The Lahore Resolution was passed on March 23, 1940 during the annual meeting of the All-India Muslim League. It called for independent states for Muslims in India's northwest and eastern zones. This was an important milestone as it set the goal of creating Pakistan, united Indian Muslims behind the Muslim League, and elevated Muhammad Ali Jinnah as an international leader representing Muslims. The resolution faced opposition from the Indian National Congress but gained widespread support from Muslims.
The document provides details about the Pakistan Movement from 1940-1947, including key events and personalities that led to the establishment of Pakistan as an independent nation. It discusses the Lahore Resolution of 1940 which called for independent Muslim states in India. Other major events covered include the British offer of August 1940, the Cripps Mission of 1942, the Quit India Movement, the Rajagopalachari formula, and the failed Gandhi-Jinnah talks of 1944 where the two leaders disagreed on whether Hindus and Muslims constituted two separate nations in India.
The document summarizes key events in the development of the Pakistan Movement, including the founding of the All India Muslim League in 1906 to protect Muslim rights, the Minto-Morley Reforms of 1909 which increased Muslim representation, the Lucknow Pact of 1916 in which the Muslim League and Indian National Congress agreed to reforms, the Jallianwala Bagh massacre of 1919 which turned Gandhi against British rule, and the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919 which introduced self-governing institutions. It also discusses the Khilafat Movement of 1919-1923, the Delhi Muslim Proposals of 1927, the Nehru Report of 1928, and Jinnah's Fourteen Points in response in
The British partitioned Bengal in 1905 for administrative reasons, dividing it into West Bengal and East Bengal. This partition divided the Hindu and Muslim populations, with West Bengal having a Hindu majority and East Bengal having a Muslim majority. The Hindus strongly opposed the partition, seeing it as a attempt to divide Bengalis along communal lines and weaken the nationalist movement. They launched protests including boycotts of British goods. In contrast, Muslims generally welcomed the partition as it gave them a province where they were not a minority and hoped it would boost their social status and development.
Formation of interim government and 3rd june plansaifkhankakar
1) The document discusses the Cabinet Mission Plan and the negotiations between the Muslim League and Congress Party over forming an interim government for India.
2) It outlines the different formulas proposed for allocating seats in the interim government and how the parties rejected various proposals.
3) Lord Mountbatten was appointed the new Viceroy and tasked with transferring power; he announced the final partition plan on June 3rd, 1947 which established two independent states of India and Pakistan.
The document summarizes the key events of the Pakistan movement from 1940 to 1947, including the Lahore Resolution of 1940, the Cripps Mission of 1942, the Quit India Movement of 1942, the Gandhi-Jinnah talks of 1944, the Wavell Plan and Simla Conference of 1945, elections from 1945-1946, the Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946, the June 3rd Plan of 1947, the Radcliffe Award boundary demarcation, and finally the Indian Independence Act of 1947 which partitioned British India and led to the independence of Pakistan and India.
The Khilafat Movement was launched in 1919 by Muslims in British India to influence the British government and protect the Ottoman Empire after World War 1. It gained support when the Ottoman Empire faced losing territory. Congress initially cooperated with Khilafat leaders to demand self-rule for India. However, the movement weakened as Muslims disagreed on supporting Congress, Khilafat, or the Muslim League. It ultimately collapsed in 1924 when the Ottoman caliphate was abolished by Kemal Ataturk's secular Turkish government. While failing its goal, Khilafat had lasting impacts like strengthening Muslim political identity and the two-nation theory in India.
The Lahore Resolution was passed on March 23, 1940 during the annual meeting of the All-India Muslim League. It called for independent states for Muslims in India's northwest and eastern zones. This was an important milestone as it set the goal of creating Pakistan, united Indian Muslims behind the Muslim League, and elevated Muhammad Ali Jinnah as an international leader representing Muslims. The resolution faced opposition from the Indian National Congress but gained widespread support from Muslims.
The document provides details about the Pakistan Movement from 1940-1947, including key events and personalities that led to the establishment of Pakistan as an independent nation. It discusses the Lahore Resolution of 1940 which called for independent Muslim states in India. Other major events covered include the British offer of August 1940, the Cripps Mission of 1942, the Quit India Movement, the Rajagopalachari formula, and the failed Gandhi-Jinnah talks of 1944 where the two leaders disagreed on whether Hindus and Muslims constituted two separate nations in India.
The document summarizes key events in the development of the Pakistan Movement, including the founding of the All India Muslim League in 1906 to protect Muslim rights, the Minto-Morley Reforms of 1909 which increased Muslim representation, the Lucknow Pact of 1916 in which the Muslim League and Indian National Congress agreed to reforms, the Jallianwala Bagh massacre of 1919 which turned Gandhi against British rule, and the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919 which introduced self-governing institutions. It also discusses the Khilafat Movement of 1919-1923, the Delhi Muslim Proposals of 1927, the Nehru Report of 1928, and Jinnah's Fourteen Points in response in
The British partitioned Bengal in 1905 for administrative reasons, dividing it into West Bengal and East Bengal. This partition divided the Hindu and Muslim populations, with West Bengal having a Hindu majority and East Bengal having a Muslim majority. The Hindus strongly opposed the partition, seeing it as a attempt to divide Bengalis along communal lines and weaken the nationalist movement. They launched protests including boycotts of British goods. In contrast, Muslims generally welcomed the partition as it gave them a province where they were not a minority and hoped it would boost their social status and development.
Formation of interim government and 3rd june plansaifkhankakar
1) The document discusses the Cabinet Mission Plan and the negotiations between the Muslim League and Congress Party over forming an interim government for India.
2) It outlines the different formulas proposed for allocating seats in the interim government and how the parties rejected various proposals.
3) Lord Mountbatten was appointed the new Viceroy and tasked with transferring power; he announced the final partition plan on June 3rd, 1947 which established two independent states of India and Pakistan.
The document summarizes the key events of the Pakistan movement from 1940 to 1947, including the Lahore Resolution of 1940, the Cripps Mission of 1942, the Quit India Movement of 1942, the Gandhi-Jinnah talks of 1944, the Wavell Plan and Simla Conference of 1945, elections from 1945-1946, the Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946, the June 3rd Plan of 1947, the Radcliffe Award boundary demarcation, and finally the Indian Independence Act of 1947 which partitioned British India and led to the independence of Pakistan and India.
The Khilafat Movement was launched in 1919 by Muslims in British India to influence the British government and protect the Ottoman Empire after World War 1. It gained support when the Ottoman Empire faced losing territory. Congress initially cooperated with Khilafat leaders to demand self-rule for India. However, the movement weakened as Muslims disagreed on supporting Congress, Khilafat, or the Muslim League. It ultimately collapsed in 1924 when the Ottoman caliphate was abolished by Kemal Ataturk's secular Turkish government. While failing its goal, Khilafat had lasting impacts like strengthening Muslim political identity and the two-nation theory in India.
