This document provides information about the operating principles and components of a ring frame spinning machine. The key points are:
- Roving bobbins are fed into the drafting system where they are attenuated to the final yarn count. The drafting system plays an important role in yarn uniformity.
- After drafting, the spindle imparts twist to the thin ribbon of fibers to provide strength. Each rotation of the ring traveler produces a twist in the yarn as it is wound onto the tube on the spindle.
- The ring traveler, guided by the spinning ring, moves around the high-speed spindle to wind the yarn without a drive of its own. This converts the roving into a twisted
INTRODUCTION
The ring spinning will continue to be the most widely used form of spinning machine in the near future, because it exhibits significant advantages in comparison with the new spinning processes.
Following are the advantages of ring spinning frame
• It is universally applicable, i.e. any material can be spun to any required count
• It delivers a material with optimum characteristics, especially with regard to structure and strength.
• It is simple and easy to master
• The know-how is well established and accessible for everyone
The document summarizes the working principle and components of a carding machine. It describes the key zones - feed roller taker-in zone, taker-in cylinder zone, cylinder-flat zone, and cylinder-doffer zone. It explains the stripping, carding, and doffing actions that take place between different components to open, clean, and form fibers into a web. Characteristics of card sliver and factors that affect card clothing effectiveness are also summarized.
The comber is a machine that prepares cotton fibers for spinning into yarn by removing short fibers and impurities. It improves the quality characteristics of yarns such as evenness, strength, and cleanliness. To achieve these quality improvements, the comber must eliminate short fibers, remaining impurities, and neps from the fiber material while forming an optimal sliver. Modern comber preparation systems use a draw frame followed by a sliver doubling machine like a UniLap to prepare uniform batts for feeding into rectilinear combers, which have stationary detaching rollers and swinging nippers to further clean and parallelize the fibers.
A roving frame produces rovings of cotton and synthetic fibers through a process of drafting, twisting, and winding. It attenuates sliver through multiple drafting zones to form rovings of the required count. A flyer inserts twist into the roving as it is wound onto bobbins. Modern roving frames can achieve higher production rates through increased flyer speeds up to 1400 rpm and delivery speeds up to 40 m/min. They also have improved drafting systems and flyer designs for better fiber control and a wider draft range.
The document discusses the roving frame machine, which comes after the draw frame in the spinning process. The roving frame drafts sliver from draw frame cans into a thin roving strand and applies a light twist. It operates by drafting the sliver, guiding it through the flyer to apply twist, and winding the roved strand onto bobbins. While complicated, the roving frame produces packages of roving suitable for input to the ring frame. Efforts to eliminate this step have not succeeded due to the high drafts required in ring frames.
The document discusses the draw frame process and its components. A draw frame is used to improve the quality and evenness of carded sliver by straightening fibers, increasing parallelization and reducing weight variations. It works by drafting (attenuating) multiple input slivers through roller pairs to produce a single, more uniform output sliver. Key components include the drafting arrangement, which applies different levels of draft, and an auto-leveling system to compensate for input weight variations and maintain consistent output. The document provides details on draw frame components, working principles, objectives and the influence of drafting and doubling on sliver quality.
DRAFTING IN SPINNING PROCESS Principle of yarn manufacturing pdfVijay Prakash
Drafting in yarn manufacturing is the process of attenuating loose fibers called slivers by passing them through rollers. This straightens and makes the fibers more parallel. Drafting involves pulling fibers through rollers at different speeds to lengthen and thin them out. There are three types of drafts: mechanical draft from speed differences between rollers, actual/resultant draft accounting for slippage, and tension draft from fiber tension. Drafting arrangements, elements, and settings are important factors that influence yarn evenness and strength.
INTRODUCTION
The ring spinning will continue to be the most widely used form of spinning machine in the near future, because it exhibits significant advantages in comparison with the new spinning processes.
Following are the advantages of ring spinning frame
• It is universally applicable, i.e. any material can be spun to any required count
• It delivers a material with optimum characteristics, especially with regard to structure and strength.
• It is simple and easy to master
• The know-how is well established and accessible for everyone
The document summarizes the working principle and components of a carding machine. It describes the key zones - feed roller taker-in zone, taker-in cylinder zone, cylinder-flat zone, and cylinder-doffer zone. It explains the stripping, carding, and doffing actions that take place between different components to open, clean, and form fibers into a web. Characteristics of card sliver and factors that affect card clothing effectiveness are also summarized.
The comber is a machine that prepares cotton fibers for spinning into yarn by removing short fibers and impurities. It improves the quality characteristics of yarns such as evenness, strength, and cleanliness. To achieve these quality improvements, the comber must eliminate short fibers, remaining impurities, and neps from the fiber material while forming an optimal sliver. Modern comber preparation systems use a draw frame followed by a sliver doubling machine like a UniLap to prepare uniform batts for feeding into rectilinear combers, which have stationary detaching rollers and swinging nippers to further clean and parallelize the fibers.
A roving frame produces rovings of cotton and synthetic fibers through a process of drafting, twisting, and winding. It attenuates sliver through multiple drafting zones to form rovings of the required count. A flyer inserts twist into the roving as it is wound onto bobbins. Modern roving frames can achieve higher production rates through increased flyer speeds up to 1400 rpm and delivery speeds up to 40 m/min. They also have improved drafting systems and flyer designs for better fiber control and a wider draft range.
The document discusses the roving frame machine, which comes after the draw frame in the spinning process. The roving frame drafts sliver from draw frame cans into a thin roving strand and applies a light twist. It operates by drafting the sliver, guiding it through the flyer to apply twist, and winding the roved strand onto bobbins. While complicated, the roving frame produces packages of roving suitable for input to the ring frame. Efforts to eliminate this step have not succeeded due to the high drafts required in ring frames.
The document discusses the draw frame process and its components. A draw frame is used to improve the quality and evenness of carded sliver by straightening fibers, increasing parallelization and reducing weight variations. It works by drafting (attenuating) multiple input slivers through roller pairs to produce a single, more uniform output sliver. Key components include the drafting arrangement, which applies different levels of draft, and an auto-leveling system to compensate for input weight variations and maintain consistent output. The document provides details on draw frame components, working principles, objectives and the influence of drafting and doubling on sliver quality.
DRAFTING IN SPINNING PROCESS Principle of yarn manufacturing pdfVijay Prakash
Drafting in yarn manufacturing is the process of attenuating loose fibers called slivers by passing them through rollers. This straightens and makes the fibers more parallel. Drafting involves pulling fibers through rollers at different speeds to lengthen and thin them out. There are three types of drafts: mechanical draft from speed differences between rollers, actual/resultant draft accounting for slippage, and tension draft from fiber tension. Drafting arrangements, elements, and settings are important factors that influence yarn evenness and strength.
This document provides information on various yarn defects, their causes, effects, and methods for rectification. It discusses 18 different yarn defects including slubs, neps, thin places, kinks, uneven yarn, stained yarn, and more. For each defect, it outlines the potential effects on subsequent processes, common causes such as poor machine maintenance or improper process settings, and recommended actions for rectification. The goal is to identify ways to minimize yarn defects and their impacts further down the textile manufacturing line.
