The document discusses earthquakes and related topics in three main sections. Section one describes how earthquakes are caused by movement along tectonic plate boundaries and outlines the different types of seismic waves generated by earthquakes. Section two explains how earthquakes are measured, located and recorded using seismographs. Section three discusses the damage earthquakes can cause to buildings and properties from ground shaking and liquefaction. It also describes tsunamis and provides safety tips for earthquake preparedness.
Earthquakes are caused by the abrupt release of energy in the Earth. They can be measured using the Richter scale and recorded by seismographs. Seismic waves, including P, S, and surface waves, propagate out from the earthquake source and cause damage depending on their magnitude. Effects of earthquakes include destruction of buildings and infrastructure, soil damage, landslides, and tsunamis. Earthquake data provides information about the composition and structure of Earth's interior layers. Notable historical earthquakes include the 2011 earthquake in Lorca, Spain and the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami in Japan.
Scientists measure the magnitude of an earthquake using the Richter scale, which quantifies the amount of energy released by the earthquake based on the amplitude of seismic waves recorded by seismographs. The larger the amplitude, the higher the magnitude.
1) Seismic waves generated by earthquakes travel through the Earth's layers as body waves and surface waves. Body waves include P-waves and S-waves, while surface waves include Love waves and Rayleigh waves.
2) When seismic waves reach the Earth's surface, most of their energy is reflected back downwards. Some of this energy returns to the surface through reflections within soil and rock layers, causing stronger shaking at the surface.
3) Strong ground shaking during an earthquake is measured using instruments like seismographs, which have sensors to detect ground motions and recorders to log the measurements. Modern digital seismographs store shaking data internally.
1. Earthquakes are caused by movements in the Earth's crust along fault lines and plate boundaries. The most severe earthquakes typically occur at destructive and conservative plate boundaries.
2. Scientists can measure earthquakes using seismographs, which detect seismic waves. The Richter scale is used to quantify the magnitude or strength of an earthquake based on the seismograph recording.
3. In addition to the Richter scale, the Mercalli scale is used to describe the intensity or amount of damage caused by an earthquake based on observations of its effects.
This PowerPoint is one small part of the Geology Topics unit from www.sciencepowerpoint.com. This unit consists of a five part 6000+ slide PowerPoint roadmap, 14 page bundled homework package, modified homework, detailed answer keys, 12 pages of unit notes for students who may require assistance, follow along worksheets, and many review games. The homework and lesson notes chronologically follow the PowerPoint slideshow. The answer keys and unit notes are great for support professionals. The activities and discussion questions in the slideshow are meaningful. The PowerPoint includes built-in instructions, visuals, and review questions. Also included are critical class notes (color coded red), project ideas, video links, and review games. This unit also includes four PowerPoint review games (110+ slides each with Answers), 38+ video links, lab handouts, activity sheets, rubrics, materials list, templates, guides, 6 PowerPoint review Game, and much more. Also included is a 190 slide first day of school PowerPoint presentation.
Areas of Focus within The Geology Topics Unit: -Plate Tectonics, Evidence for Plate Tectonics, Pangea, Energy Waves, Layers of the Earth, Heat Transfer, Types of Crust, Plate Boundaries, Hot Spots, Volcanoes, Positives and Negatives of Volcanoes, Types of Volcanoes, Parts of a Volcano, Magma, Types of Lava, Viscosity, Earthquakes, Faults, Folds, Seismograph, Richter Scale, Seismograph, Tsunami's, Rocks, Minerals, Crystals, Uses of Minerals, Types of Crystals, Physical Properties of Minerals, Rock Cycle, Common Igneous Rocks, Common Sedimentary Rocks, Common Metamorphic Rocks.
This unit aligns with the Next Generation Science Standards and with Common Core Standards for ELA and Literacy for Science and Technical Subjects. See preview for more information
If you have any questions please feel free to contact me. Thanks again and best wishes. Sincerely, Ryan Murphy M.Ed www.sciencepowerpoint@gmail.com
Scientists measure earthquakes using two methods: magnitude and intensity. Magnitude refers to the energy released using the Richter scale, where each whole number increase is a tenfold increase in energy. Intensity refers to the effects experienced at a location and is measured using the modified Mercalli scale. Before the Richter scale was developed in the 1930s, people observed and mapped earthquake intensity effects to understand their impacts.
The document summarizes key concepts about earthquakes and Earth's interior structure from a textbook chapter. It describes what causes earthquakes, how they are measured, the different types of seismic waves, and the destructive effects of earthquakes. It also outlines Earth's layered structure, including the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core defined by their composition and physical properties. Seismic data has helped scientists discover details about Earth's layered interior and composition.
Earthquakes are caused by the abrupt release of energy in the Earth. They can be measured using the Richter scale and recorded by seismographs. Seismic waves, including P, S, and surface waves, propagate out from the earthquake source and cause damage depending on their magnitude. Effects of earthquakes include destruction of buildings and infrastructure, soil damage, landslides, and tsunamis. Earthquake data provides information about the composition and structure of Earth's interior layers. Notable historical earthquakes include the 2011 earthquake in Lorca, Spain and the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami in Japan.
Scientists measure the magnitude of an earthquake using the Richter scale, which quantifies the amount of energy released by the earthquake based on the amplitude of seismic waves recorded by seismographs. The larger the amplitude, the higher the magnitude.
1) Seismic waves generated by earthquakes travel through the Earth's layers as body waves and surface waves. Body waves include P-waves and S-waves, while surface waves include Love waves and Rayleigh waves.
2) When seismic waves reach the Earth's surface, most of their energy is reflected back downwards. Some of this energy returns to the surface through reflections within soil and rock layers, causing stronger shaking at the surface.
