Switch Control and Time Delay
1. LEDs and switches
2. Keypad and LEDs
3. Keypad and 8-segment LED C language and Assembly Code for Freescale MC9S08AW60
Verilog HDL is introduced for modeling digital hardware at different levels of abstraction. Key concepts discussed include:
- Module instantiation, assignments, and procedural blocks for behavioral modeling.
- Concurrency is modeled using an event-based simulation approach with a time wheel concept.
- Switch level and gate level modeling using built-in primitives like transistors and logic gates.
- User-defined primitives (UDPs) allow custom logic to augment pre-defined primitives.
The document discusses microcontrollers and the PIC16F877 microcontroller in particular. It provides the following key points:
- A microcontroller is a single-chip computer containing a processor, memory, and input/output peripherals. Microcontrollers can store and run user-written programs.
- The main parts of a microcontroller include a CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O lines, timers, and analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters.
- The PIC16F877 is chosen for its low cost, reliability, ease of use, and ability to perform a wide range of tasks using C language software.
7.1 Data types and time delay in 8051 C
7.2 I/O programming in 8051 C
7.3 Logic operations in 8051 C
7.4 Data conversion programs in 8051 C
7.5 Accessing code ROM space in 8051 C
7.6 Data serialization using 8051 C
The 8051 microcontroller has an 8-bit architecture and uses assembler directives like DB, ORG, and EQU to define data and constants. It allows individual bits of I/O ports to be accessed using instructions like SETB, CLR, JNB, and JB, enabling control of devices with bit-level granularity. Read-modify-write instructions also allow reading, modifying, and writing port values in a single operation.
The document outlines the syllabus for an Introduction to Microprocessors lab course. The syllabus includes topics such as studying the 8085 and 8086 microprocessor systems, developing programs to find the largest/smallest number, convert temperatures, compute squares, and sort numbers, and interfacing components like RAM, keyboard controllers, DMA controllers, and UARTs/USARTs to microprocessors. The document then provides details on studying the 8085 microprocessor system including its architecture, address and data buses, control signals, and functional description. It also provides details on studying the 8086 microprocessor system including its features, pin descriptions, and operating modes.
The document contains questions and explanations about C programming keywords and concepts like pointers, arrays, structures, unions, and bit manipulation. It provides definitions and examples for keywords like #define, #include, #pragma, #asm, #ifdef, and #endif. It also gives solutions to questions about pointers, counting bits to access specific bits or bytes of memory at a particular address, and explaining differences between array parameters and pointers in function definitions in C.
The document describes various arithmetic instructions for Allen-Bradley, Siemens, and ControlLogix PLCs. It defines instructions like ADD, SUB, MUL, and DIV and explains how they perform basic arithmetic operations by taking values from source operands and storing the result in a destination operand. The document also discusses arithmetic status bits that provide information about the result of the last instruction executed.
Verilog HDL is introduced for modeling digital hardware at different levels of abstraction. Key concepts discussed include:
- Module instantiation, assignments, and procedural blocks for behavioral modeling.
- Concurrency is modeled using an event-based simulation approach with a time wheel concept.
- Switch level and gate level modeling using built-in primitives like transistors and logic gates.
- User-defined primitives (UDPs) allow custom logic to augment pre-defined primitives.
The document discusses microcontrollers and the PIC16F877 microcontroller in particular. It provides the following key points:
- A microcontroller is a single-chip computer containing a processor, memory, and input/output peripherals. Microcontrollers can store and run user-written programs.
- The main parts of a microcontroller include a CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O lines, timers, and analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters.
- The PIC16F877 is chosen for its low cost, reliability, ease of use, and ability to perform a wide range of tasks using C language software.
7.1 Data types and time delay in 8051 C
7.2 I/O programming in 8051 C
7.3 Logic operations in 8051 C
7.4 Data conversion programs in 8051 C
7.5 Accessing code ROM space in 8051 C
7.6 Data serialization using 8051 C
The 8051 microcontroller has an 8-bit architecture and uses assembler directives like DB, ORG, and EQU to define data and constants. It allows individual bits of I/O ports to be accessed using instructions like SETB, CLR, JNB, and JB, enabling control of devices with bit-level granularity. Read-modify-write instructions also allow reading, modifying, and writing port values in a single operation.
The document outlines the syllabus for an Introduction to Microprocessors lab course. The syllabus includes topics such as studying the 8085 and 8086 microprocessor systems, developing programs to find the largest/smallest number, convert temperatures, compute squares, and sort numbers, and interfacing components like RAM, keyboard controllers, DMA controllers, and UARTs/USARTs to microprocessors. The document then provides details on studying the 8085 microprocessor system including its architecture, address and data buses, control signals, and functional description. It also provides details on studying the 8086 microprocessor system including its features, pin descriptions, and operating modes.
The document contains questions and explanations about C programming keywords and concepts like pointers, arrays, structures, unions, and bit manipulation. It provides definitions and examples for keywords like #define, #include, #pragma, #asm, #ifdef, and #endif. It also gives solutions to questions about pointers, counting bits to access specific bits or bytes of memory at a particular address, and explaining differences between array parameters and pointers in function definitions in C.
