Understanding human activities for spatial diffusion, resources use and distribution and the potential influence of such activities to the natural environments
The document provides an overview of economic geography, including the goals of understanding livelihood systems and their spatial variations. It describes different economic systems (subsistence, commercial/market, planned/command) and how technology affects economic development patterns. Location factors for different economic activities are outlined. Characteristics distinguishing less from more developed countries are compared. The summary discusses global economic changes like shifts to service industries and the rise of transnational corporations, resulting in a more interconnected world economy.
Forms of Human settlements, an important topic in Human geography. It discuss the the two kinds of settlements, rural and urban and deals with their advantages as well as disadvantages.
Ecosystems are formed when animals, plants, and the non-living environment have close links. All ecosystems depend on the flow of energy from sunlight through photosynthesis and the food chain, and the recycling of nutrients when plants and animals die and decompose. The key processes that sustain ecosystems are the flow of energy and the recycling of nutrients.
Metro and mega cities problems and issue.pptxNeha Bansal
Metro and mega cities are typically characterized by rapid population growth and urbanization driven by factors such as migration from rural areas, natural population growth, and globalization. Metro cities have populations of at least one million people and serve as economic, political and cultural centers, while mega cities have populations over 10 million people. Growth trends in these urban areas commonly include increasing urbanization, economic development, and demographic, land use, and infrastructure changes. They face challenges related to housing, transportation, environmental issues and ensuring social equity and inclusion.
This document discusses settlements in geography. It defines a settlement as a place where people live and interact through activities like agriculture, trading, and entertainment. Settlements help understand the relationship between humans and their environment. Factors that influence settlement locations include resources, soils, shelter from the elements, and defense from enemies. The document then discusses different types of settlement patterns like nucleated, dispersed, and linear, as well as hierarchies of urban settlements from world metropolises to smaller cities. It also discusses problems associated with rapid urbanization in developing countries.
6,7 - Globalisation & Global inequality.pdfshoaib71128
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This course introduces students to the contemporary world by examining the multifaceted phenomenon of globalization. It will provide an overview of global governance, development, and sustainability issues. The goal is to help students understand the increasing interconnectedness of people and places around the world and develop a sense of global citizenship and responsibility. The first chapter will define and discuss the key aspects of the process of globalization. It will examine both the benefits and criticisms of economic globalization from different perspectives.
The document provides an overview of economic geography, including the goals of understanding livelihood systems and their spatial variations. It describes different economic systems (subsistence, commercial/market, planned/command) and how technology affects economic development patterns. Location factors for different economic activities are outlined. Characteristics distinguishing less from more developed countries are compared. The summary discusses global economic changes like shifts to service industries and the rise of transnational corporations, resulting in a more interconnected world economy.
Forms of Human settlements, an important topic in Human geography. It discuss the the two kinds of settlements, rural and urban and deals with their advantages as well as disadvantages.
Ecosystems are formed when animals, plants, and the non-living environment have close links. All ecosystems depend on the flow of energy from sunlight through photosynthesis and the food chain, and the recycling of nutrients when plants and animals die and decompose. The key processes that sustain ecosystems are the flow of energy and the recycling of nutrients.
Metro and mega cities problems and issue.pptxNeha Bansal
Metro and mega cities are typically characterized by rapid population growth and urbanization driven by factors such as migration from rural areas, natural population growth, and globalization. Metro cities have populations of at least one million people and serve as economic, political and cultural centers, while mega cities have populations over 10 million people. Growth trends in these urban areas commonly include increasing urbanization, economic development, and demographic, land use, and infrastructure changes. They face challenges related to housing, transportation, environmental issues and ensuring social equity and inclusion.
This document discusses settlements in geography. It defines a settlement as a place where people live and interact through activities like agriculture, trading, and entertainment. Settlements help understand the relationship between humans and their environment. Factors that influence settlement locations include resources, soils, shelter from the elements, and defense from enemies. The document then discusses different types of settlement patterns like nucleated, dispersed, and linear, as well as hierarchies of urban settlements from world metropolises to smaller cities. It also discusses problems associated with rapid urbanization in developing countries.
