This document provides a summary of key aspects of transformer basics:
- It describes the working principle of transformers using Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction and discusses the main parts of a transformer including its magnetic core and windings.
- It lists different types of transformers classified by their use, construction, cooling method and other factors. Common types include distribution, power, control, and instrument transformers.
- Key aspects of distribution transformers like primary and secondary voltages, capacities, construction types and impedance ranges are outlined.
- Star and delta connections are explained along with diagrams and equations relating line and phase voltages. Advantages and disadvantages are also summarized.
- Other transformer components like tap changers, bushings
A three-phase transformer can be constructed as a single unit or from three individual single-phase transformers connected together. A single-unit transformer has advantages like less space, weight, and cost, and is more efficient. However, if a phase fails, the entire transformer must be removed for repair unlike with individual transformers. The document discusses different three-phase transformer connections like star-star, delta-delta, and uses of tertiary windings.
A transformer transfers power from one circuit to another through electromagnetic induction without changing frequency. It works on the principle of mutual induction between two coils - the primary and secondary windings. When an alternating current flows through the primary, it produces an alternating magnetic flux that induces an alternating voltage in the secondary. Transformers come in two main construction types - core type with windings on either side of the core, and shell type with windings sandwiched between core limbs. Efficiency losses include copper losses from winding resistance and iron losses from hysteresis and eddy currents in the core.
Three transformers can be connected in parallel to increase capacity and reliability. This allows one transformer to be taken offline for maintenance without interrupting power, and maintains supply if one transformer fails. For proper parallel operation, transformers must have the same: primary voltage and frequency; polarity connection; voltage rating and ratio; percentage impedance; and resistance to reactance ratio. Unequal values can cause circulating currents that reduce efficiency and overload transformers.
The document lists the main parts of a transformer as: metallic core, holding frame, winding, on load tap changer, bushings and terminals, radiator wings/cooling tubs, breather, Buchholz relay, explosion valve, control panel, and tank. It provides the names of the core components that make up a transformer.
This document discusses the parallel operation of transformers with equal and unequal voltage ratios. It notes that for parallel operation, transformers must have equal voltage ratios, impedances, polarities, phase sequences, ratings, and frequencies. It explains that with unequal ratios, a circulating current will occur under no load conditions due to the difference in induced voltages. The document also states that with equal ratios and in-phase voltages, the primaries and secondaries can be connected in parallel without circulating current under no load.
This document provides a summary of key aspects of transformer basics:
- It describes the working principle of transformers using Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction and discusses the main parts of a transformer including its magnetic core and windings.
- It lists different types of transformers classified by their use, construction, cooling method and other factors. Common types include distribution, power, control, and instrument transformers.
- Key aspects of distribution transformers like primary and secondary voltages, capacities, construction types and impedance ranges are outlined.
- Star and delta connections are explained along with diagrams and equations relating line and phase voltages. Advantages and disadvantages are also summarized.
- Other transformer components like tap changers, bushings
A three-phase transformer can be constructed as a single unit or from three individual single-phase transformers connected together. A single-unit transformer has advantages like less space, weight, and cost, and is more efficient. However, if a phase fails, the entire transformer must be removed for repair unlike with individual transformers. The document discusses different three-phase transformer connections like star-star, delta-delta, and uses of tertiary windings.
A transformer transfers power from one circuit to another through electromagnetic induction without changing frequency. It works on the principle of mutual induction between two coils - the primary and secondary windings. When an alternating current flows through the primary, it produces an alternating magnetic flux that induces an alternating voltage in the secondary. Transformers come in two main construction types - core type with windings on either side of the core, and shell type with windings sandwiched between core limbs. Efficiency losses include copper losses from winding resistance and iron losses from hysteresis and eddy currents in the core.
Three transformers can be connected in parallel to increase capacity and reliability. This allows one transformer to be taken offline for maintenance without interrupting power, and maintains supply if one transformer fails. For proper parallel operation, transformers must have the same: primary voltage and frequency; polarity connection; voltage rating and ratio; percentage impedance; and resistance to reactance ratio. Unequal values can cause circulating currents that reduce efficiency and overload transformers.
The document lists the main parts of a transformer as: metallic core, holding frame, winding, on load tap changer, bushings and terminals, radiator wings/cooling tubs, breather, Buchholz relay, explosion valve, control panel, and tank. It provides the names of the core components that make up a transformer.
This document discusses the parallel operation of transformers with equal and unequal voltage ratios. It notes that for parallel operation, transformers must have equal voltage ratios, impedances, polarities, phase sequences, ratings, and frequencies. It explains that with unequal ratios, a circulating current will occur under no load conditions due to the difference in induced voltages. The document also states that with equal ratios and in-phase voltages, the primaries and secondaries can be connected in parallel without circulating current under no load.
Per unit analysis is used to normalize variables in power systems to avoid difficulties in referring impedances across transformers. It involves choosing base values for voltage, power, impedance and current, then expressing all quantities as ratios of their actual to base values. This allows transformer impedances to be treated as single values regardless of which side they are referred to. It also keeps per unit quantities within a narrow range and clearly shows their relative values. The procedure is demonstrated through an example circuit solved first using single phase and then three phase per unit analysis with the same result.
A transformer consists of two coils with a mutual magnetic field that allows it to convert alternating current of one voltage to another without changing frequency. It works on the principle of electromagnetic induction between the primary and secondary windings. There are several types of losses that occur in transformers like copper, eddy current, and hysteresis losses. The ratio of voltages out to voltages in depends on the turns ratio of the number of windings in the primary coil to the secondary coil. Transformers can either step up or step down voltages and are used widely in power transmission and applications requiring different voltages.
This document discusses various types of three-phase transformer connections including:
- Delta-delta, which produces no phase shift between input and output voltages.