This document discusses the rapier loom and rapier weaving. It begins by defining a rapier loom as one that uses a rapier to pull the weft yarn across the loom. It can use a single or double rapier system. It then describes the key components and functioning of single and double rigid and flexible rapier systems. It also discusses different weft insertion principles like Dewas and Gabler systems as well as rapier drives, features of modern rapier looms, selvedge formation, weft insertion rates, and equations for calculating weaving production rates.
This document discusses the rotor spinning process. It begins by describing the basic principle of open-end yarn formation and the different types of open-end spinning processes. It then provides details on the specific features, principles, and settings of rotor spinning machines. This includes descriptions of the feed, sliver opening, fiber transport, yarn formation, and winding processes. It discusses the raw material requirements and preparation for rotor spinning. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of the rotor spinning process from fiber preparation through yarn formation and winding.
Coarse cleaner and fine cleaner presentation.KATHAMAHANTY
The document discusses the components and functions of various machines used in the blowroom line of a textile mill. It describes the bale opener, coarse cleaner, blender, fine cleaner and their purposes of opening, blending, and removing impurities from cotton fibers. It also provides details on the working principles and parts of specific machines, such as the step cleaner, mono-cylinder cleaner, and axial flow cleaner.
The document discusses drafting in textile manufacturing. It defines drafting as reducing the mass per unit length of sliver by passing it over rotating rollers of increasing speed. The drafting process involves three stages - break draft, main draft, and tension draft. In the main draft stage, where the bulk of drafting occurs, methods like aprons and pressure bars are used to control fibers. A roving frame inserts twist and winds the roving onto bobbins after drafting. Calculations are provided to determine the ratch, or distance between rollers, based on parameters like roller diameter, winding rate, and angular velocity. Drafting results in fibers becoming more compact and chemically stable with improved strength and lower moisture absorption.
1) A textile is a woven fabric made by interlacing warp and weft threads. Textiles now also refer to fibers, yarns and products made from them.
2) Weaving produces fabric by intersecting the warp (lengthwise) and weft (crosswise) threads. Yarn preparation involves winding yarn onto packages to facilitate weaving and removing faults.
3) Different types of fabrics include woven, knitted, non-woven and special fabrics. Proper yarn preparation and tension are important to produce good quality fabric during weaving.
Opening in blow room means opening into small flocks. Technological operation of opening means the volume of the flock is increased while the number of fibres remains constant
The document discusses the manufacturing process of staple or spun yarn, describing the various processes involved from blow room to ring spinning that transform raw cotton fibers into yarn. It provides an overview of each processing stage including blow room, carding, combing, drawing, roving, and ring spinning. The goal is to produce clean, strong, and uniform yarns through these continuous operations of opening, blending, mixing, cleaning, carding, drawing, roving and spinning.
The document discusses the operation of the carding machine, which is considered the "heart" of the spinning mill. It describes the key tasks of the carding machine, including opening fibers into individual strands, removing impurities, disentangling neps, and forming sliver for further processing. The operating principle is explained, with details provided on the material feed, licker-in, main cylinder, flats, doffer, and sliver formation processes. Different carding machine designs are also summarized, such as variations in the card chute and feed device configurations.
The document discusses the key components and processes of a speed frame machine. It describes the functions of creeling, drafting, twisting, building, and winding processes to attenuate sliver and produce roving. The drafting system and its roller configuration is explained. Common issues like irregular roving, breakages, and machine faults are also summarized.
Drafting is the creation of a drawing or other graphical representation of a building, mechanical device or other structure for the purposes of determining how the device should be created. Drafting is used as a part of the design and fabrication processes. Drafting can be done by hand or using specially designed computer programs and mechanical drawings.
Drafting arrangement is the most important part of the machine. It influences mainly evenness and strength The following points are therefore very important
Details study on apron, condenser, spacer and top roller.Asif Ahmed TONMOY
This document discusses various components used in yarn manufacturing, including aprons, condensers, spacers, and top rollers. It provides details on the materials and construction of aprons, the purpose and placement of different condensers, how spacer size is determined by roving hank, and the properties and functions of top rollers in controlling drafting.
Drawframe is one of the important machines in yarn spinning line. It is prepared for combining and drawing slivers and removing card irregularities of textile fibres.
Worsted yarns are made from long wool fibers that are combed and spun tightly. This makes worsted yarns stronger than woolen yarns. The scouring process removes grease from wool and includes several stages: pre-opening, opening and beating, scouring, drying, and reblending. Worsted yarns are produced through processes like carding, combing, drafting, and ring spinning to align the fibers parallel and produce a smooth yarn. There are two main systems - the English system produces finer yarns through oiling and tight twisting, while the French system does not use oil for softer worsted yarns.
importance of fibre finess,influences of fibre finess ,effect on stiffness , effect on torsional rigidity, reflection of light , dye absoprtion, method of measurement ,gravimetric method, micronaire
Pile fabrics: Manufacturing methods include woven pile fabric formation & others methods such as knit pile fabric, tufted pile fabrics etc. A "Terry" or a "Terry Towel" as is generally known is a woven pile fabric formed by slack tension weave process. of weaving.
The document discusses the objectives and operating principles of a speed frame machine. It provides details on the group members working on a presentation about speed frames. The key objectives of the speed frame are drafting, twisting, and winding roving onto bobbins. It describes the drafting system, which uses multiple rollers and aprons to draft and condense sliver. Twist is imparted using a flyer and spindle, and roving is wound onto bobbins using the bobbin leading principle. Potential faults on the machine are also listed.
- The document discusses improving the productivity of ring spinning frames through studying various loss factors like end breakage rate, idle percentage, doffing loss percentage, and pneumafill waste percentage.
- Trials were conducted on a ring frame machine spinning 9 combed wool and 24 carded cotton counts. Results showed reductions in all loss factors, ranging from 12-42% improvements, after implementing technical and work practice changes.
- Key factors that influence ring frame productivity like drafting system, spinning geometry, twist generation, and winding were reviewed to identify areas for improvement.
This document provides information on various yarn defects, their causes, effects, and methods for rectification. It discusses 18 different yarn defects including slubs, neps, thin places, kinks, uneven yarn, stained yarn, and more. For each defect, it outlines the potential effects on subsequent processes, common causes such as poor machine maintenance or improper process settings, and recommended actions for rectification. The goal is to identify ways to minimize yarn defects and their impacts further down the textile manufacturing line.
This document discusses the rapier loom and rapier weaving. It begins by defining a rapier loom as one that uses a rapier to pull the weft yarn across the loom. It can use a single or double rapier system. It then describes the key components and functioning of single and double rigid and flexible rapier systems. It also discusses different weft insertion principles like Dewas and Gabler systems as well as rapier drives, features of modern rapier looms, selvedge formation, weft insertion rates, and equations for calculating weaving production rates.
This document discusses the rotor spinning process. It begins by describing the basic principle of open-end yarn formation and the different types of open-end spinning processes. It then provides details on the specific features, principles, and settings of rotor spinning machines. This includes descriptions of the feed, sliver opening, fiber transport, yarn formation, and winding processes. It discusses the raw material requirements and preparation for rotor spinning. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of the rotor spinning process from fiber preparation through yarn formation and winding.
