) disturbances based on the IEEE Std 519-2009. The PQ disturbances focused were the voltage variations, which included voltage sag, swell and interruption. A total of 80 signals were simulated from the mathematical model in MATLAB and used in this study. The signals were analyzed by using Gabor Transform and the signal pattern, timefrequency representation (TFR) and root-mean-square voltage graph were presented in this paper. The features of the analysis were extracted, and rules were implemented in rule-based classification to identify and classify the voltage variation accordingly. The results showed that this method is easy to be used and has good accuracy in classifying the voltage variation.
Design, Electrostatic and Eigen Frequency Analysis of Fixed– Fixed Beam MEMS ...IOSR Journals
The objective of this paper is to design of fixed–fixed MEMS Resonator. The beam of resonator is
made up of poly-silicon. This paper also presents the electrostatic and Eigen frequency analysis of MEMS
resonator. The resonator used in oscillator which can be fabricated on chip. It can also be used as Switch. The
size of crystal oscillator is in order of centimeter but the size of MEMS Resonator is in order of microns, so by
replace a crystal oscillator by MEMS Resonator, we can reduce the size of the system. The dc voltage is given to
the beam of resonator for electrostatic analysis & Eigen frequency analysis in different modes
Presentation of an Algorithm for Secure Data Transmission based on Optimal Ro...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes a comprehensive algorithm for secure data transmission via communication conductors considering route optimization, shielding and data authentication. Using of appropriate coding method causes more efficiency for suggested algorithm during electromagnetic field attack occurrence. In this paper, MOM simulation via FIKO software is done for field distribution. Due to critical situation of malfunctioning of data transferring, appropriate shield is designed and examined by shielding effectiveness (SE) criterion resulted of MOM simulation; finally to achieve reliability of data security, MAC hash function is used for space with field attack probability, turbo code is employed.
Abstract
This paper deals with the RF (Radio Frequency)-MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical-System) switch design using the coventorware software and its superiority over the existing technologies like PIN Diodes and Field-Effect-Transistors regarding size, power, Isolation and Insertion loss, and graphically how Pull-in voltage affects on the deflection of the switch. Also this paper deals with the fabrication process of the cantilever switch.
Keywords: Etching, Sacrificial Layer, Actuation Voltage, Electrostatic Force, RF Switch, PIN Diodes, Stiction, Isolation and Insertion loss.
This document presents two new Boolean combination methods called "orthogonalizing difference-building" and "orthogonal OR-ing". These methods calculate the difference and complement of functions, as well as the EXOR and EXNOR of minterms or functions, resulting in orthogonal forms. Orthogonal forms have advantages for further calculations. The methods are based on set theory and treat minterms and functions as ternary-vector lists. Equations are provided to define the difference and disjunction of minterms or functions in terms of their ternary-vector list representations.
OPTIMIZED TASK ALLOCATION IN SENSOR NETWORKSZac Darcy
The document proposes an approach to optimize energy consumption in sensor networks. It allocates tasks to sensor nodes using a particle swarm optimization algorithm that considers energy for data communication between nodes. Simulation results show the proposed approach reduces energy consumption and increases network lifetime compared to existing approaches that only allocate tasks to cluster gateways. The key aspects of the proposed approach are using a cost function that includes communication energy in the task allocation algorithm and having nodes send combined data from neighboring nodes to reduce the number of messages.
Comparison and analysis of orthogonal and biorthogonal wavelets for ecg compr...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document discusses techniques for mitigating conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI) in DC-DC converter topologies. It analyzes three random pulse width modulation techniques - Randomized Trailing Edge with Randomized Pulse Width Modulation, Randomized Trailing Edge with Randomized Pulse Position Modulation, and Constant Trailing Edge with Randomized Duty Ratio and Randomized Pulse Position Modulation with Fixed Carrier Frequency. Analytical derivations of the power spectral density are presented for each technique. The techniques aim to spread harmonic power in the frequency domain and reduce electromagnetic interference without using additional hardware components.
Vibrational Behaviour of Composite Beams Based on Fiber Orientation with Piez...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: A smart structure can sense the vibration and generate a controlled actuation, so that the vibration can be minimized. For this purpose, smart materials are used as actuators and sensors. Among all the smart materials Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) is used as smart material and the smart structures are taken as carbon-epoxy cantilever beams. In the present work an attempt has been made to study the effect of dimensions of PZT and position of PZT on the natural frequency of smart structure. In this work the simulation analysis and experimental analysis were carried out on the carbon epoxy cantilever beams for different fibre orientations like 00 ,300 and 600 with and without PZT patch at different positions. The simulation is carried out by using ANSYS and experimentation is carried out by using FFT analyser, accelerometer and impact hammer. Both the experimentation and simulation results show the effective control in the vibration of the structure, the required decrease in the natural frequency is observed with reference to the both patch dimension and position. Thus the results of this work conclude that the dimensions of the PZTand positioning of the PZT influences the natural frequency of the smart structure.
The document compares different ANN algorithms for detecting the saturation level in the magnetic core of a welding transformer. Four algorithms are evaluated: Resilient Backpropagation, Gradient Descent, Levenberg-Marquardt, and Bayesian Regularization. The algorithms are assessed based on computational time, error, gradient, and complexity. Detecting saturation is important to prevent current spikes that could shut down the welding system. An ANN uses the primary current as input to identify spikes and control the flux density to prevent saturation and overcurrent.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Emc model for modern power electronic systems for harmonics, losses & emi...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Electromagnetic compatibility of power electronic systems becomes an engineering discipline and it should be considered at the
beginning stage of a design. Thus, a power electronics design becomes more complex and challenging and it requires a good
communication between EMI and Power electronics experts. Three major issues in designing a power electronic system are Losses,
EMI and Harmonics. These issues affect system cost, size, efficiency and quality and it is a tradeoff between these factors when we
design a power converter, filter. In this paper the EMC model is discussed which should be considered while designing the power
electronics systems. The design considerations in this paper help us to remove losses, harmonics & EMI elimination and power
quality improvement of Power systems.
Index Terms: Converter, EMI, EMC, Filter, Harmonics
Optimal neural network models for wind speed predictionIAEME Publication
The document presents two neural network models - multilayer perceptron (MLP) and radial basis function (RBF) networks - for wind speed prediction. It evaluates these models on real wind speed data collected over one year from wind farms in Coimbatore, India. The experimental results show that the RBF and MLP models can improve wind speed prediction accuracy compared to other approaches, according to statistical metrics like coefficient of determination, mean absolute error, root mean square error, and mean bias error.
The document discusses the history and principles of wireless power transfer using magnetic resonance, called Witricity. It explains how near-field inductive coupling between resonant objects allows for energy transfer with minimal losses. Simulation results show that the ratio of coupling to loss rates remains high even in the presence of external objects, demonstrating the feasibility of wireless power transfer using magnetic resonance.
