An Auto Transformer is a transformer with only one winding wound on a laminated core. An auto transformer is similar to a two winding transformer but differ in the way the primary and secondary winding are interrelated. A part of the winding is common to both primary and secondary sides.
Three phase power systems have several advantages over single phase systems:
1) They provide uniform power transmission with less vibration in three phase machines due to the constant instantaneous power.
2) They are more economical since they require less wiring to transmit the same amount of power over the same distance and power loss.
3) Large power motors prefer the steady torque produced by the rotating magnetic field generated by three phase systems.
- Transformers transfer electrical energy from one circuit to another through mutual induction between two windings, and can change the voltage but not the frequency.
- They work on the principle of Faraday's law of induction, where a changing magnetic field in the primary coil induces an electromagnetic force (EMF) in the secondary coil.
- Transformers are classified based on factors like performance, construction, voltages, applications, cooling, and input supply, and can be used to step up or step down voltages.
Three Phase Transformer
Presented by:
Rizwan Yaseen 2017-EE-432
Zeeshan Saeed 2017-EE-414
Muhammad Hamad 2017-EE-404
Muhammad Zeeshan 2017-EE-402
A three phase transformer is made of three sets of primary and secondary windings wound around the legs of a common iron core. It allows for higher transmission voltages using lower amperage wiring. The core can be constructed as either a core type or shell type configuration. A three phase transformer works by inducing secondary voltages from the three phase primary voltages to maintain the proper phase relationships for power distribution.
A transformer consists of two coils with a mutual magnetic field that allows it to convert alternating current of one voltage to another without changing frequency. It works on the principle of electromagnetic induction between the primary and secondary windings. There are several types of losses that occur in transformers like copper, eddy current, and hysteresis losses. The ratio of voltages out to voltages in depends on the turns ratio of the number of windings in the primary coil to the secondary coil. Transformers can either step up or step down voltages and are used widely in power transmission and applications requiring different voltages.
This document provides a summary of key aspects of transformer basics:
- It describes the working principle of transformers using Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction and discusses the main parts of a transformer including its magnetic core and windings.
- It lists different types of transformers classified by their use, construction, cooling method and other factors. Common types include distribution, power, control, and instrument transformers.
- Key aspects of distribution transformers like primary and secondary voltages, capacities, construction types and impedance ranges are outlined.
- Star and delta connections are explained along with diagrams and equations relating line and phase voltages. Advantages and disadvantages are also summarized.
- Other transformer components like tap changers, bushings
An Auto Transformer is a transformer with only one winding wound on a laminated core. An auto transformer is similar to a two winding transformer but differ in the way the primary and secondary winding are interrelated. A part of the winding is common to both primary and secondary sides.
Three phase power systems have several advantages over single phase systems:
1) They provide uniform power transmission with less vibration in three phase machines due to the constant instantaneous power.
2) They are more economical since they require less wiring to transmit the same amount of power over the same distance and power loss.
3) Large power motors prefer the steady torque produced by the rotating magnetic field generated by three phase systems.
- Transformers transfer electrical energy from one circuit to another through mutual induction between two windings, and can change the voltage but not the frequency.
- They work on the principle of Faraday's law of induction, where a changing magnetic field in the primary coil induces an electromagnetic force (EMF) in the secondary coil.
- Transformers are classified based on factors like performance, construction, voltages, applications, cooling, and input supply, and can be used to step up or step down voltages.
Three Phase Transformer
Presented by:
Rizwan Yaseen 2017-EE-432
Zeeshan Saeed 2017-EE-414
Muhammad Hamad 2017-EE-404
Muhammad Zeeshan 2017-EE-402
A three phase transformer is made of three sets of primary and secondary windings wound around the legs of a common iron core. It allows for higher transmission voltages using lower amperage wiring. The core can be constructed as either a core type or shell type configuration. A three phase transformer works by inducing secondary voltages from the three phase primary voltages to maintain the proper phase relationships for power distribution.
A transformer consists of two coils with a mutual magnetic field that allows it to convert alternating current of one voltage to another without changing frequency. It works on the principle of electromagnetic induction between the primary and secondary windings. There are several types of losses that occur in transformers like copper, eddy current, and hysteresis losses. The ratio of voltages out to voltages in depends on the turns ratio of the number of windings in the primary coil to the secondary coil. Transformers can either step up or step down voltages and are used widely in power transmission and applications requiring different voltages.
This document provides a summary of key aspects of transformer basics:
- It describes the working principle of transformers using Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction and discusses the main parts of a transformer including its magnetic core and windings.
- It lists different types of transformers classified by their use, construction, cooling method and other factors. Common types include distribution, power, control, and instrument transformers.