The document describes various arithmetic instructions for Allen-Bradley, Siemens, and ControlLogix PLCs. It defines instructions like ADD, SUB, MUL, and DIV and explains how they perform basic arithmetic operations by taking values from source operands and storing the result in a destination operand. The document also discusses arithmetic status bits that provide information about the result of the last instruction executed.
The document provides an overview of Verilog, including:
1) Why HDLs like Verilog are needed for designing large, complex hardware systems.
2) Basic Verilog syntax such as modules, ports, parameters, nets, registers, operators, assignments.
3) How to model hardware features in Verilog like combinational logic, sequential logic, timing, case statements.
This is 2nd lecture of course on Microprocessor theory and Interfacing. This lecture discusses the Internal architecture of 8085 microprocessor in detail along with it's pin description.
This document contains lecture notes on Verilog syntax and structural modeling. It discusses various Verilog concepts like commenting code, numbers and identifiers, vectors, arrays, parameters and defines, gate primitives, and hierarchy. It provides examples of modeling half adders and full adders structurally and behaviorally using primitives, modules, and always blocks. The document emphasizes choosing descriptive names and commenting code to explain the purpose or motivation behind design decisions.
Lecture 03 Arithmetic Group of InstructionsZeeshan Ahmed
Course on Microprocessor Theory and Interfacing. This is 4th lecture on 8085 microprocessor which include arithmetic instructions like add, subtract, BCD addition in detail.
The document discusses C programming for PIC microcontrollers. It covers the standard structure of a C program, including comments, header files, configuration bits, functions, and function bodies. It also discusses various C data types like unsigned char, signed char, unsigned int, and signed int. Examples are provided to illustrate how to use these data types and write C programs that toggle ports on a PIC microcontroller. The outcomes are for students to understand C programming languages for PIC18, the structure of C programs for PIC18, and common C data types used for PIC microcontrollers.
This document discusses switch level modeling in Verilog. It describes different types of transistor switches that can be used as primitives in Verilog, including nmos, pmos, rnmos, rpmos, and cmos switches. It also covers bidirectional switches like tran, tranif1, and examples of how to use the switches to model basic logic gates and memory cells like a RAM cell. Time delays can be specified for switches. Switch level modeling allows designing circuits using transistors directly in Verilog.
The document discusses various arithmetic instructions in assembly language including INC, DEC, ADD, SUB, MUL, DIV.
It explains the syntax and usage of each instruction, showing how they can increment, decrement, add, subtract, multiply or divide operands in registers or memory. Examples are given to illustrate how to perform basic arithmetic operations like addition and multiplication of numbers entered by the user.
The document discusses shift register instructions in Allen-Bradley PLCs and PACs. It describes how shift register instructions allow the contents of a register to move bits left or right through a bit array. Specifically, it outlines the parameters and functionality of bit shift left and bit shift right instructions, including how they shift bits in an array one position per rung transition using status bits in a control file.
Hardware description languages (HDLs) allow designers to describe digital systems at different levels of abstraction in a textual format. The two most commonly used HDLs are Verilog and VHDL. Verilog is commonly used in the US, while VHDL is more popular in Europe. HDLs enable simulation of designs before fabrication to verify functionality. Digital designs can be modeled at the gate level, data flow level, or behavioral level in Verilog. Verilog code consists of a design module and test bench module to stimulate inputs and observe outputs.
The document describes the design and simulation of basic logic gates and a 2-to-4 decoder using Verilog HDL. It includes the block diagrams, truth tables, and Verilog code for AND, OR, NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR and NOT gates. Testbenches are provided to simulate and verify the gate designs. The 2-to-4 decoder section provides the block diagram, theory of operation, and Verilog code using dataflow, behavioral and structural modeling styles. A testbench is also included to simulate the 2-to-4 decoder design.
The document discusses modules and ports in Verilog. It describes that a module defines distinct parts including module name, port list, port declarations, and optional parameters. Ports provide the interface for a module to communicate with its environment. There are two methods for connecting ports to external signals - by ordered list where signals must appear in the same order as ports, and by name where the order does not matter as long as port names match. Hierarchical names provide unique names for every identifier by denoting the design hierarchy with identifiers separated by periods.
The document contains sample test papers for a diploma subject on microprocessors. It covers topics like 8085 architecture, assembly language programming, interfacing I/O devices like 8255, 8155 and 8253 with 8085. The questions are in multiple choice and descriptive form evaluating student's understanding of microprocessor fundamentals, I/O interfacing, assembly language programming and applications.
The document provides an overview of digital circuits and microcomputers. It defines key digital logic terms and concepts like binary numbers, logic gates, Boolean algebra, and Karnaugh maps. It also describes the functional blocks of a microcomputer like CPU, memory, and I/O. Memory types like RAM, ROM, and mass storage are discussed. Assembly language programming and compilers are briefly covered.
Programming ATmega microcontroller using Embedded CVarun A M
Embedded C is a subset of C used for microcontrollers. It uses header files specific to microcontrollers and removes input/output functions like scanf and printf since sensors provide input and ports provide output. Control structures like if/else statements and loops remain the same. Programs configure ports as inputs or outputs using Data Direction and Port registers and read/write values to Port registers to set pin values. An example blinks an LED connected to port B by setting the port high, waiting, and setting it low in a loop.