3) Strong ground shaking during an earthquake is measured using instruments like seismographs, which have sensors to detect ground motions and recorders to log the measurements. Modern digital seismographs store shaking data internally.
1. Earthquakes are caused by movements in the Earth's crust along fault lines and plate boundaries. The most severe earthquakes typically occur at destructive and conservative plate boundaries.
2. Scientists can measure earthquakes using seismographs, which detect seismic waves. The Richter scale is used to quantify the magnitude or strength of an earthquake based on the seismograph recording.
3. In addition to the Richter scale, the Mercalli scale is used to describe the intensity or amount of damage caused by an earthquake based on observations of its effects.
This PowerPoint is one small part of the Geology Topics unit from www.sciencepowerpoint.com. This unit consists of a five part 6000+ slide PowerPoint roadmap, 14 page bundled homework package, modified homework, detailed answer keys, 12 pages of unit notes for students who may require assistance, follow along worksheets, and many review games. The homework and lesson notes chronologically follow the PowerPoint slideshow. The answer keys and unit notes are great for support professionals. The activities and discussion questions in the slideshow are meaningful. The PowerPoint includes built-in instructions, visuals, and review questions. Also included are critical class notes (color coded red), project ideas, video links, and review games. This unit also includes four PowerPoint review games (110+ slides each with Answers), 38+ video links, lab handouts, activity sheets, rubrics, materials list, templates, guides, 6 PowerPoint review Game, and much more. Also included is a 190 slide first day of school PowerPoint presentation.
Areas of Focus within The Geology Topics Unit: -Plate Tectonics, Evidence for Plate Tectonics, Pangea, Energy Waves, Layers of the Earth, Heat Transfer, Types of Crust, Plate Boundaries, Hot Spots, Volcanoes, Positives and Negatives of Volcanoes, Types of Volcanoes, Parts of a Volcano, Magma, Types of Lava, Viscosity, Earthquakes, Faults, Folds, Seismograph, Richter Scale, Seismograph, Tsunami's, Rocks, Minerals, Crystals, Uses of Minerals, Types of Crystals, Physical Properties of Minerals, Rock Cycle, Common Igneous Rocks, Common Sedimentary Rocks, Common Metamorphic Rocks.
This unit aligns with the Next Generation Science Standards and with Common Core Standards for ELA and Literacy for Science and Technical Subjects. See preview for more information
If you have any questions please feel free to contact me. Thanks again and best wishes. Sincerely, Ryan Murphy M.Ed www.sciencepowerpoint@gmail.com
Scientists measure earthquakes using two methods: magnitude and intensity. Magnitude refers to the energy released using the Richter scale, where each whole number increase is a tenfold increase in energy. Intensity refers to the effects experienced at a location and is measured using the modified Mercalli scale. Before the Richter scale was developed in the 1930s, people observed and mapped earthquake intensity effects to understand their impacts.
The document summarizes key concepts about earthquakes and Earth's interior structure from a textbook chapter. It describes what causes earthquakes, how they are measured, the different types of seismic waves, and the destructive effects of earthquakes. It also outlines Earth's layered structure, including the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core defined by their composition and physical properties. Seismic data has helped scientists discover details about Earth's layered interior and composition.
Earthquakes are caused by a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. The largest recorded earthquakes include a 9.5 magnitude quake in Chile in 1960 and a 9.0 magnitude quake in Japan in 2011. Earthquakes can cause significant damage through ground shaking, fault ruptures, landslides, fires, liquefaction, tsunamis, and floods. Proper construction and seismic building codes can help reduce damage from earthquakes.
This document summarizes an earthquake that occurred in Sikkim, India in 2011. It discusses the magnitude of the earthquake at 6.9 and the aftershocks that followed throughout the night. It then provides definitions and explanations of key earthquake terms like focus, epicenter, fault, body waves and surface waves. Finally, it discusses the impacts of the earthquake in Sikkim and surrounding areas, including damage to buildings and roads, relief efforts provided, and studies conducted on dams and infrastructure.
1. Earthquakes are caused by the sudden slippage of rocks along faults, generating seismic waves that travel through the Earth. 2. Faults are classified based on the type of motion or displacement that occurs along them. 3. While earthquakes themselves do not directly kill people, buildings that collapse during quakes are the leading cause of earthquake deaths, with more robust structures withstanding quakes better.
The document discusses earthquakes, including what causes them, how they are measured, and some devastating examples. Earthquakes occur when tectonic plates shift underground, causing shaking and damage. They are most common near mountains where tectonic plates meet. Earthquakes are measured using the Richter scale and seismometers, which detect ground vibrations. Some catastrophic quakes discussed include the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, which triggered a tsunami killing over 230,000 people, and the 2010 Chile earthquake, an 8.8 magnitude quake felt by most of Chile's population.
The document provides an overview of earthquakes and seismology. It discusses key topics such as:
- Seismology is the study of earthquakes and seismic waves. Earthquakes are caused by the sudden movement of tectonic plates.
- The movement of tectonic plates is driven by convection currents in the earth's mantle. As plates move against each other, strain builds up at plate boundaries and is released through earthquakes.
- India experiences earthquakes due to its location in a seismically active zone where the Indian plate is moving northward into the Eurasian plate. The country is divided into several seismic zones based on expected earthquake intensities.
1) The document discusses key concepts related to earthquakes including their location, cause, measurement, and impact.
2) Major concepts explained include the focus (where pressure is released underground), epicenter (location directly above the focus where damage is greatest), and Richter scale (method for measuring earthquake magnitude).
3) The document provides a table listing details of significant earthquakes from 1923 to 2008 including location, year, magnitude on the Richter scale, and deaths.