6,7 - Globalisation & Global inequality.pdfshoaib71128
This document discusses globalization and global inequality. It begins by outlining the learning objectives which focus on understanding globalization's influences, processes, and impacts as well as theories of global inequality. It then provides context on modernity and how industrialization led to more connected global societies. Several theories of global inequality are described including dependency theories, world system theories, and global commodity chain theories. Key dimensions of increasing inequality are examined, particularly the impact of new technologies in creating both opportunities and new digital divides. Overall policies to promote inclusive growth and ensure technological benefits are broadly shared are advocated.
This document discusses concepts related to disaster risk management and food security studies. It defines key terms like disaster, risk, vulnerability and outlines contemporary understandings of disaster as influenced by both natural hazards and human factors. It also examines topics like environmentalism, urbanization, and globalization in relation to disaster risk and how increased connectivity globally can both help and hinder disaster response efforts.
This course introduces students to the contemporary world by examining the multifaceted phenomenon of globalization. It will provide an overview of global governance, development, and sustainability issues. The goal is to help students understand the increasing interconnectedness of people and places around the world and develop a sense of global citizenship and responsibility. The first chapter will define and discuss the key aspects of the process of globalization. It will examine both the benefits and criticisms of economic globalization from different perspectives.
This document discusses urbanization and its impacts. It defines urbanization as the process of people moving from rural to urban areas, driven by factors like industrial growth, employment opportunities, modernization, and political instability. While urbanization can improve quality of life through jobs and infrastructure, it also causes problems like overcrowding, poverty, and environmental hazards for cities. Solutions include better city planning, education, creating more opportunities, and using plants for waste land management and soil conservation.
Definition of Zoning,Land use planning,Urban planning,Urban and regional planning,Regional planning,Zones,Zone planning,Land use planning in india,objectives of land use planning,objectives of zone planning
This document discusses key concepts in regional geography, including the natural environment, human geographies, political geographies, and economic geographies. It defines the natural environment as all living and non-living things occurring naturally, including ecological systems, resources, and climate. Human geography examines how human activity affects and is influenced by the Earth's surface. Political geography studies the spatial outcomes of political processes and how places shape politics. Economic geography analyzes how livelihoods vary by area and how economic activities are interconnected across different regions.
Social environmental impacts of mining with special reference to rehabilitati...Safdar Ali
1. The document discusses the social, environmental, and economic impacts of mining projects, including impacts on population, culture, income, employment, health, and loss of assets for local communities.
2. It emphasizes the need for proper rehabilitation and resettlement policies to minimize damage and restore livelihoods. Key aspects of an effective resettlement plan include development packages, compensation, new housing and infrastructure, social integration, community participation, and environmental management.
3. A well-planned resettlement process that incorporates production-based development, compensation, community integration, and participation can help mitigate the negative impacts of displacement and support a positive response from affected communities.
This document discusses perspectives on urbanization, including causes and problems associated with urban growth. It covers several theories of urbanization, such as the demographic transition theory and concentric zone theory. Functionalism views urbanization as both functional and dysfunctional for society. Conflict theory emphasizes how power and wealth influence urban development under capitalism. The document also outlines current urban problems in developing areas, such as uncontrollable growth, pollution, unemployment, and shortage of housing and land.
The document discusses the sustainability of the world economy and its impact on the environment. It outlines three stages of human development: nomadic hunter-gatherers, the agricultural revolution, and the current period of sustained economic growth since the industrial revolution. This last stage has led to an exponential increase in population and consumption, placing immense pressure on finite natural resources. While economic growth has improved living standards for many, it has also increased inequality both between and within nations. The current socioeconomic model prioritizes unlimited production and consumption, exploiting nature without regard for preserving resources for future generations. As a result, humans have drastically altered the physical and biotic environment, contributing to issues like climate change and increased pandemic risks.
Rural development aims to improve economic and social conditions in rural areas. It involves collective efforts to enhance well-being through improved infrastructure, access to services, livelihood opportunities, and participation in decision making. Common strategies include multi-purpose development, growth-oriented approaches targeting specific groups, area-based programs, and integrated models involving communities. Key components are environmental management, use of appropriate technology, education and training, healthcare access, and legal protections. Agencies work with rural communities worldwide to promote sustainable development.
