Heavy construction equipment

HEAVY CONSTRUCTION
EQUIPMENT
PRITESH PARMAR
Student of D.D.University Nadiad
Department of Civil Engineering
priteshparmar5.6.1998@gmail.com

CLASSIFICATION OFCONSTRUCTION
EQUIPMENT

CLASSIFICATION OFCONSTRUCTION
EQUIPMENT
Different types of heavy equipment commonly used in the construction are as follows:
1. Earth-moving equipment
2. Hauling equipment
3. Hoisting equipment
4. Conveying equipment
5. Aggregate and Concrete production equipment
6. Pile boring equipment
7. Pile-driving equipment
8. Earth compaction Equipment
9. Tunneling and rock drilling equipment
10. Pumping and dewatering equipment

CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT
Process involved in Construction :
 Excavation
 Digging of large quantities of earth
 Moving them to distances which are sometimes fairly long
 Placement
 Compacting
 Leveling
 Dozing
 Grading
 Hauling

BACK HOE
• Also known ashoe, back shovel , and pull shovel
• Itisused to excavate belowthe natural surface on whichit rests.
• Generally used to excavate trenches, pits for basements and also for grading works, which requires
precise controlof depths.
• The basic parts are boom, Jack boom, Boom foot drum, Boom sheave, Stick sheave, Stick, Bucket
and Bucketsheave

BACK HOE
• It is the most suitable machine for digging below the machine level, such as, trenches, footings,
basements etc.
• It can be efficiently used to dress or trim the surface avoiding the use of manual effort for
dressing the excavated the surface.

FRONT SHOVEL
 To excavate the earth and to load the trucks
 Capable of excavating all types of earthexcept hard rock
 size varies from 0.375m3 to 5m3 .
 Basics parts of power(front) shovel including the track system, cabin, cables, rack, stick, boom
foot-pin, saddle block, boom, boom point sheaves and bucket.

FRONT SHOVEL
• Suitable for close range of work
• Capable of digging very hard materials,
• can remove big sized boulders.
• It is used in various types of jobs such as digging in gravel banks, clay pits, digging cuts in road
works, road-side berms, etc.

FRONT SHOVEL
Factors affecting the output of shovel :
• Class of material
• Depth of cutting
• Angle of swing
• Job condition
• Management condition
• Size of hauling units
• Skill of the operator
• Physical condition of the shovel

DRAG LINE
• The dragline is so name because of its prominentoperation of dragging the bucket againstthe
materialto be dug.
• Unlikethe shovel, ithas a long lightcrane boom and the bucketisloosely attached to the boom
through cables.
• Because of thisconstruction,a dragline can dig and dumpover larger distances than a shovel
can do.
• Drag linesare usefulfordigging below itstrack level and handling softermaterials.

DRAG LINE
• It is the most suitable machine for dragging softer material and below its track level
• It is very useful for excavating trenches when the sides are permitted to establish their angle of
repose without shoring.
• It has long reaches.
• It ismostly used in the excavation for canals depositing on the embankment without hauling
units.

CLAM SHELL
• This is so named due to resemblance of its bucket to a clam which is like a shell-fish with
hinged double shell.
• The front end is essentially a crane boom with a specially designed bucket loosely attached at
the end through cables as in a drag line.
• The capacity of a clam shell bucket is usually given in cubic meters.
• The basic parts of clam shell bucket are the closing line, hoist line, sheaves, brackets, tagline,
shell and hinge.

CLAM SHELL
• Used for handling loose material such as crushed stone, sand, gravel, coal etc.
• Main feature is vertical lifting of material from location to another.
• Mainly used for removing material from coffer dam sewer main holes, well foundations etc.

EXCAVATOR
s.no. Items of comparison Front shovel Back hoe Drag line Clam shell
1 Excavation in hard
soilor rock
Good Good Not good Poor
2 Excavation in wet
soilor mud
Poor Poor Moderately
good
Moderately
good
3 Distance between
footing and digging
Small Small Long Long
4 Loading efficiency Very good Good Moderately
good
Precise but
slow
5 Footing required Close to work Close to pit Fairly away
from pit
Fairly away
from pit
6 Digging level Digs at or
above
footing
level
Digs
below
footing
level
Digs
below
footing
level
Digs at or
below
footing level
7 Cycle time Short Shortly
more
than
power
shovel
More than
power shovel
More than
the other
equipment

SCRAPER
• Unique machine for digging and long-distance hauling of plough able materials.
• Self-operating machine
• It is not dependent on other equipment.
• Wheels of machine cause some compaction.
• The basic parts of scrapers are the bowl, apron and tail gate or ejector.