Comparative detection and fault location in underground cables using Fourier...IJECEIAES
In this research, we create a single-phase to ground synthetic fault by the simulation of a three-phase cable system and identify the location using mathematical techniques of Fourier and modal transforms. Current and voltage signals are measured and analyzed for fault location by the reflection of the waves between the measured point and the fault location. By simulating the network and line modeling using alternative transient programs (ATP) and MATLAB software, two single-phase to ground faults are generated at different points of the line at times of 0.3 and 0.305 s. First, the fault waveforms are displayed in the ATP software, and then this waveform is transmitted to MATLAB and presented along with its phasor view over time. In addition to the waveforms, the detection and fault location indicators are presented in different states of fault. Fault resistances of 1, 100, and 1,000 ohms are considered for fault creation and modeling with low arch strength. The results show that the proposed method has an average fault of less than 0.25% to determine the fault location, which is perfectly correct. It is varied due to changing the conditions of time, resistance, location, and type of error but does not exceed the above value.
Numerical simulation of electromagnetic radiation using high-order discontinu...IJECEIAES
In this paper, we propose the simulation of 2-dimensional electromagnetic wave radiation using high-order discontinuous Galerkin time domain method to solve Maxwell's equations. The domains are discretized into unstructured straight-sided triangle elements that allow enhanced flexibility when dealing with complex geometries. The electric and magnetic fields are expanded into a high-order polynomial spectral approximation over each triangle element. The field conservation between the elements is enforced using central difference flux calculation at element interfaces. Perfectly matched layer (PML) boundary condition is used to absorb the waves that leave the domain. The comparison of numerical calculations is performed by the graphical displays and numerical data of radiation phenomenon and presented particularly with the results of the FDTD method. Finally, our simulations show that the proposed method can handle simulation of electromagnetic radiation with complex geometries easily.
The Effects of Mutual Coupling and Transformer Connection Type on Frequency R...ijsrd.com
in this paper, a novel harmonic modeling technique by utilizing the concept of multi -terminal components is presented and applied to frequency scan analysis in multiphase distribution system. The proposed modeling technique is based on gathering the same phase busses and elements as a separate group (phase grouping technique, PGT) and uses multi-terminal components to model three-phase distribution system. Using multi-terminal component and PGT, distribution system elements, particularly, lines and transformers can effectively be modeled even in harmonic domain. The proposed modeling technique is applied to a test system for frequency scan analysis in order to show the frequency response of the test system in single and three-phase conditions. Consequently, the effects of mutual coupling and transformer connection types on three-phase frequency scan responses are analyzed for symmetrical and asymmetrical line configurations.
A SIMPLE METHOD TO AMPLIFY MICRO DISPLACEMENTijics
This document describes a simple method for amplifying micro displacements produced by various effects, including magnetostriction, piezoelectric, and photostrictive effects. The method involves rigidly joining two material rods with different strain coefficients when exposed to an external field. When a field is applied, one rod expands while the other contracts, adding their displacements. This direct addition allows much larger displacements without lever mechanisms that introduce friction. Examples demonstrate amplification of displacements from micrometers to millimeters using magnetostrictive and piezoelectric material pairs. The approach requires no moving parts, enabling response to high-frequency fields without phase delay.
Modelling Optical Waveguide Bends by the Method of LinesTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A rigorous analytical and semi analytical method of lines has been used to calculate the
transverse-electric field attenuation coefficient of guided mode as it travels in waveguide bends structure.
Both approaches then were compared to get a better understanding on how the attenuation behaves along
single curve waveguides with constant radius of curvature. The Helmholtz Equation in polar coordinate
was transformed into a curvalinier coordinate to simulate the waveguide bends using the method of line
analysis. The simple absorption boundary conditions are used into the method of lines to demonstrate
evanescent field of the guided mode nature as its travels in waveguide bends structures. The results show
that a reasonable agreement between both theoretical approaches.
Comparison of backstepping, sliding mode and PID regulators for a voltage inv...IJECEIAES
In the present paper, an efficient and performant nonlinear regulator is designed for the control of the pulse width modulation (PWM) voltage inverter that can be used in a standalone photovoltaic microgrid. The main objective of our control is to produce a sinusoidal voltage output signal with amplitude and frequency that are fixed by the reference signal for different loads including linear or nonlinear types. A comparative performance study of controllers based on linear and non-linear techniques such as backstepping, sliding mode, and proportional integral derivative (PID) is developed to ensure the best choice among these three types of controllers. The performance of the system is investigated and compared under various operating conditions by simulations in the MATLAB/Simulink environment to demonstrate the effectiveness of the control methods. Our investigation shows that the backstepping controller can give better performance than the sliding mode and PID controllers. The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed backstepping controller are verified experimentally in terms of tracking objectives.
1) Finite element analysis is a numerical method used to solve engineering problems by breaking structures down into small discrete elements. It involves modeling structures as assemblies of simple geometric shapes called finite elements.
2) The key steps in finite element analysis include discretizing the structure into elements, selecting element types, defining displacement and strain/stress relationships within each element, deriving the element stiffness matrix, and assembling individual element equations into a system of equations for the overall structure.
3) Common approaches include the displacement method, which uses nodal displacements as unknowns, and the force method, which uses internal forces. The displacement method is typically more suitable for computational analysis.
Deep segmentation of the liver and the hepatic tumors from abdomen tomography...IJECEIAES
A pipelined framework is proposed for accurate, automated, simultaneous segmentation of the liver as well as the hepatic tumors from computed tomography (CT) images. The introduced framework composed of three pipelined levels. First, two different transfers deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) are applied to get high-level compact features of CT images. Second, a pixel-wise classifier is used to obtain two outputclassified maps for each CNN model. Finally, a fusion neural network (FNN) is used to integrate the two maps. Experimentations performed on the MICCAI’2017 database of the liver tumor segmentation (LITS) challenge, result in a dice similarity coefficient (DSC) of 93.5% for the segmentation of the liver and of 74.40% for the segmentation of the lesion, using a 5-fold cross-validation scheme. Comparative results with the state-of-the-art techniques on the same data show the competing performance of the proposed framework for simultaneous liver and tumor segmentation.
Voltage variations identification using Gabor Transform and rule-based classi...IJECEIAES
This paper presents a comparatively contemporary easy to use technique for the identification and classification of voltage variations. The technique was established based on the Gabor Transform and the rule-based classification method. The technique was tested by using mathematical model of Power Quality (PQ) disturbances based on the IEEE Std 519-2009. The PQ disturbances focused were the voltage variations, which included voltage sag, swell and interruption. A total of 80 signals were simulated from the mathematical model in MATLAB and used in this study. The signals were analyzed by using Gabor Transform and the signal pattern, timefrequency representation (TFR) and root-mean-square voltage graph were presented in this paper. The features of the analysis were extracted, and rules were implemented in rule-based classification to identify and classify the voltage variation accordingly. The results showed that this method is easy to be used and has good accuracy in classifying the voltage variation.