This document discusses seismic waves, earthquakes, and seismology. It begins by listing the objectives of describing seismic wave types, finding earthquake epicenters, earthquake magnitude scales, and challenges predicting earthquakes. It then defines earthquakes and seismology, the study of earthquakes. It describes how seismographs are used to record seismic waves from earthquakes. It discusses elastic rebound theory, earthquake focus and epicenter, where earthquakes occur, and the different types of seismic waves. The document concludes by covering earthquake classification, damage causes, challenges predicting earthquakes, earthquake prone areas, and safety tips before, during, and after an earthquake.
Earthquake seismology uses seismic waves generated by earthquakes to study the interior of the Earth. Seismic waves are detected by seismographs and include P-waves, S-waves, and surface waves. The location and depth of the initial rupture point within the Earth is known as the hypocenter and epicenter, respectively. Larger earthquakes with shallower depths typically cause more damage. Earthquake magnitude represents the energy released while intensity refers to the strength of shaking experienced at a particular location.
2.1 2.2 epicenter and focus and magnitude and intensity.pptxEleonor Canlas
The focus is the point where rock breaks during an earthquake and seismic waves begin, which can be at deep or shallow depths. The epicenter is the point on the surface directly above the focus and is usually what is used to locate the position of an earthquake. Magnitude measures the strength of energy released during an earthquake using the Richter scale, while intensity measures the damage or effects based on the Mercalli or PEIS scales.
This presentation summarizes information about earthquakes and their connection to verses in the Holy Quran. It discusses the causes of earthquakes, including volcanic and tectonic activity. Measurement scales like the Richter scale are explained, as well as Pakistan's fault lines and history of earthquakes. Verses from the Quran describing how earthquakes release buried burdens and discharge news on the Day of Judgment are presented. Hadith mentioning how earthquakes can serve as warnings from God when people disobey are also shared. The presentation encourages listeners to reform their behaviors.
1) Most earthquakes originate from a sudden release of energy at the focus or hypocenter located beneath the earth's surface.
2) Faults are fractures in the earth's crust where movement has occurred. The 1906 San Francisco earthquake involved slippage of 4.7 meters along the San Andreas Fault.
3) Earthquake waves spread out from the focus in all directions. P and S waves can be used to locate the earthquake's epicenter through triangulation of arrival times at multiple stations.
An earthquake is caused by a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that generates seismic waves. Faults in the crust result from tectonic plate movements and cause earthquakes when the rocks on either side slip past each other due to accumulated elastic strain. The focus is the point where slippage originates underground, while the epicenter is the point directly above on the surface. Seismographs installed worldwide record earthquake ground motions to study seismic activity.
The document discusses methods for predicting earthquakes, which scientists have tried with varying degrees of success. It outlines several contemporary prediction methods, such as observing unusual animal behavior, changes in water levels and radon emissions, and analyzing seismic electric signals. However, the document concludes that scientists have not achieved 100% accurate predictions yet, though prediction capabilities have improved over time as more data is collected and patterns analyzed.
This document provides information about earthquakes, including what causes them, the different types of seismic waves, how earthquakes are located, determined their magnitude, and the hazards they can cause. It defines key terms like focus, epicenter, Richter scale, intensity scale and explains the processes of triangulation of seismic waves to locate the epicenter of an earthquake. Diagrams are included to illustrate seismic wave propagation and tsunami movement. Web resources for further information on earthquakes are also listed.
8th Grade Integrated Science Chapter 5 Lesson 1 on Earthquakes. This lesson covers a broad range of information including types of faults, earthquake distribution, types of seismic waves, the difference between focus and epicenter, as well as mapping Earth's interior. There is a section that introduces how to locate an epicenter. Additional labs have been added for practice. Finally the lesson ends with different scales including the Richter magnitude scale, the moment magnitude scale, and the Modified Mercalli scale.
Prezentarea notiunilor de baza din seismologie realizata de Prof. Marijan - Herak Department al Facultatii de Geofizica din cadrul Universitatii de Stiinte din Zagreb, Croatia.
Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy from faults or breaks in rocks. The elastic rebound theory explains how stress builds in rocks until the strength is exceeded, causing rupture and the release of seismic waves. The focus is where faulting begins underground, and the epicenter is the point directly above on the surface. Most earthquakes occur along plate boundaries and are recorded by seismographs. The size and strength are measured by both intensity scales and magnitude scales on the Richter scale. Earthquake effects include ground shaking and damage that increases in unconsolidated materials. Prediction efforts monitor faults and precursors, but earthquakes cannot be reliably predicted yet.
This document provides an overview of basic principles of seismology. It defines key terms like frequency, wavelength, velocity and discusses wave propagation concepts such as rays, wavefronts and Huygens' principle. It describes how seismic waves (P and S waves) travel through the Earth's interior and surface, depending on properties of the medium like density, bulk modulus and shear modulus. Typical seismic velocities are provided for different earth materials. Factors that can change seismic wave direction and amplitude during propagation are also mentioned.
This presentation includes introduction to Earthquakes, Seismic Waves, Shallow Focus and Deep Focus Earthquakes, Aftershocks, Earthquake Storms, Effects/Impacts of Earthquakes, Earthquake Predictions.
On January 17, 1995, a magnitude 7.2 earthquake struck Kobe, Japan, killing over 5,000 people and making over 300,000 homeless. The 20-second quake caused $100 billion in damage to infrastructure and buildings. Earthquakes occur when blocks of the earth slip past one another at fault lines, releasing stored elastic energy in seismic waves.
This document summarizes information about earthquakes, including the different types of stresses that cause faulting, the three main types of faults, and how the movement of tectonic plates over millions of years can change landscapes. It also describes the different types of seismic waves, how seismographs are used to measure seismic waves and earthquakes, and how data from past earthquakes can help estimate future earthquake risks. The document provides information on efforts to monitor faults and reduce earthquake damage through improved building design.