- Key aspects of distribution transformers like primary and secondary voltages, capacities, construction types and impedance ranges are outlined.
- Star and delta connections are explained along with diagrams and equations relating line and phase voltages. Advantages and disadvantages are also summarized.
- Other transformer components like tap changers, bushings
Iron losses are caused by alternating flux in the transformer core and are also known as core losses. Copper losses occur due to resistance in the primary and secondary windings, calculated as I1^2R1 and I2^2R2, where I1 and I2 are currents and R1 and R2 are resistances. Stray losses are very small compared to iron and copper losses and result from leakage fields, so they can be neglected. Dielectric losses happen in the transformer's insulating oil or solid materials and affect efficiency if the oil deteriorates or solid insulation is damaged.
Presentation about transformer and its types M Tahir Shaheen
- A transformer is a static device that changes electrical power at one voltage level into electrical power at another voltage level through magnetic induction. It does not change the frequency.
- There are two main types of transformers: step-up transformers, which increase voltage, and step-down transformers, which decrease voltage. This is achieved by varying the number of turns in the primary and secondary coils.
- Transformers work on the principle of mutual induction. A changing magnetic field induced by alternating current in the primary coil induces a voltage in the secondary coil.
This document provides an overview of a training seminar on transformers presented for partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Technology degree. It discusses the basic principles and components of transformer operation, including mutual induction, core types, windings, and losses. Key points covered include how transformers transfer power between circuits via changing magnetic fields without altering frequency, and how the turns ratio determines the voltage ratio between primary and secondary coils. The document also describes transformer construction, testing procedures, and the core building process used in transformer manufacturing.
This document discusses different types of DC generators, including separately excited, self-excited, series, shunt, and compound generators. It provides details on how each type works, including the positioning of field coils and how current flows. Compound generators are described as having both series and shunt field windings to overcome disadvantages of series and shunt generators. Short shunt and long shunt compound generators are also explained in terms of how armature and field currents are calculated.
A transformer is a static device that changes alternating current (AC) at one voltage level to AC at another voltage level through electromagnetic induction. It consists of two coils, the primary and secondary windings, wrapped around a laminated iron core. When an alternating current is applied to the primary winding, it produces an alternating magnetic field that induces a voltage in the secondary winding. This allows the transformer to step up or step down voltages without changing the frequency. The transformer transfers power between its two coils through electromagnetic coupling between the coils wound around the iron core.
A rectifier converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). There are single-phase and multi-phase rectifiers. Single-phase rectifiers include half-wave and full-wave circuits. Full-wave rectifiers use either a center-tap transformer or a bridge configuration to produce twice as many output pulses as a half-wave rectifier. Multi-phase rectifiers like three-phase circuits have even less ripple and higher efficiency due to utilizing all phases of input. Three-phase rectifiers can be half-wave or full-wave designs using three or six diodes respectively.
1. Introduction
2. History of transformer
3. Principle
4. Construction and Working
5. Types of Transformer
6. Application
7. Auto transformer
8. Need of transformer
Three-phase transformers are used for power generation and transmission because they are more efficient and cost-effective than single-phase transformers. They have three cores arranged 120 degrees apart that operate on the principle that the fluxes in each core sum to zero at any given time. Various winding configurations like star-star, delta-delta, star-delta, and delta-star can step voltages up or down as needed. For high loads, three-phase transformers can be connected in parallel as long as their polarities match, phase displacements are aligned, and voltage ratios are equal to prevent circulating currents.
Its my PPT presentation about Single Phase Transformer.
In it only cover few point about single phase transformer like construction, working principle, emf equation and Transformer on load.
This document provides an overview of transformers. It discusses that transformers are used to transfer electrical energy between AC circuits by inducing a voltage in one circuit from another via electromagnetic induction. The basic principles of a transformer are explained, including that an alternating current in the primary winding produces an alternating magnetic flux that induces a voltage in the secondary winding. Different types of transformer cores are described. It also notes that transformers cannot operate on DC and discusses some applications of transformers such as stepping up or down voltages for power transmission or measurements.
The inverter is a static device. It can convert one form of electrical power into other forms of electrical power. But it cannot generate electrical power. Hence the inverter is a converter, not a generator.
A transformer transfers electrical energy between two circuits through electromagnetic induction. It works by using a primary coil to produce a varying magnetic field that induces a voltage in a secondary coil. This allows transformers to increase or decrease voltage levels in an electrical circuit. The number of turns in each coil and the ratio of their turns determines the relationship between the voltages in the primary and secondary circuits. Transformers are commonly used to increase voltage for power transmission over long distances and decrease voltage for safe use in electronic devices.