Design, Electrostatic and Eigen Frequency Analysis of Fixed– Fixed Beam MEMS ...IOSR Journals
The objective of this paper is to design of fixed–fixed MEMS Resonator. The beam of resonator is
made up of poly-silicon. This paper also presents the electrostatic and Eigen frequency analysis of MEMS
resonator. The resonator used in oscillator which can be fabricated on chip. It can also be used as Switch. The
size of crystal oscillator is in order of centimeter but the size of MEMS Resonator is in order of microns, so by
replace a crystal oscillator by MEMS Resonator, we can reduce the size of the system. The dc voltage is given to
the beam of resonator for electrostatic analysis & Eigen frequency analysis in different modes
Presentation of an Algorithm for Secure Data Transmission based on Optimal Ro...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes a comprehensive algorithm for secure data transmission via communication conductors considering route optimization, shielding and data authentication. Using of appropriate coding method causes more efficiency for suggested algorithm during electromagnetic field attack occurrence. In this paper, MOM simulation via FIKO software is done for field distribution. Due to critical situation of malfunctioning of data transferring, appropriate shield is designed and examined by shielding effectiveness (SE) criterion resulted of MOM simulation; finally to achieve reliability of data security, MAC hash function is used for space with field attack probability, turbo code is employed.
Abstract
This paper deals with the RF (Radio Frequency)-MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical-System) switch design using the coventorware software and its superiority over the existing technologies like PIN Diodes and Field-Effect-Transistors regarding size, power, Isolation and Insertion loss, and graphically how Pull-in voltage affects on the deflection of the switch. Also this paper deals with the fabrication process of the cantilever switch.
Keywords: Etching, Sacrificial Layer, Actuation Voltage, Electrostatic Force, RF Switch, PIN Diodes, Stiction, Isolation and Insertion loss.
This document presents two new Boolean combination methods called "orthogonalizing difference-building" and "orthogonal OR-ing". These methods calculate the difference and complement of functions, as well as the EXOR and EXNOR of minterms or functions, resulting in orthogonal forms. Orthogonal forms have advantages for further calculations. The methods are based on set theory and treat minterms and functions as ternary-vector lists. Equations are provided to define the difference and disjunction of minterms or functions in terms of their ternary-vector list representations.
OPTIMIZED TASK ALLOCATION IN SENSOR NETWORKSZac Darcy
The document proposes an approach to optimize energy consumption in sensor networks. It allocates tasks to sensor nodes using a particle swarm optimization algorithm that considers energy for data communication between nodes. Simulation results show the proposed approach reduces energy consumption and increases network lifetime compared to existing approaches that only allocate tasks to cluster gateways. The key aspects of the proposed approach are using a cost function that includes communication energy in the task allocation algorithm and having nodes send combined data from neighboring nodes to reduce the number of messages.
Comparison and analysis of orthogonal and biorthogonal wavelets for ecg compr...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document discusses techniques for mitigating conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI) in DC-DC converter topologies. It analyzes three random pulse width modulation techniques - Randomized Trailing Edge with Randomized Pulse Width Modulation, Randomized Trailing Edge with Randomized Pulse Position Modulation, and Constant Trailing Edge with Randomized Duty Ratio and Randomized Pulse Position Modulation with Fixed Carrier Frequency. Analytical derivations of the power spectral density are presented for each technique. The techniques aim to spread harmonic power in the frequency domain and reduce electromagnetic interference without using additional hardware components.
Vibrational Behaviour of Composite Beams Based on Fiber Orientation with Piez...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: A smart structure can sense the vibration and generate a controlled actuation, so that the vibration can be minimized. For this purpose, smart materials are used as actuators and sensors. Among all the smart materials Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) is used as smart material and the smart structures are taken as carbon-epoxy cantilever beams. In the present work an attempt has been made to study the effect of dimensions of PZT and position of PZT on the natural frequency of smart structure. In this work the simulation analysis and experimental analysis were carried out on the carbon epoxy cantilever beams for different fibre orientations like 00 ,300 and 600 with and without PZT patch at different positions. The simulation is carried out by using ANSYS and experimentation is carried out by using FFT analyser, accelerometer and impact hammer. Both the experimentation and simulation results show the effective control in the vibration of the structure, the required decrease in the natural frequency is observed with reference to the both patch dimension and position. Thus the results of this work conclude that the dimensions of the PZTand positioning of the PZT influences the natural frequency of the smart structure.
The document compares different ANN algorithms for detecting the saturation level in the magnetic core of a welding transformer. Four algorithms are evaluated: Resilient Backpropagation, Gradient Descent, Levenberg-Marquardt, and Bayesian Regularization. The algorithms are assessed based on computational time, error, gradient, and complexity. Detecting saturation is important to prevent current spikes that could shut down the welding system. An ANN uses the primary current as input to identify spikes and control the flux density to prevent saturation and overcurrent.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Emc model for modern power electronic systems for harmonics, losses & emi...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Electromagnetic compatibility of power electronic systems becomes an engineering discipline and it should be considered at the
beginning stage of a design. Thus, a power electronics design becomes more complex and challenging and it requires a good
communication between EMI and Power electronics experts. Three major issues in designing a power electronic system are Losses,
EMI and Harmonics. These issues affect system cost, size, efficiency and quality and it is a tradeoff between these factors when we
design a power converter, filter. In this paper the EMC model is discussed which should be considered while designing the power
electronics systems. The design considerations in this paper help us to remove losses, harmonics & EMI elimination and power
quality improvement of Power systems.
Index Terms: Converter, EMI, EMC, Filter, Harmonics
Optimal neural network models for wind speed predictionIAEME Publication
The document presents two neural network models - multilayer perceptron (MLP) and radial basis function (RBF) networks - for wind speed prediction. It evaluates these models on real wind speed data collected over one year from wind farms in Coimbatore, India. The experimental results show that the RBF and MLP models can improve wind speed prediction accuracy compared to other approaches, according to statistical metrics like coefficient of determination, mean absolute error, root mean square error, and mean bias error.
The document discusses the history and principles of wireless power transfer using magnetic resonance, called Witricity. It explains how near-field inductive coupling between resonant objects allows for energy transfer with minimal losses. Simulation results show that the ratio of coupling to loss rates remains high even in the presence of external objects, demonstrating the feasibility of wireless power transfer using magnetic resonance.
Comparative detection and fault location in underground cables using Fourier...IJECEIAES
In this research, we create a single-phase to ground synthetic fault by the simulation of a three-phase cable system and identify the location using mathematical techniques of Fourier and modal transforms. Current and voltage signals are measured and analyzed for fault location by the reflection of the waves between the measured point and the fault location. By simulating the network and line modeling using alternative transient programs (ATP) and MATLAB software, two single-phase to ground faults are generated at different points of the line at times of 0.3 and 0.305 s. First, the fault waveforms are displayed in the ATP software, and then this waveform is transmitted to MATLAB and presented along with its phasor view over time. In addition to the waveforms, the detection and fault location indicators are presented in different states of fault. Fault resistances of 1, 100, and 1,000 ohms are considered for fault creation and modeling with low arch strength. The results show that the proposed method has an average fault of less than 0.25% to determine the fault location, which is perfectly correct. It is varied due to changing the conditions of time, resistance, location, and type of error but does not exceed the above value.