This document discusses earthquake intensity and magnitude. It defines an earthquake as the sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. Earthquake intensity is a measure of the effects on the Earth's surface based on the Mercalli scale, while magnitude measures the energy released using seismograph recordings. The document provides details on what causes earthquakes, the relationship between intensity and magnitude, and examples of intensity scales like the Modified Mercalli scale. Tables show the correlation between typical intensities and magnitudes.
Earthquakes are caused by a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. The largest recorded earthquakes include a 9.5 magnitude quake in Chile in 1960 and a 9.0 magnitude quake in Japan in 2011. Earthquakes can cause significant damage through ground shaking, fault ruptures, landslides, fires, liquefaction, tsunamis, and floods. Proper construction and seismic building codes can help reduce damage from earthquakes.
This document summarizes an earthquake that occurred in Sikkim, India in 2011. It discusses the magnitude of the earthquake at 6.9 and the aftershocks that followed throughout the night. It then provides definitions and explanations of key earthquake terms like focus, epicenter, fault, body waves and surface waves. Finally, it discusses the impacts of the earthquake in Sikkim and surrounding areas, including damage to buildings and roads, relief efforts provided, and studies conducted on dams and infrastructure.
1. Earthquakes are caused by the sudden slippage of rocks along faults, generating seismic waves that travel through the Earth. 2. Faults are classified based on the type of motion or displacement that occurs along them. 3. While earthquakes themselves do not directly kill people, buildings that collapse during quakes are the leading cause of earthquake deaths, with more robust structures withstanding quakes better.
The document discusses earthquakes, including what causes them, how they are measured, and some devastating examples. Earthquakes occur when tectonic plates shift underground, causing shaking and damage. They are most common near mountains where tectonic plates meet. Earthquakes are measured using the Richter scale and seismometers, which detect ground vibrations. Some catastrophic quakes discussed include the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, which triggered a tsunami killing over 230,000 people, and the 2010 Chile earthquake, an 8.8 magnitude quake felt by most of Chile's population.
The document provides an overview of earthquakes and seismology. It discusses key topics such as:
- Seismology is the study of earthquakes and seismic waves. Earthquakes are caused by the sudden movement of tectonic plates.
- The movement of tectonic plates is driven by convection currents in the earth's mantle. As plates move against each other, strain builds up at plate boundaries and is released through earthquakes.
- India experiences earthquakes due to its location in a seismically active zone where the Indian plate is moving northward into the Eurasian plate. The country is divided into several seismic zones based on expected earthquake intensities.
1) The document discusses key concepts related to earthquakes including their location, cause, measurement, and impact.
2) Major concepts explained include the focus (where pressure is released underground), epicenter (location directly above the focus where damage is greatest), and Richter scale (method for measuring earthquake magnitude).
3) The document provides a table listing details of significant earthquakes from 1923 to 2008 including location, year, magnitude on the Richter scale, and deaths.
This document discusses seismic waves, earthquakes, and seismology. It begins by listing the objectives of describing seismic wave types, finding earthquake epicenters, earthquake magnitude scales, and challenges predicting earthquakes. It then defines earthquakes and seismology, the study of earthquakes. It describes how seismographs are used to record seismic waves from earthquakes. It discusses elastic rebound theory, earthquake focus and epicenter, where earthquakes occur, and the different types of seismic waves. The document concludes by covering earthquake classification, damage causes, challenges predicting earthquakes, earthquake prone areas, and safety tips before, during, and after an earthquake.
Earthquake seismology uses seismic waves generated by earthquakes to study the interior of the Earth. Seismic waves are detected by seismographs and include P-waves, S-waves, and surface waves. The location and depth of the initial rupture point within the Earth is known as the hypocenter and epicenter, respectively. Larger earthquakes with shallower depths typically cause more damage. Earthquake magnitude represents the energy released while intensity refers to the strength of shaking experienced at a particular location.
2.1 2.2 epicenter and focus and magnitude and intensity.pptxEleonor Canlas
The focus is the point where rock breaks during an earthquake and seismic waves begin, which can be at deep or shallow depths. The epicenter is the point on the surface directly above the focus and is usually what is used to locate the position of an earthquake. Magnitude measures the strength of energy released during an earthquake using the Richter scale, while intensity measures the damage or effects based on the Mercalli or PEIS scales.
This presentation summarizes information about earthquakes and their connection to verses in the Holy Quran. It discusses the causes of earthquakes, including volcanic and tectonic activity. Measurement scales like the Richter scale are explained, as well as Pakistan's fault lines and history of earthquakes. Verses from the Quran describing how earthquakes release buried burdens and discharge news on the Day of Judgment are presented. Hadith mentioning how earthquakes can serve as warnings from God when people disobey are also shared. The presentation encourages listeners to reform their behaviors.
1) Most earthquakes originate from a sudden release of energy at the focus or hypocenter located beneath the earth's surface.
2) Faults are fractures in the earth's crust where movement has occurred. The 1906 San Francisco earthquake involved slippage of 4.7 meters along the San Andreas Fault.
3) Earthquake waves spread out from the focus in all directions. P and S waves can be used to locate the earthquake's epicenter through triangulation of arrival times at multiple stations.
An earthquake is caused by a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that generates seismic waves. Faults in the crust result from tectonic plate movements and cause earthquakes when the rocks on either side slip past each other due to accumulated elastic strain. The focus is the point where slippage originates underground, while the epicenter is the point directly above on the surface. Seismographs installed worldwide record earthquake ground motions to study seismic activity.
The document discusses methods for predicting earthquakes, which scientists have tried with varying degrees of success. It outlines several contemporary prediction methods, such as observing unusual animal behavior, changes in water levels and radon emissions, and analyzing seismic electric signals. However, the document concludes that scientists have not achieved 100% accurate predictions yet, though prediction capabilities have improved over time as more data is collected and patterns analyzed.