Coarse cleaner and fine cleaner presentation.KATHAMAHANTY
The document discusses the components and functions of various machines used in the blowroom line of a textile mill. It describes the bale opener, coarse cleaner, blender, fine cleaner and their purposes of opening, blending, and removing impurities from cotton fibers. It also provides details on the working principles and parts of specific machines, such as the step cleaner, mono-cylinder cleaner, and axial flow cleaner.
The document discusses drafting in textile manufacturing. It defines drafting as reducing the mass per unit length of sliver by passing it over rotating rollers of increasing speed. The drafting process involves three stages - break draft, main draft, and tension draft. In the main draft stage, where the bulk of drafting occurs, methods like aprons and pressure bars are used to control fibers. A roving frame inserts twist and winds the roving onto bobbins after drafting. Calculations are provided to determine the ratch, or distance between rollers, based on parameters like roller diameter, winding rate, and angular velocity. Drafting results in fibers becoming more compact and chemically stable with improved strength and lower moisture absorption.
1) A textile is a woven fabric made by interlacing warp and weft threads. Textiles now also refer to fibers, yarns and products made from them.
2) Weaving produces fabric by intersecting the warp (lengthwise) and weft (crosswise) threads. Yarn preparation involves winding yarn onto packages to facilitate weaving and removing faults.
3) Different types of fabrics include woven, knitted, non-woven and special fabrics. Proper yarn preparation and tension are important to produce good quality fabric during weaving.
Opening in blow room means opening into small flocks. Technological operation of opening means the volume of the flock is increased while the number of fibres remains constant
The document discusses the manufacturing process of staple or spun yarn, describing the various processes involved from blow room to ring spinning that transform raw cotton fibers into yarn. It provides an overview of each processing stage including blow room, carding, combing, drawing, roving, and ring spinning. The goal is to produce clean, strong, and uniform yarns through these continuous operations of opening, blending, mixing, cleaning, carding, drawing, roving and spinning.
The document discusses the operation of the carding machine, which is considered the "heart" of the spinning mill. It describes the key tasks of the carding machine, including opening fibers into individual strands, removing impurities, disentangling neps, and forming sliver for further processing. The operating principle is explained, with details provided on the material feed, licker-in, main cylinder, flats, doffer, and sliver formation processes. Different carding machine designs are also summarized, such as variations in the card chute and feed device configurations.
The document discusses the key components and processes of a speed frame machine. It describes the functions of creeling, drafting, twisting, building, and winding processes to attenuate sliver and produce roving. The drafting system and its roller configuration is explained. Common issues like irregular roving, breakages, and machine faults are also summarized.
Drafting is the creation of a drawing or other graphical representation of a building, mechanical device or other structure for the purposes of determining how the device should be created. Drafting is used as a part of the design and fabrication processes. Drafting can be done by hand or using specially designed computer programs and mechanical drawings.
Drafting arrangement is the most important part of the machine. It influences mainly evenness and strength The following points are therefore very important
Details study on apron, condenser, spacer and top roller.Asif Ahmed TONMOY
This document discusses various components used in yarn manufacturing, including aprons, condensers, spacers, and top rollers. It provides details on the materials and construction of aprons, the purpose and placement of different condensers, how spacer size is determined by roving hank, and the properties and functions of top rollers in controlling drafting.
Drawframe is one of the important machines in yarn spinning line. It is prepared for combining and drawing slivers and removing card irregularities of textile fibres.
Worsted yarns are made from long wool fibers that are combed and spun tightly. This makes worsted yarns stronger than woolen yarns. The scouring process removes grease from wool and includes several stages: pre-opening, opening and beating, scouring, drying, and reblending. Worsted yarns are produced through processes like carding, combing, drafting, and ring spinning to align the fibers parallel and produce a smooth yarn. There are two main systems - the English system produces finer yarns through oiling and tight twisting, while the French system does not use oil for softer worsted yarns.
importance of fibre finess,influences of fibre finess ,effect on stiffness , effect on torsional rigidity, reflection of light , dye absoprtion, method of measurement ,gravimetric method, micronaire
Pile fabrics: Manufacturing methods include woven pile fabric formation & others methods such as knit pile fabric, tufted pile fabrics etc. A "Terry" or a "Terry Towel" as is generally known is a woven pile fabric formed by slack tension weave process. of weaving.
The document discusses the objectives and operating principles of a speed frame machine. It provides details on the group members working on a presentation about speed frames. The key objectives of the speed frame are drafting, twisting, and winding roving onto bobbins. It describes the drafting system, which uses multiple rollers and aprons to draft and condense sliver. Twist is imparted using a flyer and spindle, and roving is wound onto bobbins using the bobbin leading principle. Potential faults on the machine are also listed.
- The document discusses improving the productivity of ring spinning frames through studying various loss factors like end breakage rate, idle percentage, doffing loss percentage, and pneumafill waste percentage.
- Trials were conducted on a ring frame machine spinning 9 combed wool and 24 carded cotton counts. Results showed reductions in all loss factors, ranging from 12-42% improvements, after implementing technical and work practice changes.
- Key factors that influence ring frame productivity like drafting system, spinning geometry, twist generation, and winding were reviewed to identify areas for improvement.
Chapter four draw fram.pptx for textile engineeringdejene1234567
The document discusses the objectives and components of a draw frame used in the textile industry. The key objectives of the draw frame are to improve material evenness, parallelize fibers, enable blending, and remove dust. The main components discussed include the creel, drafting system, delivery and coiling system, and monitoring/autolevelling systems. Modern draw frames often have a single delivery and use autolevellers to continuously adjust the draft to improve sliver evenness.
This document provides information about various processes in yarn manufacturing, including blow room, carding, draw frame, combing, speed frame, and ring frame. It defines key terms, describes machine components and their functions, and explains the processes that occur at each stage of yarn production to transform raw fibers into yarn. Flow charts are included to illustrate the inputs, machines, and outputs at each stage of the yarn manufacturing process.
The document discusses the roving frame machine used in textile manufacturing. It begins by explaining the necessity of the roving process and the objectives of the roving frame. The key parts and operating zones of the machine are then described, including the creel, drafting arrangement, twist insertion via the flyer and spindle, and winding of roving onto bobbins. The document provides details on the operating sequence, process parameters like draft and twist levels, and the mechanical drive systems used in the machine.
This document discusses the draw frame process for manufacturing yarn. The draw frame passes sliver through pairs of rollers to elongate and combine multiple slivers. This straightens and aligns fibers while improving uniformity. The draw frame doubles slivers, drafts them to increase length and reduce weight, and removes dust. Modern draw frames have higher speeds, better drafting systems, automatic functions, and monitoring systems to improve quality and efficiency in the yarn manufacturing process.
This document discusses a study on roving frames conducted by four students. It begins by introducing the roving frame, which drafts sliver into low-twist roving between the draw frame and ring frame. It then covers the objectives, operations, advantages and parts of the roving frame. The principles of drafting, twisting and winding on the roving frame are explained. Finally, different manufacturers and models of roving frames are compared.