Salient feature of 1973 constitution of pakistanEHSAN KHAN
Salient feature of 1973 constitution of Pakistan
Constitution is the set of law and principals that determines the nature, functions and limits of the government and other institutions.
The document outlines key events leading up to the establishment of Pakistan as an independent state, including the Lahore Resolution of 1940 which called for separate states for Muslims, failed negotiations with the British Cripps Mission and Gandhi-Jinnah talks, and the Muslim League's success in 1945-46 elections which demonstrated their mandate over Muslims in India. It concludes with Pakistan gaining independence on August 14, 1947 after the British Cabinet Mission failed and the boundaries were decided by the Mountbatten Plan.
The Lahore Resolution of 1940 called for independent Muslim states in the northwest and eastern regions of British India where Muslims were in the majority. It asserted that Hindus and Muslims were distinct nations and should not be united in a single state. The resolution passed unanimously and marked a turning point where the Muslim League demanded a separate Muslim state rather than just separate electorates. It boosted Muslim nationalism and unity. The 1945 elections saw the Muslim League win most Muslim seats, validating its claim to represent Muslims. This set the stage for the eventual establishment of Pakistan after further negotiations failed to resolve the political deadlock between Congress and the League.
The document outlines the Two Nation Theory, which argues that Muslims and Hindus in British India constituted two distinct nations based on religious, cultural, economic, and political differences. It discusses the key differences between Hindus and Muslims in these areas, and how Muslim leaders like Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, Allama Iqbal, and Muhammad Ali Jinnah advocated for the theory. The document states that these leaders ultimately succeeded in achieving their goal of an independent Muslim state with the creation of Pakistan in 1947.
Radcliffe was appointed to hastily partition British India within 40 days despite having no experience with the region. He faced immense pressure from all sides in drawing boundaries for Punjab and Bengal that divided religious communities. The boundaries awarded districts with Muslim majorities to India while ignoring Pakistan's claims, sowing seeds for long-term conflict between the newly independent nations.
This document outlines the ideology of Pakistan. It defines ideology as a set of beliefs and ideas that guide a group or nation. The ideology of Pakistan is based on Islam and the two-nation theory, which states that Hindus and Muslims are two distinct nations that cannot coexist within a single state. The document traces the development of the ideology, from figures like Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, Allama Iqbal, and Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who advocated for a separate Muslim homeland due to social, cultural and religious differences between Hindus and Muslims.
The Nehru Report of 1928 was drafted by a committee led by Motilal Nehru in response to the British challenge to Indian political leaders to draft a constitution for India. The report proposed that India be granted Dominion status within the British Commonwealth, with a federal structure including a bicameral legislature and responsible government. It did not accept the separate electorate system or reservations based on religion. While most Indian leaders accepted the report, the Muslim League opposed abandoning the Lucknow Pact's protections for religious minorities. The British did not accept the report.
The document summarizes key events in the history of the All India Muslim League from its founding in 1906 to 1947:
- The Muslim League was established in 1906 in Dhaka to protect Muslim political interests in British India. Muhammad Ali Jinnah joined in 1913 and played a key role thereafter.
- Important early resolutions protested discrimination against Indians in South Africa and ended indentured labor. Allama Iqbal's 1930 Allahabad address advocated for a separate Muslim state in Northwest India.
- Jinnah was elected president in 1934 and reorganized the League, emphasizing that independence must protect minorities. His 1935 Aligarh speech united Muslims against the perceived threat from the Indian National Congress.
The document outlines the formation and objectives of the Indian National Congress party, including its role in fighting for India's independence and representing Hinduism. It analyzes the party's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats both internally and externally in a neutral, unbiased manner.
The partition of British India in 1947 divided the subcontinent into two independent states - India and Pakistan. This caused mass violence as millions of Hindus and Muslims migrated between the two new countries. Ongoing disputes over the territories of Jammu and Kashmir led to wars between India and Pakistan in 1965 and 1971. Water sharing of the Indus River also remained a source of conflict until the 1960 Indus Water Treaty. However, resolving the issues of Kashmir and fully implementing the water treaty remain important for improving relations between the two countries.
Pakistan claims Jammu and Kashmir based on its majority Muslim population, whereas China claims the Shaksam Valley and Aksai Chin. The Kashmir conflict is a territorial conflict primarily between India and Pakistan, having started just after the partition of India in 1947. ... The present conflict is in Kashmir Valley
The document summarizes the Pakistan Resolution of 1940 which was passed during the annual session of the All India Muslim League in Lahore. It established the Muslim League's demand for a separate Muslim state in India. The resolution was drafted by a committee and presented to the working committee on March 23, 1940, where it was unanimously adopted the following day. The resolution set goals of demarcating contiguous Muslim-majority regions and providing safeguards for religious minorities. Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah's presidential address emphasized that Muslims were a separate nation distinct from others in British India. The resolution was a milestone in defining the political objectives of Muslims in their independence struggle.
The document discusses the Nehru Report of 1928 and Jinnah's Fourteen Points of 1929. The Nehru Report proposed a unitary form of government and rejected separate electorates for religious groups, making it unacceptable to Muslims. Jinnah then proposed the Fourteen Points, demanding a federal system, separate electorates, and reserved political seats for Muslims. The Muslim League and Congress held differing views on power sharing, leading Congress to resign from government in 1939. This ultimately resulted in the 1940 Lahore Resolution, where the Muslim League demanded independent states for Muslims in the northwest and northeast of India.
The Khilafat Movement was a political protest launched in 1919-1922 by Indian Muslims to influence the British government and its treatment of the Ottoman Empire after World War I. The movement aimed to (a) protect holy places in Turkey, (b) restore Turkish territories, and (c) maintain the Ottoman Caliphate. It led to the non-cooperation movement in cooperation with the Indian National Congress. However, the movement ultimately failed after thousands were imprisoned and the caliphate was abolished in Turkey in 1924.
M.A. Jinnah presented the Fourteen Points in 1929 to counter proposals in the Nehru Report and defend Muslim rights in British India. The Points called for a federal constitution with provincial autonomy, adequate Muslim representation in government, separate electorates for communal groups, safeguards for Muslim culture and institutions, and no changes to the constitution without Muslim concurrence. The Congress Party rejected the demands, which covered interests of Muslims and stated it was the "parting of ways" between Muslims and Congress.