This document provides information about earthquakes, including what causes them, the different types of seismic waves, how earthquakes are located, determined their magnitude, and the hazards they can cause. It defines key terms like focus, epicenter, Richter scale, intensity scale and explains the processes of triangulation of seismic waves to locate the epicenter of an earthquake. Diagrams are included to illustrate seismic wave propagation and tsunami movement. Web resources for further information on earthquakes are also listed.
8th Grade Integrated Science Chapter 5 Lesson 1 on Earthquakes. This lesson covers a broad range of information including types of faults, earthquake distribution, types of seismic waves, the difference between focus and epicenter, as well as mapping Earth's interior. There is a section that introduces how to locate an epicenter. Additional labs have been added for practice. Finally the lesson ends with different scales including the Richter magnitude scale, the moment magnitude scale, and the Modified Mercalli scale.
Prezentarea notiunilor de baza din seismologie realizata de Prof. Marijan - Herak Department al Facultatii de Geofizica din cadrul Universitatii de Stiinte din Zagreb, Croatia.
Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy from faults or breaks in rocks. The elastic rebound theory explains how stress builds in rocks until the strength is exceeded, causing rupture and the release of seismic waves. The focus is where faulting begins underground, and the epicenter is the point directly above on the surface. Most earthquakes occur along plate boundaries and are recorded by seismographs. The size and strength are measured by both intensity scales and magnitude scales on the Richter scale. Earthquake effects include ground shaking and damage that increases in unconsolidated materials. Prediction efforts monitor faults and precursors, but earthquakes cannot be reliably predicted yet.
This document provides an overview of basic principles of seismology. It defines key terms like frequency, wavelength, velocity and discusses wave propagation concepts such as rays, wavefronts and Huygens' principle. It describes how seismic waves (P and S waves) travel through the Earth's interior and surface, depending on properties of the medium like density, bulk modulus and shear modulus. Typical seismic velocities are provided for different earth materials. Factors that can change seismic wave direction and amplitude during propagation are also mentioned.
This presentation includes introduction to Earthquakes, Seismic Waves, Shallow Focus and Deep Focus Earthquakes, Aftershocks, Earthquake Storms, Effects/Impacts of Earthquakes, Earthquake Predictions.
On January 17, 1995, a magnitude 7.2 earthquake struck Kobe, Japan, killing over 5,000 people and making over 300,000 homeless. The 20-second quake caused $100 billion in damage to infrastructure and buildings. Earthquakes occur when blocks of the earth slip past one another at fault lines, releasing stored elastic energy in seismic waves.
This document summarizes information about earthquakes, including the different types of stresses that cause faulting, the three main types of faults, and how the movement of tectonic plates over millions of years can change landscapes. It also describes the different types of seismic waves, how seismographs are used to measure seismic waves and earthquakes, and how data from past earthquakes can help estimate future earthquake risks. The document provides information on efforts to monitor faults and reduce earthquake damage through improved building design.
This document discusses earthquake intensity and magnitude. It defines an earthquake as the sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. Earthquake intensity is a measure of the effects on the Earth's surface based on the Mercalli scale, while magnitude measures the energy released using seismograph recordings. The document provides details on what causes earthquakes, the relationship between intensity and magnitude, and examples of intensity scales like the Modified Mercalli scale. Tables show the correlation between typical intensities and magnitudes.
The document describes the Richter Scale, which measures the strength of earthquakes. The scale ranges from 0 to 10, with 0 representing a light earthquake and 10 representing a mega earthquake, the most extreme type of earthquake on the scale. Earthquakes between 3-6 are considered moderate to severe, while those over 7 are very extreme to highextreme, the most powerful earthquakes.
This document provides lesson objectives, keywords, and content about earthquakes and how they are measured. The key points are:
- The lesson will teach students how seismic waves travel and cause damage, and how to evaluate and explain earthquake damage.
- Earthquakes are measured using the Richter scale from 1-10 to indicate magnitude. Each whole number increase means the earthquake is 10 times stronger.
- More damage occurs closer to the epicenter where the seismic waves are strongest. The Richter scale, seismographs, and other keywords are defined and linked to understanding earthquakes.
Magnitude measures the energy released at the earthquake's source, while intensity measures the strength of shaking at a given location. Magnitude is determined seismographically, while intensity considers effects on people, structures and the environment. A table shows typical maximum intensities observed near epicenters of different magnitude quakes: magnitude 1.0-3.0 often sees intensity I; 3.0-3.9 sees intensity II-III; 4.0-4.9 sees intensity IV-V; 5.0-5.9 sees intensity VI-VII; 6.0-6.9 sees intensity VII-IX; and 7.0+ often sees intensity VIII or higher. The Modified Mercalli intensity scale further
The document discusses the movement and deformation of Earth's crust caused by stress from forces pushing and pulling on it. There are different types of stress including compression, tension, shearing, and fracture which cause the crust to break, tilt, fold, or move along faults. Over millions of years, the movement of faults and folding of rocks can build up mountains and other landforms as tectonic plates interact.
Earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates underneath the earth's surface. When the plates shift and release stress, seismic waves propagate outward from the epicenter. Scientists measure the intensity of earthquakes using the Richter scale. During an earthquake, it is important to drop, cover, and hold on underneath sturdy furniture to protect oneself from falling debris.
The document discusses earthquakes and seismic waves. It explains that there are three main types of seismic waves - P waves, S waves, and surface waves. P waves travel fastest and involve compressions and expansions, while S waves are slower and involve shaking side to side and up and down. The speed of seismic waves depends on the type of wave and the density of the rock. The document also discusses the San Andreas Fault in California in detail.