The document provides information about various types of man-made and staple fibres as well as processes involved in yarn manufacturing from raw cotton to finished yarn. It discusses blowroom, carding, drawing, combing and roving processes that process raw cotton into roving. It then describes the ring spinning process which drafts, twists and winds the roving into yarn. The key objectives of each process are to clean, parallelize, and attenuate the fibres to produce a uniform input for the next stage until a finished yarn is obtained.
This document provides information about the jute spinning process. It discusses the objectives of spinning which are to reduce the weight of sliver, impart twist to form yarn, and wind the yarn onto bobbins. There are two main types of spinning - sliver spinning which produces yarn directly from sliver, and roving spinning which produces finer yarn from roving. The main tasks of the spinning frame are drafting, twisting, and winding. Drafting systems include slip draft, apron draft, and V-grooved roller draft. Twisting is imparted by the flyers and winding occurs on bobbins. The document also discusses machine parts, operations, and quality checks.
Study on drawing and doubling
Object of Jute Drawing:
1. Straighten the fibers in the sliver.
2. Parallelization of fibers in the sliver.
3. To reduce weight per unit length of sliver by drafting.
4. To reduce the thick and thin places in the sliver.
5. To increase smoothness, luster and strength of sliver by doubling.
6. To remove impurities from sliver.
Function of jute drawing:
1. Drafting the finisher card sliver to a count suitable for feeding the spinning frames.
2. Reduction of weight irregularities by doubling.
3. Straightening the fibers and laying them along the sliver axis so that when they come to be spun on spinning frame they will evenly drafted & twisted to form an acceptable yarn.
Types of Jute Drawing Frame:
According to Faller bar there ae two types of Drawing Frame:
1. Push bar Drawing Frame
a. Orthodox.
b. High speed type.
2. Spiral Drawing frame
a. Single thread types.
b. Double threads type.
c. Triple thread types.
1. Carding is the process of reducing tufts of entangled fibers into a filmy web of individual fibers using machines called cards. There are three main types of cards used for cotton, wool, and man-made fibers.
2. The carding process opens fibers, removes impurities, disentangles neps, blends fibers, orients fibers, and forms slivers for further processing. It transforms a fiber batt into a uniform web of individual fibers.
3. Fiber batts are fed to the carding machine using either a lap feed system or a flock feed system. The chute feed system aims to feed a fiber sheet of uniform packing density and linear density.
The document discusses developments in draw frame technology. Recent developments include higher production rates up to 1000 m/min, improved drafting systems like 4-over-3 with pressure bars, automatic sliver regularity controllers, quality monitoring systems, automatic doffing systems, and pre-set sliver length measuring. Additional new developments mentioned are automatic break draft setting, clean coil technology to reduce cleaning needs, pneumatic pressure heads for rollers, and tension measuring systems.
1. Recent developments in blowroom machinery aim to improve fiber opening, cleaning, and preparation for downstream processes. Automatic bale openers, mote knives with suction, and optical/acoustic sorters help remove contaminants.
2. Modern carding achieves a high degree of cleaning, around 90-95%. Developments include improved feeding, multiple taker-ins, post-carding cleaning, and auto-leveling for more consistent sliver quality.
3. Drawframe developments enhance sliver evenness and blending through automatic break draft setting, tension measuring, and short-term auto-leveling. Cameras also monitor sliver quality.
4. Simplex/speed frame innovations
This document compares ring spinning and rotor spinning methods of yarn formation. It discusses that rotor spinning is a more recent method that omits the step of forming a roving. In rotor spinning, fibers are fed into a rotary beater and deposited onto the sides of a rotating disc called a rotor, where they are twisted without requiring package rotation. Rotor spinning allows for higher twisting speeds with lower power usage compared to ring spinning. It provides characteristics like higher productivity, larger sliver/package sizes, less power consumption, and more automation/flexibility. The document provides details on the parts of a rotor spinning machine and compares various parameters of ring-spun and rotor-spun yarns.
Different drawing methods pankaj kumar dasPankaj Das
Drawing is a process used to align polymer molecules in spun fibers, increasing crystallinity and enhancing physical properties like strength. It involves stretching fiber between rollers at different speeds. Higher draw ratios lead to greater molecular orientation and strength. Drawing can be done separately after spinning or integrated with spinning in one-step stack-draw or spin-draw processes to control fiber morphology and properties more efficiently. Separate spinning and drawing is a two-step process producing fully drawn yarn, while stack-draw yields partially oriented yarn and spin-draw fully drawn yarn.
This document provides information about roving frames, including:
- Roving frames take sliver from draw frames and produce roved which is wound onto packages.
- They draft the sliver to a thin strand, impart twist for protection, and wind the roving onto packages.
- The key components are the drafting system, flyer, and bobbin rail which winds the roving in layers onto packages.
The document discusses different types of warping processes and machines. It describes beam warping, sectional or patterned warping, and ball warping. Beam warping is direct warping that produces beams with up to 1000 ends, while sectional warping is indirect and produces narrow tapes that are later rewound onto a beam, allowing for complex patterns. High-speed warping machines directly wind ends onto a beam from many packages at once. Sectional warping machines first wind yarns onto a drum before rewinding them onto a beam, enabling fancy multi-colored fabrics. Both processes aim to produce a warp beam with uniformly spaced, tensioned ends of a predetermined length.
This document discusses recent developments in comber machines. It focuses on increased automation, including fully automatic transport and lap changing systems. It also describes improvements to key machine components like nippers, circular combs, detaching rollers, and drafting systems that have increased production rates and fiber quality while reducing waste. Modern combers now feature highly automated processes, reduced vibrations, self-cleaning top combs, and precision gearing for higher quality sliver production.
The document provides information about the key components and processes involved in ring frame spinning. It discusses:
1) The main objectives of a ring frame which are drafting, twisting, and winding the yarn onto bobbins. It then explains the drafting, twisting and winding processes in more detail.
2) How the speed and surface speed of the front, middle, and back rollers are calculated based on various machine parameters.
3) Details about the drafting system, thread guide, traveller components and classifications, and ring and traveller systems like the orbit system.
4) New developments like automated drafting using individual motor drives, automatic doffing using a doffing beam and servo disc belt,
This document provides definitions and background information on various textile terms. It begins with an introduction to textiles and defines key terms like fiber, filament, yarn and fabric. It then discusses the history of natural fibers like cotton, wool and silk. The document also summarizes the development of various man-made fibers like rayon, nylon, acrylic and polyester. It provides timelines of when these fibers were first invented and commercialized. The document is intended to serve as a reference for textile engineering students.
This document provides information about garment manufacturing and exporting processes. It was prepared by Md. Kamrul Hasan, a Textile Engineering graduate from Southeast University in Bangladesh. The document contains several sections that discuss key topics like buyers and buying houses, major garment exporting countries, GSP status, garment export procedures, costing, purchase orders, letters of credit, and timelines. It aims to serve as a reference for students and professionals in the garments sector.
This document provides information about carbon fiber, including:
1. What carbon fiber is composed of and its structure.
2. The process of forming carbon fiber from precursor materials like polyacrylonitrile through heating without oxygen.
3. Applications of carbon fiber in composites for aircraft, vehicles, and other products due to its strength and light weight.