The Khilafat movement (1919-1924) was an agitation by Indian Muslims allied with Indian nationalism in the years following World War I. Its purpose was to pressure the British government to preserve the authority of the Ottoman Sultan as Caliph of Islam following the breakup of the Ottoman Empire at the end of the war.
The document discusses the causes of the separation of East Pakistan from West Pakistan in 1971. It identifies several key factors:
1. Political and economic dominance of West Pakistan over East Pakistan led to resentment among the Bengali population of East Pakistan.
2. Failure of the Muslim League leadership to adequately address the needs and concerns of East Pakistan contributed to growing discontent.
3. Delays in establishing a constitution and political system that fairly represented the much larger population of East Pakistan further exacerbated tensions.
4. The war of power between Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman over governing East Pakistan after 1970 elections also played a role in the ultimate separation of the
The document provides an overview of the East Pakistan crisis leading up to the 1971 Indo-Pakistan war. It discusses the geographic challenges of East Pakistan, the political and cultural alienation of Bengalis, the Awami League's six point plan, the 1970 election results giving Awami League a majority, the postponement of the inaugural National Assembly session, the formation of Mukti Bahini supported by India, Operation Searchlight launched by Pakistan to curb Bengali nationalism, the casualties of the civil war, India's plan to support East Pakistan's secession, and the military imbalance between India and Pakistan forces in the 1971 war.
3 allama muhammad iqbal& ideology of pakistan13023901-016
Allama Muhammad Iqbal was a poet, teacher, and thinker who advocated for the establishment of Pakistan as a separate homeland for Muslims in India. He believed that Islam provided a complete code for life and society, and that Muslims needed their own state where Islamic principles could be enforced. Iqbal emphasized the separate and distinct national and religious identity of Muslims, and openly rejected the idea of a single Indian nation comprising many religious groups. He argued that the establishment of Pakistan was essential for restoring the national and religious identity of Muslims.
Japan had attacked Pearl Harbor in December 1941 and was advancing through Southeast Asia towards India. To gain India's cooperation in fighting Japan, Sir Stafford Cripps was sent to India in March 1942 with a proposal that offered India dominion status after the war like Canada and Australia, a constituent assembly to finalize the constitution, and allowing princely states to join India or remain independent. However, the proposal was rejected because it did not give a time limit for dominion status, allowed provinces to separate from India, and nominated representatives from princely states rather than electing them. Gandhi criticized it as a "post-dated check on a failing bank" and the Muslim League rejected it for not clearly stating partition and a Muslim state.
The All India Muslim League was founded in 1906 at the annual Muhammadan Educational Conference in Dhaka to protect Muslim political interests in British India. Sir Muhammad Shafi proposed the name "All India Muslim League". Its objectives included securing political rights for Muslims, representing their needs to the government, and preventing growth of ill will between Muslims and other groups. The Muslim League went on to play a key role in the Pakistan Movement and the establishment of Pakistan as an independent state for Muslims in South Asia in 1947.
Salient feature of 1973 constitution of pakistanEHSAN KHAN
Salient feature of 1973 constitution of Pakistan
Constitution is the set of law and principals that determines the nature, functions and limits of the government and other institutions.
The document outlines key events leading up to the establishment of Pakistan as an independent state, including the Lahore Resolution of 1940 which called for separate states for Muslims, failed negotiations with the British Cripps Mission and Gandhi-Jinnah talks, and the Muslim League's success in 1945-46 elections which demonstrated their mandate over Muslims in India. It concludes with Pakistan gaining independence on August 14, 1947 after the British Cabinet Mission failed and the boundaries were decided by the Mountbatten Plan.
The Lahore Resolution of 1940 called for independent Muslim states in the northwest and eastern regions of British India where Muslims were in the majority. It asserted that Hindus and Muslims were distinct nations and should not be united in a single state. The resolution passed unanimously and marked a turning point where the Muslim League demanded a separate Muslim state rather than just separate electorates. It boosted Muslim nationalism and unity. The 1945 elections saw the Muslim League win most Muslim seats, validating its claim to represent Muslims. This set the stage for the eventual establishment of Pakistan after further negotiations failed to resolve the political deadlock between Congress and the League.
The document outlines the Two Nation Theory, which argues that Muslims and Hindus in British India constituted two distinct nations based on religious, cultural, economic, and political differences. It discusses the key differences between Hindus and Muslims in these areas, and how Muslim leaders like Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, Allama Iqbal, and Muhammad Ali Jinnah advocated for the theory. The document states that these leaders ultimately succeeded in achieving their goal of an independent Muslim state with the creation of Pakistan in 1947.
Radcliffe was appointed to hastily partition British India within 40 days despite having no experience with the region. He faced immense pressure from all sides in drawing boundaries for Punjab and Bengal that divided religious communities. The boundaries awarded districts with Muslim majorities to India while ignoring Pakistan's claims, sowing seeds for long-term conflict between the newly independent nations.
This document outlines the ideology of Pakistan. It defines ideology as a set of beliefs and ideas that guide a group or nation. The ideology of Pakistan is based on Islam and the two-nation theory, which states that Hindus and Muslims are two distinct nations that cannot coexist within a single state. The document traces the development of the ideology, from figures like Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, Allama Iqbal, and Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who advocated for a separate Muslim homeland due to social, cultural and religious differences between Hindus and Muslims.
The Nehru Report of 1928 was drafted by a committee led by Motilal Nehru in response to the British challenge to Indian political leaders to draft a constitution for India. The report proposed that India be granted Dominion status within the British Commonwealth, with a federal structure including a bicameral legislature and responsible government. It did not accept the separate electorate system or reservations based on religion. While most Indian leaders accepted the report, the Muslim League opposed abandoning the Lucknow Pact's protections for religious minorities. The British did not accept the report.
The document summarizes key events in the history of the All India Muslim League from its founding in 1906 to 1947:
- The Muslim League was established in 1906 in Dhaka to protect Muslim political interests in British India. Muhammad Ali Jinnah joined in 1913 and played a key role thereafter.
- Important early resolutions protested discrimination against Indians in South Africa and ended indentured labor. Allama Iqbal's 1930 Allahabad address advocated for a separate Muslim state in Northwest India.
- Jinnah was elected president in 1934 and reorganized the League, emphasizing that independence must protect minorities. His 1935 Aligarh speech united Muslims against the perceived threat from the Indian National Congress.
The document outlines the formation and objectives of the Indian National Congress party, including its role in fighting for India's independence and representing Hinduism. It analyzes the party's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats both internally and externally in a neutral, unbiased manner.