Computational sustainability aims to use computing to help address societal and environmental challenges and work towards a sustainable future. It identifies and develops solutions to computational problems around balancing environmental, economic, and societal needs. Some key areas of focus include poverty mapping, modeling migratory populations, weather data collection for agriculture insurance, species distribution modeling, and sustainable transportation. Computational sustainability is an interdisciplinary field that benefits both sustainability efforts and advances in computer science through solving new and complex real-world problems.
This document discusses the impacts and significance of tourism. It begins by defining tourism as the movement of people between places, requiring infrastructure like transportation and accommodation. Tourism can have positive and negative economic, socio-cultural, political, and environmental impacts. Economically, tourism generates income and employment but can also increase prices and cause seasonality issues. Socio-culturally, it can foster cultural exchange but also crowd places and change traditions. Politically, it requires stability and policies to develop infrastructure, but instability deters tourists. Environmentally, tourism spurs environmental protection but can damage habitats through overdevelopment and pollution. The document outlines these various impacts in more detail.
The document provides an overview of regional economics. It discusses how regional economics examines the spatial distribution of economic activity and how changes in this distribution impact individuals and communities. Key factors that influence the location of economic activity are also examined, such as natural resources, transportation costs, economies of scale from concentration, and the work of economists like August Lösch who developed models to explain spatial patterns. The document notes that regional economics is of interest to academics, planners, policymakers, and industry. Tools used in regional economics include economic profiles, econometric models, input-output analysis, and cost-benefit analysis.
More than half of humans now live in cities, and that number is expected to rise to three-quarters by 2050. The size and locations of the world's largest cities have dramatically changed over the past century. In 1900 there were 13 cities over 1 million people, but by 2007 there were at least 300 cities over 1 million, with 100 of those in China alone. Many cities face issues like congestion, pollution, water shortages, and insufficient housing, with around 1 billion people living in slums or shantytowns. Sustainable development aims to improve lives while respecting environmental limits. It recognizes the importance of renewable resources and accounting for ecological services provided by the environment.
Seminar on the Politics of Globalization and International.pptxEtana2
This document summarizes a seminar on globalization and international development presented by Dr. Gizachew Asrat. It begins by defining key terms related to globalization such as globalization, globalism, and actors in the process. It then discusses the causes and aspects of globalization including economic, political and socio-cultural dimensions. The document also outlines major theories of development including modernization theory, dependency theory, and world systems theory. It provides examples to illustrate concepts such as Rostow's stages of economic growth and the center-periphery model of dependency theory. In closing, the document discusses key concepts in development and compares economic growth and development.
The document discusses several key factors that influence community social systems, including ecology, demography, culture, personality, and time. It provides definitions and explanations of these setting factors. Specifically, it defines ecology as the study of relationships between organisms and their environment. It discusses important demographic aspects like population size, density, and growth. It also defines culture and discusses different types of cultural traits, patterns, and universals.
The Human-Environment Relationship: Key Concepts and ModelsSteve Zavestoski
Lecture delivered at ABV Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India, as part of HUMANS | ENVIRONMENT | DEVELOPMENT lecture series as U.S. Fulbright Specialist, 30 Jan to 12 March, 2014.
The document discusses the discipline of sociology and its relevance to quantity surveying. It defines sociology as the study of human interactions and groups, from small to large. Sociology examines how individuals participate, cooperate, and sometimes conflict as they interact in various settings and over time. It also draws from other disciplines like history and economics to understand human behavior. The document outlines several key approaches in sociology, like historical analysis of how professions and institutions develop over time. It discusses how sociology is important for quantity surveyors to better understand social factors influencing their work.
Trabalhar em Conjunto para um Mundo Melhor?