4. Major manufacturers of carbon fibers and the growing market for carbon fiber composites.
The document discusses acrylic fiber, including its definition, chemical composition, properties, characteristics, advantages, uses, and commercial applications. Acrylic fiber is a synthetic fiber made from polymers containing acrylonitrile. It is often used as an artificial replacement for wool in applications like sweaters, socks, and blankets due to its softness and insulating properties. Major uses of acrylic fiber include knit apparel, carpets, and home furnishings due to its ability to wick moisture, durability, and resistance to moths and chemicals.
Elastomeric fibers are fibers that can stretch to very high elongations (400-800%) and rapidly recover their original length. They include fibers made from natural and synthetic rubbers as well as spandex and polyacrylates. Elastomeric fibers are produced via a spinning process where polymers are mixed and reacted to form long chains, then extruded through spinnerets into a water bath or air to solidify. The fibers have excellent elasticity and strength even at high elongations. Common applications include clothing, automotive and industrial parts, coatings and more where elasticity is required.
This document provides a project report on applying disperse and reactive dyes to a 65/35 polyester/cotton blended fabric using a two bath system. It acknowledges those who helped with the project and thanks the textile college and company for the opportunity. The abstract discusses challenges in dyeing poly/cotton blends and how dye selection can help control color value, strength, and other properties. Laboratory trials tested compatibility of reactive dyes and analyzed dye fixation using spectrophotometry. The introduction discusses the importance of practical experience and outlines the project goals of studying dye application in different textile industries in Bangladesh.
This document provides a project report on the reaction mechanism of reactive dyes in Bengal Hurricane Group on cellulose fiber. It discusses the raw materials used, including fabrics, dyes, and chemicals. It explains the importance of studying reactive dye usage in major Bangladeshi textile industries. The methods of dyeing and printing cotton with reactive dyes and the technical deficiencies, causes, and remedies are examined.
This document provides information about Interstoff Apparels Ltd., a garment manufacturing company in Bangladesh. It discusses the company profile, including its name, business type, employees, and address. It also describes the knitting, quality control, dyeing, and project work sections of the company. The knitting section details the types of yarns, knitting machines, production calculations, and common knitting faults. The quality control section lists inspection equipment. The dyeing section outlines the dyeing process and possible faults. The project work section explains common knitting defects and their causes and remedies.
The document provides information about GTA Sports Ltd., a knitwear factory in Bangladesh. It includes an organogram of the company's management structure and sections. The knitting section is described in detail, outlining the knitting process, types of knitting machines and their parts. It also discusses methods to increase production quantity. The dyeing and finishing sections are briefly introduced, including raw materials, machinery and quality control processes.
This document provides an overview of Apex Weaving & Finishing Mills Limited, a textile company located in Gazipur, Bangladesh. It describes the company's various subsidiaries and business sections, which include weaving, dyeing, printing, finishing, and garments. The document also lists the types of machinery used in each section of the facility, such as 231 shuttleless looms, rotary printers, loop steamers, and sewing machines. Finally, it includes photos of the different areas of the plant, including the weaving floor, wet processing section, printing area, laboratories, and maintenance facilities.
The document provides information about GTA Sports Ltd., a knitwear factory in Bangladesh. It includes an organogram of the company's management structure and sections. The knitting section is described in detail, outlining the knitting process, types of knitting machines and their parts. It also discusses increasing production quantity and common knitting faults. The dyeing and finishing sections are briefly introduced, including raw materials, machinery and quality control processes.
The document provides information about reactive dyes, including:
- Reactive dyes form covalent bonds with fiber polymers through reactive groups, giving excellent wash and light fastness.
- Important reactive groups include triazine, vinyl sulfone, and halogen groups.
- Reactive dyes were invented in 1956 and became popular for their bright colors, low temperature dyeing, and simple process.
- Common application methods are pad-batch and pad-dry processes at low temperatures. Proper pH, electrolyte, alkali, and time are required for effective dye fixation to the fiber.
This document discusses the development of looms from primitive hand looms to modern automated looms. It outlines the key stages of development including the fly shuttle loom, power looms, semi-automatic looms, and modern shuttle-less looms. The basic mechanisms and motions of weaving are described, including primary, secondary, and tertiary motions. Different parts of a loom and their functions are also summarized.
This document provides information about Urmi Group and one of its concerns, Fakhruddin Textile Mills Ltd. It details the company profile, factory information, manpower and organizational structure, raw materials used, and production process of the textile mill. Fakhruddin Textile Mills Ltd is a leading Bangladeshi manufacturer and exporter of knit garments established in 2004. It has over 1200 employees and uses various natural and synthetic yarns, chemicals, and dyes to produce knitted fabrics and garments for the export market.
This document provides an overview of Sadma Fashion Wear Ltd., a garment manufacturing company in Bangladesh. It details the company's profile, facilities, production capacity, certifications, buyers, and organizational structure. Key points include that it has over 200 employees, a production capacity of 20,000 pieces per day, and major buyers such as Walmart, C&A, and Sears. The company operates departments for knitting, dyeing, finishing, garments production and quality assurance.
This document provides an overview of Mitali Fashions Ltd., a knit composite garment factory in Bangladesh. It discusses the company's establishment in 2000, leadership, expansion, and certification. The factory has various production sections including knitting, dyeing, finishing, garments, and quality control. It employs over 5,000 people and produces knitwear and garments for major international brands. The document also includes organizational charts, maps of the factory premises, and lists of raw materials and major customers.
The document provides information about an industrial training internship at Olio Apparels Ltd, which is part of the Envoy Group. The objectives of the internship are to learn about the different departments of the company and gain practical knowledge about garment manufacturing. It also aims to compare theoretical knowledge learned in class to real-world practices and identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the company. Olio Apparels Ltd is described as a large garment manufacturing facility that produces high quality products for European and American customers using modern machinery and technologies.
1. The document provides information about Divine Group of Industries Limited (DGI), a textile company in Bangladesh. It details DGI's facilities, production capacity, certifications, and clientele.
2. DGI aims to suit every fashion taste and demand from around the world. It has several factories producing knitted fabrics and garments.
3. The document outlines DGI's management structure, production processes from knitting to garments, and machinery used in key departments like CAD and sampling.
This document provides information about garment merchandising and industrial engineering. It defines merchandising and outlines the key steps in the merchandising process from developing buyers to shipment. It also describes the work of merchandisers, including sourcing, pricing, order follow up, and ensuring on-time shipment. Additionally, it discusses industrial engineering and its focus on improving productivity through methods like time studies, layout optimization, and training. It provides details on cost analysis, production planning, and the different techniques used to set work standards.
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𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐭:
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4. Function/objectives/What it
does?
• The chief function of roving frame is the attenuation of sliver.
• Insertion of protective twist in order to hold the fine strand of
sliver.
• Winding of roving into a package that can be transported,
sorted, donned on ring spinning machine.
5. Limitations/Draw backs
•
•
Complicated machine
• Liable to faults
• Causes defects
• Add to production costs
• Roving is sensitive in both winding & unwinding
Complicated winding operations
• Spindle & flyer
• A cone drive transmission
• A differentiate gear
• Builder motion.