Numerical simulation of electromagnetic radiation using high-order discontinu...IJECEIAES
In this paper, we propose the simulation of 2-dimensional electromagnetic wave radiation using high-order discontinuous Galerkin time domain method to solve Maxwell's equations. The domains are discretized into unstructured straight-sided triangle elements that allow enhanced flexibility when dealing with complex geometries. The electric and magnetic fields are expanded into a high-order polynomial spectral approximation over each triangle element. The field conservation between the elements is enforced using central difference flux calculation at element interfaces. Perfectly matched layer (PML) boundary condition is used to absorb the waves that leave the domain. The comparison of numerical calculations is performed by the graphical displays and numerical data of radiation phenomenon and presented particularly with the results of the FDTD method. Finally, our simulations show that the proposed method can handle simulation of electromagnetic radiation with complex geometries easily.
Threshold voltage model for hetero-gate-dielectric tunneling field effect tra...IJECEIAES
In this paper, a two dimensional analytical model of the threshold voltage for HGD TFET structure has been proposed. We have also presented the analytical models for the tunneling width and the channel potential. The potential model is used to develop the physics based model of threshold voltage by exploring the transition between linear to exponential dependence of drain current on the gate bias. The proposed model depends on the drain voltage, gate dielectric near the source and drain, silicon film thickness, work function of gate metal and oxide thickness. The accuracy of the proposed model is verified by simulation results of 2-D ATLAS simulator. Due to the reduction of the equivalent oxide thickness, the coupling between the gate and the channel junction enhances which results in lower threshold voltage. Tunneling width becomes narrower at a given gate voltage for the optimum channel concentration of 10 16 /cm 3 . The higher concentration in the source (N s ) causes a steep bending in the conduction and valence bands compared to the lower concentration which results in smaller tunneling width at the source-channel interface.
Enhancement algorithm for reverse loop technique on planar reverse loop antennaTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document presents a method to stabilize wireless transfer efficiency (WTE) between two planar loop antennas using a reverse loop technique. The method involves introducing a reverse loop to the transmitting planar loop antenna to form a planar reverse loop antenna (PRLA). This helps control the mutual inductance between the antennas in the over-coupled region where they are closer than the optimal operating distance. Mathematical modeling and electromagnetic simulations show that the PRLA maintains a more constant mutual inductance with distance changes compared to conventional planar loop antennas. Fabricated prototypes validate that the reverse loop technique results in greater stability of WTE at closer distances without additional system adjustments.
Ultrasonic transducers are a key element that governs the performances of both generating and receiving ultrasound in an ultrasonic measurement system. Electrical impedance is a parameter sensitive to the environment of the transducer; it contains information about the transducer but also on the medium in which it is immersed. Several practical applications exploit this property. For this study, the model is implemented with the VHDL-AMS behavioral language. The simulations approaches presented in this work are based on the electrical Redwood model and its parameters are deduced from the transducer electroacoustic characteristics.
This document discusses the computer simulation of scale-bridging transients in power systems. It begins by explaining that electromagnetic and electromechanical transients cause temporary voltage and current disturbances in power networks. Electromagnetic transients are faster, occurring at hertz to kilohertz frequencies, while electromechanical transients cause power oscillations at fractions of a hertz to several hertz. The 2003 North America blackout involved both types of transients. The document then describes how the simulation method bridges instantaneous and phasor signals to model these different timescales through the use of analytic signals and frequency shifting. It also discusses the modeling of network components like transformers and machines, and presents a case study of simulating a blackout scenario using a
Accurate harmonic source identification using S-transformTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document discusses accurate harmonic source identification in power distribution systems using time-frequency analysis with the S-transform. The key points are:
1. The S-transform is proposed for harmonic source identification as it provides better frequency resolution for low frequencies and time resolution for high frequencies compared to other time-frequency analysis techniques.
2. The method involves measuring voltage and current at the point of common coupling and applying the S-transform to obtain the time-frequency representation of the signals.
3. Spectral impedances are extracted from the time-frequency impedance representation, including the fundamental impedance and harmonic impedances. The relationship between these impedances is then used to identify the harmonic source location.
Evaluation of earth fault location algorithm in medium voltage distribution n...IJECEIAES
This paper focused on studying an algorithm of earth fault location in the medium voltage distribution network. In power system network, most of the earth fault occurs is a single line to ground fault. A medium voltage distribution network with resistance earthing at the main substation and an earth fault attached along the distribution network is modeled in ATP Draw. The generated earth fault is simulated, and the voltage and current signal produced is recorded. The earth fault location algorithm is simulated and tested in MATLAB. The accuracy of the earth fault location algorithm is tested at several locations and fault resistances. A possible correction technique is explained to minimize the error. The results show an improvement fault location distance estimation with minimum error.
Signal-Energy Based Fault Classification of Unbalanced Network using S-Transf...idescitation
This document presents a technique for classifying faults on overhead transmission lines using S-Transform and a Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN) classifier. Voltage signals are processed using S-Transform to extract energy features from each phase. These 3 features (1 per phase) are used as inputs to a PNN classifier to determine the type of fault (e.g. line-ground, line-line) and faulty phase. The method was tested on a simulated 3-phase transmission line model in MATLAB with different fault conditions. It produced accurate classification results, even when noise was added to the signals. The paper concludes the method provides fast and accurate fault classification.
Performance analysis of a monopole antenna with fluorescent tubes at 4.9 g hz...Alexander Decker
This document describes the analysis of a monopole antenna design with fluorescent tubes at an operating frequency of 4.9 GHz. The antenna structure consists of 12 commercial fluorescent tubes surrounding a monopole antenna located in the center of a circular ground plane. The performance of the antenna design is analyzed using CST Microwave Studio software. Parameters like return loss, radiation pattern, and gain are evaluated to analyze the antenna's performance. The fluorescent tubes act as plasma reflectors when electrified, trapping radiation inside and improving the antenna's performance for potential military applications.
Transient response of grounding systems under impulse lightning currentHimmelstern
This document summarizes research on modeling the transient response of grounding systems during lightning strikes. It develops a lumped parameter model using transmission line theory to represent the distributed parameters of grounding conductors. The model accounts for time-varying soil properties like resistivity and ionization around electrodes during high current injections. Simulation results show the model can accurately estimate voltages along the grounding system under different lightning impulse currents and validate analytical methods.