Considerada por muitos como a “mãe” do modelo “Living Lab”, continua a explorar todas as potencialidades do modelo de colaboração nas diversas áreas das atividades humanas e a observar como está a ser aplicado e a surtir efeitos no mundo inteiro. O modelo “Living Lab” proporciona uma comunicação franca e aberta entre “stakeholders” de setores complexos e transdisciplinares, sempre com o objetivo de introduzir abordagens abertas e colaborativas para permitir ir mais longe no design e na inovação. O tema em palco irá assentar na forma como as empresas, as agências públicas e académicas, as comunidades, o empreendedorismo social, os designers, as redes sociais e os cidadãos no geral, poderão colaborar na resolução dos maiores e mais atuais desafios da sociedade. Seija Kulkki argumenta que a Europa tem a oportunidade única para transformar as suas fundações sociais e económicas. No entanto precisamos de aprender a nos organizarmos em torno da resolução de problemas – podendo desta abordagem nascer novos modelos e ecossistemas de inovação aberta que permitem a partilha de valores às escalas local, regional, nacional e global. Um desafio relevante é como gerir a investigação, o desenvolvimento e inovação colaborativa e estratégica em torno das alterações climáticas, do envelhecimento populacional, do bem-estar, da eficiência energética, da pobreza, da modernização do trânsito e de outros serviços e infraestruturas, garantindo sempre a segurança das nossas sociedades.
Participatory Rural Appraisal are more of Methods of Interacting with the people of villages, rural areas whose data and countings are rarely done, but need to be looked at, after all they contribute for the GDP. A branch of Extension Education, Each one should be Cared For and shouldn't be overlooked.
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The document discusses challenges with building urban climate change resilience in inclusive ways. It notes that resilience efforts often overlook issues of power and politics. True resilience must benefit the most vulnerable and have pro-poor outcomes. Mainstreaming resilience can overlook rapid urbanization drivers like private sector expansion that weaken governance. Research must engage more with political economies and the forces shaping urban planning outcomes. Making impact requires addressing knowledge and power imbalances.
Cross-Cultural Leadership and CommunicationMattVassar1
Business is done in many different ways across the world. How you connect with colleagues and communicate feedback constructively differs tremendously depending on where a person comes from. Drawing on the culture map from the cultural anthropologist, Erin Meyer, this class discusses how best to manage effectively across the invisible lines of culture.
Creativity for Innovation and SpeechmakingMattVassar1
Tapping into the creative side of your brain to come up with truly innovative approaches. These strategies are based on original research from Stanford University lecturer Matt Vassar, where he discusses how you can use them to come up with truly innovative solutions, regardless of whether you're using to come up with a creative and memorable angle for a business pitch--or if you're coming up with business or technical innovations.
This document discusses urbanization and its impacts. It defines urbanization as the process of people moving from rural to urban areas, driven by factors like industrial growth, employment opportunities, modernization, and political instability. While urbanization can improve quality of life through jobs and infrastructure, it also causes problems like overcrowding, poverty, and environmental hazards for cities. Solutions include better city planning, education, creating more opportunities, and using plants for waste land management and soil conservation.
Definition of Zoning,Land use planning,Urban planning,Urban and regional planning,Regional planning,Zones,Zone planning,Land use planning in india,objectives of land use planning,objectives of zone planning
This document discusses key concepts in regional geography, including the natural environment, human geographies, political geographies, and economic geographies. It defines the natural environment as all living and non-living things occurring naturally, including ecological systems, resources, and climate. Human geography examines how human activity affects and is influenced by the Earth's surface. Political geography studies the spatial outcomes of political processes and how places shape politics. Economic geography analyzes how livelihoods vary by area and how economic activities are interconnected across different regions.
Social environmental impacts of mining with special reference to rehabilitati...Safdar Ali
1. The document discusses the social, environmental, and economic impacts of mining projects, including impacts on population, culture, income, employment, health, and loss of assets for local communities.
2. It emphasizes the need for proper rehabilitation and resettlement policies to minimize damage and restore livelihoods. Key aspects of an effective resettlement plan include development packages, compensation, new housing and infrastructure, social integration, community participation, and environmental management.
3. A well-planned resettlement process that incorporates production-based development, compensation, community integration, and participation can help mitigate the negative impacts of displacement and support a positive response from affected communities.