6. Necessity of Roving Frame
• There are two principle reason:
– First reason is to apply drafting.
– Sliver is thick, untwisted strand that tends to be hairy and to
create fly. There fore, if we directly want to produce yarn
from sliver by discarding simplex, we need 300 to 500 draft to
do so. But the fine twisted roving is significantly better suited
to this purpose.
– Second reason is related with transportation and
space limitation on ring frame.
– Draw frame “can” is the worst conceivable mode of
transportation and presentation of feed material.
7. Operating region of Roving frame
The creel
The drafting arrangement
Roller drafting
system
The apron
Applying pressure to
the top roller.
The condenser
The spacer
Spindle & flyer
Imparting
twist
Spindle
Flyer
Design of flyer
Pressure arm
Winding of bobbin
Package build
Bobbin drive
Cone drive transmission
The lifter motion
The builder motion
8. Drafting arrangement of roving frame
• Roller Drafting system
– Conventional roller drafting system:
– 4 over 4 without apron.
– Modern Roller drafting system:
– 3 over 3 drafting system with double apron (Lakshmi Rieter
FS185P)
– 4 over 4 drafting system with double apron (SKF PK 1600)
9. SKF PK-1600 drafting system
• Draft range: Total draft 5 to 20
•
Total draft is distributed in each zone as follows:
– Back zone: Break draft is applicable in here. Amount of break draft is
depends upon material.
Material
Break Draft
Sliver Coarse
1.5-1.4
Sliver Medium
1.4-1.3
Sliver Fine
1.3-1.2
Sliver MMF
1.2-1.1
10. • Middle zone:
– Less amount draft is applicable in here.
– Condenser is used in middle zone to condense sheet like sliver.
• Front zone:
– Maximum amount of draft is applicable in here. Apron is
used in this zone.
11. • Roller type:
–
–
–
–
Top rollers are synthetic rubber coated
Bottom rollers are made of steel
Front, 3rd and back rollers (bottom) are spiral fluted.
2nd roller has granulated pin.
12. • Roller dia:
Roller
Front roller
2nd roller
3rd roller
Back roller
Top roller
28 mm
25 mm
28 mm
28 mm
Bottom roller
30-32 mm
25-27 mm
30-32 mm
30-32 mm
13.
14. The Apron:
The upper aprons are short and made either
of leather or more commonly of synthetic
rubbers. They have a thickness of about 1
mm and are held by tensioning device.
The lower aprons are longer and usually
made of leather. They run over the guide
bar, usually known as nose bar, to position
close to the delivery roller.
Function:
The aprons co-operated with each other t
guide and transports the fibers during drafting
and they exert a very significant influence on
the drafting operations.
15. Applying pressure to the top roller
• The top roller must be pressed with relatively high force
against the lower rollers to ensure the guidance of fiber.
• Pressure are in the range of 100 to 250 N per roller which
may vary as per raw material and its volume.
• Pressure is applied by spring pressure, pneumatic weighting,
magnetic weighting.
16. Condenser
Feature:
•Condensers are mounted on a reciprocating bar behind the
drafting arrangement.
•The second condenser is provided in break draft field.
•And the 3rd one is located in main draft field.
Function:
•Spreading sliver masses are condensed to improve evenness
and lead to drafting zone.
Advantage:
•Reduce the high fly level and hairiness of roving.
17. Spacer
• As the top apron are forced by spring pressure against the
lower apron, the arrangement of this apron should permit
precise adoption of minimum distance to fibre volume. In
order to be able to maintain this minimum distance, spacer
are replace ably inserted between the nose bar of the lower
apron and the cradle edge of top apron. Spacer size is 4 to 7
mm in accordance with roving hank.
19. The flyer
• Flyer is used to impart twist
• Flyer has two legs, one with hollow path or slot
and pressure arm another for balancing the flyer
while rotating.
• Flyer is placed on spindle, it gets motion by
gearing.
• Flyer speed has direct influence on production.
• Flyer can be varying in sizes which are specified in
inch. For example, 12”X 5.5”, 12”X6” and 14”X6”.
First no. indicate maximum height and second no.
indicate maximum dia of wound package.
20. Pressure Arm
• A steel yoke attached to the lower end of hollow flyer leg is
called pressure arm.
• The roving is wrapped 2 or 3 times around the yoke.
• The no. of turn determine the roving tension. For higher
tension, a hard compact package is obtained and if it is too
high false draft or roving breakage can be caused.
• Therefore, the no. of wrap depends upon material and twist
level.
21. Winding Principle
• Bobbin leading principle (For cotton spinning)
• Flyer leading principle (For jute spinning)
22. Bobbin leading Principle
• Bobbin speed is higher than flyer
speed at all point of winding.
• The winding on speed is constant
throughout the process.
• With the increase of bobbin dia,
bobbin speed must be decreased.
• The variation of bobbin speed with
the increase of bobbin dia must be
constant.
• Less tension on roving.
Bobbin
Speed
Empty
Bobbin
Full
Bobbin
RPM
Flyer Speed
d
23. Flyer Leading Principle
• Flyer speed is higher than bobbin
speed at all point of winding.
• The winding on speed is constant
throughout the process.
• With the increase of bobbin dia,
bobbin speed must be increased.
• The variation of bobbin speed
with the increase of bobbin dia
must be constant.
• Higher tension on roving.
Flyer Speed
Full
Bobbin
Empty
Bobbin
Bobbin
Speed
24. Recent Development of Speed Frame
1. Improved drafting system:
Modern drafting system like SKF PK 1600, SKF PK 5000 etc give
more controlling to fibre and they able to import 8 to 20 draft on
sliver.
2. Higher flyer speed:
Modern flyer speed is more than 1000 rpm where as the
convention flyer reaches maximum 600 rpm.
3. Plastic flyer: lighter in weight and less power consumption in result.
4. Flyer driving from top:
Modern flyers are top mounted and having no spindle which in
turns facilitate following issues:
Auto doffing operation
Reduced flyer leg spreading
Higher flyer speed
5. Inching motion:
It initiates flyer turning slowly for piecing if the end breaks. And also
ensures less tension on roving while the machine starts.
25. 6. Auto stop motion:
Various auto stop motions are initiates to reduce waste and increase
efficiency: Sliver stop motion, Roving stop motion, Creel stop motion,
full bobbin stop motion, Doffing stop motion.
7. Pre determine set length:
Machine stops automatically after a predetermined length of
roving is wound on bobbin.
8. Monitoring system:
Modern speed frame includes data monitoring system by
direct reading of :production, efficiency, speed of flyer,
stoppage time, quality monitoring and package built.
9. Auto doffing:
Like some ring spinning machine, simplex machine manufacturers
offer the machine having automatic doffing system where full
bobbins are replaced by empty bobbin without any help of worker.
10. Automatic tension controller:
it determines the tension on roving continuously and send data to
inverter to adjust its speed.