A transformer transfers electrical energy between two circuits through electromagnetic induction. It has a primary winding connected to an AC source and a secondary winding connected to a load. A varying current in the primary winding induces a voltage in the secondary winding through electromagnetic induction. Transformers experience losses such as copper losses from winding resistance and core losses from hysteresis and eddy currents in the core. Methods to reduce losses include using a core made of thin laminated steel to reduce eddy currents, and using thicker conductor wire to reduce copper losses.
This document discusses autotransformers, which are transformers with a single winding that acts as both the primary and secondary sides. It explains that autotransformers have higher efficiency and require less copper than two-winding transformers. The document describes the principle of operation of autotransformers and lists their types as step-up or step-down. It discusses the advantages of smaller size and cost compared to two-winding transformers, but also the disadvantages of a direct connection between input and output without isolation. Common applications include voltage regulation and motor starting. Autotransformers are limited to voltage ratios around 3:1 due to safety and economic concerns.
The document discusses transformers, including their construction, principle of operation, types (step-up and step-down), applications, and history. A transformer is a device that changes alternating current voltages through inductive coupling between two coils. It consists of a primary coil, secondary coil, and iron core. The principle is based on Faraday's law of induction. Transformers are used to increase or decrease voltages for power transmission or electronic devices and were an important development in the history of electricity.
This document defines and compares active power, reactive power, and apparent power in AC circuits. It states that active power is responsible for useful work, is represented by P, and is given by the relation P=VICosθ. Reactive power oscillates between the source and load, does not contribute to useful work, and is represented by Q=VISinθ. Apparent power is represented by S=VI and is equal to the square root of the sum of the squares of active and reactive power.
This document discusses fuses and circuit breakers. It defines switchgear as the apparatus used for switching, controlling, and protecting electrical circuits and equipment. Fuses and circuit breakers are types of switchgear. A fuse is a short piece of metal that melts when excessive current flows through it, breaking the circuit. A circuit breaker can open or close a circuit under all load conditions and operates automatically during faults. The document describes the construction and working of fuses and circuit breakers, as well as their ratings and methods of arc extinction.
This document describes a project to build a third harmonic distortion meter using a PIC18F2550 microcontroller. It explains that non-linear components can cause harmonics in AC power systems, with the third harmonic being particularly impactful. The project involves using a microcontroller and discrete Fourier transform calculations to measure the amplitude of the fundamental frequency and third harmonic from a rectified input signal. This allows the third harmonic distortion to be displayed as a percentage. The document provides details of the circuit design and software used to implement this third harmonic distortion meter.
A transformer transfers power from one circuit to another through electromagnetic induction without changing frequency. It works on the principle of mutual induction between two coils - the primary and secondary windings. When an alternating current flows through the primary, it produces an alternating magnetic flux that induces an alternating voltage in the secondary. Transformers come in two main construction types - core type with windings on either side of the core, and shell type with windings sandwiched between core limbs. Efficiency losses include copper losses from winding resistance and iron losses from hysteresis and eddy currents in the core.
Inductors store energy in the form of a magnetic field and deliver it when needed. An inductor consists of a coil of wire wrapped around a ferromagnetic core. The three main factors that affect inductance are the number of turns in the coil, the permeability of the core material, and the size of the core. There are three main types of fixed inductors: air core inductors which have the lowest inductance, iron core inductors which are useful at low frequencies, and ferrite core inductors which are used for high frequency applications due to their high resistivity and lack of hysteresis losses.
1) A transformer transfers electric power from one circuit to another without changing the frequency by electromagnetic induction between two electric circuits.
2) To reduce losses, high voltage from generators is stepped up for transmission and stepped down for distribution to homes and industries using step-up and step-down transformers.
3) Key losses in transformers include copper losses from winding resistance, iron losses from hysteresis and eddy currents in the core, and dielectric losses from insulation; these losses can be reduced through techniques like vacuum pressure impregnation, choosing core materials, and proper cooling.
A transformer transfers electrical energy between two circuits through electromagnetic induction. It works by creating a varying magnetic field in its primary winding from an alternating current, which induces a varying electromotive force in its secondary winding. Transformers are commonly used to increase or decrease voltages in power applications. There are losses from copper windings and iron cores from hysteresis and eddy currents. An ideal transformer transfers all flux between windings, but in reality some flux escapes and results in leakage inductance.
Iron losses are caused by alternating flux in the transformer core and are also known as core losses. Copper losses occur due to resistance in the primary and secondary windings, calculated as I1^2R1 and I2^2R2, where I1 and I2 are currents and R1 and R2 are resistances. Stray losses are very small compared to iron and copper losses and result from leakage fields, so they can be neglected. Dielectric losses happen in the transformer's insulating oil or solid materials and affect efficiency if the oil deteriorates or solid insulation is damaged.