The partition of British India in 1947 divided the subcontinent into two independent states - India and Pakistan. This caused mass violence as millions of Hindus and Muslims migrated between the two new countries. Ongoing disputes over the territories of Jammu and Kashmir led to wars between India and Pakistan in 1965 and 1971. Water sharing of the Indus River also remained a source of conflict until the 1960 Indus Water Treaty. However, resolving the issues of Kashmir and fully implementing the water treaty remain important for improving relations between the two countries.
Pakistan claims Jammu and Kashmir based on its majority Muslim population, whereas China claims the Shaksam Valley and Aksai Chin. The Kashmir conflict is a territorial conflict primarily between India and Pakistan, having started just after the partition of India in 1947. ... The present conflict is in Kashmir Valley
The document summarizes the Pakistan Resolution of 1940 which was passed during the annual session of the All India Muslim League in Lahore. It established the Muslim League's demand for a separate Muslim state in India. The resolution was drafted by a committee and presented to the working committee on March 23, 1940, where it was unanimously adopted the following day. The resolution set goals of demarcating contiguous Muslim-majority regions and providing safeguards for religious minorities. Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah's presidential address emphasized that Muslims were a separate nation distinct from others in British India. The resolution was a milestone in defining the political objectives of Muslims in their independence struggle.
The document discusses the Nehru Report of 1928 and Jinnah's Fourteen Points of 1929. The Nehru Report proposed a unitary form of government and rejected separate electorates for religious groups, making it unacceptable to Muslims. Jinnah then proposed the Fourteen Points, demanding a federal system, separate electorates, and reserved political seats for Muslims. The Muslim League and Congress held differing views on power sharing, leading Congress to resign from government in 1939. This ultimately resulted in the 1940 Lahore Resolution, where the Muslim League demanded independent states for Muslims in the northwest and northeast of India.
The Khilafat Movement was a political protest launched in 1919-1922 by Indian Muslims to influence the British government and its treatment of the Ottoman Empire after World War I. The movement aimed to (a) protect holy places in Turkey, (b) restore Turkish territories, and (c) maintain the Ottoman Caliphate. It led to the non-cooperation movement in cooperation with the Indian National Congress. However, the movement ultimately failed after thousands were imprisoned and the caliphate was abolished in Turkey in 1924.
M.A. Jinnah presented the Fourteen Points in 1929 to counter proposals in the Nehru Report and defend Muslim rights in British India. The Points called for a federal constitution with provincial autonomy, adequate Muslim representation in government, separate electorates for communal groups, safeguards for Muslim culture and institutions, and no changes to the constitution without Muslim concurrence. The Congress Party rejected the demands, which covered interests of Muslims and stated it was the "parting of ways" between Muslims and Congress.
The Khilafat movement (1919-1924) was an agitation by Indian Muslims allied with Indian nationalism in the years following World War I. Its purpose was to pressure the British government to preserve the authority of the Ottoman Sultan as Caliph of Islam following the breakup of the Ottoman Empire at the end of the war.
The document discusses the causes of the separation of East Pakistan from West Pakistan in 1971. It identifies several key factors:
1. Political and economic dominance of West Pakistan over East Pakistan led to resentment among the Bengali population of East Pakistan.
2. Failure of the Muslim League leadership to adequately address the needs and concerns of East Pakistan contributed to growing discontent.
3. Delays in establishing a constitution and political system that fairly represented the much larger population of East Pakistan further exacerbated tensions.
4. The war of power between Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman over governing East Pakistan after 1970 elections also played a role in the ultimate separation of the
The document provides an overview of the East Pakistan crisis leading up to the 1971 Indo-Pakistan war. It discusses the geographic challenges of East Pakistan, the political and cultural alienation of Bengalis, the Awami League's six point plan, the 1970 election results giving Awami League a majority, the postponement of the inaugural National Assembly session, the formation of Mukti Bahini supported by India, Operation Searchlight launched by Pakistan to curb Bengali nationalism, the casualties of the civil war, India's plan to support East Pakistan's secession, and the military imbalance between India and Pakistan forces in the 1971 war.
3 allama muhammad iqbal& ideology of pakistan13023901-016
Allama Muhammad Iqbal was a poet, teacher, and thinker who advocated for the establishment of Pakistan as a separate homeland for Muslims in India. He believed that Islam provided a complete code for life and society, and that Muslims needed their own state where Islamic principles could be enforced. Iqbal emphasized the separate and distinct national and religious identity of Muslims, and openly rejected the idea of a single Indian nation comprising many religious groups. He argued that the establishment of Pakistan was essential for restoring the national and religious identity of Muslims.
Japan had attacked Pearl Harbor in December 1941 and was advancing through Southeast Asia towards India. To gain India's cooperation in fighting Japan, Sir Stafford Cripps was sent to India in March 1942 with a proposal that offered India dominion status after the war like Canada and Australia, a constituent assembly to finalize the constitution, and allowing princely states to join India or remain independent. However, the proposal was rejected because it did not give a time limit for dominion status, allowed provinces to separate from India, and nominated representatives from princely states rather than electing them. Gandhi criticized it as a "post-dated check on a failing bank" and the Muslim League rejected it for not clearly stating partition and a Muslim state.
Similar to Short note Lahore Resolution or Pakistan Resolution 1940, Delhi Proposal 1929, Allama Iqbal's Presedential Address 1930, Crips Mission, Khilafat Movement
The All India Muslim League was founded in 1906 at the annual Muhammadan Educational Conference in Dhaka to protect Muslim political interests in British India. Sir Muhammad Shafi proposed the name "All India Muslim League". Its objectives included securing political rights for Muslims, representing their needs to the government, and preventing growth of ill will between Muslims and other groups. The Muslim League went on to play a key role in the Pakistan Movement and the establishment of Pakistan as an independent state for Muslims in South Asia in 1947.
1) The document summarizes major political developments in India between 1857-1918 that impacted Muslims, including the Aligarh movement's efforts to revive Muslim identity and political rights after the 1857 war.
2) It then discusses the 1905 partition of Bengal by the British for administrative reasons, which received a favorable response from Muslims but was opposed by Hindus.
3) The partition was canceled in 1911, disappointing Muslims and helping them realize the need to politically organize themselves.
4) The 1906 Simla Deputation was the first major attempt by Muslim leaders from across India to present demands to the British, including separate electorates and reservations, emphasizing the historical importance of Muslims in India.
1) The All India Muslim League was formed in Dhaka on December 30, 1906 in response to the Indian National Congress showing a bias towards Hindus and failing to represent Muslim political and economic interests.
2) Key reasons for the Muslim League's formation included the Congress' indifferent attitude towards Muslims, the educational and economic backwardness of Muslims, and the need for a party to advocate for the Urdu language.