This document discusses perspectives on urbanization, including causes and problems associated with urban growth. It covers several theories of urbanization, such as the demographic transition theory and concentric zone theory. Functionalism views urbanization as both functional and dysfunctional for society. Conflict theory emphasizes how power and wealth influence urban development under capitalism. The document also outlines current urban problems in developing areas, such as uncontrollable growth, pollution, unemployment, and shortage of housing and land.
The document discusses the sustainability of the world economy and its impact on the environment. It outlines three stages of human development: nomadic hunter-gatherers, the agricultural revolution, and the current period of sustained economic growth since the industrial revolution. This last stage has led to an exponential increase in population and consumption, placing immense pressure on finite natural resources. While economic growth has improved living standards for many, it has also increased inequality both between and within nations. The current socioeconomic model prioritizes unlimited production and consumption, exploiting nature without regard for preserving resources for future generations. As a result, humans have drastically altered the physical and biotic environment, contributing to issues like climate change and increased pandemic risks.
Rural development aims to improve economic and social conditions in rural areas. It involves collective efforts to enhance well-being through improved infrastructure, access to services, livelihood opportunities, and participation in decision making. Common strategies include multi-purpose development, growth-oriented approaches targeting specific groups, area-based programs, and integrated models involving communities. Key components are environmental management, use of appropriate technology, education and training, healthcare access, and legal protections. Agencies work with rural communities worldwide to promote sustainable development.
Computational sustainability aims to use computing to help address societal and environmental challenges and work towards a sustainable future. It identifies and develops solutions to computational problems around balancing environmental, economic, and societal needs. Some key areas of focus include poverty mapping, modeling migratory populations, weather data collection for agriculture insurance, species distribution modeling, and sustainable transportation. Computational sustainability is an interdisciplinary field that benefits both sustainability efforts and advances in computer science through solving new and complex real-world problems.
This document discusses the impacts and significance of tourism. It begins by defining tourism as the movement of people between places, requiring infrastructure like transportation and accommodation. Tourism can have positive and negative economic, socio-cultural, political, and environmental impacts. Economically, tourism generates income and employment but can also increase prices and cause seasonality issues. Socio-culturally, it can foster cultural exchange but also crowd places and change traditions. Politically, it requires stability and policies to develop infrastructure, but instability deters tourists. Environmentally, tourism spurs environmental protection but can damage habitats through overdevelopment and pollution. The document outlines these various impacts in more detail.
The document provides an overview of regional economics. It discusses how regional economics examines the spatial distribution of economic activity and how changes in this distribution impact individuals and communities. Key factors that influence the location of economic activity are also examined, such as natural resources, transportation costs, economies of scale from concentration, and the work of economists like August Lösch who developed models to explain spatial patterns. The document notes that regional economics is of interest to academics, planners, policymakers, and industry. Tools used in regional economics include economic profiles, econometric models, input-output analysis, and cost-benefit analysis.
More than half of humans now live in cities, and that number is expected to rise to three-quarters by 2050. The size and locations of the world's largest cities have dramatically changed over the past century. In 1900 there were 13 cities over 1 million people, but by 2007 there were at least 300 cities over 1 million, with 100 of those in China alone. Many cities face issues like congestion, pollution, water shortages, and insufficient housing, with around 1 billion people living in slums or shantytowns. Sustainable development aims to improve lives while respecting environmental limits. It recognizes the importance of renewable resources and accounting for ecological services provided by the environment.
Seminar on the Politics of Globalization and International.pptxEtana2
This document summarizes a seminar on globalization and international development presented by Dr. Gizachew Asrat. It begins by defining key terms related to globalization such as globalization, globalism, and actors in the process. It then discusses the causes and aspects of globalization including economic, political and socio-cultural dimensions. The document also outlines major theories of development including modernization theory, dependency theory, and world systems theory. It provides examples to illustrate concepts such as Rostow's stages of economic growth and the center-periphery model of dependency theory. In closing, the document discusses key concepts in development and compares economic growth and development.
The document discusses several key factors that influence community social systems, including ecology, demography, culture, personality, and time. It provides definitions and explanations of these setting factors. Specifically, it defines ecology as the study of relationships between organisms and their environment. It discusses important demographic aspects like population size, density, and growth. It also defines culture and discusses different types of cultural traits, patterns, and universals.