Presentation about transformer and its types M Tahir Shaheen
- A transformer is a static device that changes electrical power at one voltage level into electrical power at another voltage level through magnetic induction. It does not change the frequency.
- There are two main types of transformers: step-up transformers, which increase voltage, and step-down transformers, which decrease voltage. This is achieved by varying the number of turns in the primary and secondary coils.
- Transformers work on the principle of mutual induction. A changing magnetic field induced by alternating current in the primary coil induces a voltage in the secondary coil.
This document provides an overview of a training seminar on transformers presented for partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Technology degree. It discusses the basic principles and components of transformer operation, including mutual induction, core types, windings, and losses. Key points covered include how transformers transfer power between circuits via changing magnetic fields without altering frequency, and how the turns ratio determines the voltage ratio between primary and secondary coils. The document also describes transformer construction, testing procedures, and the core building process used in transformer manufacturing.
This document discusses different types of DC generators, including separately excited, self-excited, series, shunt, and compound generators. It provides details on how each type works, including the positioning of field coils and how current flows. Compound generators are described as having both series and shunt field windings to overcome disadvantages of series and shunt generators. Short shunt and long shunt compound generators are also explained in terms of how armature and field currents are calculated.
A transformer is a static device that changes alternating current (AC) at one voltage level to AC at another voltage level through electromagnetic induction. It consists of two coils, the primary and secondary windings, wrapped around a laminated iron core. When an alternating current is applied to the primary winding, it produces an alternating magnetic field that induces a voltage in the secondary winding. This allows the transformer to step up or step down voltages without changing the frequency. The transformer transfers power between its two coils through electromagnetic coupling between the coils wound around the iron core.
A rectifier converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). There are single-phase and multi-phase rectifiers. Single-phase rectifiers include half-wave and full-wave circuits. Full-wave rectifiers use either a center-tap transformer or a bridge configuration to produce twice as many output pulses as a half-wave rectifier. Multi-phase rectifiers like three-phase circuits have even less ripple and higher efficiency due to utilizing all phases of input. Three-phase rectifiers can be half-wave or full-wave designs using three or six diodes respectively.
1. Introduction
2. History of transformer
3. Principle
4. Construction and Working
5. Types of Transformer
6. Application
7. Auto transformer
8. Need of transformer
Three-phase transformers are used for power generation and transmission because they are more efficient and cost-effective than single-phase transformers. They have three cores arranged 120 degrees apart that operate on the principle that the fluxes in each core sum to zero at any given time. Various winding configurations like star-star, delta-delta, star-delta, and delta-star can step voltages up or down as needed. For high loads, three-phase transformers can be connected in parallel as long as their polarities match, phase displacements are aligned, and voltage ratios are equal to prevent circulating currents.
Its my PPT presentation about Single Phase Transformer.
In it only cover few point about single phase transformer like construction, working principle, emf equation and Transformer on load.
This document provides an overview of transformers. It discusses that transformers are used to transfer electrical energy between AC circuits by inducing a voltage in one circuit from another via electromagnetic induction. The basic principles of a transformer are explained, including that an alternating current in the primary winding produces an alternating magnetic flux that induces a voltage in the secondary winding. Different types of transformer cores are described. It also notes that transformers cannot operate on DC and discusses some applications of transformers such as stepping up or down voltages for power transmission or measurements.
The inverter is a static device. It can convert one form of electrical power into other forms of electrical power. But it cannot generate electrical power. Hence the inverter is a converter, not a generator.
A transformer transfers electrical energy between two circuits through electromagnetic induction. It works by using a primary coil to produce a varying magnetic field that induces a voltage in a secondary coil. This allows transformers to increase or decrease voltage levels in an electrical circuit. The number of turns in each coil and the ratio of their turns determines the relationship between the voltages in the primary and secondary circuits. Transformers are commonly used to increase voltage for power transmission over long distances and decrease voltage for safe use in electronic devices.
A transformer transfers electrical energy between two circuits through electromagnetic induction. It has a primary winding connected to an AC source and a secondary winding connected to a load. A varying current in the primary winding induces a voltage in the secondary winding through electromagnetic induction. Transformers experience losses such as copper losses from winding resistance and core losses from hysteresis and eddy currents in the core. Methods to reduce losses include using a core made of thin laminated steel to reduce eddy currents, and using thicker conductor wire to reduce copper losses.
This document discusses autotransformers, which are transformers with a single winding that acts as both the primary and secondary sides. It explains that autotransformers have higher efficiency and require less copper than two-winding transformers. The document describes the principle of operation of autotransformers and lists their types as step-up or step-down. It discusses the advantages of smaller size and cost compared to two-winding transformers, but also the disadvantages of a direct connection between input and output without isolation. Common applications include voltage regulation and motor starting. Autotransformers are limited to voltage ratios around 3:1 due to safety and economic concerns.