26. Faults in speed frame:
frame
•
Irregular roving
•Unequal tapering:
• Irregular draft
•Wrong angle of poker rod
• Top roller dia variation
•Different lifting and lowering
• Pressure variation.
distance due to faulty builder
• Rough surface of apron
motion
• Improper roller setting
•Soft bobbin:
• Roving Breakage:
•Winding on speed is less than front
•Irregular roving
roller delivery
•Tension variation
•Less tension on roving during
•Variation of pressure on top roller
winding
• Sloughing off:
•Less coil/inch (if top rail speed is too
•Improper taper end
high it results excessive spacing
•Faulty taper wheel
between adjacent coil.)
•Roller lapping:
•Stickiness formation on roller
•Wet roller surface
•Excessive dry roller surface
•Dust deposit on roller.
•Dirty roving bobbin:
•Excessive oiling on machine parts
•Insufficient machine cleaning
•Cracked bobbin and careless handling
28. Function
Remove short fibre below a preselected length and there by
reduce length variation in the cotton mixing.
Improve fibre parallelization and fibre to fibre separation
and minimize the fibre entanglement and disorientation.
Remove neps and foreign matter
form the cotton.
31. Line diagram of comber
Top nipper
Top comb
Detaching
roller
Feed
Roller
Lap
Feed Plate
Bottom nipper
Cylin
der
Delivery
roller
32. Machine Setting Depends on Noil Extraction%
•
•
•
•
•
Feed Distance
Type of feed
Detachment setting
Point density on top combs
Piecing
33. Feed Distance:
– Feed distance means feed per nip.
– Feed distance has a influence on
• Noil
• Quality of combing operation
• Production rate.
High feed distance increase the production rate
but causes deterioration in quality.
Feed distance approximately correlated with fibre length.
34. Type of feed
• Forward feed has been chosen for higher production rate
when quality requirement is not rigorous with a noil % of
5- 12 %.
• Backward feed has to use for higher quality requirement
with a noil % of 12 to 25%
35. The detachment setting
• This is the distance between the bite of the
nippers and the nip line of detaching rollers.
• Higher detachment setting bring the high elimination
of noil
• The detachment setting normally lies in the
range of 15 to 25 mm.
36. The no. of points on comb
• Point density and the fineness of needle have to be adopted to
the material.
• The needle of top combs have a flattened X-section and are
formed with a bend.
• The point density is 23-32 needles per cm.
• Fewer needles are used for higher production with lower
waste elimination.
37. Top comb Penetration
• Higher top comb penetration results higher elimination of noil.
• Lowering the top comb by 0.5mm is followed an increase in
noil of about 2%.
• The main improvement is seen in the elimination of neps.
• Over deep penetration may disturb fibre movement during
piecing. This results in deterioration of quality%.
38. Piecing
• After combing of the fringe protruding from nippers, the
detaching roller draws some of the combed feedstock out of
the sheet.
• By means of this piecing operation, the roller have to lay
these strips of web on top of each other, so that first a
coherent web and finally a endless ribbon is obtained.
• This sliver produced in this way has a wave like structure, it
exhibits periodic variation.
• By using correct machine setting, it is possible to lay the
fringe on each other that unevenness in successive fringes
partly cancels out.
39. Parameter influence the combing operation
• Raw material
–
–
–
–
–
Fibre type
Fibre length
Uniformity of fibre length
Fibre stiffness
Moisture content
• Material Preparation
– Parallelization of fibers
in the sheet.
– Sheet thickness
– Sheet Evenness
– Orientation of hooks in
the sliver.
40. Factors associated with M/C
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Condition of machine
Condition of comb
Speed
Operation of combs
Types of sliver forming elements
Accuracy of the setting
Drafting arrangement.
41. Effect of combing on staple diagram
Before combing
After combing
Noil%
42. Relationship between noil% and improvement of yarn quality
A= Improvement of Yarn Quality in %
B= Noil elimination in %
a= Yarn strength
b=Yarn evenness
c= Yarn imperfection
43. Sequence of combing cycle
a. Lap feeding by feed roller: The lap is
fed into the machine between the feed
roller and feed plate. The feed roller
moves and material passes forward.
b. Lap nipping by the nipper: the nipper
moves downwards towards the feed plate,
so that the fibres are clamped between
them. Cylinder is then ready for combing.
44. c. Combing by cylinder: The fibres
protruding from the lap beyond the nipping
point of the two plates, are combed by the
passage of rows of needles fastened to a
cylinder which revolves and carries away
the short fibres, neps and other impurities.
d. Nipper opening and forwarding: the
nipper open again and the material
combed by the cylinder moves towards
the detaching roller.
45. e.
Detaching
roller
backward
movement: when the top nipper reach
upwards, the detaching roller have
returned parts of previously drawn off
stock by means of reverse rotation.
f. Combing by top comb: the top comb
penetrate its single rows of needles in to
the fibre fringe. Thus top comb perform
the combing operation on the upper side
of fringe.
46. g. Detaching roller forward movement:
The detaching roller begin to rotate in
the forward direction again and draw
the clamped fibres out of the sheet
which is held first by the feed roller.
h. Waste extraction by brush
48. Ring Spinning System
(Conventional but competitive)
• Ring frame exhibits significant advantage in
comparison with new spinning system:
– It is universally applicable; ie. Any material can be spun to
any required fineness.
– It delivers yarn with optimal characteristics, especially with
regard to structure and strength.
– It is uncomplicated and easy to operate.
– The know-how for operation of machine is well established
and accessible to everyone.
– It is flexible as regards to its quantities. (Blend & lot size)
49. FUNCTIONS/ OBJECTIVES
• Attenuation of roving until the required fineness is achieved.
• To impact strength to fibre strand by twisting it.
• To wind up the resulting yarn in a form that it will suitable for
storage, transportation and further processing.
50. Operating Principle:
•The roving bobbins (1) are inserted in holders (3) on the creel. Guide
bars (4) guide the rovings (2) into the drafting system (5), where they
are drawn to their final count. The drafting system is at an angle of
45-60° and is one of the most important units on the machine, since it
exerts a very considerable influence on the uniformity of the yarn in
particular.
•After the resulting thin ribbon of fibers (6) leaves the delivery
roller, the twist necessary for imparting strength is provided by
spindle (8) rotating at high speed. In the process each rotation of
the traveler on the spinning ring (10) produces a twist in the yarn.
Ring traveler (9) is also necessary for taking up this yarn onto a
tube mounted on the spindle. This traveler - a remnant of the
flyer on the roving frame - moves on a guide rail around the
spindle, the so-called ring (10). The ring traveler has no drive of its
own, it is dragged with spindle (8) via the yarn attached to it. The
rotation of the ring traveler lags somewhat behind that of the
spindle due to the relatively high friction of the ring traveler on the
ring and the atmospheric resistance of the traveler and the thread
balloon between yarn guide eyelet (7) and traveler (9).
51. •
This difference in speed between the spindle and the
traveler results in the thread being wound onto the
tube. In contrast to the roving frame, the ring
spinning machine spindle operates with at higher
speed than the traveller (9). The yarn is wound up
into a cylindrical cop form by raising and lowering of
the rings, which are mounted on a continuous ring
rail. The layer traverse of the ring rail is also less than
the full winding height of the tube. The ring rail
therefore has to be raised slightly (shift traverse)
after each layer has been wound. For a time,
machines were also built featuring shift traverse
produced by lowering the spindle bearing plate
rather than raising the ring rail. These machines are
no longer available today.