SCRAPER
• Operation of Scraper :

BULLDOZER
• Type of Blades :

BULLDOZER
• Classification of bull dozer
1. Position of blades
a) Bulldozer in which the blade perpendicular to the direction of movement
b) Angle dozers in which the blade is set at an angle with the direction of movement

BULLDOZER
2. Based on mountings
a) Wheel mounted
b)Crawler mounted
3. Based on the control
a) Cable controlled
b)Hydraulically controlled

BULLDOZER
Production of Bull dozers :

TRENCHER
• Trenchers or Trenching machines are used to excavate trenches in soil.
• These trenches are generally used for pipeline laying, cable laying, drainage purposes etc.
• Trenching machines are available in two types namely chain trenchers and wheeled trenchers.
• Chain trenchers contains a fixed long arm around which digging chain is provided.
• Wheeled trenchers contains a metal wheel with digging tooth around it.
• To excavate hard soil layers, wheeled trenchers are more suitable.
• Both types of trenchers are available in tracked as well as wheeled vehicle forms.

TRACTOR
• Multi-purpose machines used mainly for pulling and pushing the other equipment.
• Tractors may be classified as
a) Crawler type tractor- Used to move bull dozers, scrapers. The crawler(track) has a chain by
which these tractors can be very effective even in the case of loose or muddy soils. The speed
of this type dose not exceed 12 kmph normally.
b) Wheel type tractor- The engine is mounted on four wheels. The main advantage is higher
speed, sometimes exceeding 50 kmph it is used for long-distance hauling and good roads.

TRACTOR
Crawler type Wheel type
1. Slow speed 1. Greater speed
2. More compact and powerful and
can
handle heavier jobs
2. Con handle only lighter jobs
3. costly 3. cheaper
4. Cost of operation and maintenance
is high
4. Operational and maintenance cost
is less
5. Stick control for steering 5. Wheel steering control
6. Moves on rough roads only 6. Moves on rough as well as good
roads
7. Used for short distances 7.Used for longer distances
8. Requires skillful operation,
maintenance
and repairs
8. Lesser skills required for
operations,
maintenance and repairs

LOADER
• Loaders are used in construction site to load the material onto dumpers, trucks etc.
• The materials may be excavated soil, demolition waste, raw materials, etc.
• A loader contain large sized bucket at its front with shorter moving arm.
• Loader may be either tracked or wheeled.
• Wheeled loaders are widely used in sites while tracked or crawled loaders are used in sites
where wheeled vehicles cannot reach

GRADER
• Graders also called as motor graders are another type of equipment used in construction
especially for the construction of roads.
• It is mainly used to level the soil surface.
• It contains a horizontal blade in between front and rear wheels and this blade is lowered in to the
ground while working.
• Operating cabin is provided on the top of rear axle arrangement.
• Motor Graders are also used to remove snow or dirt from the roads, to flatten the surface of soil
before laying asphalt layer, to remove unnecessary soil layer from the ground etc.

PAVER
• Paver or Asphalt paver is pavement laying equipment which is used in road construction.
• Paver contains a feeding bucket in which asphalt is continuously loaded by the dump truck and
paver distributes the asphalt evenly on the road surface with slight compaction.
• However a roller is required after laying asphalt layer for perfect compaction

HAULING EQUIPMENT
• The equipment used for transportation of material are known as hauling equipment or simply
haulers.
• Haulers may operate on the roadways or railways
• It involve
 transportation of building materials,
 carriage and disposal of excavated earth
 haulage of heavy construction equipment.

