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Managers face many constraints from the external environment including political, demographic, sociocultural, technological, and global factors that can affect their decisions and operations. The external environment includes stakeholders and environmental uncertainty. Managers must also consider organizational culture, which can be strong or weak, and is influenced by where it comes from and how employees learn it. Culture affects managers and there are current issues around innovative, ethical, spiritual, and customer-responsive cultures. Decision making involves identifying problems, developing and analyzing alternatives, and selecting and implementing an alternative while considering criteria and uncertainty. Effective decision making processes utilize evidence, design thinking, and big data. Managers are important as they plan, organize, lead, and control organizations through various roles and