- Delta-wye, which produces a 30 degree phase shift.
- Wye-delta, which also produces a 30 degree phase shift with primary and secondary connections reversed from delta-wye.
- Wye-wye requires special precautions like connecting the neutral or using a tertiary winding to prevent voltage distortion.
- Open-delta can transform voltage using only two transformers in an emergency situation but has lower capacity.
- Autotransformers are more economical than conventional transformers for moderate voltage changes between 0.5-2 times.
The document discusses protection schemes for transformers. It describes faults that can occur in transformers such as open circuits, overheating, and winding short circuits. It then discusses different protection systems for transformers including Buchholz relays, earth fault relays, overcurrent relays, and differential protection systems. Differential protection systems operate by comparing currents from current transformers on both sides of the transformer and tripping the circuit breaker if a difference is detected, indicating an internal fault. The combination of protection schemes provides comprehensive protection for transformers.
This presentation summarizes the process for manufacturing power transformers at BHEL Jhansi. It discusses the key components of a power transformer including the core, coils, insulation, tap changer, and tank. The manufacturing process is then outlined, including design and drawings, winding manufacturing, core building, coil-core assembly, terminal gear mounting, tanking, and testing. Cooling systems are also briefly discussed. The presentation provides an overview of the end-to-end process for building power transformers at BHEL Jhansi.
Transformer-History,Type And More DetailAdeel Rasheed
On these Slides I describe History, Introduction, Construction, Working and Principle, Types of Transformer, Ideal Transformer and Uses of Transformer.
This document discusses the basic parts of a transformer, which include a laminated core to provide a low reluctance path for magnetic flux, primary and secondary windings insulated from each other and the core, insulating materials like paper and oil to isolate the windings, a conservator to store excess oil, a breather to control moisture levels, tap changers to balance output voltage variations, and cooling tubes to circulate and cool the transformer oil. Key components include the core, primary and secondary windings, insulating materials between windings and core, and a tap changer to regulate output voltage.
Design of substation (with Transformer Design) SayanSarkar55
This ppt is made for the subject Machine Design. Here the basic types, equipment, designs of substation is described with the preocess and calculation of designing a transformer also.
Three-phase transformers are used for power generation and transmission because they are more efficient and cost-effective than single-phase transformers. They have three cores arranged 120 degrees apart that operate on the principle that the fluxes in each core sum to zero at any given time. Various winding configurations like star-star, delta-delta, star-delta, and delta-star can step voltages up or down as needed. For high loads, three-phase transformers can be connected in parallel as long as their polarities match, phase displacements are aligned, and voltage ratios are equal to prevent circulating currents.
The document describes how to conduct short circuit and open circuit tests on transformers using a DPATT-3Bi device to measure copper and iron losses, respectively. It provides details on the test setups, calculations for full load current and no load current, and how to interpret the results displayed on the DPATT-3Bi screen. The document also lists standard limits for transformer impedance voltages and losses according to Indian standards.
Power System Analysis was a core subject for Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Based On Anna University Syllabus. The Whole Subject was there in this document.
Share with it ur friends & Follow me for more updates.!
This document provides an overview of transformers, including their structure, working principle, construction, losses, and applications. Transformers are devices that change AC electric power at one voltage level to another through magnetic coupling of two coils. They allow interchange of electric energy between circuits without a direct connection. The transformer consists of a primary coil, secondary coil, and magnetic core. When an alternating current flows through the primary, it induces a changing magnetic flux that is transferred to the secondary coil to induce voltage. Transformers experience losses from copper, hysteresis, and eddy currents. They are used widely in power transmission and applications like televisions and cameras.
Three Phase Transformer
Presented by:
Rizwan Yaseen 2017-EE-432
Zeeshan Saeed 2017-EE-414
Muhammad Hamad 2017-EE-404
Muhammad Zeeshan 2017-EE-402
A three phase transformer is made of three sets of primary and secondary windings wound around the legs of a common iron core. It allows for higher transmission voltages using lower amperage wiring. The core can be constructed as either a core type or shell type configuration. A three phase transformer works by inducing secondary voltages from the three phase primary voltages to maintain the proper phase relationships for power distribution.
open circuit and short circuit test on transformerMILAN MANAVAR
This document describes open circuit and short circuit tests performed on transformers. The open circuit test is done to measure iron losses by connecting meters to the primary side with the secondary open. The short circuit test is done to measure copper losses by shorting the secondary and applying a small voltage to the primary side. These tests allow determining key transformer parameters like losses and efficiency without actual loading and are economical and convenient.
Distribution transformers are used to reduce high primary voltages to lower utilization voltages for consumers. They come in various types including large distribution transformers used to receive energy from high voltage levels and distribute to substations or industries, and single-phase pole mounted transformers used for residential overhead distribution. Voltage regulation is the percentage difference between no-load and full-load voltages, and is affected by the voltage drop due to current flowing through the transformer windings. Losses in distribution transformers include core losses, copper losses from winding resistance, and stray losses from stray fluxes.
Tap changers are devices fitted to power transformers that regulate output voltage levels by altering the transformer turn ratios (paragraph 1). On-load tap-changers (OLTCs) are commonly used in power grids and industries to continuously regulate voltage during operation (paragraph 2). OLTCs offer variable control to maintain supply voltage within specified limits by selecting different transformer taps, which correspond to different turn ratios and voltage outputs (paragraphs 3-5). Modern OLTCs are designed to change taps while energized since off-load tap changers interrupt power supply (paragraph 6).
This document provides a training report on a 33/11 KV substation in Lucknow, India. It discusses various components of the substation including transformers, bus bars, insulators, circuit breakers, metering equipment, protection systems, and earthing methodology. The report provides specifications for components, describes the types and functions of substation equipment, and outlines the trainee's experiences during their training at the facility.