The Human-Environment Relationship: Key Concepts and ModelsSteve Zavestoski
Lecture delivered at ABV Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India, as part of HUMANS | ENVIRONMENT | DEVELOPMENT lecture series as U.S. Fulbright Specialist, 30 Jan to 12 March, 2014.
The document discusses the discipline of sociology and its relevance to quantity surveying. It defines sociology as the study of human interactions and groups, from small to large. Sociology examines how individuals participate, cooperate, and sometimes conflict as they interact in various settings and over time. It also draws from other disciplines like history and economics to understand human behavior. The document outlines several key approaches in sociology, like historical analysis of how professions and institutions develop over time. It discusses how sociology is important for quantity surveyors to better understand social factors influencing their work.
Trabalhar em Conjunto para um Mundo Melhor?
Considerada por muitos como a “mãe” do modelo “Living Lab”, continua a explorar todas as potencialidades do modelo de colaboração nas diversas áreas das atividades humanas e a observar como está a ser aplicado e a surtir efeitos no mundo inteiro. O modelo “Living Lab” proporciona uma comunicação franca e aberta entre “stakeholders” de setores complexos e transdisciplinares, sempre com o objetivo de introduzir abordagens abertas e colaborativas para permitir ir mais longe no design e na inovação. O tema em palco irá assentar na forma como as empresas, as agências públicas e académicas, as comunidades, o empreendedorismo social, os designers, as redes sociais e os cidadãos no geral, poderão colaborar na resolução dos maiores e mais atuais desafios da sociedade. Seija Kulkki argumenta que a Europa tem a oportunidade única para transformar as suas fundações sociais e económicas. No entanto precisamos de aprender a nos organizarmos em torno da resolução de problemas – podendo desta abordagem nascer novos modelos e ecossistemas de inovação aberta que permitem a partilha de valores às escalas local, regional, nacional e global. Um desafio relevante é como gerir a investigação, o desenvolvimento e inovação colaborativa e estratégica em torno das alterações climáticas, do envelhecimento populacional, do bem-estar, da eficiência energética, da pobreza, da modernização do trânsito e de outros serviços e infraestruturas, garantindo sempre a segurança das nossas sociedades.
Participatory Rural Appraisal are more of Methods of Interacting with the people of villages, rural areas whose data and countings are rarely done, but need to be looked at, after all they contribute for the GDP. A branch of Extension Education, Each one should be Cared For and shouldn't be overlooked.
The document discusses formal and informal economies. It defines economics and describes its key concepts like scarcity, opportunity cost, demand, and supply. It also discusses different types of economics like microeconomics and macroeconomics. The informal economy makes up a large share of employment and output in many developing countries. Informal employment has increased over time and includes various types of work like street vendors, home-based work, and casual day labor. Formalizing the informal economy involves efforts to register informal enterprises and provide workers with legal protections and support services.
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2. Introduction
• Human activities are those activities which
enable people to earn their living. They vary
between areas. Also economic system are
spatially interrelated and interlinked.
• Human activities differ between places due to
spatial variation on:-
– Physical environment
– Culture
– Technological development
– Political decisions/factors
– Economic factors of demand/market.
3. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
• e.g. crops grown in areas with high rainfall are
different from those grown in areas with low
rainfall.
• Unequal distribution of mineral resource
deposit enables some regions and countries
attain an economic prosperous and
employment opportunity which is not
available in other areas.
4. CULTURE
• Within the bound of the environment, the
economy or production decisions may be
conditioned by cultural consideration e.g.
cultural based food preference rather than
environmental limitations may dictate the
choice of crops or livestock .e.g. in Muslim
areas pigs are not layered.
• Maize is a preferred grain in Africa, wheat in
North America, Australia, Argentina and
Europe and rice in much of Asia.
5. LEVEL OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
• Affect recognition of resources and ability to
exploit.
POLITICAL DECISIONS
• May encourage or discourage through
subsidies, protective tariffs or production
restrictions- patterns of economic activity.