3) The Muslim League was established to promote loyalty to the British government, protect Muslim political and economic interests, and represent Muslim demands to the British while also developing understanding with other Indian communities.
The Lahore Resolution of 1940 established the Muslim League's demand for independent Muslim-majority states in British India. It called for the geographically contiguous Muslim-majority northern and eastern zones to each be independent states. It also demanded autonomy and safeguards for Muslim minorities in other parts of India. The resolution helped unite Muslims behind the idea of a separate Muslim homeland, but its vague language left room for different interpretations that complicated later negotiations. It marked a turning point in embracing a separate Muslim nation within the subcontinent.
The document summarizes the key factors that led to the demand for a separate Muslim homeland in the Indian subcontinent, which ultimately resulted in the creation of Pakistan. It discusses 12 reasons for the demand, including the desire to establish an Islamic state, the two-nation theory, historical differences between Hindus and Muslims, economic hardships faced by Muslims, and the narrow-mindedness of Hindus. It also outlines the history of the Pakistan movement, from the efforts of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan to establish modern education for Muslims and his promotion of the two-nation theory, to the eventual passing of the 1940 Pakistan Resolution demanding independent states for Muslims in India.
The document summarizes key events in the Pakistan Movement from 1940 to 1947, including the Lahore Resolution of 1940 which called for independent Muslim states in the northwest and northeast of South Asia, the failure of negotiations like the Cripps Mission and Gandhi-Jinnah talks to resolve Hindu-Muslim tensions, and the Simla Conference of 1945 where representation issues prevented an agreement between the Indian National Congress and All-India Muslim League.
The document summarizes key events in the Pakistan Movement from 1940 to 1947, including the Lahore Resolution of 1940 which called for independent Muslim states in the northwest and northeast of South Asia, the failure of negotiations like the Cripps Mission and Gandhi-Jinnah talks to resolve Hindu-Muslim tensions, and the Simla Conference of 1945 where representation issues could not be agreed upon, moving the country closer to partition.
The document summarizes the Government of India Act of 1935 and the Lahore Resolution of 1940. The Act established a federal structure but gave significant power to provincial governors. It failed to satisfy either the Indian National Congress or the Muslim League. Elections in 1937 saw the Congress emerge as the largest party but fail to gain a majority. The Congress rule oppressed Muslims, promoting Hindu culture and reducing the status of Urdu. In response, the Muslim League mobilized Muslims and criticized Congress policies. In 1940, the Muslim League passed the Lahore Resolution calling for independent states for Muslims in India, marking a shift from demands for autonomy to a separate Muslim state.
Partition of India & Patriotism of India Muslimsmdafsarali
The real truth of History. Partition of India was a planned political ploy of the rulling class /Caste to sustain power in the hands of minority albeit in the name of "democracy".
MAJOR POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS 1857-1947.pptxsyedmirsyed
The document summarizes major political developments in Pakistan from 1857 to 1947, including:
1) The decline of Muslim rule in India after the 1857 uprising, and efforts by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and others to revive Muslim political and cultural identity.
2) The formation of the Muslim League in 1906 to represent Muslim political interests, and changes to its goals in 1913 emphasizing self-government.
3) Key events and agreements between 1905-1916 impacting Hindu-Muslim relations like the Partition of Bengal, Simla Deputation, Lucknow Pact.
4) Important conferences and commissions between 1920-1935 regarding constitutional reforms, including the Roundtable Conferences and Jinnah's Fourteen Points.
pakistanresolution-1940-140311235028-phpapp01-180517192527.pdfÅįjâž Ali
The document discusses the Pakistan Resolution passed by the Muslim League in 1940. Key points include:
- The resolution was presented at the Muslim League's annual session in Lahore and called for autonomous states for Muslim-majority northwest and eastern regions of India.
- It aimed to address Muslim political, economic, and cultural interests after the failure of the federal system and Congress rule to protect Muslim rights.
- The resolution offered Muslims a separate homeland and united them behind the Pakistan movement led by the Muslim League and Quaid-e-Azam Jinnah.
- It was passed unanimously but faced opposition from Congress and Hindu groups who saw it as a threat to a united India under Hindu leadership.
The document discusses the Pakistan Movement which aimed to create Pakistan as a homeland for Muslims in British India. It outlines the two-nation theory that Muslims and Hindus constitute two distinct nations. Muhammad Ali Jinnah played a pivotal role in leading the movement and advocating for a separate Muslim state through his political career and the Lahore Resolution. Ultimately, Pakistan was established in 1947 as an independent nation for Muslims in the eastern and western regions of British India where they were the religious majority.
The document summarizes the Pakistan Resolution that was passed in Lahore in 1940. It provides background information on the key leaders involved, including Muhammad Ali Jinnah. The main reasons for passing the resolution were the Two Nation Theory, the need for Muslims to have political and economic safeguards, and the disappointment with Congress rule from 1937-1939. The resolution called for autonomous Muslim states in northwest and eastern regions where Muslims were a majority. Its passage united Muslims behind the goal of demanding a separate homeland and gave momentum to the Pakistan movement. It faced opposition from Congress and Hindus who saw it as a threat to a united India.
The Lahore Resolution (Urdu=Qarardad-e-Lahore قرارداد لاھور), commonly known as the Pakistan Resolution (Urdu=قرارداد پاکستان Qarardad-e-Pakistan)[1] was a political resolution, or statement drafted between 22nd to 24th March 1940, by the 25-member Working Committee of the All-India Muslim League, and then formally adopted by the Muslim League membership at its general session on 23 March 1940, held at Lahore.
its about aims and objectives. the people before 1947 , what kind of thinking they have and what are the diffrences between them and us.