EVALUATION OF RADIATED EMISSIONS FROM PCB AND CABLES AT POST-LAYOUT LEVELPiero Belforte
This document presents a study evaluating methods to predict radiated emissions from printed circuit boards (PCBs) and attached cables at the design stage. It tests models of the radiated emissions of simple two-layer PCBs with and without an attached cable by comparing simulations to measurements. For PCBs alone, a model using Hertzian dipoles accurately predicts differential mode emissions. A more accurate model is then presented which considers both differential and common mode emissions, where common mode radiation is caused by ground noise on the PCB. The document finds that accounting for this ground noise is important when a cable is attached to the PCB, as the cable can be excited by this common mode signal. Improving the models to predict emissions earlier
The electromagnetic interferance caused by high voltage power lines along the...IJECEIAES
The identification of risks linked to electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) in the electric railway is a major concern in identifying EMC problems and analyzing the unintentional various external disturbing sources as well as the probability of occurrence of interference, the level of interference along the railway system. The purpose of this analysis is to determine the electromagnetic interaction coupling generated by the high voltage (HV) lines located along the railway line by analyzing the voltage induced in the signaling transmission cables such as the european rail traffic management system/european train control system (ERTMS/ETCS) through the multi-conductor transmission line (MTL) theory which may have an impact on the transmitting information. Dubanton method and approximate calculation will be applied and simulated through COMSOL Multiphysics tool in order to analyze if the protection distance and coupling conditions are respected by the railway standards.
Due to high demand of using cordless mobile device, the interest in wireless energy transfer (WET) has been growth intensively. This paper presented a method to obtained optimum transmitter receiver ratio for maximum performance of WET system using different initial antenna size at various distance. An optimized algorithm has been developed to determine the optimum ratios that yield the highest wireless transfer efficiency (WTE) at near field communication (NFC) frequency, 13.56MHz. 30mm x 30mm single square loop antenna is used as initial size of both transmitter and receiver using FR4 with operating distance = 50mm. Operating distance and initial size of the antenna will be varied and the effect to the WTE will be studied using Matlab, verified using Microsoft Studio CST. At distance = 50mm and initial size of the antenna = 30mm x 30mm, optimum transmitter to receiver ratio equal to 1:3 is obtained. The pattern of optimum transmitter receiver ratio between Matlab and CST has met an agreement. This research limited to integer transmitter receiver ratio used only and no decimal number being involved in magnify the transmitter size.
1. The paper studies electron transport through magnetic tunnel junctions using the non-equilibrium Green's function method. It models a multi-layer structure of magnetic/non-magnetic/magnetic layers.
2. Increasing the binding strength of the insulating layer increases the electron density and disruption of energy levels. A broader band connection disrupts the insulating layer more, changing it from a non-conductor to a semiconductor or even conductor.
3. The results show that electron transport can be controlled in the non-conducting layers by changing properties of the three layers to maximize the transmission function.
Transistor mismatch effect on common-mode gain of cross-coupled amplifierTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, the analytical approach of MOS transistor mismatch effect on common-mode gain
of cross-coupled amplifier is presented. Transconductance (MOS transistor parameter) mismatch effect on
common-mode gain of cross-coupled amplifier was analyzed. This study was started with mathematical
derivation for representing the mismatch effect of transconductance between 2 differential pairs of crosscoupled
amplifier due to common-mode voltage. The derivation result was simulated based on Monte
Carlo simulation with random transconductance mismatch rate from 0.05% until 1%. The common-mode
gain increases 36.9 dB and average common-mode gain is -81.1 dB. The transconductance mismatch rate
increases followed by increase in common-mode gain. The results can be used by circuit designers to
design analog circuits, especially operational amplifier used for biosignals processing to minimize the
common-mode gain of their circuits. This research presents aid to circuit designers to improve their circuits
performance.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
This document discusses using a triangular lattice electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure in the ground plane of a 2x2 triangular microstrip patch antenna array to improve its bandwidth. The EBG structure provides better antenna gain and a 110% increase in bandwidth compared to the antenna array without EBG. Keywords discussed include equilateral triangular microstrip patch antenna, antenna array, EBG, impedance bandwidth, and triangular lattice.
Performance Analysis of the Distance Relay Characteristics in a Compensated T...MohammadMomani26
The present work investigates the effect of the FACTS devices on distance relay operation. FACTS devices have different power system performance, stability, and load ability advantages. This paper presents FACTS technologies' effect on the distance protective relay using the measured impedance between the fault location and the relaying point. Different factors and parameters are changed to see their impacts on the studied system. It is shown that the measured impedance is affected by the presence of the FACTS devices depending on their type (series, parallel, and hybrid), fault location, and the operation point of the FACTS device. The analyses present that the shunt FACTS devices' effect may cause overreach problems to the relay; however, series FACTS devices may cause underreach problems in distance characteristics. MATLAB 2019b does the simulation test; the simulation results prove the mathematical analysis. The numerical analysis in this paper may be used for researchers in fault analysis and protection coordinators.
Simulation and Partial Discharge Measurement in 400kv Typical GIS SubstationIOSR Journals
1) The document simulates partial discharge (PD) in a typical 400kV gas-insulated substation using very fast transients (VFT) modeling.
2) PD models are applied to different points in the substation, including bus bars 91 and 92. Voltage measurements at points in the substation show disturbances from PD.
3) Changing the location of PD between bus bars 91 and 92 alters the voltage waveforms, demonstrating how PD location could potentially be identified through voltage analysis.
Similar to Theoretical and experimental analysis of electromagnetic coupling into microwave circuit (20)
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Neural network optimizer of proportional-integral-differential controller par...IJECEIAES
Wide application of proportional-integral-differential (PID)-regulator in industry requires constant improvement of methods of its parameters adjustment. The paper deals with the issues of optimization of PID-regulator parameters with the use of neural network technology methods. A methodology for choosing the architecture (structure) of neural network optimizer is proposed, which consists in determining the number of layers, the number of neurons in each layer, as well as the form and type of activation function. Algorithms of neural network training based on the application of the method of minimizing the mismatch between the regulated value and the target value are developed. The method of back propagation of gradients is proposed to select the optimal training rate of neurons of the neural network. The neural network optimizer, which is a superstructure of the linear PID controller, allows increasing the regulation accuracy from 0.23 to 0.09, thus reducing the power consumption from 65% to 53%. The results of the conducted experiments allow us to conclude that the created neural superstructure may well become a prototype of an automatic voltage regulator (AVR)-type industrial controller for tuning the parameters of the PID controller.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
A review on features and methods of potential fishing zoneIJECEIAES
This review focuses on the importance of identifying potential fishing zones in seawater for sustainable fishing practices. It explores features like sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height (SSH), along with classification methods such as classifiers. The features like SST, SSH, and different classifiers used to classify the data, have been figured out in this review study. This study underscores the importance of examining potential fishing zones using advanced analytical techniques. It thoroughly explores the methodologies employed by researchers, covering both past and current approaches. The examination centers on data characteristics and the application of classification algorithms for classification of potential fishing zones. Furthermore, the prediction of potential fishing zones relies significantly on the effectiveness of classification algorithms. Previous research has assessed the performance of models like support vector machines, naïve Bayes, and artificial neural networks (ANN). In the previous result, the results of support vector machine (SVM) were 97.6% more accurate than naive Bayes's 94.2% to classify test data for fisheries classification. By considering the recent works in this area, several recommendations for future works are presented to further improve the performance of the potential fishing zone models, which is important to the fisheries community.