HAULING EQUIPMENT
• These are classified on the basis of method of dumping of load (Material)
1. Dump trucks
a) Side or rear dump trucks
b) Bottom dump trucks
2. Dumpers

DUMP TRUCK
• These are used for earth movingpurpose.
• Theselectionof the type of dump trucks fora specific jobdepend on the soilcondition.
(a) Side or rear dump trucks-
 These are heavy duty trucks with strongly built body which is hinged on the truck chassis at
the rear end and one side respectively, and can be fitted to the rear in the case of rear dump
and to the hinged side in case of the side dump, through the action of hydraulic jacks.
 These trucks are suitable for use in hauling wet clay, sand, gravel, quarry rocks etc.

DUMP TRUCK
(b) Bottom Dump Trucks :
• These are similar to semi-trailers in which their front issupported on the rear of the hauling tractor and
their rear isresting on their ownwheels.
• The body of the truck remains in the same position and the discharge of the material takes place
through itsbottom after opening of two longitudinalgates.
• Thegates are hinged to the side of the body.
• These trucks are suitable for use in hauling free flowing material, such as, sand, gravel, dry earth,
hard clay etc.

DUMPER
• High speed pneumatic wheeled trucks
• Short chasis
• Strong bodies
• Loading, hauling and dumping is done very fast as compared to other equipment
• Suitable for short hauls on rough roads
• Specially where a shuttle movement is required.

HOISTING EQUIPMENT
• Hoisting isthe lifting a weight from one location andmoving itto anotherlocation which isat a
reasonable distance.
• Bigprojectssuchas,constructionof dams, industrialbuildings etc. require hoisting equipment.
• Hoistingequipment includes jacks,winches, chain hoistsand cranes.
• Crane isthe only single machine which, as a single piece, iscapable of providing three-dimensional
movementof a weight.

HOISTING EQUIPMENT
• Cranes are broadly classified as :
1. Stationary or derrick cranes
2. Mobile cranes
3. Overhead or gantry cranes
4. Traveller cranes
5. Tower cranes
6. Telehandlers

MOBILE CRANE
• These cranes are mounted on mobile units which is either crawler type or wheel type
• Truck cranes have high mobility while the crawler mounted cranes move slowly.
• Crawler mounted cranes are capable of moving on rough terrain.

DERRICK CRANE
• Derrick(stationary) cranes consist of a mast, a boom and a bull wheel on which the boom
rotates about a vertical axis and guys or supporting members.
• Electrically operated, diesel operated or diesel-electrically operated.
• The boom can revolve through 360º.
• This crane is used for heavy loads upto 200 tons.

OVERHEAD OR GANTRY CRANES
• Large service area,
• Freedom from floor obstructions
• Three-way mobility,
• Widely used in erection, foundry, steel plants, storage yards and different types of industrial works.
• These type of cranes consist of two main parts i.e., the bridge and the crab.
• The bridge consists of two main girders fixed at their end to end and capable of moving on gantry rails.
• The crab consists of the hoisting gear mounted on a frame.
• The frame itself is mounted on another set of wheels and capable of travelling across the main girder.

OVERHEAD OR GANTRY CRANES
Overhead Or Gantry Cranes

TRAVELLER CRANES
• Travelling or bridge cranes have their crabs moving on girders which are supported on legs
instead of on overhead gantry track as used in overhead cranes.
• The legs are capable of moving on tracks laid on the floor.

TOWER CRANES
• Tower cranes are actually a derrick crane mounted on a steel tower.
• Tower cranes are usually used for industrial and residential high-rise buildings.
• These are commonly used for assembly of industrial plants with steel structures.
• The main parts of tower crane are under carriage, slewing platform, tower with operator’s
cabin and jibs.
• The tower has a truss structure welded from steel bars and channels.

TELEHANDLER
• Telehandlers are hoisting equipment used in construction to lift heavy materials up to required
height or to provide construction platform for workers at greater heights etc.
• It contains a long telescopic boom which can be raised or lowered or forwarded.
• Different types of arrangements like forklifts, buckets, cabin, lifting jibs etc. can be attached to
the end of telescopic boom based on the requirement of job.

PILE BORING EQUIPMENT
• Pile boring equipment is used to make bore holes in the construction site to install precast
piles.