dont just read it , try to understand the feelings about our dear homeland
Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah played a pivotal role in achieving Pakistan. He began his political career in 1905 and worked tirelessly for Hindu-Muslim unity for decades as a member of the Indian National Congress. However, over time he grew disillusioned as the demands of the Muslim league were not adequately addressed. In 1929, he presented the famous Fourteen Points to guarantee Muslim political rights. Jinnah reorganized the Muslim League in the 1930s and transformed it into an influential organization. His historic 1940 address where he first demanded "Pakistan" is considered a milestone in the Pakistan movement. Through his dynamic leadership and political acumen, Jinnah succeeded in establishing Pakistan as an independent homeland for Muslims of
Similar to Short note Lahore Resolution or Pakistan Resolution 1940, Delhi Proposal 1929, Allama Iqbal's Presedential Address 1930, Crips Mission, Khilafat Movement (20)
Complete CHAPTER 3 Data Communication.pdfAmna Nawazish
CHAPTER 3
DATA COMMUNICATION
TERMINOLOGIES
DATA
COMMUNICATION
DATA COMMUNICATION
COMPONENTS OF THE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Message
Sender
Receiver
Medium
Protocol
STANDARDS
CHARACTERISTICS OF DATA TRANSMISSIONS
SIGNAL
TYPES OF SIGNAL
Analog Signals With Example
Characteristics Of Analog Signals
Amplitude
Frequency
Digital Signals With Examples
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ANALOG AND DIGITAL SIGNAL
TRANSMISSION MODES (Asynchronous And Synchronous)
ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSMISSION WITH EXAMPLE
SYNCHRONOUS TRANSMISSION WITH EXAMPLE
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SYNCHRONOUS AND ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSMISSION
DIRECTION OF TRANSMISSION
Simplex Mode With Example, Advantages And Disadvantages
Half-Duplex Mode With Example, Advantages And Disadvantages
Full-Duplex Mode With Example, Advantages And Disadvantages
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE TYPES OF TRANSMISSION MODES
DATA COMMUNICATION SPEED AND MEDIA
DATA COMMUNICATION SPEED
BANDWIDTH
Narrowband
Voice band
Broadband
DATA COMMUNICATION MEDIA
Twisted-Pair Cable With Reason for twisting
Coaxial Cable
Fiber Optics Cable With Advantages And Disadvantages
Microwaves
Terrestrial
Satellite
COMMUNICATION HARDWARE
MODEM
OSI MODEL
Application Layer
Presentation Layer
Session Layer
Transport Layer
Network Layer
Data Link Layer
Physical Layer
DATA
The collection of raw facts and figures is called data. The word data is derived from the Latin language and it is plural of Datum. The text, numbers, symbols, images, voice, and video which are processed by computers and digital devices are called data. Data can be considered as unprocessed information.
COMMUNICATION
Communication is the process of sharing a message. A conversation between two people is an example of communication.
DATA COMMUNICATION
Data Communication is the process of transferring data electrically from one place to another. It is the process of exchange of data and information between two parties such as humans and electronic or computing devices.
COMPONENTS OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
A Communication system has the following five components.
Message
It is the information or data to be communicated. Common forms of information include text, numbers, pictures, audio, and video.
Sender
It is the device that generates and sends a message. It can be a computer, telephone handset, etc.
Receiver
Any particular digital electronic device can receive data in form of a message. The location of receiving computer is generally different from the sending computer. Like the sender, it can also be a computer, telephone handset, etc.
Medium
It is the channel or path through which the message is carried from the sender to the receiver. Some examples include twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, radio waves, etc.
Protocol
Protocols are the rules and procedures by which computers exchange data on the network. The sender and receiver follow the same protocols to communicate with each other. In other words, a protocol is an agreement between two parties or vendors, using communication devices.
STANDARDS
Standards are the set of rules for data communication that are needed for the exchange of information among devices. It is important to follow Standards that are created by various Standard Organizations like IEEE, ISO, ANSI, etc.
CHARACTERISTICS OF DATA TRANSMISSIONS
Data communication has several characteristics but some are discussed below:
1.Signal type
2.Transmission mode
3.Direction of transmission
1.SIGNAL
A signal is an electromagnetic or electrical current that carries data from one system or network to another.
TYPES OF SIGNAL
There are two types of signals discussed below:
Analog Signals
Analog signals are continuously varying signals or waves that change with time and are used to represent data.
Characteristics Of Analog Signals
Amplitude
The amplitude of a signal refers to the height of the signal. It is equal to the vertical distance from a given point on the waveform to the horizontal axis. It is measured in volts.
Frequency
Frequency refers to the number of periods in one second or the number of cycles per second. Frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz).
Digital Signals
A digital signal is an electrical signal that is converted into a pattern of bits to represent a sequence of discrete values, at any given time.
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How to stay relevant as a cyber professional: Skills, trends and career paths...Infosec
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Short note Lahore Resolution or Pakistan Resolution 1940, Delhi Proposal 1929, Allama Iqbal's Presedential Address 1930, Crips Mission, Khilafat Movement
1. Project
Q1) Write the note on the following:
1) Lahore Resolution or Pakistan Resolution 1940
2) Delhi Proposal 1929
3) Allama Iqbal's Presedential Address 1930
4) Crips Mission
5) Khilafat Movement
1. LAHORE RESOLUTION
On March 23, A.K. Fazul Haq, the Chief Minister of Bengal, moved the historical
Lahore Resolution. The Resolution consisted of five paragraphs and each paragraph was only
one sentence long. Although clumsily worded, it delivered a clear message. The resolution
declared:
“While approving and endorsing the action taken by the Council and the Working
Committee of the All-India Muslim League, as indicated in their resolutions dated the 27th of
August, 17th and 18th of September and 22nd of October, 1939, and 3rd of February 1940, on
the constitutional issue, this session of the All-India Muslim League emphatically reiterates
that the scheme of Federation embodied in the Government of India Act, 1935 is totally
unsuited to, and unworkable in the peculiar conditions of this country and is altogether
unacceptable to Muslim India.
It further records its emphatic view that while the declaration dated the 18th of October,
1939, made by the Viceroy on behalf of His Majesty’s Government is reassuring in so far as it
declares that the policy and plan on which the Government of India Act, 1935 is based will be
reconsidered in consultation with the various parties, interests and communities in India,
Muslim India will not be satisfied unless the whole constitutional plan is reconsidered de novo
and that no revised plan would be acceptable to the Muslims unless it is framed with their
approval and consent.
Resolved that it is the considered view of this session of the All-India Muslim League
that no constitutional plan would be workable in this country or acceptable to Muslims unless
it is designed on the following basic principle, namely, that geographically contiguous units
are demarcated into regions which should be so constituted, with such territorial readjustments
as may be necessary, that the areas in which the Muslims are numerically in a majority, as in
the North-Western and Eastern Zones of India, should be grouped to constitute ‘Independent
States’ in which the constituent units shall be autonomous and sovereign.
That adequate, effective and mandatory safeguards should be specifically provided in
the constitution for minorities in these units and in these regions for the protection of their
religious, cultural, economic, political, administrative and other rights and interests in
consultation with them; and in other parts of India where Mussalmans are in a minority,
adequate, effective and mandatory safeguard shall be specially provided in the constitution for
2. them and other minorities for the protection of their religious, cultural, economic, political,
administrative and other rights and interests in consultation with them.
This session further authorizes the Working Committee to frame a scheme of
constitution in accordance with these basic principles, providing for the assumption finally by
the respective regions of all powers such as defence, external affairs, communications, customs
and such other matters as may be necessary”.