Computer organization and architecture lab manual Shankar Gangaju
This document contains information about a computer organization and architecture lab. It includes details about the lab report format, integer representation using fixed point, two's complement, addition and subtraction algorithms and hardware. It also discusses logical operations, and provides MATLAB code examples for 4-bit binary addition, subtraction, multiplication and restoring division algorithms.
The document discusses common digital logic circuits including decoders, encoders, demultiplexers and multiplexers. It provides an overview of how these circuits work at a block level and then goes into more detail on decoders, describing their functionality, truth tables, and implementations including how to build larger decoders from smaller ones. Standard MSI decoder chips are also presented.
This document describes experiments with analog to digital converters (ADCs) using an 8-bit and 10-bit converter to read voltage input and display the results on a 7-segment LED display. It provides algorithms and code for initializing the ADC, taking samples, and performing conversions to extract the digital values for display. Procedures are outlined for 8-bit and 10-bit conversions using interrupts or polling and arithmetic operations to handle the 10-bit values.
This document describes experiments with interfacing a microcontroller to a character LCD. It is divided into three parts: 1) Displaying a single letter on the LCD, 2) Displaying a string of characters, and 3) Shifting a message left and right continuously. The author explains the LCD module features and registers. Algorithms and flowcharts are provided for writing bytes to the LCD by first checking the busy flag and then sending command or data. Displaying a single letter "A" is achieved by writing the character data to the specified LCD coordinate.
The document provides an overview of Verilog, including:
1) Why HDLs like Verilog are needed for designing large, complex hardware systems.
2) Basic Verilog syntax such as modules, ports, parameters, nets, registers, operators, assignments.
3) How to model hardware features in Verilog like combinational logic, sequential logic, timing, case statements.
This is 2nd lecture of course on Microprocessor theory and Interfacing. This lecture discusses the Internal architecture of 8085 microprocessor in detail along with it's pin description.
This document contains lecture notes on Verilog syntax and structural modeling. It discusses various Verilog concepts like commenting code, numbers and identifiers, vectors, arrays, parameters and defines, gate primitives, and hierarchy. It provides examples of modeling half adders and full adders structurally and behaviorally using primitives, modules, and always blocks. The document emphasizes choosing descriptive names and commenting code to explain the purpose or motivation behind design decisions.
Lecture 03 Arithmetic Group of InstructionsZeeshan Ahmed
Course on Microprocessor Theory and Interfacing. This is 4th lecture on 8085 microprocessor which include arithmetic instructions like add, subtract, BCD addition in detail.
The document discusses C programming for PIC microcontrollers. It covers the standard structure of a C program, including comments, header files, configuration bits, functions, and function bodies. It also discusses various C data types like unsigned char, signed char, unsigned int, and signed int. Examples are provided to illustrate how to use these data types and write C programs that toggle ports on a PIC microcontroller. The outcomes are for students to understand C programming languages for PIC18, the structure of C programs for PIC18, and common C data types used for PIC microcontrollers.
This document discusses switch level modeling in Verilog. It describes different types of transistor switches that can be used as primitives in Verilog, including nmos, pmos, rnmos, rpmos, and cmos switches. It also covers bidirectional switches like tran, tranif1, and examples of how to use the switches to model basic logic gates and memory cells like a RAM cell. Time delays can be specified for switches. Switch level modeling allows designing circuits using transistors directly in Verilog.
The document discusses various arithmetic instructions in assembly language including INC, DEC, ADD, SUB, MUL, DIV.
It explains the syntax and usage of each instruction, showing how they can increment, decrement, add, subtract, multiply or divide operands in registers or memory. Examples are given to illustrate how to perform basic arithmetic operations like addition and multiplication of numbers entered by the user.
The document discusses shift register instructions in Allen-Bradley PLCs and PACs. It describes how shift register instructions allow the contents of a register to move bits left or right through a bit array. Specifically, it outlines the parameters and functionality of bit shift left and bit shift right instructions, including how they shift bits in an array one position per rung transition using status bits in a control file.
Hardware description languages (HDLs) allow designers to describe digital systems at different levels of abstraction in a textual format. The two most commonly used HDLs are Verilog and VHDL. Verilog is commonly used in the US, while VHDL is more popular in Europe. HDLs enable simulation of designs before fabrication to verify functionality. Digital designs can be modeled at the gate level, data flow level, or behavioral level in Verilog. Verilog code consists of a design module and test bench module to stimulate inputs and observe outputs.
The document describes the design and simulation of basic logic gates and a 2-to-4 decoder using Verilog HDL. It includes the block diagrams, truth tables, and Verilog code for AND, OR, NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR and NOT gates. Testbenches are provided to simulate and verify the gate designs. The 2-to-4 decoder section provides the block diagram, theory of operation, and Verilog code using dataflow, behavioral and structural modeling styles. A testbench is also included to simulate the 2-to-4 decoder design.