The document discusses transformers, including their construction, principle of operation, types (step-up and step-down), applications, and history. A transformer is a device that changes alternating current voltages through inductive coupling between two coils. It consists of a primary coil, secondary coil, and iron core. The principle is based on Faraday's law of induction. Transformers are used to increase or decrease voltages for power transmission or electronic devices and were an important development in the history of electricity.
This document defines and compares active power, reactive power, and apparent power in AC circuits. It states that active power is responsible for useful work, is represented by P, and is given by the relation P=VICosθ. Reactive power oscillates between the source and load, does not contribute to useful work, and is represented by Q=VISinθ. Apparent power is represented by S=VI and is equal to the square root of the sum of the squares of active and reactive power.
This document discusses fuses and circuit breakers. It defines switchgear as the apparatus used for switching, controlling, and protecting electrical circuits and equipment. Fuses and circuit breakers are types of switchgear. A fuse is a short piece of metal that melts when excessive current flows through it, breaking the circuit. A circuit breaker can open or close a circuit under all load conditions and operates automatically during faults. The document describes the construction and working of fuses and circuit breakers, as well as their ratings and methods of arc extinction.
This document describes a project to build a third harmonic distortion meter using a PIC18F2550 microcontroller. It explains that non-linear components can cause harmonics in AC power systems, with the third harmonic being particularly impactful. The project involves using a microcontroller and discrete Fourier transform calculations to measure the amplitude of the fundamental frequency and third harmonic from a rectified input signal. This allows the third harmonic distortion to be displayed as a percentage. The document provides details of the circuit design and software used to implement this third harmonic distortion meter.
A transformer transfers power from one circuit to another through electromagnetic induction without changing frequency. It works on the principle of mutual induction between two coils - the primary and secondary windings. When an alternating current flows through the primary, it produces an alternating magnetic flux that induces an alternating voltage in the secondary. Transformers come in two main construction types - core type with windings on either side of the core, and shell type with windings sandwiched between core limbs. Efficiency losses include copper losses from winding resistance and iron losses from hysteresis and eddy currents in the core.
Inductors store energy in the form of a magnetic field and deliver it when needed. An inductor consists of a coil of wire wrapped around a ferromagnetic core. The three main factors that affect inductance are the number of turns in the coil, the permeability of the core material, and the size of the core. There are three main types of fixed inductors: air core inductors which have the lowest inductance, iron core inductors which are useful at low frequencies, and ferrite core inductors which are used for high frequency applications due to their high resistivity and lack of hysteresis losses.
1) A transformer transfers electric power from one circuit to another without changing the frequency by electromagnetic induction between two electric circuits.
2) To reduce losses, high voltage from generators is stepped up for transmission and stepped down for distribution to homes and industries using step-up and step-down transformers.
3) Key losses in transformers include copper losses from winding resistance, iron losses from hysteresis and eddy currents in the core, and dielectric losses from insulation; these losses can be reduced through techniques like vacuum pressure impregnation, choosing core materials, and proper cooling.
A transformer transfers electrical energy between two circuits through electromagnetic induction. It works by creating a varying magnetic field in its primary winding from an alternating current, which induces a varying electromotive force in its secondary winding. Transformers are commonly used to increase or decrease voltages in power applications. There are losses from copper windings and iron cores from hysteresis and eddy currents. An ideal transformer transfers all flux between windings, but in reality some flux escapes and results in leakage inductance.
A transformer transfers electrical energy between circuits through electromagnetic induction. It consists of two coils wound around an iron core. An alternating current applied to one coil induces a voltage in the other coil.
The key components are the primary and secondary coils, the magnetic core, and insulation between the coils. The core is made of thin iron laminations to reduce eddy currents. Copper losses from resistance heating vary with load current, while core losses from hysteresis are constant.
Efficiency is maximized when copper and core losses are equal. Maximum efficiency occurs at a load that is the ratio of core to copper losses, and is independent of power factor. Voltage regulation is the change in output voltage from no-load to full
- The document discusses the working principles of transformers. It describes how transformers work on the principle of mutual induction to transform alternating current from one voltage to another.
- Key points covered include the basic construction of transformers, Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, transformer ratios, ideal transformers, and transformer losses such as hysteresis, eddy current, and copper losses.