Earthquakes occur due to the sudden release of built-up energy along fault lines in the earth's crust. They produce three types of seismic waves that radiate out from the hypocenter or focus of the earthquake. The location and magnitude of earthquakes can be measured using seismographs located around the world. Major effects of earthquakes include shaking, ground rupture, landslides, fires, liquefaction, tsunamis, and structural damage to buildings and infrastructure. Proper construction techniques and emergency preparedness can help reduce risks from earthquakes.
An earthquake is a violent and abrupt shaking of the ground, caused by movement between tectonic plates along a fault line in the earth's crust. Earthquakes can result in the ground shaking, soil liquefaction, landslides, fissures, avalanches, fires and tsunamis.
How do you describe an earthquake?
A large earthquake far away will feel like a gentle bump followed several seconds later by stronger rolling shaking that may feel like sharp shaking for a little while. A small earthquake nearby will feel like a small sharp jolt followed by a few stronger sharp shakes that pass quickly.
Civil Engineering
Earth Quake Data
Earth Layers
Plate Tectonics
Seismic Waves
Effects of Earthquake
Epicenter of Earthquake
Damages by Earthquake
Earthquakes are the shaking, rolling or sudden shock of the earth’s surface. They are the Earth's natural means of releasing stress. Earthquakes can be felt over large areas.
Earthquakes cannot be predicted, although scientists are working on it.
This document discusses earthquakes and tsunamis. It defines key terms like focus, epicenter, magnitude and intensity scales. It describes different seismic wave types and how they travel. Common causes of earthquakes are listed as well as global distribution patterns. Major earthquakes throughout history are highlighted. Tsunamis are defined and causes discussed. Methods of earthquake and tsunami forecasting like seismic maps and GPS are outlined.
The document provides information about earthquakes, including:
1) What causes earthquakes including the buildup and sudden release of energy within rocks, often along fault lines as tectonic plates move.
2) Different types of seismic waves - P, S, and surface waves - are produced and how they travel through the Earth.
3) Major earthquake zones exist along plate boundaries like the Circum-Pacific belt and Alpide belt, and earthquakes are measured on the Richter scale from small to great quakes over magnitude 8.
This document provides an overview of earthquakes. It begins with a brief history of earthquake studies from ancient times through modern developments in seismology. Key concepts introduced include the location of the hypocenter and epicenter, and the different types of seismic waves generated by earthquakes. The document then discusses the causes of earthquakes in relation to plate tectonics and fault ruptures. Different scales for measuring the intensity and magnitude of earthquakes are presented, including the Mercalli and Richter scales. Locations of historic destructive quakes are also highlighted.
Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of built-up strain energy along fault lines in the Earth's crust. Faults occur at boundaries between tectonic plates where the plates slide past each other. There are different types of faults such as normal, reverse, strike-slip and oblique. Earthquake waves called seismic waves radiate out from the hypocenter or focus of the earthquake. P-waves and S-waves are two types of seismic waves that travel through the Earth. Surface waves including Rayleigh and Love waves cause the most damage during an earthquake. Factors like magnitude, distance from the epicenter, local geology can influence earthquake intensity.
Earthquakes occur when tectonic forces cause rocks underground to break, releasing energy in the form of seismic waves. The focus is the point where the rocks break, and the epicenter is the point directly above on the surface. There are three main types of seismic waves - P waves, which move particles back and forth; S waves, which move particles at right angles; and surface L waves, which cause the most damage. We measure the location and magnitude of earthquakes using seismographs to detect and measure the amplitude of the different wave types.
Introduction of earthquake
focus and epicenter of an earthquake.
Relate earthquake activity to plate tectonics
Describe the types of waves emitted during an earthquake.
Distinguish between earthquake intensity and magnitude.
Review some current methods of earthquake prediction.
Preparation and steps during and after earthquake.
Introduction of earthquake
focus and epicenter of an earthquake.
Relate earthquake activity to plate tectonics
Describe the types of waves emitted during an earthquake.
Distinguish between earthquake intensity and magnitude.
Review some current methods of earthquake prediction.
Preparation and steps during and after earthquake.
This document provides information about earthquakes, including what causes them, where they occur, and how they are measured. It discusses how tectonic plate movement can build stress along faults, causing rocks to break and release energy in the form of seismic waves. There are three main types of faults and three types of seismic waves. Earthquakes are located using seismographs to measure the arrival times of P and S waves at multiple stations, then triangulating the epicenter where the circles intersect. The largest earthquakes are measured on the Richter scale.
This document provides information about earthquakes, including what causes them, where they occur, and how they are measured. It discusses how tectonic plate movement can build stress along faults, causing rocks to break and release energy in the form of seismic waves. There are three main types of faults and three types of seismic waves. Earthquakes are located using seismographs to measure the arrival times of P and S waves at multiple stations, then triangulating the epicenter where the circles intersect. The largest earthquakes are measured on the Richter scale.
This document provides information about earthquakes, including what causes them, where they occur, and how they are measured. It discusses how tectonic plate movement can build stress along faults, causing rocks to break and release energy in the form of seismic waves. There are three main types of faults and three types of seismic waves. Earthquakes are located using seismographs to measure the arrival times of P and S waves at multiple stations, then triangulating the epicenter where the circles intersect. The largest earthquakes are measured on the Richter scale.
Earthquakes are caused by the buildup and sudden release of stress along faults in the Earth's crust. When the stress becomes too great, the rock breaks and seismic waves are released. There are three main types of seismic waves - P waves, S waves, and surface waves. Scientists can locate the epicenter of an earthquake by measuring the arrival times of seismic waves at multiple seismograph stations and using triangulation. The Richter Scale is used to measure the magnitude or energy released by an earthquake.
This document provides information about earthquakes, including what causes them, where they occur, and how they are measured. It discusses how tectonic plate movement can build stress along faults, causing rocks to break and release energy in the form of seismic waves. There are three main types of faults and three types of seismic waves. Earthquakes are located using seismographs to measure the arrival times of P and S waves at multiple stations, then triangulating the epicenter where the circles intersect. The largest earthquakes are measured on the Richter scale.