Presentation about transformer and its types M Tahir Shaheen
- A transformer is a static device that changes electrical power at one voltage level into electrical power at another voltage level through magnetic induction. It does not change the frequency.
- There are two main types of transformers: step-up transformers, which increase voltage, and step-down transformers, which decrease voltage. This is achieved by varying the number of turns in the primary and secondary coils.
- Transformers work on the principle of mutual induction. A changing magnetic field induced by alternating current in the primary coil induces a voltage in the secondary coil.
This document discusses the construction and working of transformers. It begins with an introduction that defines a transformer as a device that changes AC electric power at one voltage level to another through magnetic coupling of two coils. It then covers the main topics of the structure and working principle of transformers, the different types of constructions including core and shell types, losses in transformers including copper, hysteresis and eddy current losses, the differences between ideal and practical transformers, and applications such as in transmission and distribution of power.
Per unit analysis is used to normalize variables in power systems to avoid difficulties in referring impedances across transformers. It involves choosing base values for voltage, power, impedance and current, then expressing all quantities as ratios of their actual to base values. This allows transformer impedances to be treated as single values regardless of which side they are referred to. It also keeps per unit quantities within a narrow range and clearly shows their relative values. The procedure is demonstrated through an example circuit solved first using single phase and then three phase per unit analysis with the same result.
A transformer consists of two coils with a mutual magnetic field that allows it to convert alternating current of one voltage to another without changing frequency. It works on the principle of electromagnetic induction between the primary and secondary windings. There are several types of losses that occur in transformers like copper, eddy current, and hysteresis losses. The ratio of voltages out to voltages in depends on the turns ratio of the number of windings in the primary coil to the secondary coil. Transformers can either step up or step down voltages and are used widely in power transmission and applications requiring different voltages.
This document discusses various types of three-phase transformer connections including:
- Delta-delta, which produces no phase shift between input and output voltages.
- Delta-wye, which produces a 30 degree phase shift.
- Wye-delta, which also produces a 30 degree phase shift with primary and secondary connections reversed from delta-wye.
- Wye-wye requires special precautions like connecting the neutral or using a tertiary winding to prevent voltage distortion.
- Open-delta can transform voltage using only two transformers in an emergency situation but has lower capacity.
- Autotransformers are more economical than conventional transformers for moderate voltage changes between 0.5-2 times.
The document discusses protection schemes for transformers. It describes faults that can occur in transformers such as open circuits, overheating, and winding short circuits. It then discusses different protection systems for transformers including Buchholz relays, earth fault relays, overcurrent relays, and differential protection systems. Differential protection systems operate by comparing currents from current transformers on both sides of the transformer and tripping the circuit breaker if a difference is detected, indicating an internal fault. The combination of protection schemes provides comprehensive protection for transformers.
This presentation summarizes the process for manufacturing power transformers at BHEL Jhansi. It discusses the key components of a power transformer including the core, coils, insulation, tap changer, and tank. The manufacturing process is then outlined, including design and drawings, winding manufacturing, core building, coil-core assembly, terminal gear mounting, tanking, and testing. Cooling systems are also briefly discussed. The presentation provides an overview of the end-to-end process for building power transformers at BHEL Jhansi.
Transformer-History,Type And More DetailAdeel Rasheed
On these Slides I describe History, Introduction, Construction, Working and Principle, Types of Transformer, Ideal Transformer and Uses of Transformer.
This document discusses the basic parts of a transformer, which include a laminated core to provide a low reluctance path for magnetic flux, primary and secondary windings insulated from each other and the core, insulating materials like paper and oil to isolate the windings, a conservator to store excess oil, a breather to control moisture levels, tap changers to balance output voltage variations, and cooling tubes to circulate and cool the transformer oil. Key components include the core, primary and secondary windings, insulating materials between windings and core, and a tap changer to regulate output voltage.
Design of substation (with Transformer Design) SayanSarkar55
This ppt is made for the subject Machine Design. Here the basic types, equipment, designs of substation is described with the preocess and calculation of designing a transformer also.
Three-phase transformers are used for power generation and transmission because they are more efficient and cost-effective than single-phase transformers. They have three cores arranged 120 degrees apart that operate on the principle that the fluxes in each core sum to zero at any given time. Various winding configurations like star-star, delta-delta, star-delta, and delta-star can step voltages up or down as needed. For high loads, three-phase transformers can be connected in parallel as long as their polarities match, phase displacements are aligned, and voltage ratios are equal to prevent circulating currents.
The document describes how to conduct short circuit and open circuit tests on transformers using a DPATT-3Bi device to measure copper and iron losses, respectively. It provides details on the test setups, calculations for full load current and no load current, and how to interpret the results displayed on the DPATT-3Bi screen. The document also lists standard limits for transformer impedance voltages and losses according to Indian standards.
Power System Analysis was a core subject for Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Based On Anna University Syllabus. The Whole Subject was there in this document.
Share with it ur friends & Follow me for more updates.!
This document provides an overview of transformers, including their structure, working principle, construction, losses, and applications. Transformers are devices that change AC electric power at one voltage level to another through magnetic coupling of two coils. They allow interchange of electric energy between circuits without a direct connection. The transformer consists of a primary coil, secondary coil, and magnetic core. When an alternating current flows through the primary, it induces a changing magnetic flux that is transferred to the secondary coil to induce voltage. Transformers experience losses from copper, hysteresis, and eddy currents. They are used widely in power transmission and applications like televisions and cameras.