Besides many others, the Resolution was seconded by Chaudhary Khaliquzzam from
UP, Maulana Zafar Ali Khan from Punjab, Sardar Aurangzeb from the N. W. F. P, Sir Abdullah
Haroon from Sindh, and Qazi Muhammad Esa from Baluchistan. Those who seconded the
resolution, in their speeches declared the occasion as a historic one. The Resolution was
eventually passed on the last day of the moot, i.e. March 24.
2. DELHI PROPOSALS 1929
The Delhi Statement was issued by Gandhi on November 2, 1929. It was issued
when Simon Commission was touring India.
The Congress was passing through a phase of political inactivity. The Swarajists had
joined the Legislative Council but did not achieve much. Gandhi was engaged in village
upliftment programme. During the Madras Session in December 1927, young leaders
like Jawahar Lal Nehru had proposed the resolution for complete independence which was
however defeated and the action of Jawahar Lal was not appreciated by Gandhi. With such a
background, Simon Commission was receiving strong protest from nationalist supporters.
Irwin persuaded the Congress leadership to come to the Round Table Conference which
Simon Commission was expected to propose after going back to London. Irwin, the Viceroy
of India, had watched with great concern the unanimity of Indians in opposing the Simon
Commission. There was opposition in London also against giving concessions to the Indians
and it was debated in the Parliament. With this background, Gandhi issued the statement. It
was, in a way, an attempt to find a middle path. In the statement, it was suggested, that in the
coming Round Table Conference, the features of Dominion Status to India would be
discussed, that there would be majority of Congress delegates in the Conference and there
would be issues of general amnesty and conciliation. In this way, there were four main
demands for the Commission.
Gandhi met Irwin on November 23, 1929 where Irwin, the Viceroy, rejected the offer
given in Delhi Statement. In the meantime, Lala Lajpat Rai died because of Lathi Charge on
November 17(1928). Later, when Gandhi signed the Gandhi Irwin pact, all the four demands
were avoided at that time. Under the pact, Gandhi had accepted to participate in the second
Round Table Conference after holding back the Civil Disobedience Movement. It was read as
a compromise by the supporters of Nationalist and especially by the Indian Capitalists who
had started showing sign of fatigue during the Civil Disobedience Movement. It is considered
as the cause of later withdrawal of Civil Disobedience Movement was finally withdrawn in
April 1934.
3. 3. ALLAMA IQBAL'S PRESEDENTIAL ADDRESS
1930
In this address, Allama Iqbal gave the lucid explanation of the inner feeling of the
Muslims of India. He narrated the basic principles of the Islam and loyalties of the Muslims
to their faith. He gave the idea and concept about a separate homeland in this address because
the Muslim were a nation and had a right that they got the identification and passed their lives
in order to the Islamic principles. Due to these reasons, he expressed his thoughts in this
address.
There were many reasons which caused Muslims to think about the separate
homeland and compelled to protect the rights of the Muslim. There was a two branched
attack on the Muslim interests. On the one side, Hindus were creating the restrictions in the
way of the Muslim and hurting the feeling of the Muslim to propose the Nehru report as the
ultimate constitution for India. On the other side, the British government totally ignored the
Muslim’s rights and other facilities were not being provided to them. They were ignored in
every field of life, especially in education and government.
In that critical condition, Allama Muhammad Iqbal realized that these eccentric
problems of the Muslims in North West India needed to be addressed. In order to solve these
problems, Allama Iqbal pointed a line of action.
In his address, Allama Iqbal explained that Islam was the major and determining
factor in the life of Indian Muslims. He defined the Muslims of India as a nation and
recommended there could be no possibility of peace in India without recognizing them as
one. Unless the Muslims are considered as a nation and their rights are protected, it is
impossible to establish peace and order in the land. Because there are many nations in the
land, every nation is distinguished from the other in their customs, traditions and religion.
The difference in the mind, difference in thoughts and religion furthermore, difference in the
customs and tradition make them unable to live together. So in these condition, it is essential
that Muslim have a separate homeland as without a separate homeland they might face many
difficulties for the rest of their life in united India.
As the permanent solution to the Muslim Hindus problem, Iqbal proposed that Punjab,
North West Frontier province, Baluchistan, and Sindh should be converted into one state. He
expressed that the northwestern part of the country should be established to unite as a self-
governed unit, within or without the British Empire.
Islam and Nationalism
In his address, Allama Iqbal explained that Islam was the major formative factor in
the life history of Indian Muslims. It furnished those basic emotions and loyalties, which
gradually unify scattered individuals and groups and finally transform them into a well-
defined people, possessing a moral consciousness of their own.
He defined the Muslims of India as a nation and suggested that there could be no
possibility of peace in the country unless and until they were recognized as a nation. He
claimed that the only way for the Muslims and Hindus to prosper in accordance with their
respective cultural values was under a federal system where Muslim majority units were
4. given the same privileges that were to be given to the Hindu majority units. In this section,
Iqbal addressed the idea the Islam and nationalism. Islam is a way of life in which the
Muslims spend their lives with peace and harmony, it gives the principles to regulate and
organize life and also form the identification of a separate nation within the Muslim psyche.
Islam provides the Muslims with a separate identification and distinguishes them from others
because its customs and traditions are different from other religions and this faith stresses
upon monotheism and acceptance of the Holy Prophet’s principles.
As far as nationalism is concerned, it can be said that nationalism comes through
Islam in Muslims, Islam provides a different way of life. Although Islam is a religion yet it
declares the rules and regulations about the different aspects of life. On the other hand,
Europeans considered Islam as a private affair and thought that Islam should not guide
political conditions. Whereas Iqbal explained that Islam was not a private matter, the demand
of separate homeland was based on Islam as it did not neglect the common life. “Man,” says
Renan “is enslaved neither by his race nor by his religion, nor by the course of rivers, nor by
the direction of mountain ranges. A great aggregation of men, sane of mind and warm of
heart, creates a moral consciousness which is called a nation.”
The question of unity
In this section of his speech, Iqbal narrated the principle of unity and whether unity in
different nations was possible or not. According to Iqbal’s point of view, there are many
nations in this sub-continent and every nation has its own social, political, and religious
structure. Without partition, establishment of peace and order in this land is impossible;
nevertheless they can pass their lives with peace. One reason is that one nation does not
accept the customs and traditions of other nations and consider them lower. This thing
expressed that peace and harmony can be established but only after the division of the Indian
sub-continent to facilitate the Muslims to implement their religion.
Muslim Indians within India
The unity of nations is not only territorial as is believed by European countries. India is a
continent of human groups belonging to the different races, speaking different languages, and
professing different religions. Their behavior is not at all determined by a common race
consciousness.
Conclusion
As a permanent solution of the problems was that division of continent was essential in the
sight of Iqbal that is why Allama Iqbal presented his ideas in this speech.
4. CRIPS MISSION
The British were alarmed at the successive victories of Japan during 1940s. When Burma
was turned into a battle field and the war reached the Indian boarders, the British started feeling
more concerned about the future of India. Situation in the country was further complicated as
the Congress wanted to take advantage of the situation by accelerating their efforts in their
struggle for independence. Moreover the differences between the Congress and the Muslim
League were widening fast and visibly there was no chance to bring both the parties on a
common agenda. In these circumstances, the British Government sent a mission to India in
1942 under Sir Stafford Cripps, the Lord Privy Seal, in order to achieve Hindu-Muslim
5. consensus on some constitutional arrangement and to convince the Indians to postpone their
struggle till the end of the Second World War.
Cripps arrived in Delhi on March 22, 1942 and had series of meetings with the leading
Indian politicians including Jawaharlal Nehru, Abul Kalam Azad, Quaid-i-Azam, Sir Sikandar
Hayat Khan, A. K. Fazlul Haq, Dr. Ambedkar, V.D. Savarkar and Tej Bhadur Sappru etc. In
the meetings Cripps tried to plead his case before these political leaders and tried to convince
them to accept his following proposals:
1. During the course of the war, the British would retain their hold on India. Once the
war finished, India would be granted dominion status with complete external and
internal autonomy. It would however, be associated with the United Kingdom and
other Dominions by a common allegiance to the Crown.
2. At the end of the war, a Constituent Assembly would be set up with the power to
frame the future constitution of India. The members of the assembly were to be
elected on the basis of proportional representation by the provincial assemblies.
Princely States would also be given representation in the Constituent Assembly.
3. The provinces not agreeing to the new constitution would have the right to keep itself
out of the proposed Union. Such provinces would also be entitled to create their own
separate Union. The British government would also invite them to join the
commonwealth.
4. During the war an interim government comprising of different parties of India would
be constituted. However, defence and external affairs would be the sole responsibility
of the viceroy.
Quaid-i-Azam considered these proposals as “unsatisfactory” and was of the view that the
acceptance of the Cripps proposals would “take the Muslims to the gallows.” He said that the
proposals have “aroused our deepest anxieties and grave apprehensions, specially with
reference to Pakistan Scheme which is a matter of life and death for Muslim India. We will,
therefore, endeavour that the principle of Pakistan which finds only veiled recognition in the
Document should be conceded in unequivocal terms.” The Quaid, however, was happy to
know that in the Cripps proposals, at least the British Government had agreed in principle to
the Muslim League’s demand of the partition of India. Yet, Quaid-i-Azam wanted the British
Government and Cripps to thoroughly amend the proposals to make them acceptable for the
Muslim League.
Actually Quaid-i-Azam and other Muslim League leaders were convinced that Cripps was
a traditional supporter of Congress and thus could not present an objective solution to the
problem. On the arrival of Cripps, Quaid-i-Azam made it clear that he was a friend of Congress
and would only support the Congress’ interests. Congress leaders themselves accepted that
Cripps was their man. On his first visit to India, Cripps in fact attended the meetings of the
Congress Working Committee. He also visited Gandhi and was so much impressed by him that
he wore white khadi suit. He openly ridiculed the Muslim League’s demand for Pakistan when
he said, “we cannot deny 25 carore Hindus desire of United India only because 9 carore
Muslims oppose it.” In fact the proposals Cripps presented were mainly consisted of the ideas
which were discussed in a meeting between Nehru and Cripps in 1938.
5. KHILAFAT MOVEMENT
The Lucknow pact showed that it was possible for middle-class, English-educated
Muslims and Hindus to arrive at an amicable settlement on Hindu-Muslim constitutional
6. and political problems. This unity reached its climax during the Khilafat and the Non-
Cooperation Movements.
The Khilafat movement was a very important event in the political history of India.
The Muslims of India had a great regard for the Khilafat (Caliphate) which was held by the
Ottoman Empire. During World War I, the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) joined the war in
favour of Germany. But Turkey and Germany lost the war and a pact commonly known as
Istanbul Accord was concluded between the Allied Forces on 3rd
November 1918. According
to this Pact the territories of Turkey were to be divided among France, Greece and Britain.
Thus, Muslims organized a mass movement, which came to be known as Khilafat
Movement. The aims of this movement were
(a) To protect the Holy place of Turkey
(b) To restore the Territories of Turkey
(c) To restore the Ottoman Empire
In January 1921, nearly three thousands students of various colleges and schools
boycotted their classes and a number of teachers most of them were Muslims tendered their
resignation. The Movement became so powerful that the Government was obliged to pay
attention to the problem. The British Government invited Seth Jan-Muhammad Chutani, the
President of Khilafat conference to visit London to discuss the issue. A delegation under has
leadership visited London and discussed the sentiment of Muslims but the delegation also
returned unsuccessfully.
The Khilafat Movement came to an end when thousands of Indians were put behind
the bar. The leaders in spite of their best efforts could not maintain the Hindu-Muslim Unity.
One of the main reasons which caused a death blow to Khilafat Movement was the indirect
announcement of Gandhi to discontinue the Non Co-operation Movement. Gandhi used an
incident of arson on February 1922, when a violent mob set on fire a police choki at Chora
Churi at district Gorakpur, burning twenty one constables to death as an excuse to call off the
non-cooperation movement. It adversely affected the Khilafat Movement which thought to be
integral part of movement. In 1924, Kamal Ataturk set up a government on democratic basis
in Turkey by abolishing Khilafat as a system of government which served a finishing blow to
Khilafat Movement in India and people had lost whatever interest that they had in the
movement.
The Khilafat movement was started to safeguard the Khilafat in Turkey, an issue
which essentially belonged to the Muslims. By the involvement of Hindus the Movement
grew forceful and there was possibility of meeting the movement with success. The British
Government was the common enemy of the Muslims and Hindus. That is why, both the
nations continued united efforts against it. But the difference between the Hindus and
Muslims became even more pronounced and many other events showed that the opposition of
Hindus to British Government was not lasting. When Khilafat Movement reached at its
success, the Hindus especially Mr. Gandhi gave up from movement and leaved the Muslims
alone and caused the failure of Movement.
The Khilafat movement proved that Hindus and Muslims were two different nations
as they could not continue the unity and could not live together. The Khilafat Movement
created political consciousness among the Indian Muslims, which inspired them to constitute
another movement for then Independence. Thus, they started Pakistan Movement.