Electrical signal interference minimization using appropriate core material f...IJECEIAES
As demand for smaller, quicker, and more powerful devices rises, Moore's law is strictly followed. The industry has worked hard to make little devices that boost productivity. The goal is to optimize device density. Scientists are reducing connection delays to improve circuit performance. This helped them understand three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D IC) concepts, which stack active devices and create vertical connections to diminish latency and lower interconnects. Electrical involvement is a big worry with 3D integrates circuits. Researchers have developed and tested through silicon via (TSV) and substrates to decrease electrical wave involvement. This study illustrates a novel noise coupling reduction method using several electrical involvement models. A 22% drop in electrical involvement from wave-carrying to victim TSVs introduces this new paradigm and improves system performance even at higher THz frequencies.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
We have designed & manufacture the Lubi Valves LBF series type of Butterfly Valves for General Utility Water applications as well as for HVAC applications.
Covid Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
CoVID-19 sprang up in Wuhan China in November 2019 and was declared a pandemic by the in January 2020 World Health Organization (WHO). Like the Spanish flu of 1918 that claimed millions of lives, the COVID-19 has caused the demise of thousands with China, Italy, Spain, USA and India having the highest statistics on infection and mortality rates. Regardless of existing sophisticated technologies and medical science, the spread has continued to surge high. With this COVID-19 Management System, organizations can respond virtually to the COVID-19 pandemic and protect, educate and care for citizens in the community in a quick and effective manner. This comprehensive solution not only helps in containing the virus but also proactively empowers both citizens and care providers to minimize the spread of the virus through targeted strategies and education.
Online train ticket booking system project.pdfKamal Acharya
Rail transport is one of the important modes of transport in India. Now a days we
see that there are railways that are present for the long as well as short distance
travelling which makes the life of the people easier. When compared to other
means of transport, a railway is the cheapest means of transport. The maintenance
of the railway database also plays a major role in the smooth running of this
system. The Online Train Ticket Management System will help in reserving the
tickets of the railways to travel from a particular source to the destination.
Sachpazis_Consolidation Settlement Calculation Program-The Python Code and th...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Consolidation Settlement Calculation Program-The Python Code
By Professor Dr. Costas Sachpazis, Civil Engineer & Geologist
This program calculates the consolidation settlement for a foundation based on soil layer properties and foundation data. It allows users to input multiple soil layers and foundation characteristics to determine the total settlement.
Data Communication and Computer Networks Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Networking is a telecommunications network that allows computers to exchange data. In
computer networks, networked computing devices pass data to each other along data
connections. Data is transferred in the form of packets. The connections between nodes are
established using either cable media or wireless media.
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation w...IJCNCJournal
Paper Title
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation with Hybrid Beam Forming Power Transfer in WSN-IoT Applications
Authors
Reginald Jude Sixtus J and Tamilarasi Muthu, Puducherry Technological University, India
Abstract
Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) helps to overcome various difficulties in future technology wireless communications. NOMA, when utilized with millimeter wave multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, channel estimation becomes extremely difficult. For reaping the benefits of the NOMA and mm-Wave combination, effective channel estimation is required. In this paper, we propose an enhanced particle swarm optimization based long short-term memory estimator network (PSOLSTMEstNet), which is a neural network model that can be employed to forecast the bandwidth required in the mm-Wave MIMO network. The prime advantage of the LSTM is that it has the capability of dynamically adapting to the functioning pattern of fluctuating channel state. The LSTM stage with adaptive coding and modulation enhances the BER.PSO algorithm is employed to optimize input weights of LSTM network. The modified algorithm splits the power by channel condition of every single user. Participants will be first sorted into distinct groups depending upon respective channel conditions, using a hybrid beamforming approach. The network characteristics are fine-estimated using PSO-LSTMEstNet after a rough approximation of channels parameters derived from the received data.
Keywords
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Bit Error Rate (BER), mm-Wave, MIMO, NOMA, deep learning, optimization.
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182
the diodes and complex nonlinear loads like the MESFET transistors. The microstrip transmission lines
represent an indispensable element for evaluating the performance of Radio Frequency (RF), high-speed
digital and microwave systems. In fact, RF and microwave integrated circuits nearly always use microstrip
lines for connecting active devices as well as implementing microwave functionality. The MESFET is one of
these devices that offer a superior performance, especially in the region of microwave operations and for use
within RF amplifiers. Besides, MESFETs extend the advantages of field effect transistors to significantly
higher frequencies.
In this paper, we aim to obtain the level of the perturbation generated by an external electromagnetic
field in a microwave circuit. The originality of our work is about the passage of the intrinsic large-signal
model's transistor to a junction diode. This makes easier the insertion of a mixed load at the far end of the
MTL. The method used for the analysis of this structure is the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) [8].
It is suitable not only for transient nature problems, but also for the problem of inserting the complex
nonlinear components in the MTL. As well as, the used approach has been proven to be the most powerful
and accurate tool for dealing with problems involving electromagnetic interactions for many reasons [9]-[11].
It is also interesting to mention that this method is less greedy in memory space, more suitable for the
treatment of nonlinear loads and for the resolution of differential equations in the time domain. Hence, the
choice of the FDTD method was driven by its simplicity, flexibility, and robustness.
To illustrate the problem and to direct the rest of the study, we will first discuss in section 2 the
FDTD algorithm for the calculation of voltages and currents along the line, especially at the input and output
with linear termination at both ends of the line. Then, we will give the predictions compared with
measurement results of field-to-line coupling model in section 3, followed by conclusion in section 4.
2. RESEARCH METHOD
3.1. Recursion relations
Consider a lossless uniform planar MTL in quasi-TEM propagation mode. The MTL equations in
the time domain are described by a set of differential equations and the external field is included as a set of
distributed series voltage and parallel current sources along the line. These equations are described by [12]:
𝝏𝑽(𝑧, 𝑡)
𝜕𝑧
+ 𝑳
𝝏𝑰(𝑧, 𝑡)
𝜕𝑡
= 𝑽 𝑭(𝑧, 𝑡)
(1)
𝝏𝑰(𝑧, 𝑡)
𝜕𝑧
+ 𝐂
𝝏𝑽(𝑧, 𝑡)
𝜕𝑡
= 𝑰 𝑭(𝑧, 𝑡)
(2)
with
V (z, t) = E (z, t) −
𝝏𝑬 𝑻(𝑧, 𝑡)
𝜕𝑧
(3)
and
𝑰 (z, t) = −𝐂
𝝏𝑬 𝑻(𝑧, 𝑡)
𝜕𝑡
(4)
Where V(z,t) and I(z,t) are (n × 1) vectors of the total voltages (with respect to the reference conductor) and
currents matrices along the MTL. Furthermore, the VF(z,t) and IF(z,t) are (n×1) vectors of forcing functions
that contain the effects of the incident electromagnetic field. The (n × n) matrices L and C represent the per-
unit-length inductance and capacitance respectively, that characterizes the line.