Three Phase Transformer
Presented by:
Rizwan Yaseen 2017-EE-432
Zeeshan Saeed 2017-EE-414
Muhammad Hamad 2017-EE-404
Muhammad Zeeshan 2017-EE-402
A three phase transformer is made of three sets of primary and secondary windings wound around the legs of a common iron core. It allows for higher transmission voltages using lower amperage wiring. The core can be constructed as either a core type or shell type configuration. A three phase transformer works by inducing secondary voltages from the three phase primary voltages to maintain the proper phase relationships for power distribution.
open circuit and short circuit test on transformerMILAN MANAVAR
This document describes open circuit and short circuit tests performed on transformers. The open circuit test is done to measure iron losses by connecting meters to the primary side with the secondary open. The short circuit test is done to measure copper losses by shorting the secondary and applying a small voltage to the primary side. These tests allow determining key transformer parameters like losses and efficiency without actual loading and are economical and convenient.
Distribution transformers are used to reduce high primary voltages to lower utilization voltages for consumers. They come in various types including large distribution transformers used to receive energy from high voltage levels and distribute to substations or industries, and single-phase pole mounted transformers used for residential overhead distribution. Voltage regulation is the percentage difference between no-load and full-load voltages, and is affected by the voltage drop due to current flowing through the transformer windings. Losses in distribution transformers include core losses, copper losses from winding resistance, and stray losses from stray fluxes.
Tap changers are devices fitted to power transformers that regulate output voltage levels by altering the transformer turn ratios (paragraph 1). On-load tap-changers (OLTCs) are commonly used in power grids and industries to continuously regulate voltage during operation (paragraph 2). OLTCs offer variable control to maintain supply voltage within specified limits by selecting different transformer taps, which correspond to different turn ratios and voltage outputs (paragraphs 3-5). Modern OLTCs are designed to change taps while energized since off-load tap changers interrupt power supply (paragraph 6).
This document provides a training report on a 33/11 KV substation in Lucknow, India. It discusses various components of the substation including transformers, bus bars, insulators, circuit breakers, metering equipment, protection systems, and earthing methodology. The report provides specifications for components, describes the types and functions of substation equipment, and outlines the trainee's experiences during their training at the facility.
Presentation about transformer and its types M Tahir Shaheen
- A transformer is a static device that changes electrical power at one voltage level into electrical power at another voltage level through magnetic induction. It does not change the frequency.
- There are two main types of transformers: step-up transformers, which increase voltage, and step-down transformers, which decrease voltage. This is achieved by varying the number of turns in the primary and secondary coils.
- Transformers work on the principle of mutual induction. A changing magnetic field induced by alternating current in the primary coil induces a voltage in the secondary coil.
This document discusses the construction and working of transformers. It begins with an introduction that defines a transformer as a device that changes AC electric power at one voltage level to another through magnetic coupling of two coils. It then covers the main topics of the structure and working principle of transformers, the different types of constructions including core and shell types, losses in transformers including copper, hysteresis and eddy current losses, the differences between ideal and practical transformers, and applications such as in transmission and distribution of power.
The document discusses transformers, including their structure, working principle, construction, losses, ideal vs practical characteristics, and applications. A transformer transfers electrical energy between two circuits through electromagnetic induction. It consists of two coils wound around an iron core, with the primary coil connected to an input voltage source and the secondary coil delivering an output voltage. Transformers are used widely in power transmission and distribution to change voltage levels for efficient transmission or usage.
The document discusses the construction and working of transformers. It explains that a transformer transfers electrical power from one alternating current circuit to another through mutual induction without direct electrical contact. It has a primary winding that receives input power and a secondary winding that delivers output power. The transformer works by inducing voltage in the secondary winding through a changing magnetic field generated by the primary winding around a shared ferromagnetic core. The document further describes step-up and step-down transformers, classifications, losses, and applications of transformers.
A transformer is a device that converts alternating voltages from one level to another. It works on the principle of mutual induction between two coils linked by a magnetic field. A step-up transformer increases voltage and decreases current, while a step-down transformer decreases voltage and increases current. Real transformers are not 100% efficient due to energy losses from copper windings, flux leakage, hysteresis in the iron core, and eddy currents. However, transformers remain essential for power transmission and applications requiring different voltage levels.
This document discusses the construction and working of transformers. It describes transformers as devices that change AC electric power from one voltage level to another through magnetic induction between two coils. The key components of a transformer are the magnetic core and windings. Transformers have either a core type or shell type construction. Core type transformers have cylindrical coils wound around a single core, while shell type transformers have multilayer coils wound around a central limb with the core encircling the coils. Shell type construction is typically used for high voltage transformers.
- A transformer is a static device that converts alternating current voltages to different voltages while keeping frequency the same through electromagnetic induction.
- It works on the principle of mutual induction between two coils - an alternating current in the primary coil induces an alternating voltage in the secondary coil.
- Transformers are used extensively in power transmission to increase voltage for long distance transmission lines and then reduce voltage for safe distribution, as well as in electronics to step down voltages for low-voltage circuits.
A transformer transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction. It works on the principle of mutual induction between two or more windings due to a changing magnetic field. Transformers are used to increase or decrease alternating voltages in power applications. The primary winding is supplied with alternating current which produces a changing magnetic flux in the transformer core. This changing flux induces a changing voltage in the secondary winding due to electromagnetic induction based on Faraday's law of induction. Real transformers have losses such as core losses from hysteresis and eddy currents, as well as winding resistance losses. Transformers can be modeled using an equivalent circuit to represent these losses and other factors.
The document discusses transformers and their operation. It begins by introducing transformers and their basic components. There are two main types of construction: core type and shell type. An ideal transformer is then described as having no losses, infinite core permeability, and no leakage flux. The document explains how a real transformer works based on Faraday's law of induction and the separation of flux into mutual and leakage components. It derives the voltage and current ratios for an ideal transformer and discusses impedance transformation.