52. Operations involve in ring frame
Creeling:
• Roving bobbin are mounted on creel. There is no gear
motion to rotate the creel or bobbin.
• Bobbin is rotated with the creel due to tension of moving
generated from drafting zone.
• If moving bobbin doesn’t unwind perfectly then false draft
can arise or even end breaks.
Drafting
• Drafting operation reduce weight per unit length of
roving.
• Roving comes from bobbin are passed through the
drafting zone which has commonly a 3 over 3
drafting roller with double apron.
53. Twisting:
• To hold the fiber into yarn cross section and to develop
strength, spiral turns are inserted along the fibre axis.
• Travellers mounted on ring cup, twist the yarn, gets drive
directly from spindle.
Winding:
• After twisting the yarn are wound on suitable package.
• Layer of yarn are wound on one above another in
different stage on package.
• Winding mechanism is performed in a way that it will be
suitable for unwinding as well.
54. Building:
• For proper size and shape of package, the ring rails are lifted
gradually.
• The resultant bobbin will be conical shape full bobbin.
Doffing:
• After a required length of yarn is wound on the package,
machine is stopped for doffing.
• Doffing is the process of replacing the full bobbin by an empty
bobbin.
55. Block Creeling:
• If all roving bobbin filled on the creel are of same size, then
those bobbin will be exhausted at the same time which will
cause machine stoppage and production will be hampered.
• In block creeling arrangement, the total no. of creels are
divided in to several no. of groups, then each group contains
the roving of same length but differ from adjacent group or
block.
• Thus all bobbin will not exhausted at the same time.
• So, there is no machine stoppage and production will run
smoothly.
56. Creel
The bobbin creel is simple in design, but it can
nevertheless have an influence on the occurrence of
faults.
If take-off from the bobbin is not trouble-free, incorrect
drafts or even thread breaks occur. This is why bobbin
suspension pivots are used nowadays rather than bobbin
holders. These are, for example, bolted onto several
support rails (triangular tubing (2)) arranged one behind
the other along the entire length of the machine, one for
each spindle. The pivots, such as the Casablancas model
illustrated, feature the actual holding device for the tube in
their lower section (6). If ring (5) is pushed right up with
the top end of the tube inserted in the pivot, retainer (6) for
the bobbin swings out; if ring (5) is pushed upward a
second time, holder (6) is retracted again, and the tube,
for example when it is empty, can be removed again. The
pivots
are
mounted
in
ball
bearings.
Nowadays bobbin creels occupy lots space in terms of
width, as very large roving bobbins are usually used.
57. Spindle
Figure of spindle specified with different parts:
Should be studied from the book of W. klein (Volume :4,
page: 9)
Function:
• To hold the bobbin tightly to prevent shacking during its revolution.
• To help in winding yarn on to bobbin.
• It takes part in twisting along with ring and traveller.
• A capacity of spinning floor is mainly determined by the no. of spindle.
58. Influence of spindle on spinning:
• Spindles, and their drive, have a great influence on power consumption and
noise level in the machine.
• The running characteristics of spindle, especially imbalance and eccentricity
relative to the ring, also affect yarn quality and of course the no. of end
breakages.
• almost all yarn parameters are disadvantageously affected by poorly running
spindles.
Precaution regarding spindle:
• The mill must ensure at all time that centering of the spindle relative to
the rings is as accurate as possible.
• Since the ring and spindle form independent units and are able to shift
relative to each other in operation, these two parts must be re-centered
from time to time.
59. Ring
Specification of Ring:
Ring is specified by its two dimension:
Internal diameter (Ring dia)
Flange Width
Available ring dia (mm) for short staple cotton spinning: 36, 38, 40, 42, 44
Flange width depends on flange number.
Flange no.
1
1.5
2
Flange width (mm)
3.2
3.7
4.2
60. Ring Traveller/ Traveller
Function:
•It provides fibre band or the double thread supplied by the
feed roller with necessary torsion.
•It assists in winding the yarn on to cop with correct tension.
Two types of Traveller:
1.C- Shaped traveller
• Used on T-flanged horizontal ring
• For cotton Synthetic and blends
2. J-shaped Traveller:
•Used in vertical ring
•For coarser doubling cotton, acrylic, woolen, worsted yarn.
61. Spinning geometry with respect to ring and Tube
1. Ratio of ring dia “D” to tube dia “d” is 2:1 (ideally)
• The ring traveller together with the yarn as a pull element, is
set into motion on the ring by the rotation of spindle.
• If the direction of pull deviates too much from the running
direction of the traveller (α <30°), the tension load will be
high.
• The pulling tension can be reduced by adapting ring or tube
dia (α >30°) during the winding up of the tube.
2. Ration of tube length to ring dia 5:1 (ideally)
• The tube length determine the maximum balloon length.
The shorter the balloon the higher the traveller speed can
be achieved.
• In practical use, the ideal ratio of tube length to ring dia has
been shown to be between 4.5:1 to 5:1.
α
d
D
62. Yarn guiding device
Lappet:
Lappets are mounted directly above each spindle. Lappets are designed to
lead the yarn centrally over the spindle axis. The lappet consist of thread
guide made of bent wire and a pivoted support arm. The guide is adjustably
mounted on support arm to enable centering while the arm itself is secured to
lappet rail which extend over the length of the machine. This rail along with
the lappet can be raised or lowered.
Function of Lappet:
1.Continual up and down movement
during winding of the layers.
2. Continual upward shift through a
small distance in accordance with the
building motion.
63. Balloon Control ring:
The space between the ring and the
thread guide is correspondingly long.
Thus give a high balloon.
The effect of balloon:
A high balloon is associated with large balloon diameter, causing space problem.
The large balloon dimension lead to relatively high air drug on the yarn in the
balloon. This in turn cause increase deformation of balloon curve out of the plane
intersecting the spindle axis. This deformation lead to balloon instability.
In order to avoid this consequences, balloon control ring
are used. Each dividing its balloon into two smaller sub
balloon. In spite of its large overall height, the double
balloon created in this way is thoroughly stable even at
relatively low yarn tension.
64. Separator:
Most end down arises from the break of spinning triangle. Because
there are very high forces executed on the strand of fibres which
haven’t yet been fully bound together. If the break occur in the
triangle then the newly created free yarn ends must be drawn to the
cop and wound on to it. During this process, the broken ends lashes
around the spindle. In absence of protecting device, the broken end
would hurled in to the neighboring yarn balloon and would cause a
end down on that spindle.
The procedure would be repeated continuously so that a wave of
ends down travel along the row of spindle.
Therefore, to avoid this circumstances, separator is used.
65. Requisites for good running
condition of Ring frame
•The ring are perfectly centered with regard to spindle.
•The yarn guide eyelet is well centered with regard to the
spindle.
•The balloon control rings are perfectly centered with
regard to spindle
•The spindle bearing is in good condition excluding
spindle vibration.
•The ratio between bobbin diameter, bobbin length and
spindle gauge with regard to the ring dia is correct.
•Correctly adjustable traveller clearer keep the flange
traveller free from fly.
•Room climate is favorable for the yarn processed.