Earthquakes are caused by the buildup and sudden release of stress along faults in the Earth's crust. When the stress becomes too great, the rock breaks and seismic waves are released. There are three main types of seismic waves - P waves, S waves, and surface waves. Scientists can locate the epicenter of an earthquake by measuring the arrival times of seismic waves at multiple seismograph stations and using triangulation. The Richter Scale is used to measure the magnitude or energy released by an earthquake.
This document provides information about earthquakes, including what causes them, where they occur, and the different types of seismic waves. It discusses how tectonic plate movement can build stress along faults, leading to earthquakes when the pressure is released. There are three main types of faults - normal, reverse, and strike-slip. An earthquake begins at a focus point and the epicenter is the point directly above on the surface. P waves, S waves, and surface waves are the three types of seismic waves generated by earthquakes. P waves travel the fastest while surface waves cause the most destruction.
An earthquake is caused by a sudden release of energy stored in rocks below the earth's surface. Most earthquakes occur along existing faults in the earth's crust. There are two key terms used to describe the location of earthquakes - the focus, which is the location below the surface where fault movement begins, and the epicenter, which is the point directly above the focus on the surface.
1) Earthquakes occur along fault lines in the earth's crust due to the buildup and release of stress as tectonic plates shift.
2) There are three main types of faults that can form from different types of stress: normal faults from tension, reverse faults from compression, and strike-slip faults from shear stress.
3) When stress is released along a fault, seismic waves are generated including faster P and S body waves and slower surface Love and Rayleigh waves.
The Earth's only natural satellite is the Moon. It formed over 4 billion years ago, likely when a Mars-sized object collided with Earth. Samples retrieved from the Moon during the Apollo missions are virtually identical to Earth rocks, suggesting the Moon was formed from material ejected from Earth rather than from a separate impacting body. The Moon has no atmosphere or weathering and its surface includes dark basins called maria formed by ancient lava flows, light highlands, and impact craters and rays.
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1. Earthquakes
Outline
1Earthquakes and Plate Tectonics
2Types of Seismic Waves
Recording Earthquakes
Measuring Earthquakes
Locating an Earthquake
3Destruction to Buildings and Properties
Tsunamis
Earthquake Safety
Earthquake Warnings and Predictions
3. Earthquakes are vibrations in the earth’s
crust
The movement between plate and along faults is not smooth
They move in jerks, giving rise to earthquakes. The locations of
earthquakes throughout the world exist along the major tectonic
boundaries. An earthquake is a sudden shaking of the ground.
They generate seismic waves.
4. Stress and Strain
• stress – total force
acting on crustal
rocks per unit area
• strain – deformation
of materials in
response to stress
• elastic deformation
• plastic deformation
8. Earthquakes create seismic waves which shake the ground
as they pass. Earthquakes create waves just like waves of
water moving across the ocean.
9. Consider what happens when a drop of rain hits a pond of water.
The drop disturbs the flat surface of the water and creates waves
that travel outward in all directions from the disturbance. These
waves travel on the surface of the pond, along the interface
between the water and the air.
10. FAULTS
Distant forces cause a
gradual build up of stress
in the earth over tens or
hundreds or thousands of
years, slowly distorting
the earth underneath our
feet. Eventually, a
pre-existing weakness in
the earth--called a fault or
a fault zone--can not resist
the strain any longer and
fails catastrophically.
San Andreas Fault
12. Connection to Plate Tectonics
• What type of boundary causes tension?
• divergent
• What type of boundary causes
compression?
• convergent
• What type of boundary causes shear?
• transform
14. Types of Faults
Reverse (convergent)
• Compression causes
horizontal and vertical
movement
• Where might this occur
(real-world example)?
Normal (divergent)
• Tension causes
horizontal and vertical
movement
Where might this occur
(real-world example)?
15. Types of Faults
Strike-slip (transform)
• Shear causes horizontal
movement
• Where might this occur
(real-world example)?
16. Fault Zones
Faults are narrow zones in
the Earth, usually extending
no more than about 10
miles deep, which separate
rigid crustal blocks.
A well known fault is the
San Andreas Fault which
separates the Pacific plate
from the North American
plate.
20. Types of Seismic Waves
Earthquakes generate three major types of
seismic waves
P, for "Primary"
S, for "Secondary" waves
L, for “Long” waves
21. P Waves - Primary
Move the fastest and are the first recorded by a
seismographic
Can travel through liquids and solids
The P waves move in a compressional motion
similar to the motion of a slinky
22. S Waves - Secondary
Secondary Waves are the second to be
recorded by a seismograph,
Can only travel through solid materials
S waves move in a shear motion perpendicular to
the direction the wave is traveling.
23. L Waves – Long Waves or Surface
Waves
Surface or L waves occur only in the earth's crust
and cause the most damage
travel along the surface of the earth from the point
directly above the quake or epicenter
Slowest moving waves, last to be recorded by a
seismograph.
24. Recording Earthquakes
An earthquake is a sudden shaking of the ground. They
generate seismic waves which can be recorded on a sensitive
instrument called a seismograph.
28. Earthquake Measurement
Richter Scale expresses
the magnitude or measure
of energy released by an
earthquake.
Mercalli scale expresses
the intensity of an
earthquake or the
amount of damage it
causes.
29. I. Instrumental
II. Feeble
III. Slight
IV. Moderate
V. Rather strong
VI. Strong
VII. Very strong
VIII. Destructive
IX. Ruinous
X.Disastrous
Detected only by seismographs
Noticed only by sensitive people.
Resembling vibrations caused by heavy traffic.
Felt by people walking; rocking
of free standing objects.
Sleepers awakened and bells ring.
Trees sway, some damage from
overturning and falling objects.