A transformer transfers electrical power from one circuit to another through magnetic induction. It increases or decreases voltage levels while keeping frequency constant. An ideal transformer has no losses, but a real transformer has resistance and leakage reactance. The performance of a real transformer can be determined through open-circuit and short-circuit tests to find its equivalent circuit parameters.
This document provides an overview of transformers. It begins by defining a transformer as a static device that transfers electrical power between two alternating current circuits without a direct electrical connection. The key parts of a transformer are then described, including the primary and secondary coils wound around a ferromagnetic core. The document explains that a transformer works on the principle of mutual induction to step up or step down voltages. Various types of transformer constructions and applications are also summarized, along with sources of transformer losses and limitations compared to an ideal transformer.
The document discusses transformers and their operation. It begins by introducing transformers and their basic components. There are two main types of construction: core type and shell type. An ideal transformer is then described as having no losses, infinite core permeability, and zero resistance windings. The document explains how an ideal transformer works based on Faraday's law of induction. It also discusses voltage and current ratios, impedance transformation, and power relationships for an ideal transformer. Real transformers are then discussed, including voltage ratios, magnetizing current, and equivalent circuits.
Construction & E.M.F. eqn. of transformerJay Baria
In this ppt, construction and emf equation of transformer is shown and also the types of transformer and its various losses and its application is given in the presentation.
The document discusses transformer construction, principles of operation, and testing methods to determine equivalent circuit parameters. It provides an introduction to different types of transformers and their applications. Key points covered include:
- Transformers transfer power from one circuit to another through electromagnetic induction without a direct electrical connection between the circuits.
- Practical transformers have equivalent circuits that account for winding resistances, core losses, and leakage fluxes/inductances not present in an ideal transformer.
- Open circuit and short circuit tests are used to determine the equivalent circuit parameters like magnetizing inductance, core loss resistance, leakage reactances, and winding resistances.
- Transformers transfer electrical energy from one circuit to another through mutual induction between two windings, and can change the voltage but not the frequency.
- They work on the principle of Faraday's law of induction, where a changing magnetic field in the primary coil induces an electromagnetic force (EMF) in the secondary coil.
- Transformers are classified based on factors like performance, construction, voltages, applications, cooling, and input supply, and can be used to step up or step down voltages.
i. A transformer is a static electrical device that transfers energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction. It consists of two or more coils wound around a core.
ii. Transformers operate based on mutual induction between the coils - a changing current in one coil produces a magnetic flux that induces a voltage in the other coil. This allows transformers to increase or decrease voltage levels while isolating the input and output circuits.
iii. The ideal transformer has no losses, but practical transformers have resistances that cause heating losses. Short-circuit and no-load tests are used to determine a transformer's equivalent circuit parameters and efficiency.
The document discusses the construction, working principle, and advantages of 3-phase transformers over single-phase transformers. 3-phase transformers have three cores arranged 120 degrees apart with primary windings on each core connected to the 3-phase power supply. This allows for more efficient power transmission with less space, weight, and cost compared to single-phase transformers. Connections like star-star, delta-delta, star-delta, and delta-star can adjust voltages by raising or lowering them. Transformers can be connected in parallel for increased reliability and capacity. Losses from copper, eddy currents, hysteresis, and leakage fluxes must be accounted for in accurate transformer models.
Covid Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
CoVID-19 sprang up in Wuhan China in November 2019 and was declared a pandemic by the in January 2020 World Health Organization (WHO). Like the Spanish flu of 1918 that claimed millions of lives, the COVID-19 has caused the demise of thousands with China, Italy, Spain, USA and India having the highest statistics on infection and mortality rates. Regardless of existing sophisticated technologies and medical science, the spread has continued to surge high. With this COVID-19 Management System, organizations can respond virtually to the COVID-19 pandemic and protect, educate and care for citizens in the community in a quick and effective manner. This comprehensive solution not only helps in containing the virus but also proactively empowers both citizens and care providers to minimize the spread of the virus through targeted strategies and education.
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Sachpazis_Consolidation Settlement Calculation Program-The Python Code and th...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
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2. CONTENT
What is transformer
Structure and working principle
Construction of transformer
Losses in transformer
Ideal v/s practical transformer
Uses and application of transformer
3. INTRODUCTION
A transformer is a device that changes ac electric power at one
voltage level to ac electric power at another voltage level
through the action of a magnetic field.
There are two or more stationary electric circuits that are
coupled magnetically.
It involves interchange of electric energy between two or more
electric systems
Transformers provide much needed capability of changing the
voltage and current levels easily.
They are used to step-up generator voltage to an appropriate
voltage level for power transfer.
Stepping down the transmission voltage at various levels for
distribution and power utilization.
4. WHAT IS TRANSFORMER
A transformer is a static piece of apparatus by means of
which an electrical power is transferred from one
alternating current circuit to another electrical circuit
There is no electrical contact between them
The desire change in voltage or current without any
change in frequency
Symbolically the transformer denoted as
NOTE :
It works on the principle of mutual induction
5.
6. STRUCTURE OF TRANSFORMER
The transformer two inductive coils ,these are electrical
separated but linked through a common magnetic current
circuit
These two coils have a high mutual induction
One of the two coils is connected of alternating voltage .this
coil in which electrical energy is fed with the help of source
called primary winding (P) shown in fig.
The other winding is connected to a load the electrical energy
is transformed to this winding drawn out to the load .this
winding is called secondary winding(S) shown in fig.
7. The primary and secondary coil wound on a ferromagnetic
metal core
The function of the core is to transfer the changing magnetic
flux from the primary coil to the secondary coil
The primary has N1 no of turns and the secondary has N2 no of
turns the of turns plays major important role in the function of
transformer
8. WORKING PRINCIPLE
The transformer works in the principle of mutual induction
When the alternating current flows in the primary coils, a
changing magnetic flux is generated around the primary coil.