ECONOMIC FACTORS OF DEMAND/MARKET
• Whether production is based on free market,
government interaction (controlled economy)
and consumption requirements of a single
family.
6. TYPES OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES
• Human activities may be categorized by
viewing continuum and increasing complexity
of product or service and increasing distance
from natural environment.
7. Primary activities
• Are those that harvest or extract something
directly from the earth. They are at the
beginning of the production cycle where
humans are in closely contact with the
resources and potentialities of the
environment. Such primary activities involve
basic food stuff and raw material production.
Hunting and gathering, grazing, agriculture,
fishing, forestry and mining and quarrying are
examples.
8. Secondary activities
• Are those that add value to materials by
changing their form or combining them into
more useful and therefore more valuable
commodities.
• They may range from simple handicraft
production of pottery or wooden ware to
delicate assembly of electronic goods or
vehicles computer smelting, steel making,
metal working, automobile production, textile
and chemical manufacturing and processing
industries are also included.
9. • The production of energy of the power
company and the construction
Tertiary activities
• Consist of those business and labour
specializations that provide services to the
primary and secondary sectors and goods and
services to the general community and to the
individual.
• They include professional, clerical and
personal services. Tertiary activities constitute
the vital link between producer and consumer.
10. • For example are retail and wholesale trade,
personal and professional services.
• Note: In economically advanced societies
there are Quaternary and Quinary activities.
Quaternary activities
• The term quaternary is applied to the
economic activities which are composed
entirely of services rendered by white collar
professionals working in education,
government, management, information
processing and research.
11. • For example are retail and wholesale trade,
personal and professional services.
• Note: In economically advanced societies
there are Quaternary and Quaternary
activities.
Quaternary activities
• The term quaternary is applied to the
economic activities which are composed
entirely of services rendered by white collar
professionals working in education,
government, management, information
processing and research.
12. • Are activities in which individuals and the
entire organizations are engaged in processing
and discrimination of information
• The term Quaternary activities: applies to
activities of high level decision making roles in
all types of large organizations, public or
private
Note:
To all categories transportation and
communication services cut across the general
activity unite them and make possible the
spatial interactions that all human enterprise
requires.
15. SPATIAL INTERACTION AND
ORGANIZATION
• Spatial Diffusion Theories
• Spatial diffusion is essentially important in
geography to explain the ways in which
phenomena, such as technological
innovations, cultural trends, or even outbreak
of disease, travel over time. In geography,
there are main two spatial diffusion processes,
namely: Expansion diffusion and Relocation
diffusion.
16. • Expansion diffusion, the thing or a process
being spread remains in the area of origin as
well as spreads to surrounding areas. This
takes two forms; contagious and hierarchical
diffusion.
a. Contagious diffusion, a phenomenon is
transmitted over a distance simply because
people who carry it are close to each other.
b. Hierarchical diffusion involves the
transmission of phenomenon from one
place to another because the level of
interaction between places overcomes the
actual distance between them.
17. GRAVITY MODEL
• It was first described in the 1850s and is based
on Issac Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation.
• According to Newton, the degree to which
objects are attracted to each other by gravity is
a result of the product of their respective
masses divided by the square of their distance
apart.
18. • The gravity model in geography, substitutes
population for gravity. Thus, the interaction
between two places is equal to the product of
the palces; populations divided by the square
of their distance apart.
Iab = PaPb
(Dab)2
19. Where,
• Iab = Interaction between places
• Pa = the population of place a
• Pb = the population of place b
• Dab = the distance between place a and b
20. Its Implication
• Large cities may still have extensive and
important interactions despite being separated
by distances. This is because, their extremely
large population, when multiplied together in
the denominator; are large enough to
overcome the square of the distance between
them, represented in the denominator.
• Large cities have a greater “gravitational pull”
for individual people than small cities. Because,
large cities provide a diversity of opportunities
for employment, education, products and
services.
21. • This reflects the law of retail gravitation which
formally described in 1931.
• It states that people will be drawn to large cities
to conduct their business since large cities have
a wide influence on the areas that surround
them.
• The outer edge of a city’s sphere of influence is
called the breaking point.