The document discusses modules and ports in Verilog. It describes that a module defines distinct parts including module name, port list, port declarations, and optional parameters. Ports provide the interface for a module to communicate with its environment. There are two methods for connecting ports to external signals - by ordered list where signals must appear in the same order as ports, and by name where the order does not matter as long as port names match. Hierarchical names provide unique names for every identifier by denoting the design hierarchy with identifiers separated by periods.
The document contains sample test papers for a diploma subject on microprocessors. It covers topics like 8085 architecture, assembly language programming, interfacing I/O devices like 8255, 8155 and 8253 with 8085. The questions are in multiple choice and descriptive form evaluating student's understanding of microprocessor fundamentals, I/O interfacing, assembly language programming and applications.
The document provides an overview of digital circuits and microcomputers. It defines key digital logic terms and concepts like binary numbers, logic gates, Boolean algebra, and Karnaugh maps. It also describes the functional blocks of a microcomputer like CPU, memory, and I/O. Memory types like RAM, ROM, and mass storage are discussed. Assembly language programming and compilers are briefly covered.
Programming ATmega microcontroller using Embedded CVarun A M
Embedded C is a subset of C used for microcontrollers. It uses header files specific to microcontrollers and removes input/output functions like scanf and printf since sensors provide input and ports provide output. Control structures like if/else statements and loops remain the same. Programs configure ports as inputs or outputs using Data Direction and Port registers and read/write values to Port registers to set pin values. An example blinks an LED connected to port B by setting the port high, waiting, and setting it low in a loop.
Computer organization and architecture lab manual Shankar Gangaju
This document contains information about a computer organization and architecture lab. It includes details about the lab report format, integer representation using fixed point, two's complement, addition and subtraction algorithms and hardware. It also discusses logical operations, and provides MATLAB code examples for 4-bit binary addition, subtraction, multiplication and restoring division algorithms.
The document discusses common digital logic circuits including decoders, encoders, demultiplexers and multiplexers. It provides an overview of how these circuits work at a block level and then goes into more detail on decoders, describing their functionality, truth tables, and implementations including how to build larger decoders from smaller ones. Standard MSI decoder chips are also presented.
This document describes experiments with analog to digital converters (ADCs) using an 8-bit and 10-bit converter to read voltage input and display the results on a 7-segment LED display. It provides algorithms and code for initializing the ADC, taking samples, and performing conversions to extract the digital values for display. Procedures are outlined for 8-bit and 10-bit conversions using interrupts or polling and arithmetic operations to handle the 10-bit values.
This document describes experiments with interfacing a microcontroller to a character LCD. It is divided into three parts: 1) Displaying a single letter on the LCD, 2) Displaying a string of characters, and 3) Shifting a message left and right continuously. The author explains the LCD module features and registers. Algorithms and flowcharts are provided for writing bytes to the LCD by first checking the busy flag and then sending command or data. Displaying a single letter "A" is achieved by writing the character data to the specified LCD coordinate.
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This document discusses interfacing an LCD display to an 8051 microcontroller. It covers the objectives of connecting an LCD to an 8051, deciding which ports to use, important LCD commands, timing considerations, and writing a subroutine to write data to the LCD. Example pseudo-code is provided to initialize the LCD and display text on the two lines by calling subroutines to write commands and data. Additional steps are needed during hardware testing to fully initialize the LCD. The tasks for the lab involve displaying a workstation number and student IDs on the LCD's two lines.
This document contains information about programming microcontrollers using C language including Keil and Proteus software. It provides examples of programs to generate square waves with varying frequency and duty cycle and sense analog signals using an ADC. The programs demonstrate using timers to create delays, interrupts for inputs, and reading analog sensor values to display on ports. The document discusses requirements for microcontroller applications and solutions for meeting needs like providing gate signals, sensing voltage, current, and speed.
Customizable Microprocessor design on Nexys 3 Spartan FPGA BoardBharat Biyani
This document describes a customizable microprocessor design created by students at the University of Texas at Dallas. The microprocessor has three main blocks: a keyboard reader for input, a microprocessor unit for processing, and a VGA controller for output display. It implements a RISC architecture with a 16-bit data bus, 12-bit address bus, and 22 instructions. The microprocessor can operate in different modes including programming, execution, and debug modes. It also includes novel features such as real-time register display, flexibility to write to any memory location, and ability to reprogram itself without reloading the bitfile.
The document describes a lab experiment on addition of two 8-bit numbers using an 8085 microprocessor. It includes:
1) An algorithm that initializes the carry to zero, loads the two 8-bit numbers into registers, adds the numbers and checks for carry, increments the carry if needed, and stores the result.
2) The assembly language program with labels, mnemonics, hex codes and comments to implement the algorithm.
3) Inputs, outputs and results with and without carry from adding sample 8-bit numbers.
This document discusses hardwired control and microprogrammed control in computer processors. It provides details on:
- Hardwired control generates control signals using logic circuits like gates and counters. It can operate at high speed but has little flexibility and complexity is limited.
- Microprogrammed control stores sequences of control words (microinstructions) in a control store. It uses a microprogram counter to sequentially fetch microinstructions and generate control signals. This allows for more flexible control but is slower than hardwired.