PILE BORING EQUIPMENT
Pile Boring Equipment

PILE DRIVING EQUIPMENT
• The process of pile driving involves lifting the piles into position, holding it to refusal or to a
specified depth.
• Pile is driven into the ground by hammering the pie top which is done hydraulically or by
dropping.
• Driving is accomplished through hammering the pile top with a hammer.
• Equipment are so designed for driven effectively at an economical cost.
• Major pile driving equipment are:
Pile driving rigs
Pile driving hammers

PILE DRIVING EQUIPMENT
Pile Driving Equipment

CONCRETE PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT
• For mixing different ingredients in required proportion.
• It consists of storage bins for storing materials like cement and admixtures.
• Aggregate is mix in it with the help of a hopper which is fixed in plant.

CONCRETE PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT
Concrete Production Equipment

AGGREGATE PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT
• Aggregate has to be produced at the site, if the quantity needed is very large.
• Therefore, in any project where concrete requirement is very high, an aggregate preparation and
processing plant is essential to complete the concreting operations.
• Aggregate production consists of two stages is recovery and processing.
• Basic material, such as stone, is recovered from a rock quarry or from the river bed and
processing is done which consists of crushing, grading, washing and stock piling of aggregate.

AGGREGATE PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT
• Crushers are used mainly to reduce the size of large stone or rock to smaller uniform sized
aggregates required for concrete mix.
• Crushing consists of
Pressure,
Impact,
Attrition
A combination of theseoperations.

JAW CRUSHER
• It is one of the primary crushers.
• It operates by allowing stone to flow into the space between two jaws, one of which is
stationary and other is movable, which together constitute the crushing surfaces.
• The distance between the two jaws decreases as the stone travels downward under the effect of
gravity and ultimately passes through the lower opening.
• The moveable jaw is capable of exerting a pressure sufficiently high to crush the hardest rock.
• The movable jaw is suspended from a shaft mounted on bearings on the crusher frame.
• The jaw plates are made of manganese steel which can be removed, replaced or reversed.

GYRATORY CRUSHER
• This is another type of primary crusher.
• This type of crusher comprises a hardened steel head has a long conical shape, with a trough
shaft suspended in a bearing at the top, and an eccentric base connection connected to gears.
• Thus, as the cone is rotated, the gap between itself and the walling changes from a maximum to
minimum for each cycle.
• The rock is feed into the chamber at the top and as it moves downward, crushing is done and
finally emerges through the bottom gap.
• The size of this type of crusher is the width of the receiving opening measured between the
concaves and the crushers head.
• It is available in sizes varying from 20cm to 200cm.

GYRATORY CRUSHER
Gyratory Crusher

CONE CRUSHER
• Cone crusherare used asa secondary ortertiary crusher.
• Thesecrusherare capable of producing large quantitiesof uniformly fine crushedstone.
• Ithas a shortercone with smaller inlet and outlet openings as compared to the gyratory crusher.

ROLL CRUSHER
• Roll crushers are also one of the secondary or tertiary crushers.
• This crusher consists of a heavy cast iron frame equipped with two counter rotating rollers
mounted on a separate horizontal shaft.
• The crushed rock from the primary crusher is feed through the gap between the two rollers
for crushing further.
• Usually one roller has a fixed axis while the other can be adjusted to give the required setting.
• The crusher is compact, light weight and low in cost.

HAMMER MILL
• Hammer millisone of the impact crushersmostlyused as primary or secondary crusher.
• It consists of a housing frame, a horizontal shaft extending through the frame, number of frames
and hammers attached to the frame and one more hard steel breakerplates.
• As the stone isfeed to the mill, the hammers, which are driven by a motor, move at the high speed
and brake the stone into pieces and driving them against the hard plate, further reduce theirsize.

ROD MILLAND MILL
• This are the tertiary crushers.
• A rod mill consist of a circular steel shell.
• The interior of the shell is lined on the inside with a hard material wearing surface.
• The shell contains a number of steel rods.
• The length of these rod is slightly less then the length of the shell.
• Crushed stone is feed through the inlet and fine aggregate of the size of sand is discharged at
the other end.
• If the rods are replaced by steel balls to provide the impact required the grind the stones, the
crusher is known as the ball mill crusher.
• The size of the balls generally used is 50 mm dia. Size.