The changing magnetic flux is transferred to the secondary coil
through the iron core
The changing magnetic flux is cut by the secondary coil, hence
induces an e.m.f in the secondary coil
“The principle of mutual induction states that when the two coils are
inductively coupled and if the current in coil change uniformly then the
e.m.f. induced in the other coils. This e.m.f can drive a current when a
closed path is provide to it.”
9. Now if load is connected to a secondary winding, this e.m.f
drives a current through it
The magnitude of the output voltage can be controlled by the
ratio of the no. of primary coil and secondary coil
The frequency of mutually induced e.m.f as same
that of the alternating source which supplying to the
primary winding b
10.
11. CONSTRUCTION OF TRANSFORMER
These are two basic of transformer construction
Magnetic core
Windings or coils
Magnetic core
The core of transformer either square or rectangular type in
size
It is further divided into two parts vertical and horizontal
The vertical portion on which coils are wounds called limb
while horizontal portion is called yoke. these parts are
Core is made of laminated core type constructions, eddy
current losses get minimize.
Generally high grade silicon steel laminations (0.3 to 0.5mm)
are used
12. WINDING
Conducting material is used in the winding of the transformer
The coils are used are wound on the limbs and insulated from
each other
The two different windings are wounds on two different limbs
The leakage flux increases which affects the performance and
efficiency of transformer
To reduce the leakage flux it is necessary that the windings
should be very close to each other to have high mutual
induction
13. CORE TYPE CONSTRUCTION
In this one magnetic circuit and cylindrical coils are used
Normally L and T shaped laminations are used
Commonly primary winding would on one limb while
secondary on the other but performance will be reduce
To get high performance it is necessary that other the two
winding should be very close to each other
14.
15. SHELL TYPE CONSTRUCTION
In this type two magnetic circuit are used
The winding is wound on central limbs
For the cell type each high voltage winding lie between two
voltage portion sandwiching the high voltage winding
Sub division of windings reduces the leakage flux
Greater the number of sub division lesser the reactance
This type of construction is used for high voltage
16.
17. LOSSES IN TRANSFORMER
Copper losses :
It is due to power wasted in the form of I2Rdue to
resistance of primary and secondary. The magnitude of
copper losses depend upon the current flowing through
these coils.
The iron losses depend on the supply voltage while the copper depend
on the current .the losses are not dependent on the phase angle between
current and voltage .hence the rating of the transformer is expressed as
a product o f voltage and current called VA rating of transformer. It is
not expressed in watts or kilowatts. Most of the timer, is rating is
expressed in KVA.
18. Hysteresis loss :
During magnetization and demagnetization ,due to hysteresis
effect some energy losses in the core called hysteresis loss
Eddy current loss :
The leakage magnetic flux generates the E.M.F in the core
produces current is called of eddy current loss.
19. IDEAL V/S PRACTICAL TRANSFORMER
A transformer is said to be ideal if it satisfies the
following properties, but no transformer is ideal in
practice.
It has no losses
Windings resistance are zero
There is no flux leakage
Small current is required to produce the magnetic field
While the practical transformer has windings resistance ,
some leakage flux and has lit bit losses
20. APPLICATION AND USES
The transformer used in television and photocopy
machines
The transmission and distribution of alternating power is
possible by transformer
Simple camera flash uses fly back transformer
Signal and audio transformer are used couple in
amplifier
Todays transformer is become an essential part of
electrical engineering
21. REFERENCE
Electrical engineering by UA Bakshi
Principal of electrical machine by VK Mehta
Electrical machine by RK Rajput
www.allaboutcircuit.com
www.iiee.com
24. Features of Ideal Trasnformer
Winding resistance core is negligible
Core loss negligible
Core has constant permiability
Maximum efficiency(100%)
All the flux setup by primary links the
sceondary winding purely inductive coils
wound on loss free core
Practically not possible
25. 1.5 The Ideal Transformer.
An Ideal transformer is a lossless device with an input
winding and an output winding.
Zero resistance result in zero voltage drops between the
terminal voltages and induced voltages
Figure below shows the relationship of input voltage and
output voltage of the ideal transformer.
An Ideal Transformer and the Schematic Symbols.
3
26. The relationship between voltage and the number of turns.
Np , number of turns of wire on its primary side.
Ns , number of turns of wire on its secondary side.
Vp(t), voltage applied to the primary side.
Vs(t), voltage applied to the secondary side.
where a is defined to be the turns ratio of the transformer.
a
N
N
tv
tv
s
p
s
p
)(
)(
Cont’d…
4
27.
The relationship between current into the primary side,
Ip(t), of transformer versus the secondary side, Is(t), of the
transformer;
In term of phasor quantities;
-Note that Vp and Vs are in the same phase angle. Ip and Is
are in the same phase angle too.
- the turn ratio, a, of the ideal transformer affects the
magnitude only but not the their angle.
)()( tINtIN sspp
Cont’d…
atI
tI
s
p 1
)(
)(
a
V
V
s
p
aI
I
s
p 1
5
28. 1.5.1 Power in an Ideal Transformer.
Power supplied to the transformer by the primary circuit is given by ;
where, p is the angle between the primary voltage and the primary
current.
The power supplied by the transformer secondary circuit to its loads
is given by the equation;
where, s is the angle between the secondary voltage and the
secondary current.
Voltage and current angles are unaffected by an ideal transformer ,
p – s = he primary and secondary windings of an ideal
transformer have the same power factor.
sssout
IVP cos
pppin
IVP cos
6
52. •Three phase power is supply by
only two transformer
It is employed
1.Load is too small
2.One of the transformer is
disabled
3.Fault in any on transformer
53.