The terms ET(z, t) and EL(z, t) are (n×1) vectors having the components of the incident electric field
that are transverse to the line and parallel to the line conductors, respectively, with the line conductors
removed [2]. The term ET (z,t) is given by:
𝐸 (𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝐸 ,
(ℎ, 𝑧, 𝑡) − 𝐸 ,
(𝑜, 𝑧, 𝑡) (6)
As already mentioned, in this paper we choose the FDTD method to solve the MTL equations. It is
can be used easily to solve several problems either in the transmission line, or the components of the load. In
addition, it has a high accuracy for a wide variety of radio frequency (RF) and antenna problems.
As it is widely known, in the FDTD approach, both space and time are divided into discrete
segments, the line axis z is discretized in Δz increments and the time variable t is discretized in Δt
3. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
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183
increments. The points of current solutions are evaluated at half-time steps and half-spatial positions [13],
[14] as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Location of the solution variables on the line
The numerical stability of the FDTD technique is assured when [15], [16].
𝒕 ≤
𝑧
𝑣
(7)
where 𝑣 is the maximum velocity of the wave propagation.
After the discretization, the induced voltages and currents can be numerically interpreted at integer-
time steps and integer-spatial positions as:
1
∆𝑧
( 𝑽 − 𝑽 ) = −
𝑳
∆𝑡
𝑰 – 𝑰 −
1
∆𝑧
𝑬 , − 𝑬 , +
1
2
𝑬 ,
+ 𝑬 ,
(8)
1
∆𝑧
𝑰 − 𝑰 = −
𝑪
∆𝑡
( 𝑽 𝒌 − 𝑽 ) + 𝑬 , − 𝑬 ,
(9)
Readjusting (8) and (9) gives the voltage equation at the line as follows:
V = V − E , − E , −
I − I for k=2, 3,…,ndz
(10)
Then, the current equation along the line as:
𝑰 = 𝑰 +
𝑳
𝑬 , − 𝑬 , −
𝑳
𝑽 − 𝑽 + 𝑬 , − 𝑬 , for k=1, 3,…,ndz
(11)
Where we denote
𝑽 ≡ 𝑽[(𝑘 − 1)z, nt] (12a)
𝑰 ≡ 𝑰 𝑘 −
1
2
z, nt
(12b)
𝑬 , ≡ 𝑬 [(𝑘 − 1)z, nt] (13a)
𝑬 , ≡ 𝑬 𝑘 −
1
2
z, nt
(13b)
2.2. Near end voltage
The quantities of interest are the input and output voltages, which can be found by incorporating
boundary conditions. The final updated equation of the line is discretized at the source as:
𝑘 = 1 ; 𝑽 = 𝑽 − 𝑹 𝑰
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184
We have then:
𝑰 =
𝑽 − 𝑽
𝑹
The currents I1 and Is are separated by
∆𝒛
𝟐
see Figure 1.
Concluding that:
𝑰 =
𝑰 + 𝑰
2
with Rs is the source resistance.
The final expression of the near end voltage is then:
𝑽 = 𝑨 𝟏
𝑩. 𝑽 − 𝑬 , − 𝑬 , +
t
𝑪z
𝑹 (𝑽 + 𝑽 ) − 𝟐𝑰
(14)
2.3. Far end voltage
In this paper, we are interested in the MTL loaded with mixed nonlinear complex loads such as the
MESFETs and diode modeled by a nonlinear capacitance in series with a resistance. We are focuses in the
nonlinear comportment of the MESFET in common-source configuration, whose drain is connected to a
grounded resistor RL. In Figure 2 shown, we adopt his intrinsic large signal taken from [17], [18]:
Figure 2. Equivalent circuit of intrinsic large-signal model of MESFET
Where the nonlinearities in this model are represented by gate-source capacitance and drain-source
current [19], [20] :
𝑪 (𝑽 ) =
𝑪
𝑽 ( )
𝑽
if 𝑉 < 𝑉 (15a)
𝑪 𝑽 =
𝑪
(1 − 𝐹 )
1 −
3
2
𝐹 +
𝑽 (𝑡)
2𝑽
if 𝑽 ≥ (𝑽 . 𝐹 )
(15b)
And
𝑰 = 𝑨 𝟎 𝜹 + 𝑨 𝟏 𝑽 + 𝑨 𝟐 𝑽 + 𝑨 𝟑 𝑽 . tanh(𝜶𝑽 ) (16)
Where Vb is the built-in potential of the Schottky gate and δ is a (n × 1) vector of 1.
Thus a junction diode Dj in series with a 10Ω resistor is used for representing the nonlinear load of
this structure which is modeled by [21]:
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185
𝐶 = 𝐶 1 −
𝑉
𝑉
(17)
Where Cj0 is the zero-bias drain-bulk junction capacitance, VJ is the junction built-in potential and MJ is the
grading coefficient. Developing current terms of the MESFET yields:
𝑰 (𝒕) = 𝑪 𝑽 (𝑡)
𝑑𝑽 (𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
+ 𝑪
𝑑𝑽 (𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
−
𝑑𝑽 (𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
(18)
In terms of finite difference, IL can be expressed as:
𝑰 = 𝑪 𝑽
𝑽 − 𝑽
𝑡
+ 𝑪
𝑽 − 𝑽
𝑡
−
𝑽 − 𝑽
𝑡
(19a)
𝑰 = 𝑪 𝑽
𝑽 − 𝑽
𝑡
+ 𝑪
𝑽 − 𝑽
𝑡
−
𝑽 − 𝑽
𝑡
(19b)
The far end voltage is expressed with respect to the current, and is written as follows:
𝑽 = 𝑽 − 𝑬 , − 𝑬 , +
2t
𝑪z
𝑰 −
𝑰 + 𝑰
𝟐
(20)
Equation (21) is obtained by inserting the expressions of 𝑰 and 𝑰 into equation (20):
𝑽 = 𝑽 −
𝑪
𝑪
(𝑽 −𝑽 ) −
𝑪
𝑪
𝑽 − 𝑽 + 𝑽 − 𝑽 +
𝑪
𝑪
(𝑽 − 𝑽 ) +
𝑪
𝑰 − 𝑬 , − 𝑬 ,
(21)
According to the model in Figure 2 we have:
𝑽 = 𝑽 + 𝑹 𝑪 𝑽
𝑽 − 𝑽
t
(22)
Replacing 𝑽 of equation (22) in (21) gives:
𝑽 𝑻 =
𝑪
𝑪
𝑽 +
𝑹 𝑪
𝑽 − 𝑽 − 𝑽 + 𝑬 , − 𝑬 , +
𝑪
𝑪
𝑽 − 𝑽 + 𝑽 − 𝑽 + 𝑽 +
𝑹 𝑪
𝑽 − 𝑽 + 𝑽 − 𝑽 −
𝑪
𝑰
(23)
According to the scheme in Figure 2 we have:
𝑽 𝑻 = −𝑹 𝑳 𝒊 = −𝑹 𝑰 − 𝑰 + 𝑰 + 𝑰 (24)
with
𝑰 =
𝑪 𝒅𝒔
𝑡
(𝑽 − 𝑽 )
(25)
𝑰 =
𝑪 𝒈𝒅
𝑡
(𝑽 − 𝑽 − 𝑽 + 𝑽 )
(26)
𝑰 = 𝑮 𝒅 𝑽 (27)
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186
and
𝑰 = 𝑨 𝟎 𝛿 + 𝑨 𝟏 𝑽 + 𝑨 𝟐 ( 𝑽 ) + 𝑨 𝟑 ( 𝑽 ) . tanh(𝜶𝑽 ) (28)
The only unknown term in all these equations is 𝑽 , which can be solved by using the Newton-
Raphson method as shown:
𝑯 ≡ −𝑽 + 𝑓 𝑽 = 0 (29)
Where f is a term of V and where the nonlinear components are collected. The matrix V is found by
solving the following equation:
( 𝑽 ) = ( 𝑽 ) − ( 𝑱 𝑯) 𝑯 (30)
where:
𝑱 𝑯 =
𝑑𝑯
𝑑𝑽
│𝑽 = ( 𝑽 )
Once 𝑽 found, we can determine 𝑽 and 𝑽
3. NUMERICAL AND MEASUREMENT RESULTS
The transient response of the printed circuit board (PCB) multiconductor transmission lines
discussed above will be evaluated by FDTD approach and GTEM measurements. Our case study is a MTL
terminated at the near end of 50Ω resistors (𝑅 = 𝑅 = 𝑅 = 50Ω). Furthermore, this structure is
connected with the arbitrary nonlinear loads as MESFETs, diode and resistances at the far end. In this case
the line is illuminated by an incident electromagnetic field [22], whose incident, azimuth and polarization
angles are respectively: 𝜃 = 90°, 𝜃 = 90°, 𝜑 = −90°.