- Examples and problems are provided to illustrate transformer calculations for determining voltages, currents, flux densities, and power losses.
lec 8 and 9 single phase transformer.pptxssuser76a9bc
The document discusses single phase transformers, including their construction, operation principle, ideal and non-ideal models, and methods to determine component values. A transformer transfers energy between circuits through electromagnetic induction. It has a core made of laminated silicon steel and windings wrapped around the core. Varying the primary current induces a voltage in the secondary according to Faraday's law of induction and the turns ratio. Real transformers have losses accounted for in their equivalent circuit model, which is used to analyze power flow and regulation. Component values are found through short-circuit, open-circuit, and DC tests.
Pocket book on energy efficiency in elec systemsSuresh Kumar
This document discusses energy efficiency in electrical systems, focusing on transformers and motors. It provides information on transformer types, ratings, losses and efficiency optimization. Key points covered include:
1. Transformers are inherently very efficient but efficiency depends on load percentage, with maximum efficiency occurring between 40-60% for distribution transformers and 60-80% for power transformers.
2. Motor and transformer loads can be optimized through proper sizing and power factor correction techniques like capacitors to reduce losses and improve efficiency.
3. Harmonics from non-linear loads increase equipment losses and temperatures, potentially causing premature failure, so proper filtering is required. Standards help regulate harmonics levels.
This document provides information about transformers, including:
1) Transformers work by mutual inductance between two coils linked by a magnetic flux, allowing conversion of voltages while keeping frequency the same.
2) Transformers consist of two inductive windings and a laminated steel core to reduce losses. They are classified based on factors like phase, core type, cooling method, and application.
3) Transformers experience losses from hysteresis in the core, eddy currents, and resistive heating of windings. Proper design aims to minimize different types of losses depending on the transformer's role.
Distribution transformers are used to reduce high primary voltages to lower utilization voltages for consumers. They come in various types including pole mounted, pad mounted, and underground transformers. Losses in distribution transformers include core losses from hysteresis and eddy currents, as well as copper losses from winding resistance. Efficiency is calculated based on total energy delivered over 24 hours rather than power ratio at full load, since distribution transformers rarely operate at full load. A breather uses silica gel to absorb moisture from transformer air and maintain a low dew point.
module 3 basic electrical notesIntroduction: This chapter deals the principle of operation & construction of single phase
transformer, types of the device, function of the different types of transformer and power
losses & efficiency of the device.
Definition: Transformer is a static (means there is no rotating part in it) electro magnetic
machine, which transfers electrical energy from one electrical circuit to another circuit
without changing frequency.
Distribution transformers are used to reduce high primary voltages to lower utilization voltages for consumers. They come in various types including large distribution transformers used to receive energy from high voltage levels and distribute to substations or industries, and single-phase pole mounted transformers used for residential overhead distribution. Voltage regulation is the percentage difference between no-load and full-load voltages, and is affected by the voltage drop due to current flowing through the transformer windings. Losses in distribution transformers include core losses, copper losses from winding resistance, and stray losses from stray fluxes.
This document discusses transformer efficiency, regulation, and temperature rise. It states that efficiency is maximized when copper losses equal iron losses. Voltage regulation is defined as copper losses divided by output power. Temperature rise in a transformer is determined by the power dissipated per unit surface area of the transformer core, with higher power densities leading to greater temperature increases. The required surface area for heat dissipation is calculated based on total transformer losses.
This document discusses how transformers work and their key components and properties:
1. Transformers transfer electric power from one circuit to another without changing frequency by using electromagnetic induction. They have a primary winding and secondary winding.
2. An alternating current in the primary winding produces a changing magnetic field that induces a voltage in the secondary winding. The ratio of turns between the windings determines the ratio of voltages.
3. Losses in transformers include iron losses from eddy currents and hysteresis in the core, and copper losses from resistance in the windings. The condition for maximum efficiency is when iron and copper losses are equal and minimum.
This document discusses the design of core type and shell type transformers. It begins by classifying transformers based on their construction as either core type or shell type. It then compares the two types and outlines their relative advantages and disadvantages. Core type transformers are simpler to construct but have poorer mechanical strength, while shell type transformers can better withstand short circuits. The document also provides the output equations for single phase and three phase transformers of both core type and shell type construction. It discusses design considerations such as core and winding dimensions, current density, and resistance and reactance calculations.
This document provides an overview of transformer losses and how to reduce them. It discusses the objectives and construction of transformers, as well as the ideal transformer model. The main types of losses covered are core or iron losses, including hysteresis and eddy current losses, copper losses, stray losses, and dielectric losses. Core losses can be reduced by using thinner laminations and lower flux densities. Hysteresis losses are minimized through the use of high-quality magnetic materials like silicon steel. The document aims to educate students on transformer principles and analysis.