- Key components of a microprogrammed control unit include the control store, microprogram counter, and starting address generator block to load addresses and support conditional branching in the microcode.
The document describes a laboratory manual for an EE0310 Microprocessor and Microcontroller lab. It contains 14 pages listing 14 experiments involving programming an 8085 microprocessor, including addition and subtraction of 8-bit and 16-bit numbers, multiplication, division, sorting algorithms, stepper motor control, and digital to analog conversion. It provides details on the microprocessor architecture, pin descriptions, power supply specifications, and integrated circuits used. Assembly language code is given as an example for 8-bit addition and subtraction.
This document provides an overview of the content and assignments for ECET 340 Entire Course. It lists the weekly homework assignments, labs, and objectives for ECET 340 over 7 weeks. The document includes sample homework questions on topics like interrupts, timers, analog-to-digital conversion, and serial communication. It also provides examples of lab objectives and steps for labs covering these topics.
The document describes a lab manual for experiments with an 8085 microprocessor. It includes:
1) 13 assembly language programs to perform operations like data transfer, addition, comparison etc. using the 8085 microprocessor kit.
2) Details of the 8085 microprocessor architecture including registers, flags, pin descriptions.
3) Information about the memory map, I/O ports, and other integrated circuits used in the microprocessor kit like 8253, 8255, 8279.
4) Procedures for entering and executing programs on the microprocessor kit and expected input/output for programs.
The document provides comprehensive information needed to learn and perform various experiments on an 8085 microprocessor
This laboratory manual introduces students to controlling systems using an Arduino microcontroller. Lab 1 covers basic input and output using LEDs and buttons. Lab 2 adds a photoresistor sensor and implements proportional and proportional-integral control of LED brightness. Lab 3 applies these same control techniques to a motor system using an encoder for position feedback. The labs provide circuit diagrams, code examples, and instructions to help students gather and analyze data on system responses under different control schemes.
This document contains information about experiments to be performed in the EE0310 Microprocessor and Microcontroller lab. It lists 14 experiments involving operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division using the 8085 microprocessor. It also describes experiments with microcontrollers, stepper motors, and digital to analog conversion. The document provides details of the 8085 architecture, pin descriptions, specifications of the trainer kit used, and sample algorithms for experiments like addition of two 8-bit numbers.
Introduction to 8085 & it's description(includes basic lab experiments)Basil John
The document provides information about the 8085 microprocessor. It describes the 8085 as an 8-bit microprocessor capable of addressing 64KB of memory. It then details the various functional blocks of the 8085 including general purpose registers, accumulator, program counter, stack pointer, ALU, flags register, timing and control unit, and instruction register and decoder. Finally, it provides examples of assembly language programs for 8-bit addition, subtraction, and 16-bit addition and subtraction on the 8085 microprocessor.
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Natural language processing (NLP) has
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1.
2016
Lab3
SWITCH
CONTROL
AND
TIME
DELAY
ARIEL
TONATIUH
ESPINDOLA
PIZANO
1459342
2. Microcontroller Units Tongji University 2
Switch Control and Time Delay
1. LEDs and switches
2. Keypad and LEDs
3. Keypad and 8-segment LED
Objective
The aim of this practice is to understand how the switches, keypad-16 and 8-segment led work
with the MC9S08AW60. Use the C language and Assembly language to develop the code.
1. LEDs and switches
Write a program, with more controls of Switches/LEDs, using delay subroutine to control the
timing. Debug and run with the Lab board.
For example: Use two switches to control two LEDs
• if one of the two switches are closed, the two LEDs wink in turn
• if both switches are opened, the LEDs are always off
• if both switches are closed, the LEDs are always on
1.1 Algorithm
In order to do the wink, it is necessary to figure out how long the LEDs will stay turned on and
turned off. To do so, the first given parameter is the Bus Clock Frequency which is one-half the
CPU Clock Frequency. According to the MCU’s datasheet, the 𝑓" bus frequency is set at 4MHz
after reset. That means that it takes 0.25
µμ 𝑠 long per cycle.
Figure 1.1.1.- Debugging the C code with the Assembly component.
3. Microcontroller Units Tongji University 3
Time delay
The calculation of time delayed will be so that the number of machine cycles spend the time
required (e.g. 500ms). If we have a loop that spends 50 machine cycles per iteration where it
iterates from 0 to 79. In total we have 50x80=4000 machine cycles spent.
If we want to delay 1 second according to the 𝑓" = 4𝑀𝐻𝑧 means that 4000,000 machine cycles
must be spent. This can be solved by nesting the loop of 4000 cycles (80 iterations) in an outer
loop of 1000 iterations to finally get the 4M machine cycles.
Wink in turn
To alternate the blinking between two LEDs can be done by setting them as a complement each
other. For instance, if LED0 = high then LED1 = low and vice versa.