54. Delta-delta connection means-normal
condition 3 transformer
Power capacity=3 Vl*Is……………..(1)
open delta transformer means-One transformer
is removed
Power capacity= √3 * Vl*Is…………………(2)
55.
56. Now take ratio of eq(1) & eq(2)
• V-V capacity/delta-delta capacity=
= √3 * Vl*Is/3 Vl*Is
= 1/√3
=0.577
Approx 58%
57. • Example : three phase transformer is made up
form three 10 KVA transformer
• Total capacity= 10+10+10=30 KVA
• One transformer is removed now
• Remaining capacity is 20 KVA now
• Now transformer needs to transfer 20 KVA but
is supplys only = 30*0.57=17.3 KVA
• Capacity is reduced in otherwise 66% Load is
supplied by both transformer but now only
57% load is carried
58. Disadvantages of OPEN DELTA
transformer
• efficiency of transformer is decrease
• Secondary voltage is become unbalanced due
to higher load not perform when load is
unbalanced
• Average power factor is reduced and both
transformer operate at different power
fACTOR
63. Major manufacturing companies for
Trasnformer
• ABB INDIA(1889, More than 14000
transformer madeup)
• ALSTOM T&D INDIA(1911, market
capitalization of Rs 3,099.86 crore)
• SIEMENS(1867)
• TRANFORMER & RECTIFIER INDIA
LTD(1994)
• Kirloskar Electric Company Limited
64. 1
Instrument Transformers
• A transformer that is used in conjunction
with a measuring instrument
• It utilizes the current-transformation and
voltage transformation properties to
measure high ac current and voltage
• They also provide isolation
65. 2
Where to use Instrument Transformers
• To measure high currents and high
Voltages
• Why can’t we use voltmeter with very
high series resistance and ammeter with
very low shunt resistance?
66. 3
Disadvantages of Shunts & Multipliers
• Shunts
• Time constant should be same for
meter and shunt
• Power consumed increases
• Insulation problems (for high voltages)
• No Isolation
• Multipliers (Series resistance)
• Power consumption
• Leakage currents, so good insulators
used , hence costly
• No isolation
67. 4
Types of Instrument Transformers
• Current transformer
• Potential (Voltage) transformer
69. 6
Point to note about CT
• Primary current depends on load, but not
on the burden
• Current coil of Wattmeter or Ammeter is
connected across the terminal of the
secondary or Relay
• Secondary operates near short circuit
conditions
• One of the terminal of CT secondary
winding is earthed
79. 16
Points to note about PT
• Secondary is connected voltmeter or
Potential coil of the Wattmeter or Relay
• Design is similar to Power Transformer,
but Potential Transformers are lightly
loaded
• Secondary is usually rated for 110 V
• Should not be shorted
80. 17
Construction of PT
• For the same power rating, Voltage
transformer is costly than Power
transformer (large core & conductor size)
• Output is small (and accurate), but size
is large
• Can carry more load (2 to 3 times)
• Shell type core – Low voltage
• Co-axial windings
81. 18
Construction of PT
• Insulation: Cotton tape and varnished
cambric as insulation for coil
• Oil immersed for more than 7 kV
• Oil filled bushing for oil filled transformer
• If one side of the primary winding is at
neutral, one bushing is sufficient
85. • Open circuit : Maximum voltage
Minimum current
• Short circuit : Maximum current
Minimum voltage
WHY???
86. • Ameter always connects--
Series with terminal
• Voltmeter always connect
parallel with terminal
Why????
87. Open circuit test : Use to find Out Iron
loss – Maximum voltage value
Iron Loss/core loss is Constant loss
Short circuit test : Use to find out
Copper loss/Ohmic loss [(I^2)*R]
Copper loss is variable loss in
transformer which is vary
according to load it gives maximum
temprutre rise value
88. NECESSITY OF TESTING
Performance of device and other
equipment
Find Particular losses like Iron loss,
copper loss
Check the withstand capacity of
terminal maximum and minimum
levels of device.
89.
90. Open circuit test(oc test)
• Open circuit test always perform on HV
side of transformer
• HV side side kept open in this test
• Open circuit test is use to identify
maximum Voltage value of transformer
• copper loss is neglected in this test
because Currrent value is very Low
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96. Short circuit test(Sc test)
• SHORT circuit test always perform on LV
side of transformer
• LV side side kept SHORT in this test
• SHORT circuit test is use to identify
maximum CURRENT value of
transformer
• Iron loss is neglected in this test
because Voltage value is very Low
104. THREE PHASE TRANSFORMERS
Almost all major generation & Distribution
Systems in the world are three phase ac
systems
Three phase transformers play an important
role in these systems
3 phase transformers can be constructed from
(a) 3 single phase transformers
(b) 2 single phase transformers
(c ) using a common core for three phase
windings
105. 3 phase Transformer connections
By connecting three single phase transformers
1. Star- Star connection
2. Delta- Delta connection
3. Star – Delta connection
4. Delta – Star connection
106. *
*The generation of an electrical power is usually three
phase and at higher voltages like 13.2 KV, 22 KV or
some what higher, Similarly transmission of an
electrical power is also at very high voltages like 110
KV, 132 KV, 400 KV. To step up the generated voltages
for transmission purposes it is necessary to have three
phase transformers.
107. *
*Less space
*Weight Less
*Cost is Less
*Transported easily
*Core will be smaller size
*More efficient
*Structure, switchgear and installation of single three
phase unit is simpler
109. *The three cores are arrange at 120° from each other.
Only primary windings are shown on the cores for
simplicity.
*The primaries are connected to the three phase
supply.
*The three fluxes is also zero at any instant.
110. *Hence the centre leg does not carry any flux.
*So if centre leg is removed, any two legs provide the
return path for the current and hence the flux in the
third leg.
*This is the general principal used in the design of
three phase core type transformers.
111. *
*The primary and secondary winding of three phase
transformers as three phase winding can be connected
in different ways such as in star or in delta. With
suitable connection the voltage can be raised or
lowered.
*In this section some commonly used connections for
three phase transformers are discussed.
117. *Advantages of Parallel
Transformer:
To maximize electrical power system
efficiency—Load demand fulfill
To maximize electrical power system
availability during Fault & maintenance
To maximize power system reliability-No
Interrupt during any disturbance
To maximize electrical power system
flexibility-future expansion
118. Necessary Condition for parallel Transformer
Both transformer have
1. Same voltage ratio/Rating
2. Same polarity
3. Same Phase sequence(RYB-ryb)
4. Same percentage Impedance &
Phase shift
119. 1) Same Voltage Ratio
*. Now say the secondary of these transformers are
connected to same bus,
*What happen if voltage ratio is not same?
Apply KVL on secondary side :
Its result voltage difference created between two
transformer
Ea-Eb ≠ 0
small voltage difference may cause
sufficiently high circulating current causing
unnecessary extra I2R loss in primary and
secondary
120. 2)Same polarity
•Both have different polarity than in
transformer
Can’t nullify(cancel out each others
effect)Circulating current
This current create ohmic loss in
transformer Primary and secondary and
efficiency is decrease
•So transformer needed to maintain same
polarity
121. *3) Same Phase sequence(RYB-ryb)
*Opposite phase sequence not give
result
Ea-Eb ≠ 0
Phase shift create unequal voltage
difference in transformer and it results
circulating current
• small voltage difference may cause
sufficiently high circulating current
causing unnecessary extra I2R loss in
primary and secondary
122. *What is Impdedance?
the effective resistance of an electric circuit or component to
alternating current, arising from the combined effects of ohmic
resistance and reactance.
Z=R+j(Xl-Xc)
123. 4)Same percentage Impedance & Phase
shift
Ea and Eb is out of phase
&
impedance of transformer are inversely proportional to
their MVA ratings
Ea-Eb ≠ 0
Phase shift create unequal voltage
difference in transformer and it results
circulating currentOhmic Loss create
128. •Three phase power is supply by
only two transformer
It is employed
1.Load is too small
2.One of the transformer is
disabled
3.Fault in any on transformer
129.
130. Delta-delta connection means-normal
condition 3 transformer
Power capacity=3 Vl*Is……………..(1)
open delta transformer means-One transformer
is removed
Power capacity= √3 * Vl*Is…………………(2)
131.
132. Now take ratio of eq(1) & eq(2)
• V-V capacity/delta-delta capacity=
= √3 * Vl*Is/3 Vl*Is
= 1/√3
=0.577
Approx 58%
133. • Example : three phase transformer is made up
form three 10 KVA transformer
• Total capacity= 10+10+10=30 KVA
• One transformer is removed now
• Remaining capacity is 20 KVA now
• Now transformer needs to transfer 20 KVA but
is supplys only = 30*0.57=17.3 KVA
• Capacity is reduced in otherwise 66% Load is
supplied by both transformer but now only
57% load is carried
134. Disadvantages of OPEN DELTA
transformer
• efficiency of transformer is decrease
• Secondary voltage is become unbalanced due
to higher load not perform when load is
unbalanced
• Average power factor is reduced and both
transformer operate at different power
fACTOR
139. Major manufacturing companies for
Trasnformer
• ABB INDIA(1889, More than 14000
transformer madeup)
• ALSTOM T&D INDIA(1911, market
capitalization of Rs 3,099.86 crore)
• SIEMENS(1867)
• TRANFORMER & RECTIFIER INDIA
LTD(1994)
• Kirloskar Electric Company Limited
140. 1
Instrument Transformers
• A transformer that is used in conjunction
with a measuring instrument
• It utilizes the current-transformation and
voltage transformation properties to
measure high ac current and voltage
• They also provide isolation
141. 2
Where to use Instrument Transformers
• To measure high currents and high
Voltages
• Why can’t we use voltmeter with very
high series resistance and ammeter with
very low shunt resistance?
142. 3
Disadvantages of Shunts & Multipliers
• Shunts
• Time constant should be same for
meter and shunt
• Power consumed increases
• Insulation problems (for high voltages)
• No Isolation
• Multipliers (Series resistance)
• Power consumption
• Leakage currents, so good insulators
used , hence costly
• No isolation
143. 4
Types of Instrument Transformers
• Current transformer
• Potential (Voltage) transformer
145. 6
Point to note about CT
• Primary current depends on load, but not
on the burden
• Current coil of Wattmeter or Ammeter is
connected across the terminal of the
secondary or Relay
• Secondary operates near short circuit
conditions
• One of the terminal of CT secondary
winding is earthed
155. 16
Points to note about PT
• Secondary is connected voltmeter or
Potential coil of the Wattmeter or Relay
• Design is similar to Power Transformer,
but Potential Transformers are lightly
loaded
• Secondary is usually rated for 110 V
• Should not be shorted
156. 17
Construction of PT
• For the same power rating, Voltage
transformer is costly than Power
transformer (large core & conductor size)
• Output is small (and accurate), but size
is large
• Can carry more load (2 to 3 times)
• Shell type core – Low voltage
• Co-axial windings
157. 18
Construction of PT
• Insulation: Cotton tape and varnished
cambric as insulation for coil
• Oil immersed for more than 7 kV
• Oil filled bushing for oil filled transformer
• If one side of the primary winding is at
neutral, one bushing is sufficient