As an example of results obtained by the presented approach and GTEM cell, we choose three
lossless conductors transmission line see Figure 3. The track width of every conductor is w=3mm are
separated by 1cm and placed on one side of a FR4 substrate having 𝜀 = 4.5, thickness h=1.64mm, and the
total line length is ℓ=3cm.
Knowing these parameters, the per-unit-length inductance and capacitance matrices of the circuit are
computed according to the numerical method giving [23].
0.313116 0.0063895 0.0015995
0.0063895 0.313111 0.0063894
0.0015995 0.0063894 0
/
.313116
nH mL
120.276 -0.45951 -0.10285
-0.45951 120.278 -0.45951
-0.10285 -0.45951 120.27
/
6
pF mC
The Figure 3 displays the scheme of our circuit under test. As displayed in the scheme, the nonlinear
complex termination is represented by a MESFET modeled by its intrinsic large-signal model and terminated
of 50Ω. The measurements were performed in the EMC laboratory at the ESEO of Angers-France. As
illumination for our circuit, the GTEM cell was chosen as the plane wave source with an input power
Pin=40dBm and a frequency swept from 50MHz to 4GHz.
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187
Figure 3. Circuit under test: Microstrip MTL connected witch MESFETs and diode
The GTEM cell can be treated a characteristically terminated 50Ω waveguide with an input
connector. The Figure 4 shown display the whole equipment, which allows us to carry out the immunity
measurement of our circuit. RF generator for immunity measurements of ESEO-EMC Laboratory as shown
in Figure 5.
Figure 4. Circuit under test in the GTEM
Figure 5. RF generator for immunity measurements of ESEO-EMC Laboratory
As well known the results obtained by the FDTD algorithm are in the time domain, contrariwise to
those obtained with the GTEM cell (frequency), that’s why we used the fast Fourier transform algorithm
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188
(FFT) to compare both results.We mention that our choice of conductors is arbitrary. The Figure 6 shown the
numerical and measurement results of the near ends and output transistor voltages:
In this section, it is explained the results of research and at the same time is given the
comprehensive discussion. Results can be presented in figures, graphs, tables and others that make the reader
understand easily [2], [5]. The discussion can be made in several sub-chapters.
The Figure 6(a) illustrates the voltages induced at the input of the first and third conductors. As we
can notice the voltage reaches its maximum at the value of the rise time of the external wave settled to 1 ns.
Besides, the obtained results are in good agreement with those measured by GTEM cell as shown in
Figure 6(b) The results, displayed in Figure 7, present the effect of the external plane wave to the MESFET
transitor. We observe that the level of the perturbation is nearly 15mV. However, this value can deteriorate
the transistor gain and causing a malfuction not only for the component, but also for the microwave circuit.
(a) (b)
Figure 6. Near end voltage: (a) FDTD approach; (b) GTEM measurements
(a) (b)
Figure 7. Transistor’s output voltage of the 1st
conductor: (a) FDTD approach; (b) GTEM measurements
4. CONCLUSION
This paper presents a technique to conduct a time-domain analysis of field-to-line coupling.
The proposed time-domain code is principally based on discretizing MTL equations by means of FDTD
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
-0.2
-0.18
-0.16
-0.14
-0.12
-0.1
-0.08
-0.06
-0.04
-0.02
0
Frequency (GHz)
Voltage(V)
V
NE1
[FDTD]
V
NE3
[FDTD]
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
-0.2
-0.18
-0.16
-0.14
-0.12
-0.1
-0.08
-0.06
-0.04
-0.02
0
Frequency (GHz)
Voltage(V)
V
NE1
[GTEM]
V
NE3
[GTEM]
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
-0.01
-0.005
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
Frequency (GHz)
Voltage(V)
VT1
[FDTD]
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
-0.015
-0.01
-0.005
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
Frequency (GHz)
Voltage(V)
VT1
[GTEM]
9. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Theoretical and experimental analysis of electromagnetic coupling into microwave circuit (Ilham Zerrouk)
189
approach along with the use of some numerical functions, to determine the electromagnetic coupling effect at
both ends of MTL.
In the order to readily integrate a mixed complex nonlinear load at the end of MTL, we have
implemented a code to switch the intrinsic large signal model’s transistor to a junction diode. The code has
been verified and validated by confronting the obtained results with those carried out with GTEM cell
(IEC 61967–2/18GHz) realized in ESEO-EMC laboratory, which has been widely accepted as a sufficient
tool in electromagnetic compatibility for both radiated susceptibility tests and radiated emission tests.
After several simulations, the developed approach turned out to be simple as well as a powerful
numerical technique. Arbitrary nonlinear complex loads can easily be dealt without major constraints. As a
matter of fact, we treated a lossless multiconductor microstrip line terminated with MESFETs transistor and a
junction diode.
Predictions have been computed for the simulation parameters ∆z=1mm and ∆t=4ps. These results
are compared with those measured by GTEM cell with a frequency swept from 50MHz to 4GHz and an input
power Pin=40dBm. Finally, identical results have been achieved that prove the simplicity and efficiency of
the new time domain technique as well as a good choice of time and space discretization to satisfy the
stability condition in the method.
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