Step by step algorithm
1. Setup the PORT of MCU which is going to be used.
2. Read the PORT and get just the input pins. (AND operation suggested)
3. If two switches PTAD4 and PTAD3 are closed, then PTAD7 and PTAD6 always on.
4. If two switches PTAD4 and PTAD3 are opened, then PTAD7 and PTAD6 always off.
5. If two switches PTAD4 or PTAD3 are closed, then PTAD7 and PTAD6 wink in turn.
6. Back to the step 2.
Pseudo-code
If(inputs == ‘closed’)
Then
alwaysON();
else (inputs == ‘opened’)
Then
alwaysOFF();
else
if(input1 == ‘closed’ or input2==’closed’)
Then
Wink();
end
Figure 1.1.2.- Flow chart of the algorithm described above.
Start
Read
PORT
closed
Both
ON
opened
no
yes
Both
OFF
yes
no
Wink
4. Microcontroller Units Tongji University 4
Implementation in C language for the Lab3.1:
#include <hidef.h> /* for EnableInterrupts macro */
#include "derivative.h" /* include peripheral declarations */
void delay_ms(int delay){
int i,j;
for(i=0; i<delay; i++){
for(j=0; j<80; j++);
}
}
void wink(int delay){
PTAD_PTAD6 = ~PTAD_PTAD6;
PTAD_PTAD7 = ~PTAD_PTAD6;
delay_ms(delay);
}
void alwaysOn(){
PTAD_PTAD7 = 0;
PTAD_PTAD6 = PTAD_PTAD7;
}
void alwaysOff(){
PTAD_PTAD7 = 1;
PTAD_PTAD6 = PTAD_PTAD7;
}
void main(void) {
//EnableInterrupts; /* enable interrupts */
unsigned char COND = 0x00;
PTADD = 0xF0;
PTAD = 0xFF;
SOPT = 0x53;
for(;;) {
COND = 0x0F & PTAD;
switch(COND){
case 0x03: //0011
alwaysOn();
break;
case 0x0F:
alwaysOff();
break;
default:
if(COND == 0x0B || COND == 0x07)
wink(1000);
break;
5. Microcontroller Units Tongji University 5
}
} /* loop forever */
}
2. Keypad and LEDs
Write a program to detect key-pressing, and change LEDs’ status according to the key position.
This means that a pressed key must be detected by its coordinates and then encoded to 4 bits in
order to show the result in 4 LEDs.
2.1 Algorithms
There are two functions, one to find the coordinates of the pressed key and other to encode the
result from a combination of 16 possible keys (input) to 4 bits(output).
Row-detection
The idea is sending a logic 0 to every single pin of the PORT where is connected the Keypad in
order to detect the column as rotating the zero to the left N times, where N stands for the number
of rows.
Encoding
Once we have the coordinate of the pressed key, it must be encoded to 4 bits to the purpose of
being showed up by the LEDs. Since we are dealing with a 16-keyboard, the encoding is as
follows:
Figure 2.1.1.- This logic diagram only illustrates symbolically the encoding made by the look-up
table. The binary encoder is not actually implemented in the assembly code.
Figure 2.1.2.- Depiction of the Keypad coordinates in Hexadecimal. Image taken from Lecture 5-
2 PPT, slide 12.
0
EE
1
DE
2
BE
3
7E
4
ED
5
DD
6
BD
7
7D
8
EB
9
DB
A
BB
B
7B
C
E7
D
D7
E
B7
F
77
2/
→ 𝑛
Encode
output:
𝑛
𝑏 𝑖𝑡𝑠
input:
2/
𝑏 𝑖𝑡𝑠
6. Microcontroller Units Tongji University 6
Row-detection algorithm step by step:
1. Setup PORTF of the MCU
a. Higher bits as inputs (columns)
b. Lower bits as outputs (rows)
2. Initialize the port (Set the whole port to logic one 0xFF)
3. Read the PORT
4. Check for key pressed
a. Take the higher bits
b. Drop the lower bits
c. In assembly would be: CBEQA #$F0, NO_KEY_PRESSED
5. If no key pressed, then go back to step 2.
6. If key pressed, continue to step 7.
7. Rotate a logic 0 bit from PORTF0(right) to PORTF3(left)(4 rows) once.
8. Do the step 3 and 4.
9. If no key pressed, go back to step 7.
10. If key pressed detected (higher bits), the key value has been founded then return the value
of PORTF.
11. Encode
Look-up table algorithm step by step (encoding):
1. Define a table as shown in the Figure 2.1.2.
2. Initialize the H:X index register of the MCU from #$0000 (offset)
3. Take the value out from KBTABLE according to the position pointed by H:X register.
4. If the taken value is #$00, return #$FF indicating that the fetched value is not defined in
the table.
5. If the taken value is not #$00, compare it to the KBVALUE (returned by the row-detection
algorithm) which bears the coordinate of the pressed key.
6. If the value from KBTABLE is not equal to KBVALUE, increment index by two and go back
to step 3.
7. If the condition of step 6 is false, increment the index by one and load the value pointed
by.
8. Return the value loaded of step 7.
Figure 2.1.3.- Debugging the code for PORTF initialization
7. Microcontroller Units Tongji University 7
Flow chart for Row-Detection Algorithm
Flow chart for Look-up table algorithm
Setup
PORTF
Start
Initialize
PORTF
Read
PORTF
Key
pressed?
no
yes
Rotate
1
bit
left
of
TMPVAR
Read
PORTF
Key
pressed?
no
yes
Return
KBVALUE
END
Start
Define
KBTABLE
Initialize
H:X
Register
Load
value
pointed
by
H:X
from
KBTABLE
BEQ
Z
=
1?