Presentation Design of Computer aided design of power transformerSMDDTech
The document summarizes the design of a 100 KVA power transformer. It includes the design calculations for the high voltage and low voltage windings, core, tank, and other components. Key specifications calculated include 11,000/433V voltage ratings, 3344 turns for the high voltage winding, 76 turns for the low voltage winding, and a core size of 115mm diameter. Performance metrics like 98.15% efficiency at full load, 3.94% voltage regulation, and total losses of 1561.617W are provided. Dimensions for the transformer tank and cooling system are also listed.
CORE LOSS,COPPER LOSS,EDDY CURRENT,HYSTERESIS LOSS OF TRANSFORMER| DAY6|BASIC...Prasant Kumar
#CORE_COPPER_LOSS_EDDY_CURRENT_HYSTERESIS_LOSS
#CORE_LOSS_OF_TRANSFORMER
#COPPER_LOSS_OF_TRANSFORMER
#EDDY_CURRENT_OF_TRANSFORMER
#HYSTERESIS_LOSS_OF_TRANSFORMER
#BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
In this video you will learn
Transformer ,Day 6, core loss,copper loss,eddy cuurent loss, Basic electrical and electronics engineering.
Transformer is a static device, hence mechanical losses (like friction loss) are absent in it. A transformer only consists of electrical losses (iron losses and copper losses).
Core Loss Or Iron Loss Or Constant loss:
Core losses are due to the magnetic properties of the material used for the construction of core.
Core is made by iron like CRGO so called iron loss.
Core loss is treated as constant at rated voltage and frequency, so called constant loss.
Eddy current loss:
The document discusses transformers and their role in electrical distribution systems. It explains that transformers operate on the principle of mutual inductance to increase or decrease voltage. Step-up transformers are used to transmit electricity at high voltages over power lines, while step-down transformers lower the voltage for safe distribution and use. The development of efficient transformers enabled the modern electrical grid that transmits power over long distances at high voltages and distributes it locally at lower voltages.
diseño y conocimineto sobre los transformadores electricosdibujante32
This document discusses the design of transformers. It begins by classifying transformers based on their construction type, either core type or shell type. It then compares the two types and discusses their relative mechanical strengths, leakage reactances, ease of repairs, and cooling capabilities. The document goes on to discuss the construction of transformers including their core, windings, insulation, tank, bushings, and other components. It provides equations for calculating transformer output and discusses factors involved in the optimal design of transformers such as minimizing total volume, weight, cost, or losses. The design of components like the core, insulation, yoke, and tank are described. The document concludes by discussing heat dissipation from the tank and the use of cooling tubes.
Level sensitive scan design(LSSD) and Boundry scan(BS)Praveen Kumar
This presentation contains,
Introduction,design for testability, scan chain, operation, scan structure, test vectors, Boundry scan, test logic, operation, BS cell, states of TAP controller, Boundry scan instructions.
This ppt describes about,
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3. Losses in transformer
Efficiency
Condition for maximum efficiency
Separation of losses
Separation of iron loss
All-day efficiency.
4. In any electrical machine, 'loss' can be
defined as the difference between input
power and output power.
An electrical transformer is an static device,
hence mechanical losses (like windage or
friction losses) are absent in it.
A transformer only consists of electrical
losses (iron losses and copper losses).
All these losses in the transformer are
dissipated in the form of heat.
5.
6. Copper loss is due to power wasted in the
form of I2R, , where ‘I’ is the current passing
through the windings and R is the internal
resistance of the windings(primary and
secondary).
It is clear that Cu loss is proportional to
square of the current, and current depends
on the load. Hence copper loss in transformer
varies with the load.
Hence it is also called as variable loss.
Wcut= I2
pRp + I2
sRs
7. These losses occur in the core of the
transformer and are generated due to the
variations in the flux.
They depend upon the magnetic properties of
the material used for the construction of
core. Hence these losses are also known as
core losses or iron losses (Wi).
8. In transformer, the leakage magnetic flux linked with
the conducting parts like steel core or iron body of
the transformer, which will result in induced emf in
those parts, causing small circulating current in them.
We= CeBm
2 *f2
This current is called as eddy current. Due to these
eddy currents, some energy will be dissipated in the
form of heat.
Lamination of core material can reduce eddy current
loss.
9. Hysteresis loss is due to the repeated
magnetization and demagnetization in the
transformer core. The energy is lost in each
hysteresis cycle.
10. This loss depends upon the volume and
grade of the iron, frequency of magnetic
reversals and value of flux density. It can be
given by,
Wh=Ch(Bm)1.6 *f (watts)
soft magnetic materials with low hysteresis
such as silicon steel and CRGO Steel are
usually used in core to reduce the loss .
The total core loss is,
Wi= Wh+We
Wi= Ch(Bm)1.6 *f + CeBm
2 *f2
11. The stray losses is due to the presence of
leakage field including eddy currents in tank
walls and conductors.
The winding of the transformer should be
designed such a way to minimize the stray
loss this is achieved by splitting of
conductors into small strips to reduce eddy
current loss.
12. Dielectric loss occurs in the insulating
material of the transformer that is in the oil
of the transformer, or in the solid insulations.
When the oil gets deteriorated or the solid
insulation get damaged, or its quality
decreases and because of this, the efficiency
of transformer is effected.
The percentage of these losses are very small
as compared to the iron and copper losses so
they can be neglected.
13. The Efficiency of the transformer is defined as the ratio
power output to the real power input.
In any practical transformer there is losses hence the
efficiency is,
14. In terms of input and losses the efficiency
can be written as
15. Where power output,
Po = xSrcosф2
Total losses , Wt = Wi+
Thus the efficiency of transformer can be
written as
21. 𝒅𝛈
𝒅𝒙
= 0 𝑊𝑖 − 𝑥2 𝑊𝑐𝑢𝑡 = 0
𝐖𝐢 = 𝐱 𝟐
𝐖𝐜𝐮𝐭 ---- (2)
The efficiency of a transformer for a given
power factor is maximum when the variable
copper loss is equal to the constant iron loss.
24. Maximum efficiency,
η 𝑀=
V2I2M cos ϕ2
V2I2M cos ϕ2+2 Wi
η 𝑀=
x Sr cos ϕ2
x Sr cos ϕ2+2Wi
Where,
x=
𝐖𝐢
𝐖𝐜𝐮𝐭
𝑰 𝟐𝐌 =
𝑾 𝒊
𝑹 𝒕𝟐
= 𝑰 𝟐𝐫
𝑾 𝒊
𝑾 𝒄𝒖𝒕
25. 𝜂 =
𝑥 𝑆 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙2
𝑥 𝑆 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙2+𝑊 𝑖+ 𝑥2 𝑊𝑐𝑢𝑡
x= constant. Hence, 𝑊𝑖 + 𝑥2 𝑊𝑐𝑢𝑡 = k
𝜂 =
𝑥 𝑆 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙2
𝑥 𝑆 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙2+𝑘
𝜂 =
1
1+
𝑘
𝑥 𝑆 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙2
At Maximium effieciency , 𝟏 +
𝒌
𝒙 𝑺 𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝓 𝟐
is minimum, i.e
when 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙2 is maximum.
Hence, for a constant load current, maximum efficiency
occurs when the load power factor is unity. (i.e, resistive load).
26.
27. The iron loss is separated into its corresponding compenents as
Iron loss =Wi=Wh+We
Where Hysteresis loss, Wh= Ch Bm
1.6f W
Eddy current loss, We = CeBm
2f 2 W
Now
Wi =ChB f +CeB f2
Where
Wh=hysteresis loss W
We=eddy current loss W
Bm=magnetic flux intensity T
ChB=hysteresis loss constant(value of y-intercept in the
graph)
CeB=eddy current loss constant(value of slope in the graph)
28.
29.
30.
31. ALL DAY EFFICIENCY
• Computing efficiency by taking the ratio of RAM power output
by real power input best judges the performance of power
transformers which are energised only during load conditions.
• The loads connected to power transformers are normally at
constant level around full-load.
• Distribution Transformers are installed by Electric Board Power
Grid are kept energied for all the twenty four hours a day, seven
days a week and 52 weeks a year.
32. The loads connected to such transformer keep on
changing from time to time.
In a day of 24 hrs , such distribution transformer
are subjected to full load hardly for about 4-5 hrs.
In remaining period they are only partly loaded .
Sometimes they are on no-load.
This means that iron-loss is incurred at constant
level for all 24 hrs while copper losses incurred in
the transformer keep on changing with respect to
change in load condition.
33. Therefore the performance of distribution
transformer by taking into account the enery
delivered and energy consumed by it for all the
24 hrs in a day.
DEFINITION:
All day efficiency, of the transformer is defined
as the ratio of energy delivered by the
transformer for 24 hrs in a day to the energy
consumed by the transformer from supply
system for the same period.
All - day efficiency =
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑑,𝑘𝑊𝐻𝑜
Energy consumed,kWHi
*24
34. To have high All-day efficiency, distribution
Transformers are designed and constructed with
(I)low iron losses and (ii) the load at which
maximum efficiency occurs.
Wi ---> iron loss
Wcut ---> Full load copper loss.
Energy output kWHo = ∑Xi Sr Cos𝛟2 X Hi
Energy input kWHi = energy output + energy to
meet losses.
kWHi = kWH0+ ( 24*Wi)+(∑ X2
i
WcutHi )
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