FELLER BUNCHER
• Feller buncher is tree cutting heavy equipment used to remove large trees in the construction
field. They cut the tree and grab it without felling, likewise gathers all the cut down trees at one
place which makes job easier for loaders and dump trucks.

CONVEYING EQUIPMENT
• Transporting material from one place to another over a stationary structure.
• Caries material in continuous stream with its distinct feature such as endless chain or belt.
• Can be done horizontally, vertically or inclined.
• When the equipment does horizontal conveying, it is known as conveyor and when it does
vertical, it is known as elevator.
• Conveying are mainly used in mining, construction and in some of the industries.
• In construction industry, conveyors are mainly used for concreting purpose.

CONVEYING EQUIPMENT
• The Advantage of using conveyors are as follows:-
1. It increases the output.
2. It facilitates continuity in operation.
3. It results in time saving.
4. There are no waiting periods.

CONVEYING EQUIPMENT
Some of the type of conveyor :
1. Belt conveyor
2. Screw conveyor
3. Bucket conveyor
4. Aerial transport

BELT CONVEYOR
• Used when large quantities of materials have to be conveyed over distances at fast speed.
• It consists of a belt running over a pair of end drums or pulleys and supported at regular
intervals by a series of rollers called idlers.
• These idlers are supported on a conveyor frame.
• The middle sag provided in the belt prevent the spilling of material.
• Generally, rubber is most commonly used as conveyor belt.

BUCKET CONVEYOR
• Ithas buckets inthe shape of ‘V’ which are open at thetop.
• Theymay be feeder loaded ormay drag in a verticalmovement or along anincline.
• Thelength of these type of conveyors are generally limited to25m.(due to weight ofthe
conveyor and strength of thechains.)
• This type of conveyer is mainly used in coal handling where bucket elevators carry the
material vertically.

BUCKET CONVEYOR
Bucket Conveyor

AERIAL TRANSPORT
• Aerial transportation through cableways, rope-ways and tram.
• Often used with advantage for transportation of material in hilly regions.
• Reducing the distance of transportation as well as cost of transportation.
• The load being passed over intermediate towers or stations for long distances.

AERIAL TRANSPORT
Aerial Transport

EARTH COMPACTION EQUIPMENT
• Smooth-wheel rollers.
• Sheep-foot rollers
a) Ordinary sheep-foot roller
b) Convertible roller
c) Turn foot roller
• Pneumatic-tyred rollers

SMOOTH WHEEL ROLLER
• Plain steel rollers
• Self-propelled type
• Weighing from 5 to 15 tonnes
• Used for ordinary rolling work where deep compaction is not required
• These rollers may have one front and two rear wheels
• The rear wheels being usually larger in diameter and the front one being winder.

SMOOTH WHEEL ROLLER
• Weight of rollers may be increased by filling water or sand ballast in hollow cylinder.
• These rollers are effective in compacting granular soils, such as sand, gravel
and crushed stone.

SMOOTH WHEEL ROLLER
Smooth Wheel Roller

SHEEP FOOT ROLLER
• For compacting earth work in embankments and canals (where compactiondeep into the layer
of the earth isrequired).
• These givesbestresultin compaction when the soilisclay or predominantly cohesive and
impervious.
• Thesheep foot rollersmay weigh upto 15tonnes or more.
• Travelat a speed of 25kmph.
• Asroller moves over the surface, the feet penetrate the soilto produce a kneading action and a
pressure to mixand compact the soil from bottom to top layer.

SHEEP FOOT ROLLER
Sheep Foot Roller

PNEUMATIC TYRED ROLLER
• It consists a base or a platform mounted between two axles.
• The rear of which has one more wheel than the front.
• Most suitable for compacting fine-grained soil and well graded sands.
• Ballasting is done using either water, sand or pig iron in order to increase the self weight.

• Major advantages are the ability to control the ground contact pressure by:
a) Altering the weights of machines,
b) Increasing the number of wheels,
c) Increasing the tyre width
d) Changing the contact area of the tyre by altering the contact pressure.

Pneumatic Tyre Roller

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