Return
#$FF
(Not
found)
END
no
yes
KBTABLE
!=
KBVALUE?
(fetched)
Increment
(H:X)
by
2
Increment
(H:X)
by
1
yes
no
Load
value
pointed
by
(H:X)
Return
#$FF
(Not
found)
END
8. Microcontroller Units Tongji University 8
Assembly code for Lab 3.2 Keypad and LEDs:
; Include derivative-specific definitions
INCLUDE 'derivative.inc'
;
; export symbols
;
XDEF _Startup
ABSENTRY _Startup
;
; variable/data section
;
ORG Z_RAMStart ; Insert your data definition here
TMPVAR: DS.B 1
KBVALUE: DS.B 1
;-- LOOKUP TABLE---
KBTABLE:
DC.B $7E,$00,$BE,$10,$DE,$20,$EE,$30
DC.B $7D,$40,$BD,$50,$DD,$60,$ED,$70
DC.B $7B,$80,$BB,$90,$DB,$A0,$EB,$B0
DC.B $77,$C0,$B7,$D0,$D7,$E0,$E7,$F0
DC.B $00
;
; code section
;
ORG ROMStart
_Startup:
LDHX #RAMEnd+1 ; initialize the stack pointer
TXS
MOV #$FF,PTAD
MOV #$F0,PTADD
LDA #$53 ; disable watchdog
STA SOPT
PTF_INIT: LDA #$00 ; init data port F
STA PTFD ; init data direction port F
LDA #$0F ; inputs, outputs
STA PTFDD ; COL = 0, ROW = F
LDA #$F0
STA PTFPE ; PULL-UP for columns(inputs)
mainLoop:
JSR KBA
STA KBVALUE
JSR ENCODE
; DO SOMETHING
CBEQA #$FF,display
COMA
display: STA PTAD
BRA mainLoop
;----- row scan KEY-PRESSED detection-----
; variable: KBVALUE
; entry: A
9. Microcontroller Units Tongji University 9
KBA:
MOV #$FE,TMPVAR ;%11111110
LDX #$04 ; scan 4 rows
KB1:
LDA PTFD ; read PORTF
ORA #$0F ; %00001111 keep columns(H), SET rows(L)
AND TMPVAR
STA PTFD ; row value obtained(L)
NOP
NOP
LDA PTFD ; read PORTF
AND #$F0 ; %11110000 keep columns(H) CLEAR rows(L)
CBEQA #$F0,KB2 ; if not key pressed, go to KB2
LDA PTFD ; if pressed, then store the value in A
BRA KB3
KB2:
SEC ; SET CARRY BIT = 1
ROL TMPVAR ; SHIFT ZERO TO LEFT means: going through the
rows
DBNZX KB1 ; go back and check if changes the PORTFD(High)
and (Low)
LDA #$FF ; if no key pressed
KB3: RTS
;----------------------------------------------
;----- KEY SYMBOLL LOOK UP -----
; input parameter: KBVALUE
; output:A = key coded
ENCODE:
LDHX #$0000
ENC1:
LDA KBTABLE,X
BEQ ENC3 ; if Z = 1
CMP KBVALUE ; if not, compare
BNE ENC2 ; if not eq, jump to ENC2
INCX
LDA KBTABLE,X
BRA RETURN
ENC2:
INCX
INCX
BRA ENC1
ENC3:
LDA #$FF; ; FF for undefined value
RETURN:
RTS
;**************************************************************
;* spurious - Spurious Interrupt Service Routine. *
;* (unwanted interrupt) *
;**************************************************************
spurious: ; placed here so that security value
NOP ; does not change all the time.
RTI
;**************************************************************
;* Interrupt Vectors *
10. Microcontroller Units Tongji University 10
;**************************************************************
ORG $FFFA
DC.W spurious ;
DC.W spurious ; SWI
DC.W _Startup ; Reset
3. Keypad and 8-segment LED
Write a program that detect the pressed key and change 8-segment LED’s status by showing the
corresponding number assigned to the key.
To connect the 8-segment LED is required to use another PORT than PORTA and PORTF, so
PORTB is available.
2.1 Algorithms
Same
as
Lab3.2.
Row-‐detection
and
Look-‐up
table,
the
only
difference
is
the
KBTABLE
which
now
bears
the
code
depicted
by
Table
2.3.1.
Table 2.3.1.- Decodification from 4-bit numbers to 8-bit Display respectively.
To
implement
this
program,
is
pretty
much
the
same
as
the
last
section
just
by
replacing
the
KBTABLE
by
the
Table
2.3.1.
Number h g f e d c b a Code
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0x3F
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0x06
2 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0x5B
3 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0x4F
4 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0x66
5 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0x6D
6 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0x7D
7 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0x07
8 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0x7F
9 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0x6F
A 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0x77
B 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0x7C
C 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0x58
D 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0x5E
E 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0x79
F 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0x71
11. Microcontroller Units Tongji University 11
Figure 2.3.1.- By debugging the code and pressing the key corresponding to number 3 is
depicted the 0xEE in the image highlighted with red color.