General alarm, cracking of walls.
Chimneys fall and there is some
damage to buildings.
Ground begins to crack, houses
begin to collapse and pipes break.
Ground badly cracked and many
buildings are destroyed.
There are some landslides.
XI.Very Disastrous Few buildings remain standing;
bridges and railways destroyed;
water, gas, electricity and
telephones out of action.
XII.Catastrophic
Total destruction; objects are
thrown into the air, much heaving,
shaking and distortion of the ground.
The Modified
Mercalli
Scale
30. Richter Scale
Magnitude
2.5 or less
2.5 to 5.4
5.5 to 6.0
6.1 to 6.9
7.0 to 7.9
8.0 or greater
Earthquake Effects
Usually not felt, but can be recorded by seismograph.
Often felt, but only causes minor damage.
Slight damage to buildings and other structures.
May cause a lot of damage in very populated areas.
Major earthquake. Serious damage.
Great earthquake. Can totally destroy communities near the epicenter.
The Richter magnitudes are based on a logarithmic scale
(base 10). What this means is that for each whole
number you go up on the Richter scale, the energy
released by the earthquake goes up ten times
31. Richter Magnitude How many kilograms of TNT would have this much energy?
0
1.0
2.0
3.0
0.6
20
600
20 000
4.0
60 000
5.0
20 000 000
6.0
60 000 000
7.0
20 billion
8.0
60 billion
9.0
20 trillion
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Smallest quake people can normally feel
Most people near epicenter feel the quake
Nearly 100, 000 occur every year of size 2.5 - 3.0
A small fission atomic bomb
Quakes above 4.5 can cause local damage
A standard fission bomb, similar to the first bomb
tested in New Mexico, U.S.
A hydrogen bomb; can cause great damage locally
About 100 shallow quakes of size 6.0 every year
Major earthquake; about 14 every year
Enough energy to heat New York City for 1 year
Large enough to be detected all over globe
Largest known: 8.9 in Japan and in Chile/Ecuador
San Francisco destroyed by 8.25 in 1906
Roughly the world’s energy usage in a year
32. Locating an Earthquake
The point beneath the Earth's surface where the rocks
break and move is called the focus. The focus is the
underground point of origin of an earthquake. Directly
above the focus, on the Earth's surface, is the epicenter.
Earthquake waves reach the epicenter first. The most
violent shaking is found at the epicenter.
37. New Madrid Earthquake
December of 1811, the largest earthquake ever recorded in American
History started. This earthquake, called the New Madrid Earthquake
because of its primary location on the New Madrid Fault, near New Madrid,
Missouri. From the effects of the 1811-1812 earthquakes, it can be estimated
that they had a magnitude of 8.0 or higher on the not yet invented Richter
scale. Large areas sank into the earth, new lakes were formed, and the
Mississippi River changed its course due to the earthquakes.
38. Review
1.
What instrument is used to record seismic
waves?
2.
Explain the three types of seismic waves.
3. How is the epicenter of an earthquake
located?
4.
How do scientist measure the magnitude of
an earthquake?
48. other effects
A tsunami
(pronounced
tsoo-nah-mee) is
a wave train, or
series of waves,
generated in a
body of water
by an impulsive
disturbance that
vertically
displaces the
water column.
Tsunamis
50. Tsunami damage in Hawaii :
From 1960 Chile earthquake,
15 hours later
51. Earthquake Safety
Stocking up now on emergency
supplies can add to your safety and
comfort during and after an
earthquake. Store enough supplies
for at least 72 hours.
52. Water: 1 gallon per person per day (a week's
supply of water is preferable)
Water purification kit
First aid kit, freshly stocked
First aid book
Food
Can opener (non-electric)
Blankets or sleeping bags
Portable radio, flashlight and spare batteries
Essential medication
Extra pair of eyeglasses
Extra pair of house and car keys
Fire extinguisher : A-B-C type
Food, water and restraint (leash or carrier) for
pets
Cash and change
Baby supplies: formula, bottle, pacifier, soap
and baby powder, clothing, blankets, baby
wipes, disposable diapers, canned food and
juices.
53. Stay Calm
If You Are Indoors
Protect yourself from falling debris by
standing in a doorway or crouching under a
desk or table.
54. If You Are In An Automobile
Stay away from power lines, tunnels, tall buildings,
and bridges, and stay in car until the tremors cease.
55. After an earthquake be cautious
Check for fire and fire hazards.
Watch for broken glass
Avoid downed power lines
56. Earthquake Warnings and Predictions
Earliest means of
prediction was animal
behavior
Using records of past
earthquakes
57. Scientists are trying to make more accurate
predictions by detecting changes in the
earth’s crust.
Faults have been located and mapped
Instruments placed
along faults measure
small changes in rock
movement.
58. Seismic Gaps – Zones of immobile
rock along faults
Scientists think that
seismic gaps, where the
fault is locked and
unable to move, are the
locations of future
earthquakes
59. Other Warnings
Slight tilting of the ground
Detect strain and cracks caused by stress
Change in magnetic and electrical
properties of rock
Detect natural gas seepage
Local P waves slow down
60. Tests at Rangely, Colorado
Injected water
along a fault
which reduced
friction and the
earthquakes
were less
severe
62. Section 6:3 Review
1. How do tall buildings usually respond during a major
earthquake?
2. What causes tsunamis?
3. What should you do if an earthquake strikes while
you are at home? In a car?
4. What are some early warning signs of earthquake
activity?
5. What type of building construction and location
regulations should be included in the building code of
a city located near an active fault?
Editor's Notes
Elastic- material is compressed bent or stretched and material will return to original form after stress is removed
Plastic – permanent deformation
Safer in a field than a building
Many buildings not made to withstand EQ
Type of ground underneath effects the building above in a EQ
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