Assembly code for Lab 3.3 Keypad, 8-segments Display and 4 LEDS
; Include derivative-specific definitions
INCLUDE 'derivative.inc'
;
XDEF _Startup
ABSENTRY _Startup
ORG Z_RAMStart ; Insert your data definition here
TMPVAR: DS.B 1
KBVALUE: DS.B 1
KBLEDS: DS.B 1
KB7SEG: DS.B 1
;-- LOOKUP TABLE---
KBTABLE2: ; table for 4 LEDs
DC.B $7E,$00,$BE,$10,$DE,$20,$EE,$30
DC.B $7D,$40,$BD,$50,$DD,$60,$ED,$70
DC.B $7B,$80,$BB,$90,$DB,$A0,$EB,$B0
DC.B $77,$C0,$B7,$D0,$D7,$E0,$E7,$F0
DC.B $00
KBTABLE: ; table for 8-segments LED
DC.B $7E,$3F,$BE,$06,$DE,$5B,$EE,$4F
DC.B $7D,$66,$BD,$6D,$DD,$7D,$ED,$07
DC.B $7B,$7F,$BB,$6F,$DB,$77,$EB,$7C
DC.B $77,$58,$B7,$5E,$D7,$79,$E7,$71
DC.B $00
ORG ROMStart
_Startup:
LDHX #RAMEnd+1 ; initialize the stack pointer
TXS
MOV #$FF,PTAD
MOV #$F0,PTADD
MOV #$00,PTBD
MOV #$FF,PTBDD
LDA #$53 ; disable watchdog
STA SOPT
PTF_INIT: LDA #$00 ; init data port F
12. Microcontroller Units Tongji University 12
STA PTFD ; init data direction port F
LDA #$0F ; inputs, outputs
STA PTFDD ; COL = 0, ROW = F
LDA #$F0
STA PTFPE ; PULL-UP for columns(inputs)
mainLoop:
JSR KBA
STA KBVALUE
JSR ENCODE
STA KB7SEG
JSR ENCODE2
STA KBLEDS
LDA KB7SEG
CBEQA #$FF,clear ; if no key pressed
STA PTBD
LDA KBLEDS
COMA
STA PTAD
BRA back
clear: MOV #$00,PTBD
MOV #$FF,PTAD
back BRA mainLoop
;----- row scan KEY-PRESSED detection-----
; variable: KBVALUE
; entry: A
KBA:
MOV #$FE,TMPVAR ;%11111110
LDX #$04 ; scan 4 rows
KB1:
LDA PTFD ; read PORTF
ORA #$0F ; %00001111 keep columns(H), SET rows(L)
AND TMPVAR
STA PTFD ; row value obtained(L)
NOP
NOP
LDA PTFD ; read PORTF
AND #$F0 ; %11110000 keep columns(H) CLEAR rows(L)
CBEQA #$F0,KB2 ; if not key pressed, go to KB2
LDA PTFD ; if pressed, then store the value in A
BRA KB3
KB2:
SEC ; SET CARRY BIT = 1
ROL TMPVAR ; SHIFT ZERO TO LEFT means: going through the
rows
DBNZX KB1 ; go back and check if changes the PORTFD(High)
and (Low)
LDA #$FF ; if no key pressed
KB3: RTS
;----------------------------------------------
;----- KEY SYMBOLL LOOK UP -----
; input parameter: KBVALUE
; output:VALUE CODED FOR 8-SEGMENT LED
ENCODE:
13. Microcontroller Units Tongji University 13
LDHX #$0000
ENC1:
LDA KBTABLE,X
BEQ ENC3 ; if Z = 1
CMP KBVALUE ; if not, compare
BNE ENC2 ; if not eq, jump to ENC2
INCX
LDA KBTABLE,X
BRA RETURN
ENC2:
INCX
INCX
BRA ENC1
ENC3:
LDA #$FF; ; FF for undefined value
RETURN:
RTS
;----------------------------------------------
;----- KEY SYMBOLL LOOK UP -----
; input parameter: KBVALUE
; output:VALUE CODED FOR 4 BITS, SO 4 LEDS
ENCODE2:
LDHX #$0000
ENC21:
LDA KBTABLE2,X
BEQ ENC23 ; if Z = 1
CMP KBVALUE ; if not, compare
BNE ENC22 ; if not eq, jump to ENC2
INCX
LDA KBTABLE2,X
BRA RETURN2
ENC22:
INCX
INCX
BRA ENC21
ENC23:
LDA #$FF; ; FF for undefined value
RETURN2:
RTS
;**************************************************************
;* spurious - Spurious Interrupt Service Routine. *
;* (unwanted interrupt) *
;**************************************************************
spurious: ; placed here so that security value
NOP ; does not change all the time.
RTI
;**************************************************************
;* Interrupt Vectors *
;**************************************************************
ORG $FFFA
14. Microcontroller Units Tongji University 14
DC.W spurious ;
DC.W spurious ; SWI
DC.W _Startup ; Reset
Results with Video attached to the e-mail: